an empirical research review

Ask a Librarian

Research: Overview & Approaches

Getting Started with Undergraduate Research
Planning & Getting Started
Building Your Knowledge Base
Locating Sources
Reading Scholarly Articles
Creating a Literature Review
Productivity & Organizing Research
Scholarly and Professional Relationships

Introduction to Empirical Research

Databases for finding empirical research, guided search, google scholar, examples of empirical research, sources and further reading.

Interpretive Research
Action-Based Research
Creative & Experimental Approaches

Your Librarian

Introductory Video This video covers what empirical research is, what kinds of questions and methods empirical researchers use, and some tips for finding empirical research articles in your discipline.

Guided Search: Finding Empirical Research Articles This is a hands-on tutorial that will allow you to use your own search terms to find resources.

Study on radiation transfer in human skin for cosmetics
Long-Term Mobile Phone Use and the Risk of Vestibular Schwannoma: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study
Emissions Impacts and Benefits of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles and Vehicle-to-Grid Services
Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
Endocrine disrupters and human health: could oestrogenic chemicals in body care cosmetics adversely affect breast cancer incidence in women?

<< Previous: Scholarly and Professional Relationships
Next: Interpretive Research >>
Last Updated: Jul 22, 2024 1:41 PM
URL: https://guides.lib.purdue.edu/research_approaches

Penn State University Libraries

Empirical research in the social sciences and education.

What is Empirical Research and How to Read It
Finding Empirical Research in Library Databases
Designing Empirical Research
Ethics, Cultural Responsiveness, and Anti-Racism in Research
Citing, Writing, and Presenting Your Work

Contact the Librarian at your campus for more help!

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology." Ask yourself: Could I recreate this study and test these results?

Key characteristics to look for:

Specific research questions to be answered
Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools used in the present study
Results : sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
Discussion : sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

Reading and Evaluating Scholarly Materials

Reading research can be a challenge. However, the tutorials and videos below can help. They explain what scholarly articles look like, how to read them, and how to evaluate them:

CRAAP Checklist A frequently-used checklist that helps you examine the currency, relevance, authority, accuracy, and purpose of an information source.
IF I APPLY A newer model of evaluating sources which encourages you to think about your own biases as a reader, as well as concerns about the item you are reading.
Credo Video: How to Read Scholarly Materials (4 min.)
Credo Tutorial: How to Read Scholarly Materials
Credo Tutorial: Evaluating Information
Credo Video: Evaluating Statistics (4 min.)
Next: Finding Empirical Research in Library Databases >>
Last Updated: Feb 18, 2024 8:33 PM
URL: https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/emp

Skip to main content
Skip to primary sidebar
Skip to footer
QuestionPro

Solutions Industries Gaming Automotive Sports and events Education Government Travel & Hospitality Financial Services Healthcare Cannabis Technology Use Case NPS+ Communities Audience Contactless surveys Mobile LivePolls Member Experience GDPR Positive People Science 360 Feedback Surveys
Resources Blog eBooks Survey Templates Case Studies Training Help center

Home Market Research

Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples

Content Index

Empirical research: Definition

Empirical research: origin, quantitative research methods, qualitative research methods, steps for conducting empirical research, empirical research methodology cycle, advantages of empirical research, disadvantages of empirical research, why is there a need for empirical research.

Empirical research is defined as any research where conclusions of the study is strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence, and therefore “verifiable” evidence.

This empirical evidence can be gathered using quantitative market research and qualitative market research methods.

For example: A research is being conducted to find out if listening to happy music in the workplace while working may promote creativity? An experiment is conducted by using a music website survey on a set of audience who are exposed to happy music and another set who are not listening to music at all, and the subjects are then observed. The results derived from such a research will give empirical evidence if it does promote creativity or not.

LEARN ABOUT: Behavioral Research

You must have heard the quote” I will not believe it unless I see it”. This came from the ancient empiricists, a fundamental understanding that powered the emergence of medieval science during the renaissance period and laid the foundation of modern science, as we know it today. The word itself has its roots in greek. It is derived from the greek word empeirikos which means “experienced”.

In today’s world, the word empirical refers to collection of data using evidence that is collected through observation or experience or by using calibrated scientific instruments. All of the above origins have one thing in common which is dependence of observation and experiments to collect data and test them to come up with conclusions.

LEARN ABOUT: Causal Research

Types and methodologies of empirical research

Empirical research can be conducted and analysed using qualitative or quantitative methods.

Quantitative research : Quantitative research methods are used to gather information through numerical data. It is used to quantify opinions, behaviors or other defined variables . These are predetermined and are in a more structured format. Some of the commonly used methods are survey, longitudinal studies, polls, etc
Qualitative research: Qualitative research methods are used to gather non numerical data. It is used to find meanings, opinions, or the underlying reasons from its subjects. These methods are unstructured or semi structured. The sample size for such a research is usually small and it is a conversational type of method to provide more insight or in-depth information about the problem Some of the most popular forms of methods are focus groups, experiments, interviews, etc.

Data collected from these will need to be analysed. Empirical evidence can also be analysed either quantitatively and qualitatively. Using this, the researcher can answer empirical questions which have to be clearly defined and answerable with the findings he has got. The type of research design used will vary depending on the field in which it is going to be used. Many of them might choose to do a collective research involving quantitative and qualitative method to better answer questions which cannot be studied in a laboratory setting.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Research Questions and Questionnaires

Quantitative research methods aid in analyzing the empirical evidence gathered. By using these a researcher can find out if his hypothesis is supported or not.

Survey research: Survey research generally involves a large audience to collect a large amount of data. This is a quantitative method having a predetermined set of closed questions which are pretty easy to answer. Because of the simplicity of such a method, high responses are achieved. It is one of the most commonly used methods for all kinds of research in today’s world.

Previously, surveys were taken face to face only with maybe a recorder. However, with advancement in technology and for ease, new mediums such as emails , or social media have emerged.

For example: Depletion of energy resources is a growing concern and hence there is a need for awareness about renewable energy. According to recent studies, fossil fuels still account for around 80% of energy consumption in the United States. Even though there is a rise in the use of green energy every year, there are certain parameters because of which the general population is still not opting for green energy. In order to understand why, a survey can be conducted to gather opinions of the general population about green energy and the factors that influence their choice of switching to renewable energy. Such a survey can help institutions or governing bodies to promote appropriate awareness and incentive schemes to push the use of greener energy.

Learn more: Renewable Energy Survey Template Descriptive Research vs Correlational Research

Experimental research: In experimental research , an experiment is set up and a hypothesis is tested by creating a situation in which one of the variable is manipulated. This is also used to check cause and effect. It is tested to see what happens to the independent variable if the other one is removed or altered. The process for such a method is usually proposing a hypothesis, experimenting on it, analyzing the findings and reporting the findings to understand if it supports the theory or not.

For example: A particular product company is trying to find what is the reason for them to not be able to capture the market. So the organisation makes changes in each one of the processes like manufacturing, marketing, sales and operations. Through the experiment they understand that sales training directly impacts the market coverage for their product. If the person is trained well, then the product will have better coverage.

Correlational research: Correlational research is used to find relation between two set of variables . Regression analysis is generally used to predict outcomes of such a method. It can be positive, negative or neutral correlation.

LEARN ABOUT: Level of Analysis

For example: Higher educated individuals will get higher paying jobs. This means higher education enables the individual to high paying job and less education will lead to lower paying jobs.

Longitudinal study: Longitudinal study is used to understand the traits or behavior of a subject under observation after repeatedly testing the subject over a period of time. Data collected from such a method can be qualitative or quantitative in nature.

For example: A research to find out benefits of exercise. The target is asked to exercise everyday for a particular period of time and the results show higher endurance, stamina, and muscle growth. This supports the fact that exercise benefits an individual body.

Cross sectional: Cross sectional study is an observational type of method, in which a set of audience is observed at a given point in time. In this type, the set of people are chosen in a fashion which depicts similarity in all the variables except the one which is being researched. This type does not enable the researcher to establish a cause and effect relationship as it is not observed for a continuous time period. It is majorly used by healthcare sector or the retail industry.

For example: A medical study to find the prevalence of under-nutrition disorders in kids of a given population. This will involve looking at a wide range of parameters like age, ethnicity, location, incomes and social backgrounds. If a significant number of kids coming from poor families show under-nutrition disorders, the researcher can further investigate into it. Usually a cross sectional study is followed by a longitudinal study to find out the exact reason.

Causal-Comparative research : This method is based on comparison. It is mainly used to find out cause-effect relationship between two variables or even multiple variables.

For example: A researcher measured the productivity of employees in a company which gave breaks to the employees during work and compared that to the employees of the company which did not give breaks at all.

LEARN ABOUT: Action Research

Some research questions need to be analysed qualitatively, as quantitative methods are not applicable there. In many cases, in-depth information is needed or a researcher may need to observe a target audience behavior, hence the results needed are in a descriptive analysis form. Qualitative research results will be descriptive rather than predictive. It enables the researcher to build or support theories for future potential quantitative research. In such a situation qualitative research methods are used to derive a conclusion to support the theory or hypothesis being studied.

LEARN ABOUT: Qualitative Interview

Case study: Case study method is used to find more information through carefully analyzing existing cases. It is very often used for business research or to gather empirical evidence for investigation purpose. It is a method to investigate a problem within its real life context through existing cases. The researcher has to carefully analyse making sure the parameter and variables in the existing case are the same as to the case that is being investigated. Using the findings from the case study, conclusions can be drawn regarding the topic that is being studied.

For example: A report mentioning the solution provided by a company to its client. The challenges they faced during initiation and deployment, the findings of the case and solutions they offered for the problems. Such case studies are used by most companies as it forms an empirical evidence for the company to promote in order to get more business.

Observational method: Observational method is a process to observe and gather data from its target. Since it is a qualitative method it is time consuming and very personal. It can be said that observational research method is a part of ethnographic research which is also used to gather empirical evidence. This is usually a qualitative form of research, however in some cases it can be quantitative as well depending on what is being studied.

For example: setting up a research to observe a particular animal in the rain-forests of amazon. Such a research usually take a lot of time as observation has to be done for a set amount of time to study patterns or behavior of the subject. Another example used widely nowadays is to observe people shopping in a mall to figure out buying behavior of consumers.

One-on-one interview: Such a method is purely qualitative and one of the most widely used. The reason being it enables a researcher get precise meaningful data if the right questions are asked. It is a conversational method where in-depth data can be gathered depending on where the conversation leads.

For example: A one-on-one interview with the finance minister to gather data on financial policies of the country and its implications on the public.

Focus groups: Focus groups are used when a researcher wants to find answers to why, what and how questions. A small group is generally chosen for such a method and it is not necessary to interact with the group in person. A moderator is generally needed in case the group is being addressed in person. This is widely used by product companies to collect data about their brands and the product.

For example: A mobile phone manufacturer wanting to have a feedback on the dimensions of one of their models which is yet to be launched. Such studies help the company meet the demand of the customer and position their model appropriately in the market.

Text analysis: Text analysis method is a little new compared to the other types. Such a method is used to analyse social life by going through images or words used by the individual. In today’s world, with social media playing a major part of everyone’s life, such a method enables the research to follow the pattern that relates to his study.

For example: A lot of companies ask for feedback from the customer in detail mentioning how satisfied are they with their customer support team. Such data enables the researcher to take appropriate decisions to make their support team better.

Sometimes a combination of the methods is also needed for some questions that cannot be answered using only one type of method especially when a researcher needs to gain a complete understanding of complex subject matter.

We recently published a blog that talks about examples of qualitative data in education ; why don’t you check it out for more ideas?

Learn More: Data Collection Methods: Types & Examples

Since empirical research is based on observation and capturing experiences, it is important to plan the steps to conduct the experiment and how to analyse it. This will enable the researcher to resolve problems or obstacles which can occur during the experiment.

Step #1: Define the purpose of the research

This is the step where the researcher has to answer questions like what exactly do I want to find out? What is the problem statement? Are there any issues in terms of the availability of knowledge, data, time or resources. Will this research be more beneficial than what it will cost.

Before going ahead, a researcher has to clearly define his purpose for the research and set up a plan to carry out further tasks.

Step #2 : Supporting theories and relevant literature

The researcher needs to find out if there are theories which can be linked to his research problem . He has to figure out if any theory can help him support his findings. All kind of relevant literature will help the researcher to find if there are others who have researched this before, or what are the problems faced during this research. The researcher will also have to set up assumptions and also find out if there is any history regarding his research problem

Step #3: Creation of Hypothesis and measurement

Before beginning the actual research he needs to provide himself a working hypothesis or guess what will be the probable result. Researcher has to set up variables, decide the environment for the research and find out how can he relate between the variables.

Researcher will also need to define the units of measurements, tolerable degree for errors, and find out if the measurement chosen will be acceptable by others.

Step #4: Methodology, research design and data collection

In this step, the researcher has to define a strategy for conducting his research. He has to set up experiments to collect data which will enable him to propose the hypothesis. The researcher will decide whether he will need experimental or non experimental method for conducting the research. The type of research design will vary depending on the field in which the research is being conducted. Last but not the least, the researcher will have to find out parameters that will affect the validity of the research design. Data collection will need to be done by choosing appropriate samples depending on the research question. To carry out the research, he can use one of the many sampling techniques. Once data collection is complete, researcher will have empirical data which needs to be analysed.

LEARN ABOUT: Best Data Collection Tools

Step #5: Data Analysis and result

Data analysis can be done in two ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. Researcher will need to find out what qualitative method or quantitative method will be needed or will he need a combination of both. Depending on the unit of analysis of his data, he will know if his hypothesis is supported or rejected. Analyzing this data is the most important part to support his hypothesis.

Step #6: Conclusion

A report will need to be made with the findings of the research. The researcher can give the theories and literature that support his research. He can make suggestions or recommendations for further research on his topic.

A.D. de Groot, a famous dutch psychologist and a chess expert conducted some of the most notable experiments using chess in the 1940’s. During his study, he came up with a cycle which is consistent and now widely used to conduct empirical research. It consists of 5 phases with each phase being as important as the next one. The empirical cycle captures the process of coming up with hypothesis about how certain subjects work or behave and then testing these hypothesis against empirical data in a systematic and rigorous approach. It can be said that it characterizes the deductive approach to science. Following is the empirical cycle.

Observation: At this phase an idea is sparked for proposing a hypothesis. During this phase empirical data is gathered using observation. For example: a particular species of flower bloom in a different color only during a specific season.
Induction: Inductive reasoning is then carried out to form a general conclusion from the data gathered through observation. For example: As stated above it is observed that the species of flower blooms in a different color during a specific season. A researcher may ask a question “does the temperature in the season cause the color change in the flower?” He can assume that is the case, however it is a mere conjecture and hence an experiment needs to be set up to support this hypothesis. So he tags a few set of flowers kept at a different temperature and observes if they still change the color?
Deduction: This phase helps the researcher to deduce a conclusion out of his experiment. This has to be based on logic and rationality to come up with specific unbiased results.For example: In the experiment, if the tagged flowers in a different temperature environment do not change the color then it can be concluded that temperature plays a role in changing the color of the bloom.
Testing: This phase involves the researcher to return to empirical methods to put his hypothesis to the test. The researcher now needs to make sense of his data and hence needs to use statistical analysis plans to determine the temperature and bloom color relationship. If the researcher finds out that most flowers bloom a different color when exposed to the certain temperature and the others do not when the temperature is different, he has found support to his hypothesis. Please note this not proof but just a support to his hypothesis.
Evaluation: This phase is generally forgotten by most but is an important one to keep gaining knowledge. During this phase the researcher puts forth the data he has collected, the support argument and his conclusion. The researcher also states the limitations for the experiment and his hypothesis and suggests tips for others to pick it up and continue a more in-depth research for others in the future. LEARN MORE: Population vs Sample

LEARN MORE: Population vs Sample

There is a reason why empirical research is one of the most widely used method. There are a few advantages associated with it. Following are a few of them.

It is used to authenticate traditional research through various experiments and observations.
This research methodology makes the research being conducted more competent and authentic.
It enables a researcher understand the dynamic changes that can happen and change his strategy accordingly.
The level of control in such a research is high so the researcher can control multiple variables.
It plays a vital role in increasing internal validity .

Even though empirical research makes the research more competent and authentic, it does have a few disadvantages. Following are a few of them.

Such a research needs patience as it can be very time consuming. The researcher has to collect data from multiple sources and the parameters involved are quite a few, which will lead to a time consuming research.
Most of the time, a researcher will need to conduct research at different locations or in different environments, this can lead to an expensive affair.
There are a few rules in which experiments can be performed and hence permissions are needed. Many a times, it is very difficult to get certain permissions to carry out different methods of this research.
Collection of data can be a problem sometimes, as it has to be collected from a variety of sources through different methods.

LEARN ABOUT: Social Communication Questionnaire

Empirical research is important in today’s world because most people believe in something only that they can see, hear or experience. It is used to validate multiple hypothesis and increase human knowledge and continue doing it to keep advancing in various fields.

For example: Pharmaceutical companies use empirical research to try out a specific drug on controlled groups or random groups to study the effect and cause. This way, they prove certain theories they had proposed for the specific drug. Such research is very important as sometimes it can lead to finding a cure for a disease that has existed for many years. It is useful in science and many other fields like history, social sciences, business, etc.

LEARN ABOUT: 12 Best Tools for Researchers

With the advancement in today’s world, empirical research has become critical and a norm in many fields to support their hypothesis and gain more knowledge. The methods mentioned above are very useful for carrying out such research. However, a number of new methods will keep coming up as the nature of new investigative questions keeps getting unique or changing.

Create a single source of real data with a built-for-insights platform. Store past data, add nuggets of insights, and import research data from various sources into a CRM for insights. Build on ever-growing research with a real-time dashboard in a unified research management platform to turn insights into knowledge.

LEARN MORE FREE TRIAL

MORE LIKE THIS

Types of Organizational Change & Strategies for Business

Aug 2, 2024

Voice of the Customer Programs: What It Is, Implementations

Aug 1, 2024

A Case for Empowerment and Being Bold — Tuesday CX Thoughts

Jul 30, 2024

Typeform vs. Google Forms: Which one is best for my needs?

Other categories.

Academic Research
Artificial Intelligence
Assessments
Brand Awareness
Case Studies
Communities
Consumer Insights
Customer effort score
Customer Engagement
Customer Experience
Customer Loyalty
Customer Research
Customer Satisfaction
Employee Benefits
Employee Engagement
Employee Retention
Friday Five
General Data Protection Regulation
Insights Hub
Life@QuestionPro
Market Research
Mobile diaries
Mobile Surveys
New Features
Online Communities
Question Types
Questionnaire
QuestionPro Products
Release Notes
Research Tools and Apps
Revenue at Risk
Survey Templates
Training Tips
Tuesday CX Thoughts (TCXT)
Uncategorized
What’s Coming Up
Workforce Intelligence

Writing the literature review for empirical papers

Production 28

University of São Paulo

São Paulo State University

Abstract and Figures

Discover the world's research

25+ million members
160+ million publication pages
2.3+ billion citations

Muhajirin Muhajirin
Wambua Mumanthi Mutua

Charles Weda

Suad Sharief
Noven Grace Regahal
Lemuel Clark Velasco
Thokozani Zylma Madumuse
Abubaker Qutieshat

Gustina Hidayat

L. Shamseer

Annibal Scavarda
INT J OPER PROD MAN

Larissa Shamseer
David Moher
Mike Clarke

Karen Locke

J OPER MANAG

Gary Cleveland

Mahnaz Abbariki

Mark Easterby-Smith

Mark Petticrew
Helen Roberts
Robert I. Sutton

Recruit researchers
Join for free
Login Email Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google Welcome back! Please log in. Email · Hint Tip: Most researchers use their institutional email address as their ResearchGate login Password Forgot password? Keep me logged in Log in or Continue with Google No account? Sign up

Meriam Library

SWRK 330 - Social Work Research Methods

Literature Reviews and Empirical Research
Databases and Search Tips
Article Citations
Scholarly Journal Evaulation
Statistical Sources
Books and eBooks

What is a Literature Review?

Empirical research.

Annotated Bibliographies

A literature review summarizes and discusses previous publications on a topic.

It should also:

explore past research and its strengths and weaknesses.

be used to validate the target and methods you have chosen for your proposed research.

consist of books and scholarly journals that provide research examples of populations or settings similar to your own, as well as community resources to document the need for your proposed research.

The literature review does not present new primary scholarship.

be completed in the correct citation format requested by your professor (see the C itations Tab)

Access Purdue OWL's Social Work Literature Review Guidelines here .

Empirical Research is research that is based on experimentation or observation, i.e. Evidence. Such research is often conducted to answer a specific question or to test a hypothesis (educated guess).

These are some key features to look for when identifying empirical research.

NOTE: Not all of these features will be in every empirical research article, some may be excluded, use this only as a guide.

Statement of methodology
Research questions are clear and measurable
Individuals, group, subjects which are being studied are identified/defined
Data is presented regarding the findings
Controls or instruments such as surveys or tests were conducted
There is a literature review
There is discussion of the results included
Citations/references are included

Psychology Research Guide

What is empirical research, finding empirical research, what is peer review.

Research Tips & Tricks
Statistics This link opens in a new window
Cite Sources
Library FAQ This link opens in a new window

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Key characteristics to look for:

Specific research questions to be answered
Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools
Results : sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
Discussion : sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

Adapted from PennState University Libraries, Empirical Research in the Social Sciences and Education

Empirical research is published in books and in scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. Keep in mind that most library databases do not offer straightforward ways to identifying empirical research.

Finding Empirical Research in PsycINFO

PsycInfo Use the "Advanced Search" Type your keywords into the search boxes Scroll down the page to "Methodology," and choose "Empirical Study" Choose other limits, such as publication date, if needed Click on the "Search" button

Finding Empirical Research in PubMed

PubMED One technique is to limit your search results after you perform a search: Type in your keywords and click on the "Search" button To the left of your results, under "Article Types," check off the types of studies that interest you Another alternative is to construct a more sophisticated search: From PubMed's main screen, click on "Advanced" link underneath the search box On the Advanced Search Builder screen type your keywords into the search boxes Change one of the empty boxes from "All Fields" to "Publication Type" To the right of Publication Type, click on "Show Index List" and choose a methodology that interests you. You can choose more than one by holding down the "Ctrl" or "⌘" on your keyboard as you click on each methodology Click on the "Search" button

Finding Empirical Research in Library OneSearch & Google Scholar

These tools do not have a method for locating empirical research. Using "empirical" as a keyword will find some studies, but miss many others. Consider using one of the more specialized databases above.

Library OneSearch
Google Scholar

This refers to the process where authors who are doing research submit a paper they have written to a journal. The journal editor then sends the article to the author's peers (researchers and scholars) who are in the same discipline for review. The reviewers determine if the article should be published based on the quality of the research, including the validity of the data, the conclusions the authors' draw and the originality of the research. This process is important because it validates the research and gives it a sort of "seal of approval" from others in the research community.

Identifying a Journal is Peer-Reviewed

One of the best places to find out if a journal is peer-reviewed is to go to the journal website.

Most publishers have a website for a journal that tells you about the journal, how authors can submit an article, and what the process is for getting published.

If you find the journal website, look for the link that says information for authors, instructions for authors, submitting an article or something similar.

Finding Peer-Reviewed Articles

Start in a library database. Look for a peer-review or scholarly filter.

PsycInfo Most comprehensive database of psychology. Filters allow you to limit by methodology. Articles without full-text can be requested via Interlibrary loan.
Library OneSearch Search almost all the library resources. Look for a peer-review filter on the left.
<< Previous: Start Here
Next: Research Tips & Tricks >>
Last Updated: Jun 8, 2024 6:20 PM
URL: https://libguides.kzoo.edu/psyc

Empirical Research: A Comprehensive Guide for Academics

Empirical research relies on gathering and studying real, observable data. The term ’empirical’ comes from the Greek word ’empeirikos,’ meaning ‘experienced’ or ‘based on experience.’ So, what is empirical research? Instead of using theories or opinions, empirical research depends on real data obtained through direct observation or experimentation.

Why Empirical Research?

Empirical research plays a key role in checking or improving current theories, providing a systematic way to grow knowledge across different areas. By focusing on objectivity, it makes research findings more trustworthy, which is critical in research fields like medicine, psychology, economics, and public policy. In the end, the strengths of empirical research lie in deepening our awareness of the world and improving our capacity to tackle problems wisely. 1,2

Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

There are two main types of empirical research methods – qualitative and quantitative. 3,4 Qualitative research delves into intricate phenomena using non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations, to offer in-depth insights into human experiences. In contrast, quantitative research analyzes numerical data to spot patterns and relationships, aiming for objectivity and the ability to apply findings to a wider context.

Steps for Conducting Empirical Research

When it comes to conducting research, there are some simple steps that researchers can follow. 5,6

Create Research Hypothesis: Clearly state the specific question you want to answer or the hypothesis you want to explore in your study.
Examine Existing Research: Read and study existing research on your topic. Understand what’s already known, identify existing gaps in knowledge, and create a framework for your own study based on what you learn.
Plan Your Study: Decide how you’ll conduct your research—whether through qualitative methods, quantitative methods, or a mix of both. Choose suitable techniques like surveys, experiments, interviews, or observations based on your research question.
Develop Research Instruments: Create reliable research collection tools, such as surveys or questionnaires, to help you collate data. Ensure these tools are well-designed and effective.
Collect Data: Systematically gather the information you need for your research according to your study design and protocols using the chosen research methods.
Data Analysis: Analyze the collected data using suitable statistical or qualitative methods that align with your research question and objectives.
Interpret Results: Understand and explain the significance of your analysis results in the context of your research question or hypothesis.
Draw Conclusions: Summarize your findings and draw conclusions based on the evidence. Acknowledge any study limitations and propose areas for future research.

Advantages of Empirical Research

Empirical research is valuable because it stays objective by relying on observable data, lessening the impact of personal biases. This objectivity boosts the trustworthiness of research findings. Also, using precise quantitative methods helps in accurate measurement and statistical analysis. This precision ensures researchers can draw reliable conclusions from numerical data, strengthening our understanding of the studied phenomena. 4

Disadvantages of Empirical Research

While empirical research has notable strengths, researchers must also be aware of its limitations when deciding on the right research method for their study.4 One significant drawback of empirical research is the risk of oversimplifying complex phenomena, especially when relying solely on quantitative methods. These methods may struggle to capture the richness and nuances present in certain social, cultural, or psychological contexts. Another challenge is the potential for confounding variables or biases during data collection, impacting result accuracy.

Tips for Empirical Writing

In empirical research, the writing is usually done in research papers, articles, or reports. The empirical writing follows a set structure, and each section has a specific role. Here are some tips for your empirical writing. 7

Define Your Objectives: When you write about your research, start by making your goals clear. Explain what you want to find out or prove in a simple and direct way. This helps guide your research and lets others know what you have set out to achieve.
Be Specific in Your Literature Review: In the part where you talk about what others have studied before you, focus on research that directly relates to your research question. Keep it short and pick studies that help explain why your research is important. This part sets the stage for your work.
Explain Your Methods Clearly : When you talk about how you did your research (Methods), explain it in detail. Be clear about your research plan, who took part, and what you did; this helps others understand and trust your study. Also, be honest about any rules you follow to make sure your study is ethical and reproducible.
Share Your Results Clearly : After doing your empirical research, share what you found in a simple way. Use tables or graphs to make it easier for your audience to understand your research. Also, talk about any numbers you found and clearly state if they are important or not. Ensure that others can see why your research findings matter.
Talk About What Your Findings Mean: In the part where you discuss your research results, explain what they mean. Discuss why your findings are important and if they connect to what others have found before. Be honest about any problems with your study and suggest ideas for more research in the future.
Wrap It Up Clearly: Finally, end your empirical research paper by summarizing what you found and why it’s important. Remind everyone why your study matters. Keep your writing clear and fix any mistakes before you share it. Ask someone you trust to read it and give you feedback before you finish.

References:

Empirical Research in the Social Sciences and Education, Penn State University Libraries. Available online at https://guides.libraries.psu.edu/emp
How to conduct empirical research, Emerald Publishing. Available online at https://www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com/how-to/research-methods/conduct-empirical-research
Empirical Research: Quantitative & Qualitative, Arrendale Library, Piedmont University. Available online at https://library.piedmont.edu/empirical-research
Bouchrika, I. What Is Empirical Research? Definition, Types & Samples in 2024. Research.com, January 2024. Available online at https://research.com/research/what-is-empirical-research
Quantitative and Empirical Research vs. Other Types of Research. California State University, April 2023. Available online at https://libguides.csusb.edu/quantitative
Empirical Research, Definitions, Methods, Types and Examples, Studocu.com website. Available online at https://www.studocu.com/row/document/uganda-christian-university/it-research-methods/emperical-research-definitions-methods-types-and-examples/55333816
Writing an Empirical Paper in APA Style. Psychology Writing Center, University of Washington. Available online at https://psych.uw.edu/storage/writing_center/APApaper.pdf

Paperpal is an AI writing assistant that help academics write better, faster with real-time suggestions for in-depth language and grammar correction. Trained on millions of research manuscripts enhanced by professional academic editors, Paperpal delivers human precision at machine speed.

Try it for free or upgrade to  Paperpal Prime , which unlocks unlimited access to premium features like academic translation, paraphrasing, contextual synonyms, consistency checks and more. It’s like always having a professional academic editor by your side! Go beyond limitations and experience the future of academic writing.  Get Paperpal Prime now at just US$19 a month!

Ethics in Science: Importance, Principles & Guidelines

Presenting research data effectively through tables and figures, you may also like, the ai revolution: authors’ role in upholding academic..., the future of academia: how ai tools are..., how to write a research proposal: (with examples..., apa format: basic guide for researchers, how to choose a dissertation topic, how to write a phd research proposal, how to write an academic paragraph (step-by-step guide), five things authors need to know when using..., 7 best referencing tools and citation management software..., maintaining academic integrity with paperpal’s generative ai writing....

Connelly Library

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

What is "empirical research".

empirical research
Locating Articles in Cinahl and PsycInfo
Locating Articles in PubMed
Getting the Articles

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Key characteristics to look for:

Specific research questions to be answered
Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools
Results : sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
Discussion : sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies
<< Previous: Home
Next: Locating Articles in Cinahl and PsycInfo >>

Identifying Empirical Research Articles

Identifying empirical articles.

Searching for Empirical Research Articles

What is Empirical Research?

An empirical research article reports the results of a study that uses data derived from actual observation or experimentation. Empirical research articles are examples of primary research. To learn more about the differences between primary and secondary research, see our related guide:

Primary and Secondary Sources

By the end of this guide, you will be able to:

Identify common elements of an empirical article
Use a variety of search strategies to search for empirical articles within the library collection

Look for the IMRaD layout in the article to help identify empirical research. Sometimes the sections will be labeled differently, but the content will be similar.

I ntroduction: why the article was written, research question or questions, hypothesis, literature review
M ethods: the overall research design and implementation, description of sample, instruments used, how the authors measured their experiment
R esults: output of the author's measurements, usually includes statistics of the author's findings
D iscussion: the author's interpretation and conclusions about the results, limitations of study, suggestions for further research

Parts of an Empirical Research Article

Parts of an empirical article.

The screenshots below identify the basic IMRaD structure of an empirical research article.

Introduction

The introduction contains a literature review and the study's research hypothesis.

The method section outlines the research design, participants, and measures used.

Results

The results section contains statistical data (charts, graphs, tables, etc.) and research participant quotes.

The discussion section includes impacts, limitations, future considerations, and research.

Learn the IMRaD Layout: How to Identify an Empirical Article

This short video overviews the IMRaD method for identifying empirical research.

Next: Searching for Empirical Research Articles >>
Last Updated: Nov 16, 2023 8:24 AM

CityU Home - CityU Catalog

Empirical Research: What is empirical research?

What is empirical research.

How do I find empirical research in databases?
What does empirical research look like?
How is empirical research conducted?
What is Empirical Research?
How do I Find Empirical Research in Databases?
How is Empirical Research Conducted?

Ask a Librarian

Contact the reference desk.

	[email protected]

	(603) 556-8883
	(603) 641-7306

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Key characteristics to look for:

Specific research questions to be answered
Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools
Results : sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
Discussion : sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

What about when research is not empirical?

Many humanities scholars do not use empirical methods. if you are looking for empirical articles in one of these subject areas, try including keywords like:.

quantitative
qualitative

Also, look for opportunities to narrow your search to scholarly, academic, or peer-reviewed journals articles in the database.

Adapted from " Research Methods: Finding Empirical Articles " by Jill Anderson at Georgia State University Library.

See the complete A-Z databases list for more resources

The primary content of this guide was originally created by Ellysa Cahoy at Penn State Libraries .

Next: How do I find empirical research in databases? >>
Last Updated: Jul 8, 2024 2:43 PM
URL: https://geiselguides.anselm.edu/Empirical-Research

Canvas | University | Ask a Librarian

Library Homepage
Arrendale Library

Empirical & Non-Empirical Research

Empirical Research

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Quantitative methods, qualitative methods.

Quantitative vs. Qualitative
Reference Works for Social Sciences Research
What is Non-Empirical Research?
Contact Us!

Call us at 706-776-0111

Chat with a Librarian

Send Us Email

Library Hours

Empirical research is based on phenomena that can be observed and measured. Empirical research derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Key characteristics of empirical research include:

Specific research questions to be answered;
Definitions of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied;
Description of the methodology or research design used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys);
Two basic research processes or methods in empirical research: quantitative methods and qualitative methods (see the rest of the guide for more about these methods).

(based on the original from the Connelly LIbrary of LaSalle University)

Empirical Research: Qualitative vs. Quantitative

Learn about common types of journal articles that use APA Style, including empirical studies; meta-analyses; literature reviews; and replication, theoretical, and methodological articles.

Academic Writer

More about Academic Writer ...

Quantitative Research

A quantitative research project is characterized by having a population about which the researcher wants to draw conclusions, but it is not possible to collect data on the entire population.

For an observational study, it is necessary to select a proper, statistical random sample and to use methods of statistical inference to draw conclusions about the population.
For an experimental study, it is necessary to have a random assignment of subjects to experimental and control groups in order to use methods of statistical inference.

Statistical methods are used in all three stages of a quantitative research project.

For observational studies, the data are collected using statistical sampling theory. Then, the sample data are analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. Finally, generalizations are made from the sample data to the entire population using statistical inference.

For experimental studies, the subjects are allocated to experimental and control group using randomizing methods. Then, the experimental data are analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis. Finally, just as for observational data, generalizations are made to a larger population.

Iversen, G. (2004). Quantitative research . In M. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. Liao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social science research methods . (pp. 897-898). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Qualitative Research

What makes a work deserving of the label qualitative research is the demonstrable effort to produce richly and relevantly detailed descriptions and particularized interpretations of people and the social, linguistic, material, and other practices and events that shape and are shaped by them.

Qualitative research typically includes, but is not limited to, discerning the perspectives of these people, or what is often referred to as the actor’s point of view. Although both philosophically and methodologically a highly diverse entity, qualitative research is marked by certain defining imperatives that include its case (as opposed to its variable) orientation, sensitivity to cultural and historical context, and reflexivity.

In its many guises, qualitative research is a form of empirical inquiry that typically entails some form of purposive sampling for information-rich cases; in-depth interviews and open-ended interviews, lengthy participant/field observations, and/or document or artifact study; and techniques for analysis and interpretation of data that move beyond the data generated and their surface appearances.

Sandelowski, M. (2004). Qualitative research . In M. Lewis-Beck, A. Bryman, & T. Liao (Eds.), Encyclopedia of social science research methods . (pp. 893-894). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc.

Next: Quantitative vs. Qualitative >>
Last Updated: Jul 24, 2024 12:04 PM
URL: https://library.piedmont.edu/empirical-research
Ebooks & Online Video
New Materials
Renew Checkouts
Faculty Resources
Library Friends
Library Services
Our Mission
Library History
Ask a Librarian!
Making Citations
Working Online

Arrendale Library Piedmont University 706-776-0111

Empirical Research

Introduction, what is empirical research, attribution.

Finding Empirical Research in Library Databases
Designing Empirical Research
Case Sudies

Empirical research is based on observed and measured phenomena and derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief.

Key characteristics to look for:

Specific research questions to be answered
Definition of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied
Description of the process used to study this population or phenomena, including selection criteria, controls, and testing instruments (such as surveys)

Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components:

Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Methodology: sometimes called "research design" -- how to recreate the study -- usually describes the population, research process, and analytical tools
Results : sometimes called "findings" -- what was learned through the study -- usually appears as statistical data or as substantial quotations from research participants
Discussion : sometimes called "conclusion" or "implications" -- why the study is important -- usually describes how the research results influence professional practices or future studies

Portions of this guide were built using suggestions from other libraries, including Penn State and Utah State University libraries.

Next: Finding Empirical Research in Library Databases >>
Last Updated: Jan 10, 2023 8:31 AM
URL: https://enmu.libguides.com/EmpiricalResearch

UTEP Library
UTEP Library Research Guides

PSYC 3101: General Experimental Methods

Empirical articles vs. review articles.

Use Library Resources from Anywhere Off-Campus
Search Tips
Article Anatomy
Use RefWorks This link opens in a new window
University Writing Center
What is a Peer-Reviewed Article Anyway?

Empirical Articles

Review Articles

What is a Peer Reviewed Article?

Peer review is a process that many, but not all, journals use. Article manuscripts submitted to peer-reviewed journals are not automatically accepted and published.

In peer review, a panel of experts in the given field review the manuscript to determine aspects such as the quality of research, appropriateness for the journal, and relevance to the field. One of three decisions is made: accept, reject, or revise based on commentary from reviewers.

The process of peer review is thought to help ensure that high quality articles appear in journals.

Another term for peer-reviewed is refereed . Peer-reviewed journals may also be called scholarly.

Remember that magazines, Internet sources, and books are not the same as peer-reviewed journals.

In psychology, articles that report on original/new research studies may be referred to as primary sources or empirical .

Common sections in a research/empirical article include introduction, literature review, methods/process, data, results, discussion, conclusion / suggestions for further study, and references.
If the article is not divided into sections, it does not automatically mean it is not an empirical article.
You cannot assume that an article is empirical just because it is divided into sections.
In the methods section [which may be called something similar], or otherwise usually toward the beginning or middle of the article [if it does not have sections]: The authors will describe how they actively conducted new or original research -- such as an experiment or survey. Examples of what would likely be explained: How they identified participants, that they received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval, control vs. experimental groups, and so forth about their research.

Articles that either interpret or analyze empirical articles are considered review articles. Such articles are often referred to as secondary sources or secondary research.

An entire article that is purely a literature review [usually a review of select other articles considered to be the best support for a research question/topic]
Systematic review
Meta-analysis / meta-analyses
Meta-synthesis / meta-syntheses
If an article is a review article, it is likely [but not always] to have the words literature review, systematic review, integrative review, meta-analysis, meta-synthesis, or other mention of review in the title.
The main indicator of a review article is if authors are just interpreting, analyzing, and/or comparing the results of empirical articles. So, in comparison to an empirical article, the authors of a review article do not describe an experiment or survey they conducted.
If there is a methods section, it will usually describe how the authors searched for other articles [which databases they searched, what search terms they used] and decided the criteria for articles to include and exclude as part of their review. Again, they will not be describing how they conducted new or original research, such as an experiment or survey.
In a literature review, for example, the authors' might point out what they believe to be the most pertinent/applicable research articles.
<< Previous: Use Library Resources from Anywhere Off-Campus
Next: Databases >>
Last Updated: Feb 20, 2024 9:46 AM
URL: https://libguides.utep.edu/psyc3101

500 W. University Avenue El Paso, TX, 79968-0582 (915) 747-5672
| |
| | | | |

Advertise with us
Saturday, August 03, 2024

Most Widely Read Newspaper

PunchNG Menu:

Special Features
Sex & Relationship

ID) . '?utm_source=news-flash&utm_medium=web"> Download Punch Lite App

Project Chapter Two: Literature Review and Steps to Writing Empirical Review

Kindly share this story:

Conceptual review
Theoretical review,
Empirical review or review of empirical works of literature/studies, and lastly
Conclusion or Summary of the literature reviewed.
Decide on a topic
Highlight the studies/literature that you will review in the empirical review
Analyze the works of literature separately.
Summarize the literature in table or concept map format.
Synthesize the literature and then proceed to write your empirical review.

All rights reserved. This material, and other digital content on this website, may not be reproduced, published, broadcast, rewritten or redistributed in whole or in part without prior express written permission from PUNCH.

Contact: [email protected]

Stay informed and ahead of the curve! Follow The Punch Newspaper on WhatsApp for real-time updates, breaking news, and exclusive content. Don't miss a headline – join now!

Nigerians can now earn up-to 20% returns by investing in treasury bills, fixed income, commodities and real estate. Managing investments is best on this app. start now Food prices are going up, but smart Nigerians are making millions from trading foods and commodities on this app. Start here

PROFITABLE FOREX, BITCOIN, AND BINARY TRADER Do you require the services of a tested, trusted, and experienced trader who can help you trade your online Forex, Bitcoin, and Binary accounts for a minimum 10-20% weekly profit? and who can also help you pass your Prop Firm challenge. For details, visit www.standfx.org or contact via WhatsApp: +2348030797998

UPDATE NEWS: Salaries and compensation for Nigerian workers can now be paid in US Dollars, you acquire premium domains for as low as $1500 and PROFIT $22,000 ( ₦34 million) Click here .

Latest News

Yahaya bello remains a wanted man, slated for arrest – efcc, obaseki's candidate will lose to apc at gov poll – campaign director, afegbua, discos throws kaduna govt house into darkness over n2.9bn debt, labour will ground states that refuse to pay n70,000 minimum wage – osun nlc chair, celebs divided over support for hunger protest.

Perception of greener pastures abroad misleading – Nigerian-born UK councillor, Asumu

Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, conse adipiscing elit.

Upward Social Mobility and Mental Health: A Systematized Review and Empirical Study

This dissertation includes two independent chapters which investigated the relations between upward social mobility (USM) and mental health in the United States. Chapter 1 was a systematized review which identified, cataloged, and synthesized the existing literature on the relations between USM and mental health in the United States. Four electronic databases were searched (i.e., PsycINFO, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) and, through an exhaustive screening and data extraction process, a sample of 15 studies were reviewed. Chapter 1 used narrative synthesis (i.e., tabulation and thematic analysis) to describe and synthesize patterns across the existing literature. Notably, review findings revealed great variability in both research methodology used by studies as well as study findings. Moreover, review findings suggested that the variability observed among study findings was likely influenced by a lack of consistent operationalization of social mobility. Finally, recommendations for future research were provided.

Chapter 2 was an empirical study that examined moderators and mediators of the relations between USM and mental health. Based on the status-based identity framework (SBI; Destin et al., 2017), I hypothesized that USM would relate to poorer mental health, that belonging would mediate the relations between USM and mental health, and that internalized classism, interpersonal classism, and social class centrality would moderate the mediation. Data from a sample of 331 U.S. adults were collected via Prolific. While study results supported the first two hypotheses, only interpersonal classism was found to moderate the mediation. Specifically, the conditional indirect effect showed that those who experienced high and moderate levels of interpersonal classism had a negative relation between USM and belonging. Finally, study limitations and implications for research and clinical practice are discussed.

Degree Type

Doctor of Philosophy
Educational Studies

Campus location

West Lafayette

Advisor/Supervisor/Committee Chair

Additional committee member 2, additional committee member 3, additional committee member 4, usage metrics.

Counselling psychology

DOI: 10.62517/jnme.202410217
Corpus ID: 271546744

A Review of Fintech Brokerage, Social Media, and Concerted Retail Trading

Haoyu Jiang
Published in Journal of New Media and… 1 March 2024
Business, Computer Science, Economics
Journal of New Media and Economics

8 References

Artificial intelligence, firm growth, and product innovation, earnings virality, attention induced trading and returns: evidence from robinhood users, short selling: a review of the literature and implications for future research, the role of dissemination in market liquidity: evidence from firms' use of twitter, continuous auctions and insider trading, efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work*, do retail trades move markets, related papers.

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Information

Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

Active Journals
Find a Journal
Proceedings Series
For Authors
For Reviewers
For Editors
For Librarians
For Publishers
For Societies
For Conference Organizers
Open Access Policy
Institutional Open Access Program
Special Issues Guidelines
Editorial Process
Research and Publication Ethics
Article Processing Charges
Testimonials
Preprints.org
SciProfiles
Encyclopedia

Article Menu

Subscribe SciFeed
Recommended Articles
Google Scholar
on Google Scholar
Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

Gambling harm-minimisation tools and their impact on gambling behaviour: a review of the empirical evidence.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. search strategy, 2.2. inclusion criteria, 3.1. active engagement harm-reduction tools for gamblers, 3.1.1. voluntary limit-setting, 3.1.2. exclusion, 3.1.3. active personalised behavioural feedback, 3.2. passive engagement harm-reduction tools for gamblers, 3.2.1. pop-up messages, 3.2.2. forced breaks in play, 3.2.3. speed of play.

Category of Harm-Minimisation Tool (n = 55)	Number of Studies [References]	Summary of Results
Active engagement (n = 30)
Voluntary self-exclusion	12 [ , , , , , , , , , , , ]	Positive outcomes for some gamblers, though breaches are common and are often overlooked by operators. The registration process should be easy to use and accompanied by additional protective measures.
Voluntary limit-setting	11 [ , , , , , , , , , , ]	Potential harm-minimisation benefits for some gamblers; however, low uptake. Providing personalised behavioural feedback may increase the uptake of limit-setting tools.
Active personalised behavioural feedback	7 [ , , , , , , ]	Some evidence that receiving feedback was associated with a reduction in gambling. There may be differences in how feedback is received by at-risk and nonrisky gamblers.
Passive engagement (n = 25)
Pop-up messages	9 [ , , , , , , , , ]	The evidence is mixed and inconclusive. Messages may be perceived differently depending on whether gamblers are winning or losing.
Passive personalised behavioural feedback	8 [ , , , , , , , ]	Some evidence that providing information about how gamblers’ behaviour compared to most other players led to a reduction in gambling. How feedback is received may differ between at-risk vs. nonrisky gamblers in terms of how it is provided, e.g., by letter or telephone.
Forced breaks	4 [ , , , ]	The evidence is mixed and inconclusive. Longer breaks (e.g., 60 min) vs. shorter breaks (e.g., 60 s) may be more effective.
Third-party exclusion	3 [ , , ]	Not enough research to draw conclusions. However, like voluntary exclusion, studies reported that violations of exclusion orders were not uncommon.
Speed of play	1 [ ]	One laboratory-based study reducing the speed of play was associated with a reduction in the amount of money gambled despite greater time spent gambling.

3.2.4. Passive Personalised Behavioural Feedback

4. discussion, 4.1. future research directions and gaps in the evidence, 4.2. limitations, 5. conclusions, supplementary materials, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, acknowledgments, conflicts of interest.

Langham, E.; Thorne, H.; Browne, M.; Donaldson, P.; Rose, J.; Rockloff, M. Understanding gambling related harm: A proposed definition, conceptual framework, and taxonomy of harms. BMC Public Health 2016 , 16 , 80. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Petry, N.M.; Ginley, M.K.; Rash, C.J. A Systematic Review of Treatments for Problem Gambling. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2017 , 31 , 951–961. [ Google Scholar ] [ PubMed ]
Pickering, D.; Keen, B.; Entwistle, G.; Blaszczynski, A. Measuring treatment outcomes in gambling disorders: A systematic review. Addiction 2018 , 113 , 411–426. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Ribeiro, E.O.; Afonso, N.H.; Morgado, P. Non-pharmacological treatment of gambling disorder: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. BMC Psychiatry 2021 , 21 , 105. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Browne, M.; Langham, E.; Rawat, V.; Greer, N.; Li, E.; Rose, J.; Rockloff, M.; Donaldson, P.; Thorne, H.; Goodwin, B.; et al. Assessing Gambling-Related Harm in Victoria: A Public Health Perspective ; Victorian Responsible Gambling Foundation: Melbourne, Australia, 2016. [ Google Scholar ]
Riley, B.J.; Harvey, P.; Crisp, B.R.; Battersby, M.; Lawn, S. Gambling-related harm as reported by concerned significant others: A systematic review and meta-synthesis of empirical studies. J. Fam. Stud. 2021 , 27 , 112–130. [ Google Scholar ]
Abbott, M. Gambling Control and Public Health: Let’s Be Really Honest. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020 , 18 , 825–834. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Raisamo, S. Harm caused by gambling among non-problem gamblers: Is a whole-of-population approach undervalued? Scand. J. Public Health 2018 , 46 , 503–504. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Davies, N.H.; Roderique-Davies, G.; Drummond, L.C.; Torrance, J.; Sabolova, K.; Thomas, S.; John, B. Accessing the invisible population of low-risk gamblers, issues with screening, testing and theory: A systematic review. J. Public Health 2023 , 31 , 1259–1273. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Weinstock, J.; April, L.M.; Kallmi, S. Is subclinical gambling really subclinical? Addict. Behav. 2017 , 73 , 185–191. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Catania, M.; Griffiths, M.D. Understanding Online Voluntary Self-Exclusion in Gambling: An Empirical Study Using Account-Based Behavioral Tracking Data. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021 , 18 , 2000. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Procter, L.; Angus, D.J.; Blaszczynski, A.; Gainsbury, S.M. Understanding use of consumer protection tools among Internet gambling customers: Utility of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Theory of Reasoned Action. Addict. Behav. 2019 , 99 , 106050. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Bijker, R.; Booth, N.; Merkouris, S.S.; Dowling, N.A.; Rodda, S.N. Global prevalence of help-seeking for problem gambling: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction 2020 , 117 , 2972–2985. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Kotter, R.; Kräplin, A.; Pittig, A.; Bühringer, G. A Systematic Review of Land-Based Self-Exclusion Programs: Demographics, Gambling Behavior, Gambling Problems, Mental Symptoms, and Mental Health. J. Gambl. Stud. 2019 , 35 , 367–394. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Hopfgartner, N.; Auer, M.; Griffiths, M.D.; Helic, D. Predicting self-exclusion among online gamblers: An empirical real-world study. J. Gambl. Stud. 2023 , 39 , 447–465. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Auer, M.; Hopfgartner, N.; Griffiths, M.D. The effect of loss-limit reminders on gambling behavior: A real-world study of Norwegian gamblers. J. Behav. Addict. 2018 , 7 , 1056–1067. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Bonello, M.; Griffiths, M.D. Analyzing Consumer Protection for Gamblers across Different Online Gambling Operators: A Descriptive Study. Gaming Law Rev. Econ. 2017 , 21 , 278–285. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wohl, M.J.A.; Davis, C.G.; Hollingshead, S.J. How much have you won or lost? Personalized behavioral feedback about gambling expenditures regulates play. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2017 , 70 , 437–445. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Gainsbury, S.M.; Angus, D.J.; Procter, L.; Blaszczynski, A. Use of Consumer Protection Tools on Internet Gambling Sites: Customer Perceptions, Motivators, and Barriers to Use. J. Gambl. Stud. 2020 , 36 , 259–276. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Delfabbro, P.; Osborn, A.; Nevile, M.; Skelt, L.; McMillen, J. Identifying Problem Gamblers in Gambling Venues: Final Report ; Gambling Research Australia: Melbourne, Australia, 2007. [ Google Scholar ]
Marionneau, V.; Järvinen-Tassopoulos, J. Consumer protection in licensed online gambling markets in France: The role of responsible gambling tools. Addict. Res. Theory 2017 , 25 , 436–443. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Fiedler, I.; Kairouz, S.; Reynolds, J. Corporate social responsibility vs. financial interests: The case of responsible gambling programs. J. Public Health 2021 , 29 , 993–1000. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Newall, P.W.S. Dark nudges in gambling. Addict. Res. Theory 2019 , 27 , 65–67. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Hing, N.; Russell, A.M.T.; Black, A.; Rockloff, M.; Browne, M.; Rawat, V.; Greer, N.; Stevens, M.; Dowling, N.A.; Merkouris, S.; et al. Gambling prevalence and gambling problems amongst land-based-only, online-only and mixed-mode gamblers in Australia: A national study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2022 , 132 , 107269. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Robinson, K.A.; Saldanha, I.J.; McKoy, N.A. Development of a framework to identify research gaps from systematic reviews. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 2011 , 64 , 1325–1330. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Otto, J.L.; Beech, E.H.; Evatt, D.P.; Belsher, B.E.; Workman, D.E.; Campbell, M.S. A systematic approach to the identification and prioritization of psychological health research gaps in the Department of Defense. Mil. Psychol. 2018 , 30 , 557–563. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ladouceur, R.; Shaffer, P.; Blaszczynski, A.; Shaffer, H.J. Responsible gambling: A synthesis of the empirical evidence. Addict. Res. Theory 2017 , 25 , 225–235. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Price, A.; Hilbrecht, M.; Billi, R. Charting a path towards a public health approach for gambling harm prevention. J. Public Health 2021 , 29 , 37–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Riley, B.J.; Oakes, J.; Lawn, S. Gambling harm reduction: Evidence gap analysis. Final Report. SR/22/03. Victorian Foundation Responsible Gambling: Melbourne, Victoria.
Covidence Systematic Review Software Veritas Health Innovation, Melbourne, Australia. Available online: www.covidence.org (accessed on 4 July 2022).
Hong, Q.N.; Pluye, P.; Fabregues, S.; Bartlett, G.; Boardman, F.; Cargo, M.; Dagenais, P.; Gagnon, M.-P.; Griffiths, F.; Nicolau, B.; et al. Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool Version 2018 (MMAT v.18) 2018. Available online: http://mixedmethodsappraisaltoolpublic.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/127916259/MMAT_2018_criteria-manual_2018-08-01_ENG.pdf (accessed on 4 June 2024).
Hayer, T.; Brosowski, T.; Meyer, G. Multi-venue exclusion program and early detection of problem gamblers: What works and what does not? Int. Gambl. Stud. 2020 , 20 , 556–578. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ivanova, E.; Magnusson, K.; Carlbring, P. Deposit limit prompt in online gambling for reducing gambling intensity: A randomized controlled trial. Front. Psychol. 2019 , 10 , 639. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Brevers, D.; Noel, X.; Clark, L.; Zyuzin, J.; Justin Park, J.; Bechara, A. The Impact of Precommitment on Risk-Taking While Gambling: A Preliminary Study. J. Behav. Addict. 2016 , 5 , 51–58. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Auer, M.; Hopfgartner, N.; Griffiths, M.D. The Effects of Voluntary Deposit Limit-Setting on Long-Term Online Gambling Expenditure. Cyberpsychology Behav. Soc. Netw. 2020 , 23 , 113–118. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Heirene, R.M.; Gainsbury, S.M. Encouraging and evaluating limit-setting among on-line gamblers: A naturalistic randomized controlled trial. Addiction 2021 , 116 , 2801–2813. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Auer, M.; Griffiths, M.D. Predicting Limit-Setting Behavior of Gamblers Using Machine Learning Algorithms: A Real-World Study of Norwegian Gamblers Using Account Data. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2019 , 20 , 771–788. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Lakew, N. “Show Me the Money”: Preliminary Lessons from an Implementation of Intervention Tools at the Payment Gateway Level. J. Gambl. Stud. 2021 , 38 , 297–317. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Broda, A.; LaPlante, D.A.; Nelson, S.E.; LaBrie, R.A.; Bosworth, L.B.; Shaffer, H.J. Virtual harm reduction efforts for Internet gambling: Effects of deposit limits on actual Internet sports gambling behavior. Harm Reduct. J. 2008 , 5 , 27. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Wood, R.T.A.; Griffiths, M.D. Understanding Positive Play: An Exploration of Playing Experiences and Responsible Gambling Practices. J. Gambl. Stud. 2014 , 31 , 1715–1734. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Rodda, S.N.; Bagot, K.L.; Manning, V.; Lubman, D.I. An Exploratory RCT to Support Gamblers’ Intentions to Stick to Monetary Limits: A Brief Intervention Using Action and Coping Planning. J. Gambl. Stud. 2020 , 36 , 387–404. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Tabri, N.; Hollingshead, S.J.; Wohl, M.J.A. A limit approaching pop-up message reduces gambling expenditures, except among players with a financially focused self-concept. Int. Gambl. Stud. 2019 , 19 , 327–338. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Hollingshead, S.J.; Wohl, M.J.A.; Santesso, D. Do you read me? Including personalized behavioral feedback in pop-up messages does not enhance limit adherence among gamblers. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2019 , 94 , 122–130. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
McCormick, A.V.; Cohen, I.M.; Davies, G. Differential Effects of Formal and Informal Gambling on Symptoms of Problem Gambling during Voluntary Self-Exclusion. J. Gambl. Stud. 2018 , 34 , 1013–1031. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Pickering, D.; Blaszczynski, A.; Gainsbury, S.M. Multivenue self-exclusion for gambling disorders: A retrospective process investigation. J. Gambl. Issues 2018 , 38 , 127–151. [ Google Scholar ]
Caillon, J.; Grall-Bronnec, M.; Perrot, B.; Leboucher, J.; Donnio, Y.; Romo, L.; Challet-Bouju, G. Effectiveness of At-Risk Gamblers’ Temporary Self-Exclusion from Internet Gambling Sites. J. Gambl. Stud. 2019 , 35 , 601–615. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Hing, N.; Russell, A.; Tolchard, B.; Nuske, E. Are There Distinctive Outcomes from Self-Exclusion? An Exploratory Study Comparing Gamblers Who Have Self-Excluded, Received Counselling, or Both. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2015 , 13 , 481–496. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Luquiens, A.; Dugravot, A.; Panjo, H.; Benyamina, A.; Gaiffas, S.; Bacry, E. Self-Exclusion among Online Poker Gamblers: Effects on Expenditure in Time and Money as Compared to Matched Controls. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019 , 16 , 22. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Luquiens, A.; Vendryes, D.; Aubin, H.-J.; Benyamina, A.; Gaiffas, S.; Bacry, E. Description and assessment of trustability of motives for self-exclusion reported by online poker gamblers in a cohort using account-based gambling data. BMJ Open 2018 , 8 , e02254. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Turner, N.E.; Shi, J.; Robinson, J.; McAvoy, S.; Sanchez, S. Efficacy of a Voluntary Self-exclusion Reinstatement Tutorial for Problem Gamblers. J. Gambl. Stud. 2021 , 37 , 1245–1262. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Yakovenko, I.; Hodgins, D.C. Effectiveness of a voluntary casino self-exclusion online self-management program. Internet Interv. 2021 , 23 , 100354. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Pickering, D.; Blaszczynski, A. Should I Stay or Should I Go? A Comparative Exploratory Analysis of Individuals Electing to Continue or Discontinue Self-Exclusion from Land-Based Gambling Venues. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2022 , 20 , 1182–1199. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kotter, R.; Kraplin, A.; Buhringer, G. Casino Self- and Forced Excluders’ Gambling Behavior before and after Exclusion. J. Gambl. Stud. 2018 , 34 , 597–615. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Lischer, S.; Schwarz, J. Self-exclusion and imposed exclusion as strategies for reducing harm: Data from three Swiss Casinos. J. Gambl. Issues 2018 , 40 , 29–44. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Goh, E.C.L.; Ng, V.; Yeoh, B.S.A. The family exclusion order as a harm-minimisation measure for casino gambling: The case of Singapore. Int. Gambl. Stud. 2016 , 16 , 373–390. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Auer, M.; Griffiths, M.D. The use of personalized messages on wagering behavior of swedish online gamblers: An empirical study. Comput. Hum. Behav. 2020 , 110 , 106402. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Auer, M.M.; Griffiths, M.D. The use of personalized behavioral feedback for online gamblers: An empirical study. Front. Psychol. 2015 , 6 , 1406. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wood, R.T.A.; Wohl, M.J.A. Assessing the effectiveness of a responsible gambling behavioural feedback tool for reducing the gambling expenditure of at-risk players. Int. Gambl. Stud. 2015 , 15 , 1–16. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Forsstrom, D.; Rafi, J.; Carlbring, P. Dropouts’ usage of a responsible gambling tool and subsequent gambling patterns. Cogent Psychol. 2020 , 7 , 1715535. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Edson, T.C.; Tom, M.A.; LaPlante, D.A. Examining Player Engagement with and Attitudes Toward a Gambling Play Management System. J. Gambl. Stud. 2021 , 37 , 1313–1334. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Armstrong, T.; Donaldson, P.; Langham, E.; Rockloff, M.; Browne, M. Exploring the effectiveness of an intelligent messages framework for developing warning messages to reduce gambling intensity. J. Gambl. Issues 2018 , 38 , 67–84. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ginley, M.K.; Whelan, J.P.; Keating, H.A.; Meyers, A.W. Gambling Warning Messages: The Impact of Winning and Losing on Message Reception across a Gambling Session. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2016 , 30 , 931–938. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Harris, A.; Parke, A. The Interaction of Gambling Outcome and Gambling Harm-Minimisation Strategies for Electronic Gambling: The Efficacy of Computer Generated Self-Appraisal Messaging. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2015 , 14 , 597–617. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Rockloff, M.J.; Donaldson, P.; Browne, M. Jackpot Expiry: An Experimental Investigation of a New EGM Player-Protection Feature. J. Gambl. Stud. 2015 , 31 , 1505–1514. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Folkvord, F.; Codagnone, C.; Bogliacino, F.; Veltri, G.; Lupianez-Villanueva, F.; Ivchenko, A.; Gaskell, G. Experimental evidence on measures to protect consumers of online gambling services. J. Behav. Econ. Policy 2019 , 3 , 20–29. [ Google Scholar ]
Gainsbury, S.M.; Aro, D.; Ball, D.; Tobar, C.; Russell, A. Optimal content for warning messages to enhance consumer decision making and reduce problem gambling. J. Bus. Res. 2015 , 68 , 2093–2101. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Gainsbury, S.M.; Aro, D.; Ball, D.; Tobar, C.; Russell, A. Determining optimal placement for pop-up messages: Evaluation of a live trial of dynamic warning messages for electronic gaming machines. Int. Gambl. Stud. 2015 , 15 , 141–158. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Landon, J.; du Preez, K.P.; Bellringer, M.; Abbott, M.; Roberts, A. On the feasibility of in-venue observations of electronic gaming machine gamblers and game characteristics. J. Gambl. Issues 2017 , 36 , 183–198. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Palmer du Preez, K.; Landon, J.; Bellringer, M.; Garrett, N.; Abbott, M. The Effects of Pop-up Harm Minimisation Messages on Electronic Gaming Machine Gambling Behaviour in New Zealand. J. Gambl. Stud. 2016 , 32 , 1115–1126. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Rockloff, M.J.; Hing, N. The Impact of Jackpots on EGM Gambling Behavior: A Review. J. Gambl. Stud. 2013 , 29 , 775–790. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Auer, M.; Hopfgartner, N.; Griffiths, M.D. The effects of a mandatory play break on subsequent gambling among Norwegian video lottery terminal players. J. Behav. Addict. 2019 , 8 , 522–529. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Auer, M.; Griffiths, M.D. The Effect of a Mandatory Play Break on Subsequent Gambling Behavior among British Online Casino Players: A Large-Scale Real-World Study. J. Gambl. Stud. 2022 , 39 , 383–399. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Parke, A.; Dickinson, P.; O’Hare, L.; Wilson, L.; Westerman-Hughes, G.; Gerling, K. Effect of within-session breaks in play on responsible gambling behaviour during sustained monetary losses. Curr. Psychol. 2019 , 41 , 315–327. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Blaszczynski, A.; Cowley, E.; Anthony, C.; Hinsley, K. Breaks in Play: Do They Achieve Intended Aims? J. Gambl. Stud. 2015 , 32 , 789–800. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Newall, P.W.S.; Weiss-Cohen, L.; Singmann, H.; Paul Boyce, W.; Walasek, L.; Rockloff, M.J. A speed-of-play limit reduces gambling expenditure in an online roulette game: Results of an online experiment. Addict. Behav. 2022 , 127 , 107229. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Martens, M.P.; Arterberry, B.J.; Takamatsu, S.K.; Masters, J.; Dude, K. The Efficacy of a Personalized Feedback-Only Intervention for At-Risk College Gamblers. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2015 , 83 , 494–499. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Neighbors, C.; Rodriguez, L.M.; Rinker, D.V.; Gonzales, R.G.; Agana, M.; Tackett, J.L.; Foster, D.W. Efficacy of Personalized Normative Feedback as a Brief Intervention for College Student Gambling: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol. 2015 , 83 , 500–511. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Auer, M.M.; Griffiths, M.D. Testing normative and self-appraisal feedback in an online slot-machine pop-up in a real-world setting. Front. Psychol. 2015 , 6 , 339. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
McGivern, P.; Hussain, Z.; Lipka, S.; Stupple, E. The impact of pop-up warning messages of losses on expenditure in a simulated game of online roulette: A pilot study. BMC Public Health 2019 , 19 , 822. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Byrne, C.A.; Russell, A.M.T. Making EGMs Accountable: Can an Informative and Dynamic Interface Help Players Self-regulate? J. Gambl. Stud. 2020 , 36 , 1229–1251. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Jonsson, J.; Hodgins, D.C.; Munck, I.; Carlbring, P. Reaching Out to Big Losers: A Randomized Controlled Trial of Brief Motivational Contact Providing Gambling Expenditure Feedback. Psychol. Addict. Behav. 2019 , 33 , 179–189. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Jonsson, J.; Hodgins, D.C.; Munck, I.; Carlbring, P. Reaching out to big losers leads to sustained reductions in gambling over 1 year: A randomized controlled trial of brief motivational contact. Addiction 2020 , 115 , 1522–1531. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Jonsson, J.; Hodgins, D.C.; Munck, I.; Carlbring, P. Reaching Out to Big Losers: How Different Types of Gamblers are Affected by a Brief Motivational Contact Initiated by the Gambling Provider. J. Gambl. Stud. 2021 , 37 , 387–401. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Riley, B.J.; Orlowski, S.; Smith, D.; Baigent, M.; Battersby, M.; Lawn, S. Understanding the business versus care paradox in gambling venues: A qualitative study of the perspectives from gamblers, venue staff and counsellors. Harm Reduct. J. 2018 , 15 , 49. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Hing, N.; Nuske, E. Responding to Problem Gamblers in the Venue: Role Conflict, Role Ambiguity, and Challenges for Hospitality Staff. J. Hum. Resour. Hosp. Tour. 2012 , 11 , 146–164. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Oakes, J.; Pols, R.; Lawn, S. The Frantic Seeking of Credit during Poker Machine Problem Gambling: A Public Health Perspective. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2020 , 17 , 5216. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Oakes, J.; Pols, R.; Lawn, S.; Battersby, M.; Lubman, D.I. ‘I’ll Just Pay the Rent Next Month’: An Exploratory Study Examining Facilitatory Cognitions among EGM Problem Gamblers. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2018 , 17 , 1564–1579. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Newall, P.W.S.; Walasek, L.; Ludvig, E.A. Equivalent gambling warning labels are perceived differently. Addiction 2020 , 115 , 1762–1767. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Newall, P.W.S.; Walasek, L.; Ludvig, E.A. Percentage and Currency Framing of House-Edge Gambling Warning Labels. Int. J. Ment. Health Addict. 2020 , 19 , 1931–1938. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mialon, M.; McCambridge, J. Alcohol industry corporate social responsibility initiatives and harmful drinking: A systematic review. Eur. J. Public Health 2018 , 28 , 664–673. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Yoon, S.; Lam, T.-H. The illusion of righteousness: Corporate social responsibility practices of the alcohol industry. BMC Public Health 2013 , 13 , 630. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Hodgins, D.C.; Young, M.M.; Currie, S.R.; Abbott, M.; Billi, R.; Brunelle, N.; Costes, J.-M.; Dufour, M.; Flores-Pajot, M.-C.; Olason, D.T.; et al. Lower-risk gambling limits: Linked analyses across eight countries. Int. Gambl. Stud. 2023 , 23 , 328–344. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Dickerson, M.G. Gambling as an Addictive Behaviour Impaired Control, Harm Minimisation, Treatment and Prevention ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2006. [ Google Scholar ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Inclusion	Exclusion
Describes and evaluates a gambling harm-minimisation tool. Uses an empirical approach to evaluate the impact of the gambling harm-minimisation tool on gamblers’ behaviour. Conducted within a real or simulated/laboratory-based gambling environment with “real” gamblers or individuals affected by gambling-related harm. Published in peer-reviewed journal. Written in English.	Does not describe and evaluate a gambling harm-minimisation tool. Does not use an empirical approach to examine the impact of the gambling harm-minimisation tool on gamblers’ behaviour. Does not involve actual gamblers or individuals affected by gambling-related harm. Grey literature (technical reports, conference presentations, dissertations, books). Not written in English.

The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content.

Share and Cite

Riley, B.J.; Oakes, J.; Lawn, S. Gambling Harm-Minimisation Tools and Their Impact on Gambling Behaviour: A Review of the Empirical Evidence. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024 , 21 , 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080998

Riley BJ, Oakes J, Lawn S. Gambling Harm-Minimisation Tools and Their Impact on Gambling Behaviour: A Review of the Empirical Evidence. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health . 2024; 21(8):998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080998

Riley, Ben J., Jane Oakes, and Sharon Lawn. 2024. "Gambling Harm-Minimisation Tools and Their Impact on Gambling Behaviour: A Review of the Empirical Evidence" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21080998

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, supplementary material.

ZIP-Document (ZIP, 86 KiB)

Further Information

Mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

IMAGES

Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples
Empirical Research
What Is Empirical Research? Definition, Types & Samples
Empirical Research
15 Empirical Evidence Examples (2024)
⇉A Review of an Empirical Research Study Essay Example

VIDEO

Empirical Review
Empirical Research with example
Differences Between Conceptual Research and Empirical Research
Do your Empirical and conceptual framework in research within 5mins
Economics of Patents
Empirical research methods

COMMENTS

What Is Empirical Research? Definition, Types & Samples in 2024
Empirical research is defined as any study whose conclusions are exclusively derived from concrete, verifiable evidence. The term empirical basically means that it is guided by scientific experimentation and/or evidence. Likewise, a study is empirical when it uses real-world evidence in investigating its assertions.
Empirical Research
Review of design considerations and technological challenges for successful development and deployment of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. ... Strategies for Empirical Research in Writing is a particularly accessible approach to both qualitative and quantitative empirical research methods, helping novices appreciate the value of empirical ...
Empirical Research in the Social Sciences and Education
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components: Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines
An effective and well-conducted review as a research method creates a firm foundation for advancing knowledge and facilitating theory development (Webster & Watson, 2002). By integrating findings and perspectives from many empirical findings, a literature review can address research questions with a power that no single study has.
Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples
Empirical research is defined as any research where conclusions of the study is strictly drawn from concretely empirical evidence, and therefore "verifiable" evidence. This empirical evidence can be gathered using quantitative market research and qualitative market research methods. For example: A research is being conducted to find out if ...
Writing the literature review for empirical papers
Empirical paper s usually are structured in at. least five sections: (1) introduction, (2) literature review, (3) empirical methods, (4) data analysi s, discussion and. findings, and (5 ...
Literature Reviews and Empirical Research
Empirical Research is research that is based on experimentation or observation, i.e. Evidence. Such research is often conducted to answer a specific question or to test a hypothesis (educated guess).. How do you know if a study is empirical? Read the subheadings within the article, book, or report and look for a description of the research "methodology."
Empirical research
Empirical research is research using empirical evidence. It is also a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or experience. ... Some Key Concepts for the Design and Review of Empirical Research Archived 2021-04-16 at the Wayback Machine This page was last edited on 8 March 2024, at ...
Empirical Research: Defining, Identifying, & Finding
Empirical research methodologies can be described as quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both (usually called mixed-methods). Ruane (2016) (UofM login required) gets at the basic differences in approach between quantitative and qualitative research: Quantitative research -- an approach to documenting reality that relies heavily on numbers both for the measurement of variables and for data ...
Empirical Research
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components: Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous ...
Empirical Research: A Comprehensive Guide for Academics
Tips for Empirical Writing. In empirical research, the writing is usually done in research papers, articles, or reports. The empirical writing follows a set structure, and each section has a specific role. Here are some tips for your empirical writing. 7. Define Your Objectives: When you write about your research, start by making your goals clear.
PDF Introductions for Empirical Research Papers
Typical structure of an introduction to an empirical research paper: Empirical research paper introductions are a type of literature review—and like all literature reviews, they follow a broad-to-narrow structure. They tend to be narrowly focused and relatively short (5-10 paragraphs), though there are variations among disciplines.
Full article: An Empirical Review of Research Methodologies and Methods
In addition, this review only focused on empirical or evidence-based research, which was defined as "a systematic attempt to collect information about an identified problem or question, the analysis of that information, and the application of the evidence to confirm or refute some prior statement(s) about the problem or question under study ...
What is "Empirical Research"?
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components: Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
City University of Seattle Library: Identifying Empirical Research
Identifying Empirical Research Articles. Look for the IMRaD layout in the article to help identify empirical research.Sometimes the sections will be labeled differently, but the content will be similar. Introduction: why the article was written, research question or questions, hypothesis, literature review; Methods: the overall research design and implementation, description of sample ...
What is empirical research?
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components: Introduction: sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous studies
Empirical Research
Empirical research is based on phenomena that can be observed and measured. Empirical research derives knowledge from actual experience rather than from theory or belief. Key characteristics of empirical research include: Specific research questions to be answered; Definitions of the population, behavior, or phenomena being studied;
The Empirical Research Paper: A Guide
The introduction section is where you introduce the background and nature of your research question, justify the importance of your research, state your hypotheses, and how your research will contribute to scientific knowledge.. Begin with some opening statements to help situate the reader. Do not immediately dive into the highly technical terminology or the specifics of your research question.
What is Empirical Research?
Another hint: some scholarly journals use a specific layout, called the "IMRaD" format, to communicate empirical research findings. Such articles typically have 4 components: Introduction : sometimes called "literature review" -- what is currently known about the topic -- usually includes a theoretical framework and/or discussion of previous ...
Empirical Articles Vs. Review Articles
Common sections in a research/empirical article include introduction, literature review, methods/process, data, results, discussion, conclusion / suggestions for further study, and references. If the article is not divided into sections, it does not automatically mean it is not an empirical article.
Peer-Reviewed/Scholarly/Empirical Research
A research review can describe a phenomenon, review an existing theory or present a new one. Whatever the kind of review, the goal is to organize, integrate, and evaluate previous research in order to clarify a particular problem or issue. ... reports of empirical studies, review articles, and theoretical articles. Such resources are essential ...
Project Chapter Two: Literature Review and Steps to Writing Empirical
Steps to Writing an Empirical Review. Decide on a topic. Just like in every research work, deciding on a befitting research topic is always among the first things to do. When the empirical review ...
Review of Empirical Research on Leadership and Firm Performance
This review aims to present a systematic review of empirical research on leadership and firm performance (FP) in order to synthesize the fragmented knowledge and propose a unifying framework for future research. To achieve this purpose, this research adopts systematic literature review methodology. A total of 60 empirical papers published ...
What Is Qualitative Research? An Overview and Guidelines
This guide explains the focus, rigor, and relevance of qualitative research, highlighting its role in dissecting complex social phenomena and providing in-depth, human-centered insights. ... "Emergence" vs. "forcing" of empirical data? A crucial problem of "grounded theory" reconsidered. Historical Social Research, 19, 133-156 ...
Upward Social Mobility and Mental Health: A Systematized Review and
Moreover, review findings suggested that the variability observed among study findings was likely influenced by a lack of consistent operationalization of social mobility. Finally, recommendations for future research were provided.Chapter 2 was an empirical study that examined moderators and mediators of the relations between USM and mental health.
A Review of Fintech Brokerage, Social Media, and Concerted Retail
Three critical implications touch upon the need for further empirical research in areas such as market efficiency, the roles of market participants, conflicts between profits and responsibilities (for security service providers and social media), regulation adjustments, and information transparency. Recent advancements in financial technology (fintech) brokerage and social media have ...
IJERPH
The harms accompanying disordered gambling are well documented. Additionally, there is growing attention to the harms that arise from people who gamble heavily but do not meet the criteria for a gambling disorder. Accordingly, there has been an increasing interest in the effectiveness of consumer protection tools for consumers of gambling products. Subsequently, there is a need to properly ...

Research: Overview & Approaches

Introduction to Empirical Research

Your Librarian

Penn State University Libraries

Contact the Librarian at your campus for more help!

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Reading and Evaluating Scholarly Materials

Empirical Research: Definition, Methods, Types and Examples

Empirical research: Definition

Types and methodologies of empirical research

MORE LIKE THIS

Types of Organizational Change & Strategies for Business

Voice of the Customer Programs: What It Is, Implementations

A Case for Empowerment and Being Bold — Tuesday CX Thoughts

Typeform vs. Google Forms: Which one is best for my needs?

Writing the literature review for empirical papers

Abstract and Figures

SWRK 330 - Social Work Research Methods

What is a Literature Review?

A literature review summarizes and discusses previous publications on a topic.

Psychology Research Guide

Finding Empirical Research in PsycINFO

Finding Empirical Research in PubMed

Finding Empirical Research in Library OneSearch & Google Scholar

Identifying a Journal is Peer-Reviewed

Finding Peer-Reviewed Articles

Empirical Research: A Comprehensive Guide for Academics

Why Empirical Research?

Qualitative and Quantitative Methods

Steps for Conducting Empirical Research

Advantages of Empirical Research

Disadvantages of Empirical Research

Tips for Empirical Writing

Related Reads:

Ethics in Science: Importance, Principles & Guidelines

Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Identifying Empirical Research Articles

What is Empirical Research?

Parts of an Empirical Research Article

Introduction

Results

Learn the IMRaD Layout: How to Identify an Empirical Article

Empirical Research: What is empirical research?

Ask a Librarian

What about when research is not empirical?

Empirical & Non-Empirical Research

Introduction: What is Empirical Research?

Quantitative Research

Qualitative Research

Empirical Research

PSYC 3101: General Experimental Methods

PunchNG Menu:

Project Chapter Two: Literature Review and Steps to Writing Empirical Review

Latest News

Perception of greener pastures abroad misleading – Nigerian-born UK councillor, Asumu

Upward Social Mobility and Mental Health: A Systematized Review and Empirical Study

Degree Type

Campus location

Advisor/Supervisor/Committee Chair

A Review of Fintech Brokerage, Social Media, and Concerted Retail Trading

8 References

Information

Initiatives

Article Menu

JSmol Viewer

1. Introduction

3.2.4. Passive Personalised Behavioural Feedback

Share and Cite

Article Metrics

Further Information

IMAGES

VIDEO

COMMENTS