It has been emphasised that good referencing is an important academic skill ( , 2015).
Information from (2015) emphasises that good referencing is an important academic skill.
You use secondary referencing when you want to refer to a source that is mentioned or quoted in the work you are reading.
To do this, you add the phrase ‘quoted in’ or ‘cited in’ (depending on whether the author of the secondary source is directly quoting or summarising from the primary source) to your intext citation, along with the details of the source that you are reading.
West (2007, quoted in Birch, 2017, p. 17) state that… Positive identity can be affirmed in part by a supportive family environment (Leach, 2015, cited in The Open University, 2022).
You would then include full references to Birch and The Open University in your reference list as these are the sources that you have read. There is no change to the structure of the full reference for these sources.
You should include page numbers in your citation if you are quoting directly from or using ideas from a specific page or set of pages.
Add the abbreviation p. (or pp. if more than one page) before the page number(s).
Harris (2015, p. 5) argues that…
In the drying process "polyphenol oxidizing reactions" form new flavour compounds (Toker 2020, pp. 585–586)...
Add a lower case letter to the date in the in-text citation and in the matching full reference to distinguish between the sources.
: Snow is formed in part because the temperature drops enough that rain freezes (The Open University, 2022a), however the freezing temperature of water is often below 0°C under certain conditions (The Open University, 2022b).
The Open University (2022a) '1.2 What are clouds?'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022b) '1.3.1 Snow and ice'. . Available at: (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: this only applies when you are using multiple different sources with the same author and year – if you are referring to the same source more than once then you do not need to add a letter to the date. The citation will be the same each time and you only need to include the source once in your reference list.
Example with one author:
Almeroth-Williams, T. (2019) City of Beasts: How Animals Shaped Georgian London . Manchester: Manchester University Press.
RSPCA (2024) Caring for cats and kittens . Available at: https://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/cats (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Example with two or three authors:
Grayling, A. and Ball, B. (2024) ' Philosophy is crucial in the age of AI', The Conversation , 1 August. Available at: https://theconversation.com/philosophy-is-crucial-in-the-age-of-ai-235907 (Accessed: 1 August 2024).
Chu, M., Leonard, P. and Stevenson, F. (2012) ' Growing the Base for Citizen Science: Recruiting and Engaging Participants', in J.L. Dickinson and R. Bonney (eds.) Citizen Science: Public Participation in Environmental Research . Ithaca: Cornell University Press, pp. 69-81.
Example with four or more authors:
Young, H.D. et al. (2015) Sears and Zemansky's university physics . San Francisco, CA: Addison-Wesley.
Note: You can choose one or other method to reference four or more authors (unless your School requires you to name all authors in your reference list) and your approach should be consistent.
Online module materials
(Includes written online module activities, audio-visual material such as online tutorials, recordings or videos).
When referencing material from module websites, the date of publication is the year you started studying the module.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
OR, if there is no named author:
The Open University (Year of publication/presentation) 'Title of item'. Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Rietdorf, K. and Bootman, M. (2022) 'Topic 3: Rare diseases'. S290: Investigating human health and disease . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1967195 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
The Open University (2022) ‘3.1 The purposes of childhood and youth research’. EK313: Issues in research with children and young people . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1949633§ion=1.3 (Accessed: 24 January 2023).
You can also use this template to reference videos and audio that are hosted on your module website:
The Open University (2022) ‘Video 2.7 An example of a Frith-Happé animation’. SK298: Brain, mind and mental health . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=2013014§ion=4.9.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
The Open University (2022) ‘Audio 2 Interview with Richard Sorabji (Part 2)’. A113: Revolutions . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=1960941§ion=5.6 (Accessed: 22 November 2022).
Note: if a complete journal article has been uploaded to a module website, or if you have seen an article referred to on the website and then accessed the original version, reference the original journal article, and do not mention the module materials. If only an extract from an article is included in your module materials that you want to reference, you should use secondary referencing, with the module materials as the 'cited in' source, as described above.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of message', Title of discussion board , in Module code: Module title . Available at: URL of VLE (Accessed: date).
Fitzpatrick, M. (2022) ‘A215 - presentation of TMAs', Tutor group discussion & Workbook activities , in A215: Creative writing . Available at: https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/forumng/discuss.php?d=4209566 (Accessed: 24 January 2022).
Note: When an ebook looks like a printed book, with publication details and pagination, reference as a printed book.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title . Edition if later than first. Place of publication: publisher. Series and volume number if relevant.
For ebooks that do not contain print publication details
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) Title of book . Available at: DOI or URL (Accessed: date).
Bell, J. (2014) Doing your research project . Maidenhead: Open University Press.
Adams, D. (1979) The hitchhiker's guide to the galaxy . Available at: http://www.amazon.co.uk/kindle-ebooks (Accessed: 23 June 2021).
Note: Books that have an editor, or editors, where each chapter is written by a different author or authors.
Surname of chapter author, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of chapter or section', in Initial. Surname of book editor (ed.) Title of book . Place of publication: publisher, Page reference.
Franklin, A.W. (2012) 'Management of the problem', in S.M. Smith (ed.) The maltreatment of children . Lancaster: MTP, pp. 83–95.
Note: When referencing a chapter of an edited book, your in-text citation should give the author(s) of the chapter.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference.
If accessed online:
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Journal , volume number (issue number), page reference. Available at: DOI or URL (if required) (Accessed: date).
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326.
Shirazi, T. (2010) 'Successful teaching placements in secondary schools: achieving QTS practical handbooks', European Journal of Teacher Education , 33(3), pp. 323–326. Available at: https://libezproxy.open.ac.uk/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/log... (Accessed: 27 January 2023).
Barke, M. and Mowl, G. (2016) 'Málaga – a failed resort of the early twentieth century?', Journal of Tourism History , 2(3), pp. 187–212. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1080/1755182X.2010.523145
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference.
Surname, Initial. (Year of publication) 'Title of article', Title of Newspaper , Day and month, Page reference if available. Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Mansell, W. and Bloom, A. (2012) ‘£10,000 carrot to tempt physics experts’, The Guardian , 20 June, p. 5.
Roberts, D. and Ackerman, S. (2013) 'US draft resolution allows Obama 90 days for military action against Syria', The Guardian , 4 September. Available at: http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/04/syria-strikes-draft-resolut... (Accessed: 9 September 2015).
Surname, Initial. (Year that the site was published/last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Organisation (Year that the page was last updated) Title of web page . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Robinson, J. (2007) Social variation across the UK . Available at: https://www.bl.uk/british-accents-and-dialects/articles/social-variation... (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
The British Psychological Society (2018) Code of Ethics and Conduct . Available at: https://www.bps.org.uk/news-and-policy/bps-code-ethics-and-conduct (Accessed: 22 March 2019).
Note: Cite Them Right Online offers guidance for referencing webpages that do not include authors' names and dates. However, be extra vigilant about the suitability of such webpages.
Surname, Initial. (Year) Title of photograph . Available at: URL (Accessed: date).
Kitton, J. (2013) Golden sunset . Available at: https://www.jameskittophotography.co.uk/photo_8692150.html (Accessed: 21 November 2021).
stanitsa_dance (2021) Cossack dance ensemble . Available at: https://www.instagram.com/p/COI_slphWJ_/ (Accessed: 13 June 2023).
Note: If no title can be found then replace it with a short description.
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Referencing in APA Style: A-Z Referencing Examples
Introduction to Referencing
A-Z Referencing Examples
This page explains how to write references. See the Introduction to Referencing page for guidance on in-text citations.
Click on a source below to find out how to reference it in your reference list. Frequently referenced items can be found at the top of the list, followed by an A-Z. If a source is not listed, visit the APA Style Blog , or consult the APA manual .
Frequently Referenced Items
For a full list of items see A-Z Reference Examples.
Author, N. (Year). Title (Edition.). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Author's family name
Author’s initial(s)
[Full stop]
Year (in round brackets)
Title of book (in sentence case and in italics )
Edition (in round brackets, if there is one)
DOI (if there is one)
Ninagawa, C. (2023). AI time series control system modelling . Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-4594-6
Example 2 (Book with two authors and an edition)
Mankiw, N. G., & Taylor, M. P. (2023). Economics (6th ed.). Cengage.
The title is in sentence case and in italics .
If there is no edition, leave it out (see Example 1).
If the book chapters have different authors, see the Chapter in an edited book section.
Print and e-books are referenced in the same way. If there is a DOI , add it to the end of the reference (see Example 1).
This is a simplified version of image referencing using APA. All taught students are permitted to use this simplified guidance but should not be marked down for using the official APA format. Researchers who are publishing work using APA will need to provide a full copyright attribution, as instructed in the APA manual .
Format and Examples
(Image copied from another source)
(Image copied from a website)
(Image adapted from another source)
(Diagram created using information from a book)
(Image you have created yourself)
(Image you have created yourself)
Reference list
Images cited in your work need a full reference in your reference list, except for images created by yourself. For example, reference an image from a website as a website reference.
The figure number is in bold. Number your figures based on their order within your assignment.
The descriptive title is in title case and in italics .
Follow the normal in-text citation rules when referencing multiple authors.
If you have created the image yourself (and not adapted it using information found in another source), you do not need a citation under the image (see Example 3).
If you are working on an artistic assignment, poster, or presentation, you may be able to reference in a different way. See: Images in posters, presentations, and artistic assignments .
Volume number (in italics ), issue number (in round brackets)
Page numbers
Example 1 (Journal article with a DOI)
Chen, H. C., & Pang, N. S. (2022). Sustaining the ecosystem of higher education in China: Perspectives from young researchers. Perspectives in Education, 40 (3), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.18820/2519593X/pie.v40.i3.7
Example 2 (Journal article without a DOI or issue number, accessed through Locate or a library database)
Cairns, J. (2024). Phases of the Buddhist approach to the environment. Journal of Buddhist Ethics, 31 , 1-33.
Example 3 (Journal article without a DOI, accessed on a website, but not via Locate or a library database)
Journal title and volume number are in title case and in italics.
If there is no volume or issue number, leave it out (see Example 2).
Some online articles have article numbers instead of page numbers. After the issue number, write the word Article and then the article number, e.g. Article e0230193.
If the article does not have a DOI and the article is from Locate or a library database (e.g. ProQuest, EBSCO, JStor etc.), there is no need to include a link (see Example 2).
If the article is from another website with no DOI, use the web link (see Example 3).
Named author
Author, N. (Year). Report title . Organisation. https://doi.org/xxxxx or https://www.website.com/report
Report title (in sentence case and in italics )
Organisation
Website link
If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author
Organisation. (Year). Report title . https://doi.org/xxxxx or https://www.website.com/report
Example 1 (Named author, a DOI, and published as part of a series)
Russell, H., & E. Smyth, E. (2024). Caregiving among young adults in Ireland (ESRI Research Series 168). Economic & Social Research Institute. https://doi.org/10.26504/rs168
Example 2 (Report with the organisation as author. Date written in full)
National Audit Office. (2024, March 15). Use of artificial intelligence in government (Session 2023-24 HC 612). https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/use-of-artificial-intelligence-in-government.pdf
Example 3 (No DOI. The web link is to the home page as it is a subscription database which requires a login)
Shao, D. (2023). Supermarkets, China 2023 . Mintel. https://clients.mintel.com/
The report title is in sentence case and in italics .
If using the organisation's name as the author, do not repeat the organisation's name after the title (see Example 2).
Where there is a report number, include it after the title in brackets, not in italics (see Example 1).
Use the full publication date if written on the report (See Example 2).
Use the DOI where available rather than a web link (see Example 1).
If accessing a report on a subscription database that requires a login, use the link to the homepage (see Example 3).
For more information on Government reports, see the Government reports section.
Website with named author
Author, N. (Date). Title of the specific webpage . Website Name. https://www.website.com/page
Title of the specific webpage (in sentence case and in italics )
Organisation or website’s name
Website Name. (Date). Title of the specific webpage . https://www.website.com/page
Example 1 (Named author)
Sakai, C. (2023, September 18). Nurturing creative confidence in early years: A virtual conversation. Victoria and Albert Museum. https://www.vam.ac.uk/blog/museum-life/coventrys-coundon-court-school-wins-inaugural-va-innovate-national-schools-challenge
Example 2 (Organisation as the author)
Health and Care Professions Council. (2023). The standards of proficiency for paramedics . https://www.hcpc-uk.org/standards/standards-of-proficiency/paramedics/
Example 3 (Website changing regularly. Web link is to the home page as it is a subscription database which requires a login)
Fame. (n.d.). [Telecommunications companies in the West Midlands]. Retrieved May 16, 2024, from https://fame4.bvdinfo.com/
The title of the webpage is in sentence case and in italics .
If no date has been given, use n.d. (see Example 3).
If using the website name as the author, do not repeat the website name after the title (see Example 2).
Use the date the page was published – this could be (Year), (Year, Month) or (Year, Month Day) depending on the information available (see Examples 1 and 2).
If a website changes regularly (e.g. a data dashboard), include the specific date you accessed the website (Month Day, Year) before the web address (see Example 3).
If there is no clear title, provide a description of the web page in [square brackets] and do not use italics (see Example 3).
If the site requires a login, use the link to the homepage (see Example 3).
A-Z Reference Examples
Act Title Year
In-text citation: Section 6 of the Human Rights Act 1998 allows victims of privacy invasions to bring actions against public authorities.
The Act title is in title case and not in italics.
The year is not in brackets as it is part of the title.
Do not include a link, even if the Act is found online.
It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting Acts of Parliament in brackets (see Example 1b).
This guidance is for students who have been given permission by their module leader to use generative AI tools (e.g. ChatGPT, QuillBot, Chimp Rewriter, DALL-E etc.).
If permitted to use AI, you must:
1) Cite and reference any information generated by AI.
2) Follow all instructions in your assignment brief regarding its use.
Organisation. (Year). Title of software (Version information) [Type of software]. https://www.website.com/
In-text citation
Details of prompt used and response (Name of AI, year).
In your assignment provide the prompt you have used and integrate the response into your sentence (see Example).
Ancient or classic work read in a book
Author, N. (Year of the version you read). Title (N. Translator, Trans. or N. Editor, Ed.). Publisher. (Original work published Year)
Ancient or classic work read on a website
Author, N. (Year of the version you read). Title (N. Translator, Trans. or N. Editor, Ed.). Website Name. https://doi.org/xxxxx (Original work published Year)
In-text citations
( Author, Year of original publication/Year of the version you read)
Author (Year of original publication/Year of the version you read)
Example 1 (A book with an estimated date of original publication)
Example 2 (A website)
If the original date of publication is an estimate, write ca. before the date. This stands for ‘circa’.
Ancient and classic works may not have typical page numbers. To pinpoint a specific piece of information, use the numbering system in the publication when creating an in-text citation. See the guidance on missing information in references.
If there are multiple editors use ‘Eds.’ (see Example 2).
Use the web link when no DOI is available.
Articles (see: Journal articles, Magazine articles, or Newspaper articles)
Artists' book, photobook, or zine with a single author, and self-published
Author, N. (Year). Title . [Format].
Artists' book, photobook, or zine with a single author, and commercially published
Author, N. (Year). Title. [Format]. Publisher .
Example 1 ( Zine with a single author, and self-published )
Sillars, J. (2019). Euphoriacs: A zine surrounding trans people and our relationships with clothing. [Zine].
Example 2 ( Artists' book with a single author, and commercially published )
Poulain, D. (2023). Birds. [Artists' book]. Éditions du livre.
The title is in sentence case and in italics.
Zines and artists' books are often self-published. Therefore no publisher name is needed at the end of the reference (see Example 1).
Artist, N. (Year). Artwork title [Type of artwork]. Gallery/Museum or Website Name, Location. https://www.website.com/page
van Gogh, V. (1889). The starry night [Painting]. The Museum of Modern Art, New York, USA. https://www.moma.org/collection/works/79802
The artwork title is in sentence case and in italics .
Describe the item type in square brackets, for example, [Painting], [Oil on canvas], [Sculpture] after the title (see Example).
Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Title of post. Blog Title. https://www.website.com/page
Winfield, J. (2021, July 8). From clearing to global management internship in China. Coventry University. https://www.coventry.ac.uk/blog/jimmys-clearing-story/
Use the full date for the post: (Year, Month Day).
The post title is in sentence case .
The blog title is in title case and in italics .
Cases (see: Law reports)
Author, N. (Year). Chapter title. In N. Editor (Ed.), Book title (pp. x-x). Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Example 1 (First edition of a book with a DOI)
Barker, S. (2021). Painting the plague, 1230-1640. In C. Lynteris (Ed.), Plague image and imagination from medieval to modern times (pp. 37-68). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72304-0
Example 2 (Subsequent edition of a print book with multiple authors and editors)
Perrin, D., & Simpson, D. (2021). Where and how you will learn. In R. Helyer, T. Wall, A. Minton & A. Lund (Eds.), The work-based learning student handbook (3rd ed., pp. 24-44). Bloomsbury Academic.
In the in-text citation, use the author(s) of the chapter, not the editor(s).
The book title is in sentence case and in italics .
The edition, where second edition or above, is included in the same brackets as the page numbers (see Example 2).
Include the page numbers of the whole chapter in the reference, not just the pages you have used.
Online command paper
Organisation. (Year). Title of the paper (Command paper reference number). https://www.website.com/report
Print command paper
Organisation. (Year). Title of the paper (Command paper reference number). Publisher.
Example 1 (Online command paper)
Department for Energy Security & Net Zero. (2024). Civil nuclear: Roadmap to 2050 (Cp 1009). https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/65c0e7cac43191000d1a457d/6.8610_DESNZ_Civil_Nuclear_Roadmap_report_Final_Web.pdf
Example 2 (Print command paper)
Law Commission. (2002). Sharing homes: A discussion paper (Cm 5666). The Stationery Office.
The abbreviation used to denote a command paper will change depending on the year of the document. You may see C, Cd, Cmd, Cm, Cp, or Cmnd.
Use the full publication date if written on the report.
Author, N. (Year, Month Day(s) of the conference). Conference presentation title [Type of presentation]. Conference Name, Location. www.website.com/page
Motherwell, S., Heeney, C., & Sloan, P. (2023, September 6-8). 'Text me when you get home!' Research on the safety of women and girls on public transport in Scotland [Paper presentation]. European Transport Conference, Milan, Italy. https://www.therrc.co.uk/sites/default/files/files/Conference/2023/Presentations/2_marc_naura.pdf
A conference presentation may be in the form of a paper, poster, keynote speech etc.
Include the full date of the conference (see Example).
After the title, describe the presentation in square brackets, e.g. [Paper presentation], [Poster presentation], [Keynote speech] (see Example).
If the presentation has a DOI , use this instead of a web link.
If the presentation is published in a journal or book, follow the guidance for a journal article or chapter in an edited book.
Author, N. (Year). Title (Numerical identifier; version) [Description]. Publisher. https://doi.org/xxxxx
Unpublished raw data
Author, N. (Year). Title [Unpublished raw data]. Source of unpublished data.
Untitled unpublished raw data
Author, N. (Year). [Description of untitled data] [Unpublished raw data]. Source of unpublished data.
Example 1 (Published data set)
Leland, J. & Kickstarter. (2024). Kickstarter data, global, 2009-2023 (ICPSR 38050; Version V3) [Data Set]. ICPSR. https://doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR38050.v3
Example 2 (Unpublished raw data)
Boole, G. (2024). Librarian biscuit consumption [Unpublished raw data]. National Centre for Librarians.
Example 3 (Untitled unpublished raw data)
Dewey, M. (2023). [Correlation between student focus and screen time] [Unpublished raw data]. Coventry University.
If the data has no title, provide a description of the data in [square brackets] and the title is not in italics (see Example 3).
The description is flexible e.g., [Data set] or [Data set and code book].
Version is written in full, followed by the version number.
If the data set has a DOI , use this instead of a web link.
If the data is from a report, website, book, or journal, reference that source and not the data set itself.
Named author
Author, N. (Year). Entry title. In N. Editor (Ed.), Dictionary or encyclopaedia title (Edition.). Publisher. https://www.website.com/entry
If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author
Organisation. (Year). Entry title. In Dictionary or encyclopaedia title . https://www.website.com/entry
dos Santos Leffa, P. (2023). Ultra-processed foods. In B. Caballero (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human nutrition (4th ed.). Academic Press. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-821848-8.00009-3
Example 2 (Organisation as the author, with regular updates to the entries)
Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Life admin. In The Oxford English dictionary . Retrieved May 1, 2024, from https://doi.org/10.1093/OED/7327882606
The title of the entry is in sentence case .
The title of the dictionary or encyclopaedia is in sentence case and in italics .
When a work is continuously updated, include a retrieval date and use ‘n.d.’ for the publication date (see Example 2).
Unpublished dissertation or thesis (available from the awarding institution)
Author, N. (Year). Dissertation or thesis title [Unpublished master’s dissertation or Unpublished doctoral thesis]. Name of University.
Published dissertation or thesis (available from databases such as EThoS or ProQuest, or Google Scholar)
Author, N. (Year). Dissertation or thesis title [Master’s dissertation or Doctoral dissertation, Name of University]. Database. https://www.database.com/dissertation
Example 1 (Unpublished dissertation)
Miyamoto, S. (2024). Student perceptions of engagement events in university libraries [Unpublished master's dissertation]. Coventry University.
Example 2 (Published doctoral thesis)
Benhamou, E. (2019). Genre in contemporary Disney animated features (2008-2016) [Doctoral thesis, University of Bristol]. EThOS. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=1&uin=uk.bl.ethos.782581
Use square brackets for the dissertation or thesis description.
Ebooks (see: Books)
Encyclopaedias (see: Dictionaries)
Institutional Origin | Legislation Type | Number | Title
In-text citation: According to Article 50 of Regulation 2002/178/EC . . .
The legislation title is in sentence case and not in italics.
Do not include a link, even if the legislation is found online.
In the in-text citation, give the type of legislation and the number.
It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting legislation in brackets (see Example 1b).
Facebook (see: Social Media)
Figures (see: Images)
Director, N. (Director). (Year). Film title [Film]. Production Company.
Example 1 (Film with two production companies)
Nolan, C. (Director). (2023). Oppenheimer [Film]. Syncopy; Atlas Entertainment.
Example 2 (Translation of title in square brackets)
Bayona, J. A. (Director). (2023). La sociedad de la nieve [Society of the snow] [Film]. El Arriero Films; Misión de Audaces Films; Netflix.
The title is in sentence case and in italics .
Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 1).
When the film’s title is in a different language, include a translation of the title in square brackets (see Example 2).
Author, N. (Year). Title of report (Source type and report number). Organisation. https://www.website.com/report
If no author, use the organisation’s name as the author
Organisation. (Year). Title of report (Source type and report number). https://www.website.com/report
Example 1 (Command paper)
Department for Work and Pensions. (2024). Modernising support for independent living: The health and disability green paper (Cp 1061). https://www.gov.uk/government/consultations/modernising-support-for-independent-living-the-health-and-disability-green-paper/modernising-support-for-independent-living-the-health-and-disability-green-paper
Example 2 (Library briefing paper with an individual author)
Keep, M. (2024). The Barnett formula and fiscal devolution (House of Commons Library Briefing Paper no. 7386). https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-7386/CBP-7386.pdf
Example 3 (House of Commons paper with a specific department as author. Date written in full)
Example 4 (Briefing paper with an individual author and a government department as the organisation)
Sugars, R. (2024, July 11). Early years strategy. Coventry City Council. https://edemocracy.coventry.gov.uk/documents/s61101/Early%20Years%20Strategy.pdf
Most government reports are authored by a government department, agency or committee (see Examples 1 and 3).
If there is a hierarchy of departments listed in a report, use the most specific government department, relevant to the report, as the author.
If the government department is included in the report number, put this in round brackets after the title (see Example 2).
For government reports where no department is specified, use the name of the government as the author. For the UK, this will be UK Government. Do not use GOV.UK.
If there is no source type or report number, leave it out.
If a publisher is available, include it after the paper number. It is likely to be either HMSO, The Stationery Office or the individual government department.
Graphs (see: Images)
HC/HL Deb vol xx col xx (Year, Month Day). Hansard. https://www.website.com/page
In-text citation within a sentence: "The UK has driven down emissions by more than 45%" (HC Deb, 2022).
Use HC Deb for a House of Commons debate, and HL Deb for a House of Lords debate.
Instagram (see: Social Media)
In-text citations and references are the formatted in the same way for law reports. For further Information see: Neutral citations and law reports
Neutral citation
Case Name(s) [Year] Abbreviation for Court Name | Case Number
Case Name(s) [(Year)] Volume | Abbreviation for Law Report Name | Page number
Example 1 (Neutral citation)
Charalambous v Welding [2009] EWCA Civ 1578
Example 2a (Law report)
Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992
Example 2b (Narrative in-text citation)
In Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992, the Court of Appeal stressed that equal weighting be given to both rights and that any case should be determined by adopting the principles of proportionality.
Example 2c (Parenthetical in-text citation)
The Court of Appeal stressed that equal weighting be given to both rights and that any case should be determined by adopting the principles of proportionality ( Douglas v Hello! Magazine [2001] 2 WLR 992).
Example 2d (Subsequent in-text citations)
Douglas v Hello! Magazine (2001)
The party names are in title case and in italics .
Use the neutral citation OR law report citation , and copy this directly from the source.
Copy the style of brackets around the year from the source. If the source uses [square brackets], use them in the in-text citation and reference.
Subsequent in-text citations should use (round brackets).
Do not include a link, even if the case/report is found online.
Leaflets (see: Reports)
Lecturer, N. (Date). Title of lecture [Format]. Website. https://www.website.com/page/
Torres, M. (2024, March 12). Seven psychological perspectives [PowerPoint slides]. Aula. https://coventry.aula.education/
Use the date the lecture was delivered. This could be (Year), (Year, Month) or (Year, Month Day) depending on the information available.
Describe the format of the document after the title and place in square brackets (e.g., [Presentation], [Word], [Excel]).
If the hosting site requires a login such as Aula, use the homepage link, not the link to the module page (see Example).
Print magazine
Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title , pages.
Online magazine
Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. Magazine Title . https://www.website.com/page
Example 1 (Print magazine)
Taylor, H. (2024, April 26). Is UK inflation still on track? Investors Chronicle , 14-16.
Example 2 (Online magazine)
Adler, T. (2024, July 25).The United States of pizza. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/united-states-of-pizza-restaurant-guide
The article title is in sentence case .
The magazine title is in title case and in italics .
If the magazine has a volume and part, follow the format for journal articles.
Traditional maps
Author, N. (Year). Map title [Map]. Publisher. https://www.website.com/page
Dynamically created maps (e.g. Google Maps, Apple Maps)
Organisation. (n.d.). [Map description in square brackets]. Retrieved Month Day, Year, from https://www.website.com/page
Example 1 (Traditional map)
Mudge, W. (1801). An entirely new and accurate survey of the county of Kent, with part of the county of Essex [Map]. Board of Ordnance. http://mapco.net/kent1801/kent1801.htm
Example 2 (Dynamic map)
Google. (n.d.). [Google Maps directions for driving from Coventry University to Stratford-upon-Avon]. Retrieved May 21, 2024, from https://maps.app.goo.gl/r9wcCyc1Lx3YZEeX8
The author for dynamically created maps should be the organisation name (e.g. Google), rather than the application name (Google Maps).
If the map is dynamically created, use n.d. instead of the year. After the title, give the retrieval date (see Example 2).
If there is no clear title (e.g. directions on Google Maps) give a description of the map in square brackets and not in italics (see Example 2).
Movies (see: Films)
Music score with a composer
Composer, N. (Year). Music score title [Type of score]. Publisher.
Republished music score with a composer
Composer, N. (Year). Music score title [Type of score]. Publisher. (Original work published Year)
In-text citation (Republished music score)
(Composer, Year of the republication/Year originally published)
Example 1 (Music score with a composer)
Marianelli, D. (2006). Pride and prejudice: Music from the motion picture soundtrack [Musical score]. Wise Publications.
Example 2 (Republished music score with a composer)
Specify the type of score in square brackets (e.g., [Musical score], [Piano score], [Vocal score], [Study score]).
For a republished score, include the year it was republished as the main date of the reference. At the end of reference in round brackets, write the words 'Original work published' and the year of original publication (see Example 2).
Music album
Artist, N. (Year). Album title [Album]. Production Company.
Artist, N. (Year). Song title [Song]. On Album title . Production Company.
Example 1 (Music album)
Linkin Park. (2003). Meteora [Album]. Warner Bros.
Example 2 (Song)
Dion, C. (1996). Because you loved me [Song]. On Falling into you . Columbia; Epic.
The song title is in sentence case .
The album title is in sentence case and in italics .
Include [Album] or [Song] after the album or song title.
Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 2).
Author, N. (Year, Month Day). Article title. News Website. https://www.website.com/page
If no author, use the news website as the author
News Website. (Year, Month Day). Article title . https://www.website.com/page
Example 1 (Article with a named author)
Nachiappan, A. (2023, December 20). AI cannot be named as the inventor, Supreme Court rules in patent dispute. Sky News. https://news.sky.com/story/ai-cannot-be-named-as-the-inventor-supreme-court-rules-in-patent-dispute-13034816
Example 2 (Article without a named author)
BBC News. (2024, May 29). Lost John Lennon guitar sets record at auction . https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cy00eppxk80o
The article title is in sentence case and in italics .
To reference the online version of a newspaper which is also published in print (e.g. The Financial Times) see the Newspaper articles section below.
Plimmer, G., Mooney, A., & Bott, I. (2024, May 8). Holding back the floods for 40 years: Thames Barrier is due an upgrade. Financial Times. https://www.ft.com/content/027a0d94-90f6-4841-94c1-b974ac895adb
The newspaper title is in title case and in italics .
If the newspaper article is in print, not online, use the same format but leave out the link.
Your own work (primary data) does not require citation and referencing if you have not submitted or published it on any platform (e.g. Turnitin) before.
If you want to include material that you have submitted or published before, check with your lecturer first , and then follow the format below.
Author, N. (Year). Title [Unpublished name of assignment and module code]. University Name.
Jones, A. (2024) The pitch presentation [Unpublished assignment submitted for 6016MFH]. Coventry University.
The unpublished information is in [square brackets].
Inventor, N. (Year Patent Issued). Patent title (Patent Number). Patent Office. https://www.website.com/page
Dalgarno, M. R. (2015). Fire resistant ducting systems (GB2517476). UK Intellectual Property Office. https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?DB=EPODOC&II=0&ND=3&adjacent=true&FT=D&date=20150225&CC=GB&NR=2517476A&KC=A#
Use the inventor as the author.
The patent title is in sentence case and in italics .
A PDF is a file format rather than a source type and there are no specific APA guidelines. Instead, identify the source type, whether a report, journal article, leaflet, etc. and follow the guidance for that source.
Personal communications include emails, interviews, phone calls and unrecorded lectures. Where these have been published (e.g. an interview published in a magazine) follow the referencing guidelines for that type of resource.
Personal communications are only referenced using in-text citations. You do not give an entry in the list of references, as the information has not been published anywhere for you to reference.
Narrative citation
N. Author (personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Parenthetical citation
(N. Author, personal communication, Month Day, Year)
Example 1 (Narrative citation)
J. Clewes (personal communication, May 3, 2024) suggested that…
Example 2 (Parenthetical citation)
(K. Dodhia, personal communication, June 15, 2024)
Authors’ names are formatted with the initial(s) of their given name(s), a full stop, and then their family name/surname.
If you interviewed someone as part of your data collection for your own primary research, you do not need to provide an in-text citation.
Photobooks (see: Artists’ books)
To reference a photograph, you must first identify where the photograph has come from, and its intended use in your assignment.
Photograph from another source (book, journal article, website): see Images
Photograph from social media (Instagram, X etc.): see Social media
Photograph in an art gallery or museum: see Artwork in a gallery or museum
Photograph you have taken yourself: see Images
Photographs used to decorate your work, rather than to demonstrate a point: see Images in presentations, posters and artistic assignments.
A whole podcast series
Host, N. (Host). (Year-Year). Podcast title [Audio podcast]. Production Company. https://www.website.com/page
A specific episode
Host, N. (Host). (Year, Month Day). Episode title (No. x) [Audio podcast episode]. In Podcast title . Production Company. https://www.website.com/page
Campbell, A., & Stewart, R. (Hosts). (2024, April 10). What Britain really thinks of politics (No. 253) [Audio podcast episode]. In The rest is politics. Goalhanger Podcasts. https://podcasts.apple.com/gb/podcast/what-britain-really-thinks-of-politics/id1611374685?i=1000651929901
The episode title is in sentence case .
The whole podcast title is in sentence case and in italics .
If the host is unclear, give the executive producers as the authors and write (Executive producers) after their names.
If you do not have a link (e.g. because you have listened to the podcast through an app), leave it out.
If the podcast episodes do not use numbers, leave it out.
Presentations (see: Lectures or Conference papers and presentations)
Presenter, N. (Year, Month Day). Title [Radio broadcast]. Radio Station. https://www.website.com/page
Razzle, K. (2024, May 29). The media show: Is this the TikTok election? [Radio broadcast]. BBC Radio 4. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/m001zngb
Give the radio presenter (host) as the author. If the presenter is not obvious, give the executive producer as the author.
If you do not have a link (e.g. because you have listened live or through an app), leave it out.
Religious work read in a book
Title (N. Translator, Trans.; Edition). (Year). Publisher.
Religious work read on a website
Title . (Year). Website Name. https://www.website.com/page (Original work published Year)
Title (Year of original publication/Year of the version you read)
( Title , Year of original publication/Year of the version you read)
Example 1 (Religious work read in a book, including a translator and edition)
In-text citation: ( The Bhagavad Gita , 2007) or The Bhagavad Gita (2007) discusses . . .
Example 2 (Religious work read on a website, including an original published date)
In-text citation: ( King James Bible , 1769/2017) or King James Bible (1769/2017) states . . .
Religious works are usually treated as having no author. Use the title as the author in both the in-text citation and reference. In the in-text citation, the title should remain in italics .
The title is in title case and in italics .
If there is no edition, or original published date, leave it out.
Author, N. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title or first 20 words of post [Type of post]. Social Media Site. www.socialmedia.com/user/post
Example 1 (Instagram photo)
National Geographic [@natgeo]. (2020, December 10). A 1912 replica of West Virginia's Stonewall Jackson has recently been removed at the Virginia Military Institute [Photograph]. Instagram. https://www.instagram.com/p/CImHuqcMJUL/
Example 2 (X post with image attached)
Paralympic Games [@paralympics]. (2024, April 1). It's our #ParaCanoe sports week! Get to know more about this Para sport as we head into the @Paris2024 Paralympic [Image attached] [Post]. X. https://twitter.com/Paralympics/status/1774776204903469364
Example 3 (TikTok video)
Coventry University Library [@covunilibrary]. (2024, March 7). Today is World Book Day and we just want you to read a book! 📚💛💙 It doesn't matter [Video]. TikTok. https://www.tiktok.com/@covunilibrary/video/7343537583827275041
Example 4 (A whole profile)
Swift, T. [@taylorswift]. (n.d.). Posts [Instagram profile]. Instagram. Retrieved June 9, 2024, from https://www.instagram.com/taylorswift
For the author, use the profile name followed by the username in [square brackets].
Use the caption/text of the post as the title. Only use the first 20 words of the post as the title (see Example 3).
The title is in whichever case is used in the post and in italics . Emojis should not be in italics.
Each emoji is counted as one word.
When to reference software
You do not need to reference software if it is commonly used in your field (e.g. Microsoft Word or SPSS) unless you have quoted or paraphrased from the software. You also do not need to reference programming languages (e.g. Python or C#). Just state the name of the software or programming language in your assignment. If a piece of software is not in common use, or if you have quoted or paraphrased from it, include a reference.
Console games
APA 7th edition provides guidance for referencing computer software and mobile apps, but does not cover console games. If you need to reference a video game, particularly if it is available across multiple consoles, you may need to adapt the format below to make it clear which version you have used.
Author, N. (Year). Title of software (Version number) [Type of software]. Publisher. https://www.website.com/app
Example 1 (Computer software)
Barone, E. (2024). Stardew Valley (Version 1.6.8) [Computer software]. ConcernedApe. https://store.steampowered.com/app/413150/Stardew_Valley/
Example 2 (Mobile app)
Nintendo. (2020). Animal crossing: Pocket camp (Version 3.2.0) [Mobile app]. Google Play Store. https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.nintendo.zaca&hl=en_GB
Version in brackets, e.g. (Version 1.0).
Type of software in square brackets, e.g. [Computer software] or [Mobile app].
Organisation. (Year). Standard title (Standard number). Publisher. https://www.website.com/standard
British Standards Institution. (2022). Project, programme and portfolio management. Guidance on programme management (BS ISO 21503:2022). British Standards Institution. https://bsol.bsigroup.com/Bibliographic/BibliographicInfoData/000000000030437073
The standard number is in brackets.
Title Year, SI Year/Number
Subsequent in-text citation: Regulation 4 of SI 2013/2996 states that . . .
The title is in title case and not in italics.
Do not include a link, even if the statutory instrument is found online.
It is best practice to use a narrative citation. Avoid putting statutory instruments in brackets (see Example 1b).
For subsequent in-text citations, use just the SI Year/Number (see Example 1c).
(Table produced using your own data)
(Table produced using your own data)
Heading
Heading
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
Add any notes to explain the table here (optional)
Favourite Biscuits of Coventry University Librarians
5
7
4
3
3
1
(Table reproduced from another source)
(Table reproduced using information from a website)
Heading
Heading
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
From Author (year, p. x) or Author (year) OR
Adapted from Author (year, p. x) or Author (year)
Diabetes Registrations by Age Group in England 2023-24
45
4.6
39.7
44.1
15.2
51.3
Adapted from NHS Digital (2024)
Format 3 (Table created from multiple sources)
There are several ways to reference a table when using multiple sources:
Describe the sources for each section underneath the table when the information can be easily separated (see Example 3a).
Include in-text citations within the body of the table itself, following the normal in-text citation rules (see Example 3b).
Use specific notes when impractical to include an in-text citation within the body of the table. Specific notes are superscript letters ( a , b , c ) to indicate that the information is taken from another source. The superscript letters are then repeated underneath the table, with the corresponding in-text citation (see Example 3c).
If different pieces of information are taken from the same source, use the same letter and include only one in-text citation underneath the table (see Example 3c).
(Table created from multiple sources)
(Table created from multiple sources)
Heading
Heading
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
Data in column 2 from Author (year, p. x)
Data in column 3 from Author (year, p. x)
Population in 2023 and Projected Population by 2050
223.8m
377.4m
126.5m
214.8m
112.7m
160.3m
Data in column 2 from Statistia (2023)
Data in column 3 from World Health Organization (2024)
(In-text citations in the table itself)
(In-text citations in the table itself)
Heading
Heading
Item
Data (Author, year, p. x)
Data (Author, year, p. x)
Item
Data (Author, year, p. x)
Data (Author, year, p. x)
A Comparison of Views About Cats and Dogs
Cat people appreciate the independent nature of cats (Catarall, 2020, p. 53).
Wolf (2021) suggests that cats may not be as affectionate as dogs (p. 77).
Catarall (2022) argues that dogs need too much attention from their owners (p. 4).
Dog people consider dogs to be ‘man’s best friend’ (Barker, 2022, p. 28).
(Superscript notes in the table)
(Superscript notes in the table)
Heading
Heading
Item
Data
Data
Item
Data
Data
a From Author (year, p. x)
b From Author (year, p. x)
c From Author (year, p. x)
Average Live Viewership of Olympic Opening Ceremonies
23.02m
2.5m
2.5m
2.7m
a From Plunkett (2012)
b From Coster (2021)
c From Bulbeck (2012)
The table number is in bold. Number your tables based on their order within your assignment.
Regarding the number of authors (use of et al.) and page numbers, follow the normal in-text citation rules.
If you have created the table yourself (and not adapted it using information found in another source), you do not need an in-text citation under the table (see Example 1).
Include a reference list entry for the type of source you have taken the table and/or contents from.
Theses (see: Dissertations)
A whole TV series
Producer, N. (Executive Producer). (Year-Year). Series title [TV series]. Production Company.
Writer, N. (Writer & Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In N. Producer (Executive Producers), Series title . Production Company.
Example 1 (A whole TV series)
Schur, M., Miner, D., Sackett, M., & Goddard, D. (Executive Producers). (2016-2020). The good place [TV series]. Fremulon; 3 Arts Entertainment; Universal Television.
Levy, D. (Writer), & Canning, J. (Director). (2020, March 31). Start spreading the news (Season 6, Episode 13) [TV series episode]. In E. Levy, D. Levy, F. Levy, A. Barnsley, B. Feigin & D. West Read (Executive Producers), Schitt’s creek . Not A Real Company Productions; Canadian Broadcasting Company.
The TV series title is in sentence case and in italics .
The episode title is in sentence case.
For a whole TV series, state the year or years the series first aired in brackets (See Example 1).
If the TV series is still airing, use 'present' as the second date, e.g. (2010-present).
For a specific episode, state the date the episode first aired in brackets (See Example 2).
Separate the production company with a semi-colon where there is more than one company (see Example 1 and 2).
APA does not have official guidance for unpublished documents. If you need to reference an unpublished document, please follow the format below.
Confidential documents are private or commercially sensitive information, such as patient health records or details of a supplier contract, where disclosure of identity is prohibited by law or the owner of the information.
Internal documents contain information relevant to an organisation. These may or may not be confidential.
Talk to your lecturer if you are unsure about confidentiality in your assignment. It may sometimes be appropriate to add an anonymised extract of the document to an appendix to provide context for the reader.
Unpublished confidential documents
Anonymised author. (Year). Title [Unpublished document].
Unpublished internal documents
Author. (Year). Title [Unpublished document]. Department, Company.
Example 1 (Unpublished confidential document)
Company A. (2023). [Company A’s] procurement strategy 2023-2028 [Unpublished document].
Example 2 (Unpublished confidential document with descriptive title)
Vaughan, P. (2024). Collection development strategy [Unpublished document]. Lanchester Library, Coventry University.
Anonymise part or all of the title where the title will reveal the identity of the organisation. Place the anonymised part of the title in [square brackets] (see Example 1) or use a descriptive title in [square brackets] to anonymise the whole title and then this title will not be in italics (see Example 2).
If an internal document has no author, use the department as the author and do not repeat this later in the reference.
Videos on a video sharing platform (YouTube, Vimeo etc.)
Uploader. (Year, Month Day). Video title [Video]. Video Platform. https://www.website.com/video
Videos on social media (TikTok, Instagram, X etc.)
Author, N. [Username]. (Year, Month Day). Title or first 20 words of post [Video]. Social Media Site. https://www.socialmedia.com/user/post
Example 1 (Videos on a video sharing platform)
TED. (2024, February 5). How babies think about danger | Shari Liu | TED [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6djPLVa9aQ4
Example 2 (Videos on social media)
The video title is in sentence case and in italics.
For YouTube videos or similar, the name of the uploader/channel will likely be the author (see Example 1).
For videos on social media, the author is the profile name followed by the username in [square brackets] (see Example 2).
Authors can also be formatted in the way that best helps to identify them e.g. Johnson, D. [The Rock].
If the speaker in the video is not the same as the uploader, integrate this into your sentence e.g. Liu discusses how babies perceive danger (TED, 2024).
White papers (see: Command papers)
X (see: Social Media)
YouTube (see: Videos)
Zines (see: Artists’ books)
Need More Help?
Ask us on LiveChat
Book a Library Workshop
Contact your Librarian
Consult the APA manual
Visit the APA Style Blog
APA Quick Referencing Guide
Quick guide to help you get started. Refer to these web pages for more detailed reference information.
Printable APA Quick Guide
Download this essay to see an example how to use the APA referencing style in assignments.
The text to the right shows how citations and the reference list are typically written in the Harvard referencing style.
Note: the text itself is not designed to be a proper example of academic writing and does not use information from the sources cited; it is for illustrative purposes only.
The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard style of referencing (Cameron 2021). If you include a “direct quotation from a book you have read” (Giddens and Sutton 2021, p.117) you should include the relevant page number.
You don’t always have to write the author and year in brackets. Cameron (2021) explains that if the author’s name occurs naturally in the text then the year follows it in brackets. If there are two authors you should include both of them in the citation (Levine and Munsch 2021). If there are three or more authors you don’t have to list all of the names in the citation but you should include them all in the reference list (Robbins et al. 2020). The reference list should appear at the end of your assignment and be in alphabetical order based on the first author’s surname (Bruen 2022) rather than the order in which they appear in your assignment ( Papagiannis 2022). If you are using a citation for a second time you do not need to include it twice in the reference list (Cameron 2021).
Referencing an academic journal that you find online requires more information in the reference list but uses the same format for citing as other sources (Tesseur 2022). If referencing a source from a library database you say from which database you found it (Mayombe 2021).
Don’t forget that websites need to be cited too (Dundalk Institute of Technology 2022). We recommend you look at the full version of DkIT’s Harvard referencing guidelines, and contact the Library if you have any questions. Good luck.
Reference list
Bruen, M. (2020). River flows. In: Kelly-Quinn, M. and Reynolds, J., eds. Ireland’s rivers . Dublin: University College Dublin Press, pp.39-59.
Cameron, S. (2021). The business student's handbook: skills for study and employment . 7th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Dundalk Institute of Technology. (2022). Research support [online]. Available from: https://www.dkit.ie/research/research-support.html [accessed 25 March 2022].
Giddens, A. and Sutton, P.W. (2021). Sociology . 9th ed. Cambridge: Polity Press.
Levine, L.E. and Munsch, J. (2021). Child development: an active learning approach [online]. 4th ed. London: SAGE Publications. Available from: https://books.google.ie/books?id=zlrZzQEACAAJ&dq [accessed 25 March 2022].
Mayombe, C. (2021). Partnership with stakeholders as innovative model of work-integrated learning for unemployed youths. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning [online], 12(2), pp.309-327. Available from: Emerald Insight [accessed 25 March 2022].
Papagiannis, N. (2020). Effective SEO and content marketing: the ultimate guide for maximizing free web traffic [online]. Indianapolis: Wiley. Available from: EBSCOhost eBook Collection [accessed 25 March 2022].
Robbins, S.P., Coulter, M.A. and De Cenzo, D.A. (2020). Fundamentals of management . 11th ed. Harlow: Pearson.
Tesseur, W. (2022). Translation as inclusion? An analysis of international NGOs’ translation policy documents. Language Problems and Language Planning [online], 45(3), pp. 261-283. Available from: https://doras.dcu.ie/26151 [accessed 25 March 2022].
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Last Updated: Apr 30, 2024 10:22 AM
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Last Updated: January 8, 2024 Fact Checked
This article was co-authored by Alexander Peterman, MA . Alexander Peterman is a Private Tutor in Florida. He received his MA in Education from the University of Florida in 2017. There are 14 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 378,269 times.
When you begin writing a research essay, you must take into account the format of your writing and reference pages. There are several reference styles that may be assigned to you, including MLA (Modern Language Association), APA (American Psychological Association), and Chicago. Each one has its own set of rules. There's no need to familiarize yourself with all 3 unless you have to, but you do need to learn at least one if you’re in any field involving academic writing. Here are summaries of each style to help you start your essay on the right track.
Referencing Essays Templates
You will need a citation directly after every sentence (or group of sentences if you're citing the same source in multiple consecutive sentences) containing information you didn't think of yourself. These include: paraphrases, facts, statistics, quotes, and examples.
An in-text citation using MLA will simply have the author last name (or title if no author) followed by the page number. No comma between author and page number. For example: (Richards 456) Richards is the author last name, and 456 is the page number.
If you have an author name (or title, if no author) but no page number, simply use author last name (or title).
The easiest way to keep track of MLA citations while doing research is to copy and paste copyright information into a word processing document as you go, or to write it down in a notebook.
Things to include for any source are author(s), date published, publisher, page number, volume and issue number, website, date accessed, anything that appears on the copyright page or indicates how to find it again. [2] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
As an example, the format for a standard book citation using MLA style is as follows: Last name of author, First name. Title of Book. City published: Publisher Name, Year published. Source Medium.
An MLA website citation looks like the following. If there's no author listed, begin citation with the name of the page: Last name, first name. "Page Title." Website Title. Publisher. Date published. Source Medium. Date accessed.
An MLA scholarly article citation looks like the following: Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of Journal . Volume.Issue (Year): page numbers. Source Medium.
Write the title of the main work (book, magazine, journal, website, etc.) in italics, or underline if you’re writing references by hand.
Chapter or article titles should be in quotation marks.
If there is no author listed, as is common on websites, simply skip the author’s name and begin the entry with the title of the work.
Alphabetize by the first letter that appears in the entry, whether it has an author name or not.
The formatting should be in Times New Roman font, size 12, with “Works Cited” centered at the top of a new page.
Each entry should have hanging indent, meaning all lines below the first line are indented by half an inch.
Make sure there is a period after each section of the citations. A period should always end the citation.
Place a parenthetical citation at the end of every sentence (or group of sentences if you're using the same source for multiple consecutive sentences) containing information you didn't know before doing research.
An in-text citation using APA will simply have the author last name (or title if no author) followed by the year it was published. No comma between name and year. For example: (Richards 2005) Richards is the author last name, and 2005 is the year.
If you have an author name (or title if no author) but no page number, simply use author last name (or title). This is common when citing websites.
APA document formatting is very important. APA papers are divided up into 4 sections: the title page, the abstract, the main body, and the references page. The citations of a research paper using APA appear in the References section, the last portion of an APA document. [7] X Research source
To form APA reference page citations, you will need such information as author name(s), date published, website URL, date you accessed the website, title of work, and so on. [8] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
For example, the format for an APA reference of a scholarly journal article is as follows: Author last name, First initial. (Year published). Article or chapter title. Journal or book title, Issue number , page number range. [10] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
The format for an APA book reference looks like: Last name, First name. (Year.) Title of Book: Capital letter also for subtitle . Location: Publisher.
The format for an APA website reference looks like: Author, A.A. First name, & Author, B.B. (Date published.) Title of article. In Title of webpage or larger document or book (chapter or section number). Retrieved from URL address
Capitalize the author's last name and first initial, followed by a period.
Only capitalize the first word of a journal article title, unless the title contains a proper noun (called sentence case). Titles of books should preserve the published capitalization.
Capitalize the city of publication, and use correct state abbreviations for states. Also capitalize the name of the publisher and end the reference with a period.
The title of larger works, whether a book, journal, website, or magazine, is in italics (or underlined if handwriting), as is the issue number that appears right after the title. Titles for shorter works like articles and chapters should not have any indicative punctuation in an APA entry. [12] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
A period should end all citations.
Using Chicago Manual of Style
For Notes and Bibliography, you will use a superscript at the instance of each quote in the text with a corresponding footnote at the end of the page. All footnotes are compiled into endnotes at the end of the work, on the bibliography page. [14] X Trustworthy Source Purdue Online Writing Lab Trusted resource for writing and citation guidelines Go to source
For Author Date, you will use parenthetical in-text citations that include author last name and year published, using no punctuation between name and year. The full version of each parenthetical citation is listed alphabetically on the references page. For example: (Simon 2011) Simon is the author last name, and 2011 is the year.
You will need a citation directly after every sentence (or group of sentences if you're using the same source for multiple consecutive sentences) containing information you didn't think of yourself. These include: paraphrases, facts, statistics, quotes, and examples.
If using a book, write down all pertinent information found on the copyright page, including the name of the publisher and the city and year of publication.
For other sources, look for this information near the title of the piece you’re looking at. Publication date is often at the bottom of webpages.
Title your references page “Bibliography” centered at the top of the page. Leave 2 blank lines between this title and the first entry, and one blank line between entries.
Notes and Bibliography style uses footnotes for page endings and endnotes for chapter endings. The bibliography page will be an alphabetized list of all sources in hanging indent.
An example format for a book is as follows: Last name, First name. Book Title . City: Publisher, Year.
An example format for a chapter in a print scholarly journal is as follows: Author last name, first name. "Title of Chapter or Article." Book or journal Title Issue Number (Year): Page number range. (For an online scholarly journal article, tack on the following at the end: Date accessed. URL address.)
When there is no known author, the entry should begin with the title of the document, whether it's a webpage, chapter, article, and so on.
When there are multiple authors, the first listed author appears last name, first name, so that the citation is alphabetized by this author's last name. Subsequent authors are listed by first name, like this: Alcott, Louisa May, Charles Dickens, and Elizabeth Gaskell.
Always end a citation with a period.
When using Author Date style, title your references page “References” centered at the top of the page. Leave 2 blank lines between this title and the first entry, and 1 blank line between entries.
Author Date style bibliographies should be organized alphabetically by last name (or by title if no author) in hanging indent.
An example format for a book is as follows: Last name, first name. Year. Book Title . City Published: Publisher.
An example format for a chapter in a print scholarly journal is as follows: Author last name, first name. Year. "Title of Chapter or Article." Book or journal title issue number: page numbers. (for an online scholarly journal article tack this onto the end: Date accessed. URL address.)
An example format for a website is as follows: Name of Website. Year. "Page Title." Date last modified. Date accessed. URL address.
Expert Q&A
You don't have to write each bibliography or reference entry on your own. You can download citation management software like Endnote [17] X Research source (purchase required on this one), Zotero [18] X Research source (it's free), or use websites like http://www.bibme.org/ and http://www.easybib.com/ . Select the name of your style manual before you begin creating citations. Copy and paste the citation into your bibliography or references list. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
If you are assigned to write a paper or other written document in one of these styles, you need to purchase the style manual. It will contain nearly every instance not only of source citation, but paper formatting as well as grammar and punctuation that is unique to that style. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
This article only lists how to cite research for each style manual. Each style has its own instructions for setting up the format of the essay, including heading, spacing, margins, font, and so on. Thanks Helpful 1 Not Helpful 0
To reference an essay using MLA style, add a citation after any information you found through a source, like facts or quotes. When citing the reference, include the author’s name and the page number you pulled the information from in parenthesis, like “(Richards 456).” Once you’ve finished your essay, add a Words Cited page with all of the information you used to research your essay, like books or articles. To create a Works Cited page, list the sources in alphabetical order using the author’s last name, and include additional information, like year published and the medium. For more tips from our Writing reviewer, like how to reference an essay using APA style, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No
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Reference List: Common Reference List Examples
Article (with doi).
Alvarez, E., & Tippins, S. (2019). Socialization agents that Puerto Rican college students use to make financial decisions. Journal of Social Change , 11 (1), 75–85. https://doi.org/10.5590/JOSC.2019.11.1.07
Laplante, J. P., & Nolin, C. (2014). Consultas and socially responsible investing in Guatemala: A case study examining Maya perspectives on the Indigenous right to free, prior, and informed consent. Society & Natural Resources , 27 , 231–248. https://doi.org/10.1080/08941920.2013.861554
Use the DOI number for the source whenever one is available. DOI stands for "digital object identifier," a number specific to the article that can help others locate the source. In APA 7, format the DOI as a web address. Active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list. Also see our Quick Answer FAQ, "Can I use the DOI format provided by library databases?"
Jerrentrup, A., Mueller, T., Glowalla, U., Herder, M., Henrichs, N., Neubauer, A., & Schaefer, J. R. (2018). Teaching medicine with the help of “Dr. House.” PLoS ONE , 13 (3), Article e0193972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0193972
For journal articles that are assigned article numbers rather than page ranges, include the article number in place of the page range.
For more on citing electronic resources, see Electronic Sources References .
Article (Without DOI)
Found in a common academic research database or in print.
Casler , T. (2020). Improving the graduate nursing experience through support on a social media platform. MEDSURG Nursing , 29 (2), 83–87.
If an article does not have a DOI and you retrieved it from a common academic research database through the university library, there is no need to include any additional electronic retrieval information. The reference list entry looks like the entry for a print copy of the article. (This format differs from APA 6 guidelines that recommended including the URL of a journal's homepage when the DOI was not available.) Note that APA 7 has additional guidance on reference list entries for articles found only in specific databases or archives such as Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, UpToDate, ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, and university archives. See APA 7, Section 9.30 for more information.
Found on an Open Access Website
Eaton, T. V., & Akers, M. D. (2007). Whistleblowing and good governance. CPA Journal , 77 (6), 66–71. http://archives.cpajournal.com/2007/607/essentials/p58.htm
Provide the direct web address/URL to a journal article found on the open web, often on an open access journal's website. In APA 7, active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list.
Weinstein, J. A. (2010). Social change (3rd ed.). Rowman & Littlefield.
If the book has an edition number, include it in parentheses after the title of the book. If the book does not list any edition information, do not include an edition number. The edition number is not italicized.
American Nurses Association. (2015). Nursing: Scope and standards of practice (3rd ed.).
If the author and publisher are the same, only include the author in its regular place and omit the publisher.
Lencioni, P. (2012). The advantage: Why organizational health trumps everything else in business . Jossey-Bass. https://amzn.to/343XPSJ
As a change from APA 6 to APA 7, it is no longer necessary to include the ebook format in the title. However, if you listened to an audiobook and the content differs from the text version (e.g., abridged content) or your discussion highlights elements of the audiobook (e.g., narrator's performance), then note that it is an audiobook in the title element in brackets. For ebooks and online audiobooks, also include the DOI number (if available) or nondatabase URL but leave out the electronic retrieval element if the ebook was found in a common academic research database, as with journal articles. APA 7 allows for the shortening of long DOIs and URLs, as shown in this example. See APA 7, Section 9.36 for more information.
Chapter in an Edited Book
Poe, M. (2017). Reframing race in teaching writing across the curriculum. In F. Condon & V. A. Young (Eds.), Performing antiracist pedagogy in rhetoric, writing, and communication (pp. 87–105). University Press of Colorado.
Include the page numbers of the chapter in parentheses after the book title.
Christensen, L. (2001). For my people: Celebrating community through poetry. In B. Bigelow, B. Harvey, S. Karp, & L. Miller (Eds.), Rethinking our classrooms: Teaching for equity and justice (Vol. 2, pp. 16–17). Rethinking Schools.
Also include the volume number or edition number in the parenthetical information after the book title when relevant.
Freud, S. (1961). The ego and the id. In J. Strachey (Ed.), The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud (Vol. 19, pp. 3-66). Hogarth Press. (Original work published 1923)
When a text has been republished as part of an anthology collection, after the author’s name include the date of the version that was read. At the end of the entry, place the date of the original publication inside parenthesis along with the note “original work published.” For in-text citations of republished work, use both dates in the parenthetical citation, original date first with a slash separating the years, as in this example: Freud (1923/1961). For more information on reprinted or republished works, see APA 7, Sections 9.40-9.41.
Classroom Resources
Citing classroom resources.
If you need to cite content found in your online classroom, use the author (if there is one listed), the year of publication (if available), the title of the document, and the main URL of Walden classrooms. For example, you are citing study notes titled "Health Effects of Exposure to Forest Fires," but you do not know the author's name, your reference entry will look like this:
Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com
If you do know the author of the document, your reference will look like this:
Smith, A. (2005). Health effects of exposure to forest fires [PowerPoint slides]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com
A few notes on citing course materials:
[Lecture notes]
[Course handout]
[Study notes]
It can be difficult to determine authorship of classroom documents. If an author is listed on the document, use that. If the resource is clearly a product of Walden (such as the course-based videos), use Walden University as the author. If you are unsure or if no author is indicated, place the title in the author spot, as above.
If you cannot determine a date of publication, you can use n.d. (for "no date") in place of the year.
Note: The web location for Walden course materials is not directly retrievable without a password, and therefore, following APA guidelines, use the main URL for the class sites: https://class.waldenu.edu.
Citing Tempo Classroom Resources
Clear author:
Smith, A. (2005). Health effects of exposure to forest fires [PowerPoint slides]. Walden University Brightspace. https://mytempo.waldenu.edu
Unclear author:
Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Brightspace. https://mytempo.waldenu.edu
Conference Sessions and Presentations
Feinman, Y. (2018, July 27). Alternative to proctoring in introductory statistics community college courses [Poster presentation]. Walden University Research Symposium, Minneapolis, MN, United States. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/symposium2018/23/
Torgerson, K., Parrill, J., & Haas, A. (2019, April 5-9). Tutoring strategies for online students [Conference session]. The Higher Learning Commission Annual Conference, Chicago, IL, United States. http://onlinewritingcenters.org/scholarship/torgerson-parrill-haas-2019/
Dictionary Entry
Merriam-Webster. (n.d.). Leadership. In Merriam-Webster.com dictionary . Retrieved May 28, 2020, from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/leadership
When constructing a reference for an entry in a dictionary or other reference work that has no byline (i.e., no named individual authors), use the name of the group—the institution, company, or organization—as author (e.g., Merriam Webster, American Psychological Association, etc.). The name of the entry goes in the title position, followed by "In" and the italicized name of the reference work (e.g., Merriam-Webster.com dictionary , APA dictionary of psychology ). In this instance, APA 7 recommends including a retrieval date as well for this online source since the contents of the page change over time. End the reference entry with the specific URL for the defined word.
Discussion Board Post
Osborne, C. S. (2010, June 29). Re: Environmental responsibility [Discussion post]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com
Dissertations or Theses
Retrieved From a Database
Nalumango, K. (2019). Perceptions about the asylum-seeking process in the United States after 9/11 (Publication No. 13879844) [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ProQuest Dissertations and Theses.
Retrieved From an Institutional or Personal Website
Evener. J. (2018). Organizational learning in libraries at for-profit colleges and universities [Doctoral dissertation, Walden University]. ScholarWorks. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=6606&context=dissertations
Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis
Kirwan, J. G. (2005). An experimental study of the effects of small-group, face-to-face facilitated dialogues on the development of self-actualization levels: A movement towards fully functional persons [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. Saybrook Graduate School and Research Center.
For further examples and information, see APA 7, Section 10.6.
Legal Material
For legal references, APA follows the recommendations of The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , so if you have any questions beyond the examples provided in APA, seek out that resource as well.
Court Decisions
Reference format:
Name v. Name, Volume Reporter Page (Court Date). URL
Sample reference entry:
Brown v. Board of Education, 347 U.S. 483 (1954). https://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1955/347us483
Sample citation:
In Brown v. Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court ruled racial segregation in schools unconstitutional.
Note: Italicize the case name when it appears in the text of your paper.
Name of Act, Title Source § Section Number (Year). URL
Sample reference entry for a federal statute:
Individuals With Disabilities Education Act, 20 U.S.C. § 1400 et seq. (2004). https://www.congress.gov/108/plaws/publ446/PLAW-108publ446.pdf
Sample reference entry for a state statute:
Minnesota Nurse Practice Act, Minn. Stat. §§ 148.171 et seq. (2019). https://www.revisor.mn.gov/statutes/cite/148.171
Sample citation: Minnesota nurses must maintain current registration in order to practice (Minnesota Nurse Practice Act, 2010).
Note: The § symbol stands for "section." Use §§ for sections (plural). To find this symbol in Microsoft Word, go to "Insert" and click on Symbol." Look in the Latin 1-Supplement subset. Note: U.S.C. stands for "United States Code." Note: The Latin abbreviation " et seq. " means "and what follows" and is used when the act includes the cited section and ones that follow. Note: List the chapter first followed by the section or range of sections.
Unenacted Bills and Resolutions
(Those that did not pass and become law)
Title [if there is one], bill or resolution number, xxx Cong. (year). URL
Sample reference entry for Senate bill:
Anti-Phishing Act, S. 472, 109th Cong. (2005). https://www.congress.gov/bill/109th-congress/senate-bill/472
Sample reference entry for House of Representatives resolution:
The Anti-Phishing Act (2005) proposed up to 5 years prison time for people running Internet scams.
These are the three legal areas you may be most apt to cite in your scholarly work. For more examples and explanation, see APA 7, Chapter 11.
Magazine Article
Clay, R. (2008, June). Science vs. ideology: Psychologists fight back about the misuse of research. Monitor on Psychology , 39 (6). https://www.apa.org/monitor/2008/06/ideology
Note that for citations, include only the year: Clay (2008). For magazine articles retrieved from a common academic research database, leave out the URL. For magazine articles from an online news website that is not an online version of a print magazine, follow the format for a webpage reference list entry.
Newspaper Article (Retrieved Online)
Baker, A. (2014, May 7). Connecticut students show gains in national tests. New York Times . http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/08/nyregion/national-assessment-of-educational-progress-results-in-Connecticut-and-New-Jersey.html
Include the full date in the format Year, Month Day. Do not include a retrieval date for periodical sources found on websites. Note that for citations, include only the year: Baker (2014). For newspaper articles retrieved from a common academic research database, leave out the URL. For newspaper articles from an online news website that is not an online version of a print newspaper, follow the format for a webpage reference list entry.
OASIS Resources
Oasis webpage.
OASIS. (n.d.). Common reference list examples . Walden University. https://academicguides.waldenu.edu/writingcenter/apa/references/examples
For all OASIS content, list OASIS as the author. Because OASIS webpages do not include publication dates, use “n.d.” for the year.
Interactive Guide
OASIS. (n.d.). Embrace iterative research and writing [Interactive guide]. Walden University. https://academics.waldenu.edu/oasis/iterative-research-writing-web
For OASIS multimedia resources, such as interactive guides, include a description of the resource in brackets after the title.
Online Video/Webcast
Walden University. (2013). An overview of learning [Video]. Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com
Use this format for online videos such as Walden videos in classrooms. Most of our classroom videos are produced by Walden University, which will be listed as the author in your reference and citation. Note: Some examples of audiovisual materials in the APA manual show the word “Producer” in parentheses after the producer/author area. In consultation with the editors of the APA manual, we have determined that parenthetical is not necessary for the videos in our courses. The manual itself is unclear on the matter, however, so either approach should be accepted. Note that the speaker in the video does not appear in the reference list entry, but you may want to mention that person in your text. For instance, if you are viewing a video where Tobias Ball is the speaker, you might write the following: Tobias Ball stated that APA guidelines ensure a consistent presentation of information in student papers (Walden University, 2013). For more information on citing the speaker in a video, see our page on Common Citation Errors .
Taylor, R. [taylorphd07]. (2014, February 27). Scales of measurement [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PDsMUlexaMY
OASIS. (2020, April 15). One-way ANCOVA: Introduction [Video]. YouTube. https://youtu.be/_XnNDQ5CNW8
For videos from streaming sites, use the person or organization who uploaded the video in the author space to ensure retrievability, whether or not that person is the speaker in the video. A username can be provided in square brackets. As a change from APA 6 to APA 7, include the publisher after the title, and do not use "Retrieved from" before the URL. See APA 7, Section 10.12 for more information and examples.
See also reference list entry formats for TED Talks .
Technical and Research Reports
Edwards, C. (2015). Lighting levels for isolated intersections: Leading to safety improvements (Report No. MnDOT 2015-05). Center for Transportation Studies. http://www.cts.umn.edu/Publications/ResearchReports/reportdetail.html?id=2402
Technical and research reports by governmental agencies and other research institutions usually follow a different publication process than scholarly, peer-reviewed journals. However, they present original research and are often useful for research papers. Sometimes, researchers refer to these types of reports as gray literature , and white papers are a type of this literature. See APA 7, Section 10.4 for more information.
Reference list entires for TED Talks follow the usual guidelines for multimedia content found online. There are two common places to find TED talks online, with slightly different reference list entry formats for each.
TED Talk on the TED website
If you find the TED Talk on the TED website, follow the format for an online video on an organizational website:
Owusu-Kesse, K. (2020, June). 5 needs that any COVID-19 response should meet [Video]. TED Conferences. https://www.ted.com/talks/kwame_owusu_kesse_5_needs_that_any_covid_19_response_should_meet
The speaker is the author in the reference list entry if the video is posted on the TED website. For citations, use the speaker's surname.
TED Talk on YouTube
If you find the TED Talk on YouTube or another streaming video website, follow the usual format for streaming video sites:
TED. (2021, February 5). The shadow pandemic of domestic violence during COVID-19 | Kemi DaSilvalbru [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PGdID_ICFII
TED is the author in the reference list entry if the video is posted on YouTube since it is the channel on which the video is posted. For citations, use TED as the author.
Walden University Course Catalog
To include the Walden course catalog in your reference list, use this format:
Walden University. (2020). 2019-2020 Walden University catalog . https://catalog.waldenu.edu/index.php
If you cite from a specific portion of the catalog in your paper, indicate the appropriate section and paragraph number in your text:
...which reflects the commitment to social change expressed in Walden University's mission statement (Walden University, 2020, Vision, Mission, and Goals section, para. 2).
And in the reference list:
Walden University. (2020). Vision, mission, and goals. In 2019-2020 Walden University catalog. https://catalog.waldenu.edu/content.php?catoid=172&navoid=59420&hl=vision&returnto=search
Vartan, S. (2018, January 30). Why vacations matter for your health . CNN. https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/why-vacations-matter/index.html
For webpages on the open web, include the author, date, webpage title, organization/site name, and URL. (There is a slight variation for online versions of print newspapers or magazines. For those sources, follow the models in the previous sections of this page.)
American Federation of Teachers. (n.d.). Community schools . http://www.aft.org/issues/schoolreform/commschools/index.cfm
If there is no specified author, then use the organization’s name as the author. In such a case, there is no need to repeat the organization's name after the title.
In APA 7, active hyperlinks for DOIs and URLs should be used for documents meant for screen reading. Present these hyperlinks in blue and underlined text (the default formatting in Microsoft Word), although plain black text is also acceptable. Be consistent in your formatting choice for DOIs and URLs throughout your reference list.
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Note-Taking from Reading
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For information on how to reference this website for non-academic purposes, see the SkillsYouNeed referencing guide .
Citing and referencing information can be daunting for students who do not understand the principles.
There are numerous ways to reference. Different institutions, departments or lecturers may require different styles so check with your teacher, lecturer or instructor if you are unsure.
Bad referencing is a common way for students to lose marks in assignments so it is worth taking the time and effort to learn how to reference correctly.
Why Do We Cite and Reference?
When writing any academic essay, paper, report or assignment, you need to highlight your use of other author's ideas and words so that you:
Give the original author credit for their own ideas and work
Validate your arguments
Enable the reader to follow up on the original work if they wish to
Enable the reader to see how dated the information might be
Prove to your tutors/lecturers that you have read around the subject
Avoid plagiarism
Referencing Styles
There are many different styles of referencing, including Harvard, APA (from the American Psychological Association), Chicago and Vancouver. The Harvard referencing system is of the most popular styles and the remainder of this article deals with this system. However, your university may prefer the use of a different system so check with your lecturer or in your course information as to which referencing style to use.
What is Plagiarism?
Presenting another's ideas as if they are your own – either directly or indirectly
Copying or pasting text and images without saying where they came from
Not showing when a quote is a quote
Summarising information without showing the original source
Changing a few words in a section of text without acknowledging the original author
Plagiarism is a serious academic offence. You are likely to be awarded 0% for an assignment which has evidence of plagiarism. If you continue to plagiarise then you may be excluded from your course.
Most universities will want a signed declaration with submitted work to say that you have not plagiarised.
Universities use anti-plagiarism software to quickly find plagiarised work. This software usually draws on huge databases of web sources, books, journals and all previously submitted student work to compare your work to so you will be found out.
Therefore, if you plagiarise, you are likely to be caught so don't take the risk and reference properly.
Be Organised
When writing an essay, report, dissertation or other piece of academic work, the key to referencing is organisation. As you go along, keep notes of the books and journal articles you have read and the websites you have visited as part of your research process.
There are various tools to help here. Your university may be able to provide you with some specialist software (Endnote – www.endnote.com ) or you can simply keep a list in a document or try Zotero ( www.zotero.org ) a free plugin for the Firefox browser.
What Needs to be Recorded?
Record as much information as possible in references to make finding the original work simple.
Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'.
For one, two or three authors: Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C
For more than three authors Jones A et al.
For some sources, especially websites, the name of the author may not be known. In such cases either use the organisation name or the title of the document or webpage.
Example: SkillsYouNeed or What Are Interpersonal Skills.
Date of Publication
You should include the year of publication or a more specific date if appropriate, for journal or newspaper articles/stories. For webpages look for the when the page was last updated. Include dates in brackets (2020) after author information. If no date can be established, then put (no date).
Title of Piece
Include the title of the piece; this could be the name of the book, the title of a journal article or webpage. Titles are usually written in italics . For books you should also include the edition (if not the first) to make finding information easier. Often when books are republished information remains broadly the same but may be reordered, therefore page numbers may change between editions.
Publisher Information
Usually only relevant for books, but for these you should include the publisher name and place of publication.
Page Numbers
If you are referencing a particular part of a book, then you should include the page number/s you have used in your work. Use p. 123 to indicate page 123 or pp. 123-125 to indicate multiple pages.
URL and Date Accessed
For webpages you need to include the full URL of the page (http://www... etc.) and the date you last accessed the page. The web is not static and webpages can be changed/updated/removed at any time, so it is therefore important to record when you found the information you are referencing.
Once you have recorded the information, you have everything you need in order to reference correctly. Your work should be both referenced in the text and include a reference list or bibliography at the end. The in text reference is an abbreviated version of the full reference in your reference list.
Direct Quotes
If you are directly quoting in your text you should enclose the quote in quotation marks, and include author information:
"Communication is simply the act of transferring information from one place to another." SkillsYouNeed (2019)
For longer direct quotations it may be neater to indent the quotation in its own paragraph.
Your reference list should then include the full version of the reference:
SkillsYouNeed (2022) What is Communication? [online] available at www.skillsyouneed.com/ips/what-is-communication.html (Accessed October 14 2022)
For a book you would use, in your text:
“Long before the twelfth century rhetoricians had collected quotations, particularly from classical authors, into anthologies called florilegia…” (Clanchy, M.T, 1993)
The reference list would then include the full reference:
Clanchy, M.T. (1993) From Memory to Written Record England 1066 – 1307 Oxford, Blackwell, p. 115
The same rules also apply when you are referencing indirectly and you have not included a direct quote. If you have used the ideas of another source, reference both in your text at the relevant point and in your reference list or bibliography at the end of your document.
Further Reading from Skills You Need
The Skills You Need Guide for Students
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Additional Information
When quoting you may sometimes want to leave out some words , in which case use … (three dots).
"Communication is … transferring information from one place to another"
If you need to add words to a quote for clarity, then square brackets are used:
“Communication is simply the act [in communication skills] of transferring information from one place to another.”
You can use [sic] to note an original error and/or foreign spelling , SkillsYouNeed is a UK site and therefore uses UK spellings:
"The color [sic] of the water..."
Continue to: Common Mistakes in Writing Sources of Information
See Also: Note-Taking for Reading What is Theory? | Writing an Essay | Punctuation
APA In-Text Citations and Sample Essay 7th Edition
This handout focuses on how to format in-text citations in APA.
Proper citation of sources is a two-part process . You must first cite each source in the body of your essay; these citations within the essay are called in-text citations . You MUST cite all quoted, paraphrased, or summarized words, ideas, and facts from sources. Without in-text citations, you are technically in danger of plagiarism, even if you have listed your sources at the end of the essay.
In-text citations point the reader to the sources’ information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided.
More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association.
Citation Rules
Direct quotation with the author named in the text.
Heinze and Lu (2017) stated, “The NFL shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly as the field itself evolved” (p. 509).
Note: The year of publication is listed in parenthesis after the names of the authors, and the page number is listed in parenthesis at the end of the quote.
Direct Quotation without the Author Named in the Text
As the NFL developed as an organization, it “shifted its responses to institutional change around concussions significantly” (Heinze & Lu, 2017, p. 509).
Note: At the end of the quote, the names of the authors, year of publication, and page number are listed in parenthesis.
Paraphrase with 1-2 Authors
As the NFL developed as an organization, its reactions toward concussions also transformed (Heinze & Lu, 2017).
Note: For paraphrases, page numbers are encouraged but not required.
Paraphrase with 3 or More Authors
To work toward solving the issue of violence in prisons begins with determining aspects that might connect with prisoners' violent conduct (Thomson et al., 2019).
Direct Quotation without an Author
The findings were astonishing "in a recent study of parent and adult child relationships" ("Parents and Their Children," 2007, p. 2).
Note: Since the author of the text is not stated, a shortened version of the title is used instead.
Secondary Sources
When using secondary sources, use the phrase "as cited in" and cite the secondary source on the References page.
In 1936, Keynes said, “governments should run deficits when the economy is slow to avoid unemployment” (as cited in Richardson, 2008, p. 257).
Long (Block) Quotations
When using direct quotations of 40 or more words, indent five spaces from the left margin without using quotation marks. The final period should come before the parenthetical citation.
At Meramec, an English department policy states:
To honor and protect their own work and that of others, all students must give credit to proprietary sources that are used for course work. It is assumed that any information that is not documented is either common knowledge in that field or the original work of that student. (St. Louis Community College, 2001, p. 1)
Website Citations
If citing a specific web document without a page number, include the name of the author, date, title of the section, and paragraph number in parentheses:
In America, “Two out of five deaths among U.S. teens are the result of a motor vehicle crash” (National Center for Injury Prevention and Control, 2004, Overview section, para. 1).
Here is a print-friendly version of this content.
Learn more about the APA References page by reviewing this handout .
For information on STLCC's academic integrity policy, check out this webpage .
For additional information on APA, check out STLCC's LibGuide on APA .
Sample Essay
A sample APA essay is available at this link .
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Referencing
A Quick Guide to Referencing | Cite Your Sources Correctly
Referencing means acknowledging the sources you have used in your writing. Including references helps you support your claims and ensures that you avoid plagiarism .
There are many referencing styles, but they usually consist of two things:
A citation wherever you refer to a source in your text.
A reference list or bibliography at the end listing full details of all your sources.
The most common method of referencing in UK universities is Harvard style , which uses author-date citations in the text. Our free Harvard Reference Generator automatically creates accurate references in this style.
Harvard referencing example
(Smith, 2013)
Smith, J. (2013) . 2nd ed. London: Penguin.
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Table of contents
Referencing styles, citing your sources with in-text citations, creating your reference list or bibliography, harvard referencing examples, frequently asked questions about referencing.
Each referencing style has different rules for presenting source information. For in-text citations, some use footnotes or endnotes , while others include the author’s surname and date of publication in brackets in the text.
The reference list or bibliography is presented differently in each style, with different rules for things like capitalisation, italics, and quotation marks in references.
Your university will usually tell you which referencing style to use; they may even have their own unique style. Always follow your university’s guidelines, and ask your tutor if you are unsure. The most common styles are summarised below.
Harvard referencing, the most commonly used style at UK universities, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical bibliography or reference list at the end.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly (Pears and Shields, 2019).
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019) . 11th edn. London: MacMillan.
Harvard Referencing Guide
Vancouver referencing, used in biomedicine and other sciences, uses reference numbers in the text corresponding to a numbered reference list at the end.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly (1).
Reference list
1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019.
Vancouver Referencing Guide
APA referencing, used in the social and behavioural sciences, uses author–date in-text citations corresponding to an alphabetical reference list at the end.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly (Pears & Shields, 2019).
Reference list
Pears, R., & Shields, G. (2019). (11th ed.). London, England: MacMillan.
APA Referencing Guide APA Reference Generator
MHRA referencing, used in the humanities, uses footnotes in the text with source information, in addition to an alphabetised bibliography at the end.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly.
Footnote
1. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, , 11th edn (London: MacMillan, 2019).
Bibliography
Pears, Richard and Graham Shields, , 11th edn (London: MacMillan, 2019).
MHRA Referencing Guide
OSCOLA referencing, used in law, uses footnotes in the text with source information, and an alphabetical bibliography at the end in longer texts.
In-text citation
Sources should always be cited properly.
Footnote
1. Richard Pears and Graham Shields, (11th edn, MacMillan 2019).
Bibliography
Pears R and Shields G, (11th edn, MacMillan 2019).
OSCOLA Referencing Guide
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In-text citations should be used whenever you quote, paraphrase, or refer to information from a source (e.g. a book, article, image, website, or video).
Quoting and paraphrasing
Quoting is when you directly copy some text from a source and enclose it in quotation marks to indicate that it is not your own writing.
Paraphrasing is when you rephrase the original source into your own words. In this case, you don’t use quotation marks, but you still need to include a citation.
In most referencing styles, page numbers are included when you’re quoting or paraphrasing a particular passage. If you are referring to the text as a whole, no page number is needed.
In-text citations
In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author’s surname and the date of publication in brackets.
Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ‘ et al. ‘
Number of authors
Harvard in-text citation example
1 author
(Jones, 2017)
2 authors
(Jones and Singh, 2017)
3 authors
(Jones, Singh and Smith, 2017)
4+ authors
(Jones et al., 2017)
The point of these citations is to direct your reader to the alphabetised reference list, where you give full information about each source. For example, to find the source cited above, the reader would look under ‘J’ in your reference list to find the title and publication details of the source.
Placement of in-text citations
In-text citations should be placed directly after the quotation or information they refer to, usually before a comma or full stop. If a sentence is supported by multiple sources, you can combine them in one set of brackets, separated by a semicolon.
If you mention the author’s name in the text already, you don’t include it in the citation, and you can place the citation immediately after the name.
Another researcher warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’ (Singh, 2018, p. 13) .
Previous research has frequently illustrated the pitfalls of this method (Singh, 2018; Jones, 2016) .
Singh (2018, p. 13) warns that the results of this method are ‘inconsistent’.
The terms ‘bibliography’ and ‘reference list’ are sometimes used interchangeably. Both refer to a list that contains full information on all the sources cited in your text. Sometimes ‘bibliography’ is used to mean a more extensive list, also containing sources that you consulted but did not cite in the text.
A reference list or bibliography is usually mandatory, since in-text citations typically don’t provide full source information. For styles that already include full source information in footnotes (e.g. OSCOLA and Chicago Style ), the bibliography is optional, although your university may still require you to include one.
Format of the reference list
Reference lists are usually alphabetised by authors’ last names. Each entry in the list appears on a new line, and a hanging indent is applied if an entry extends onto multiple lines.
Different source information is included for different source types. Each style provides detailed guidelines for exactly what information should be included and how it should be presented.
Below are some examples of reference list entries for common source types in Harvard style.
Author surname, initial. (Year) ‘Chapter title’, in Editor name (ed(s).) . City: Publisher, page range.
Example
Berman, R. A. (2004) ‘Modernism and the bildungsroman: Thomas Mann’s Magic Mountain’, in Bartram, G. (ed.) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 77–92.
Adair, W. (1989) ‘ and : Hemingway’s debt to Thomas Mann’, , 35(4), pp. 429–444.
Harvard web page citation
Format
Author surname, initial. (Year) . Available at: URL (Accessed: Day Month Year).
Example
Google (2019) . Available at: https://policies.google.com/terms?hl=en-US (Accessed: 2 April 2020).
Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.
Your university should tell you which referencing style to follow. If you’re unsure, check with a supervisor. Commonly used styles include:
Harvard referencing , the most commonly used style in UK universities.
MHRA , used in humanities subjects.
APA , used in the social sciences.
Vancouver , used in biomedicine.
OSCOLA , used in law.
Your university may have its own referencing style guide.
If you are allowed to choose which style to follow, we recommend Harvard referencing, as it is a straightforward and widely used style.
References should be included in your text whenever you use words, ideas, or information from a source. A source can be anything from a book or journal article to a website or YouTube video.
If you don’t acknowledge your sources, you can get in trouble for plagiarism .
To avoid plagiarism , always include a reference when you use words, ideas or information from a source. This shows that you are not trying to pass the work of others off as your own.
You must also properly quote or paraphrase the source. If you’re not sure whether you’ve done this correctly, you can use the Scribbr Plagiarism Checker to find and correct any mistakes.
Harvard referencing uses an author–date system. Sources are cited by the author’s last name and the publication year in brackets. Each Harvard in-text citation corresponds to an entry in the alphabetised reference list at the end of the paper.
Vancouver referencing uses a numerical system. Sources are cited by a number in parentheses or superscript. Each number corresponds to a full reference at the end of the paper.
Harvard style
Vancouver style
In-text citation
Each referencing style has different rules (Pears and Shields, 2019).
Each referencing style has different rules (1).
Reference list
Pears, R. and Shields, G. (2019). . 11th edn. London: MacMillan.
1. Pears R, Shields G. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. London: MacMillan; 2019.
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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing | Citation Examples
A Quick Guide to OSCOLA Referencing | Rules & Examples
Harvard In-Text Citation | A Complete Guide & Examples
Harvard Referencing for Journal Articles | Templates & Examples
Harvard Style Bibliography | Format & Examples
MHRA Referencing | A Quick Guide & Citation Examples
Reference a Website in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples
Referencing Books in Harvard Style | Templates & Examples
Vancouver Referencing | A Quick Guide & Reference Examples
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Example essay extract with citations and references list: Home
Example essay extract with citations and references list.
Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references.
Please remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to reference.
Embedding experiences and voices in research can “challenge [the] studied ignorance” around race (Arday and Mirza, 2018, p.v) and the academy’s role as gatekeeper of what is considered “relevant knowledge” (Lillis, 2003). Academic conventions around skills such as writing can be excluding, forming “constructions of difference […] that deepen misrecognitions and inequalities” (Burke, 2018, p.366). Lillis (2003) and Arday et al. (2021) both use narrative to listen to the ways in which black students’ experiences are ignored and the marginalising effect of a refusal to validate multiple ways of knowing.
References:
Arday, J., Belluigi, D. Z. and Thomas, D. (2021) Attempting to break the chain: reimaging inclusive pedagogy and decolonising the curriculum within the academy. Educational Philosophy and Theory . 53 (3), pp.298-313.
Arday, J. and Mirza, H. S. (eds.) (2018) Dismantling race in higher education: racism, whiteness and decolonising the academy . London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Burke, P. J. (2018) Trans/forming pedagogical spaces: race, belonging and recognition in higher education. In: Arday, J. and Mirza, H. S. (eds.) Dismantling race in higher education: racism, whiteness and decolonising the academy . London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp.365-382.
Lillis, T. (2003) Student writing as ‘academic literacies’: drawing on Bakhtin to move from critique to design. Language and Education. 17 (5), pp.192-207.
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Citing sources
Citation examples for common sources types
Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More
Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield . Revised on January 17, 2024.
The most common citation styles are APA and MLA . To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference.
Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see examples for common source types .
As well as switching between styles and sources, you can explore how a citation looks when there are multiple authors, different editions, no publication date, and other common scenarios.
If you’re still not sure how to cite your source correctly, dive into our comprehensive articles. For each source type, we provide a range of examples in APA , MLA , and Chicago style .
Cite this Scribbr article
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Caulfield, J. (2024, January 17). Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Scribbr. Retrieved September 3, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/citing-sources/citation-example/
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Other students also liked, citation styles guide | examples for all major styles, apa vs. mla | the key differences in format & citation, how to avoid plagiarism | tips on citing sources, scribbr apa citation checker.
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Home / Guides / Citation Guides / MLA Format / How to Cite an Essay in MLA
How to Cite an Essay in MLA
The guidelines for citing an essay in MLA format are similar to those for citing a chapter in a book. Include the author of the essay, the title of the essay, the name of the collection if the essay belongs to one, the editor of the collection or other contributors, the publication information, and the page number(s).
Citing an Essay
Mla essay citation structure.
Last, First M. “Essay Title.” Collection Title, edited by First M. Last, Publisher, year published, page numbers. Website Title , URL (if applicable).
MLA Essay Citation Example
Gupta, Sanjay. “Balancing and Checking.” Essays on Modern Democracy, edited by Bob Towsky, Brook Stone Publishers, 1996, pp. 36-48. Essay Database, www . databaseforessays.org/modern/modern-democracy.
MLA Essay In-text Citation Structure
(Last Name Page #)
MLA Essay In-text Citation Example
Click here to cite an essay via an EasyBib citation form.
MLA Formatting Guide
MLA Formatting
Annotated Bibliography
Bibliography
Block Quotes
et al Usage
In-text Citations
Paraphrasing
Page Numbers
Sample Paper
Works Cited
MLA 8 Updates
MLA 9 Updates
View MLA Guide
Citation Examples
Book Chapter
Journal Article
Magazine Article
Newspaper Article
Website (no author)
View all MLA Examples
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To cite your sources in an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author’s name(s), chapter title, book title, editor(s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for in-text citations and a works-cited-list entry for essay sources and some examples are given below:
In-text citation template and example:
For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author on the first occurrence. For subsequent citations, use only the surname(s). In parenthetical citations, always use only the surname of the author(s).
Citation in prose:
First mention: Annette Wheeler Cafarelli
Subsequent occurrences: Wheeler Cafarelli
Parenthetical:
….(Wheeler Cafarelli).
Works-cited-list entry template and example:
The title of the chapter is enclosed in double quotation marks and uses title case. The book or collection title is given in italics and uses title case.
Surname, First Name. “Title of the Chapter.” Title of the Book , edited by Editor(s) Name, Publisher, Publication Year, page range.
Cafarelli, Annette Wheeler. “Rousseau and British Romanticism: Women and British Romanticism.” Cultural Interactions in the Romantic Age: Critical Essays in Comparative Literature , edited by Gregory Maertz. State U of New York P, 1998, pp. 125–56.
To cite an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author(s), the essay title, the book title, editor(s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for citations in prose, parenthetical citations, and works-cited-list entries for an essay by multiple authors, and some examples, are given below:
For citations in prose, use the first name and surname of the author (e.g., Mary Strine).
For sources with two authors, use both full author names in prose (e.g., Mary Strine and Beth Radick).
For sources with three or more authors, use the first name and surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Mary Strine and others). In subsequent citations, use only the surname of the first author followed by “and others” or “and colleagues” (e.g., Strine and others).
In parenthetical citations, use only the author’s surname. For sources with two authors, use two surnames (e.g., Strine and Radick). For sources with three or more author names, use the first author’s surname followed by “et al.”
First mention: Mary Strine…
Subsequent mention: Strine…
First mention: Mary Strine and Beth Radick…
Subsequent mention: Strine and Radick…
First mention: Mary Strine and colleagues …. or Mary Strine and others
Subsequent occurrences: Strine and colleagues …. or Strine and others
…. (Strine).
….(Strine and Radick).
….(Strine et al.).
The title of the essay is enclosed in double quotation marks and uses title case. The book or collection title is given in italics and uses title case.
Surname, First Name, et al. “Title of the Essay.” Title of the Book , edited by Editor(s) Name, Publisher, Publication Year, page range.
Strine, Mary M., et al. “Research in Interpretation and Performance Studies: Trends, Issues, Priorities.” Speech Communication: Essays to Commemorate the 75th Anniversary of the Speech Communication Association , edited by Gerald M. Phillips and Julia T. Wood, Southern Illinois UP, 1990, pp. 181–204.
MLA Citation Examples
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Self-Introduction Essay
Self introduction essay generator.
A Self Introduction Essay is a window into your personality, goals, and experiences. Our guide, supplemented with varied essay examples , offers insights into crafting a compelling narrative about yourself. Ideal for college applications, job interviews, or personal reflections, these examples demonstrate how to weave your personal story into an engaging essay. Learn to highlight your strengths, aspirations, and journey in a manner that captivates your readers, making your introduction not just informative but also memorable.
What is Self Introduction Essay? A self-introduction essay is a written piece where you describe yourself in a personal and detailed way. It’s a way to introduce who you are, including your name, background, interests, achievements, and goals. This type of essay is often used for college or job applications, allowing others to get to know you better. It’s an opportunity to showcase your personality, experiences, and what makes you unique. Writing a self-introduction essay involves talking about your educational background, professional experiences if any, personal interests, and future aspirations. It’s a chance to highlight your strengths, achievements, and to share your personal story in a way that is engaging and meaningful.
Do you still remember the first time you’ve written an essay ? I bet you don’t even know it’s called an “essay” back then. And back then you might be wondering what’s the purpose such composition, and why are you writing something instead of hanging out with your friends.
Download Self-Introduction Essay Bundle
Now, you probably are already familiar with the definition of an essay, and the basics of writing one. You’re also probably aware of the purpose of writing essays and the different writing styles one may use in writing a composition. Here, we will be talking about self-introduction essay, and look into different example such as personal essay which you may refer to.
Self Introduction Essay Format
Introduction.
Start with a hook: Begin with an interesting fact, a question, or a compelling statement about yourself to grab the reader’s attention. State your name and a brief background: Share your name, age, and where you’re from or what you currently do (student, job role).
Educational Background
Discuss your current or most recent educational experience: Mention your school, college, or university and your major or area of study. Highlight academic achievements or interests: Share any honors, awards, or special projects that are relevant to your personality or career goals.
Professional Background
Mention your current job or professional experiences: Briefly describe your role, company, or the type of work you do. Highlight relevant skills or achievements: Share experiences that showcase your abilities and contributions to your field.
Personal Interests and Goals
Share your hobbies or interests: Briefly describe activities you enjoy or passions you pursue outside of work or school. Discuss your short-term and long-term goals: Explain what you aim to achieve in the near future and your aspirations for the long term.
Summarize your strengths and what makes you unique: Reinforce key points about your skills, achievements, or character. Close with a statement on what you hope to achieve or contribute in your next role, educational pursuit, or personal endeavor.
Example of Self Introduction Essay in English
Hello! My name is Alex Johnson, a 21-year-old Environmental Science major at Green Valley University, passionate about sustainable living and conservation efforts. Raised in the bustling city of New York, I’ve always been fascinated by the contrast between urban life and the natural world, driving me to explore how cities can become more sustainable. Currently, in my final year at Green Valley University, I’ve dedicated my academic career to understanding the complexities of environmental science. My coursework has included in-depth studies on renewable energy sources, water conservation techniques, and sustainable agriculture. I’ve achieved Dean’s List status for three consecutive years and led a successful campus-wide recycling initiative that reduced waste by 30%. This past summer, I interned with the City Planning Department of New York, focusing on green spaces in urban areas. I worked on a project that aimed to increase the city’s green coverage by 10% over the next five years. This hands-on experience taught me the importance of practical solutions in environmental conservation and sparked my interest in urban sustainability. Beyond academics, I’m an avid hiker and nature photographer, believing strongly in the power of visual storytelling to raise awareness about environmental issues. My goal is to merge my passion for environmental science with my love for photography to create impactful narratives that promote conservation. In the future, I aspire to work for an NGO that focuses on urban sustainability, contributing to projects that integrate green spaces into city planning. I am also considering further studies in environmental policy, hoping to influence positive change on a global scale. My journey from a curious city dweller to an aspiring environmental scientist has been driven by a deep passion for understanding and protecting our natural world. With a solid educational foundation and practical experience, I am eager to contribute to meaningful environmental conservation efforts. I believe that by combining scientific knowledge with creative communication, we can inspire a more sustainable future for urban areas around the globe.
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What to Write in a Self-Introduction Essay
A self-introduction essay, as the name suggest, is an part of an essay containing the basic information about the writer.
In writing a self-introduction essay, the writer intends to introduce himself/herself by sharing a few personal information including the basics (e.g. name, age, hometown, etc.), his/her background information (e.g. family background, educational background, etc.), and interesting facts about him/her (e.g. hobbies, interests, etc). A self-introductory essay primarily aims to inform the readers about a few things regarding the writer. You may also see personal essay examples & samples
How to Write a Self-Introduction Essay
A self-introduction essay is, in most cases, written using the first-person point of view. As a writer, you simply need to talk about yourself and nothing more to a specific audience. You may also like essay writing examples
A self-introduction essay can be easy to write, since all you have to do is to introduce yourself. However, one needs to avoid sounding like a robot or a person speaking in monotone. Of course, you need to make the composition interesting and engaging, instead of making it plain and bland. This is probably the main challenge of writing a self-introduction essay, and the first thing every writer needs to be aware of.
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Uses of Self Introduction Essay
College Applications : Many universities and colleges ask for a self-introduction essay as part of the application process. This essay allows admissions officers to learn more about your personality, background, and aspirations beyond your grades and test scores.
Scholarship Applications : When applying for scholarships, a self-introduction essay can help you stand out. It’s an opportunity to share your achievements, experiences, and the reasons you deserve the scholarship.
Job Interviews : Preparing a self-introduction essay can be useful for job interviews. It helps you articulate your professional background, skills, and career goals clearly and confidently.
Networking : In professional networking situations, having a polished self-introduction essay can help you quickly share relevant information about yourself with potential employers, mentors, or colleagues.
Personal Reflection : Writing a self-introduction essay is a valuable exercise in self-reflection. It can help you understand your own goals, strengths, and weaknesses better.
Online Profiles : For personal or professional websites, social media, or portfolios, a self-introduction essay provides a comprehensive overview of who you are and what you offer, attracting potential connections or opportunities.
Tips for Writing a Self-Introduction Essay
A self-introduction essay might be one of the easiest essays to start. However, one needs to learn a few things to make the composition worth reading. You might find a lot of tips online on how to write a self-introduction essay, but here are some tips which you might find useful.
1. Think of a catchy title
The first thing that attracts readers is an interesting title, so create one.
2. Introduce yourself
You can create some guide questions to answer like: Who are you? What are your interests? What is your story? Simply talk about yourself like you’re talking to someone you just met.
3. Find a focus
Your life story is too broad, so focus on something, like: What makes you unique?
4. Avoid writing plainly
For example, instead of saying: ‘I like listening to classical music’, you can say: ‘My dad gave me an album containing classical music when I was five, and after listening to it, I was really captivated. I’ve loved it since then.’ You may also check out high school essay examples & samples
5. Simplify your work
Use simple words and language. Write clearly. Describe details vividly.
6. End it with a punch
You cannot just plainly say ‘The End’ at the last part. Create a essay conclusion which would leave an impression to your readers.
7. Edit your work
After wrapping up, take time to review and improve your work. You may also see informative essay examples & samples
What is a Creative Self Introduction Essay?
1. Choose a Theme or Metaphor:
Start with a theme or metaphor that reflects your personality or the message you want to convey. For example, you could compare your life to a book, a journey, or a puzzle.
2. Engaging Hook:
Begin with an attention-grabbing hook, such as a captivating anecdote, a thought-provoking question, a quote, or a vivid description.
3. Tell a Story:
Weave your self-introduction into a narrative or story that highlights your experiences, values, or defining moments. Storytelling makes your essay relatable and memorable.
4. Use Vivid Imagery:
Employ descriptive language and vivid imagery to paint a picture of your life and character. Help the reader visualize your journey.
5. Show, Don’t Tell:
Instead of simply listing qualities or achievements, demonstrate them through your storytelling. Show your resilience, creativity, or determination through the narrative.
6. Include Personal Anecdotes:
Share personal anecdotes that showcase your character, challenges you’ve overcome, or moments of growth.
7. Express Your Passions:
Discuss your passions, interests, hobbies, or aspirations. Explain why they are important to you and how they have influenced your life.
8. Reveal Vulnerability:
Don’t be afraid to show vulnerability or share setbacks you’ve faced. It adds depth to your story and demonstrates your resilience.
9. Highlight Achievements:
Mention significant achievements, awards, or experiences that have shaped your journey. Connect them to your personal growth and values.
10. Convey Your Personality:
Use humor, wit, or elements of your personality to make your essay unique and relatable. Let your voice shine through.
11. Share Future Aspirations:
Discuss your goals, dreams, and what you hope to achieve in the future. Explain how your experiences have prepared you for your next steps.
12. Conclude with a Message:
Wrap up your essay with a meaningful message or reflection that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.
13. Revise and Edit:
After writing your initial draft, revise and edit your essay for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Ensure it flows smoothly.
How do you write an introduction to a self essay?
1. Start with a Hook:
Begin with an engaging hook to capture the reader’s attention. This could be a personal anecdote, a thought-provoking question, a quote, or a vivid description. The hook should relate to the essay’s theme.
2. Introduce Yourself:
After the hook, introduce yourself by stating your name and any relevant background information, such as your age, place of origin, or current location. This helps provide context.
3. Establish the Purpose:
Clearly state the purpose of your self-essay. Explain why you are writing it and what you aim to convey. Are you introducing yourself for a job application, a college admission essay, or a personal blog? Make this clear.
4. Provide a Preview:
Offer a brief preview of the main points or themes you will address in the essay. This helps set expectations for the reader and gives them an overview of what to anticipate.
5. Share Your Thesis or Central Message:
In some self-essays, especially in academic or personal development contexts, you may want to state a central message or thesis about yourself. This is the core idea you’ll explore throughout the essay.
6. Express Your Voice:
Let your unique voice and personality shine through in the introduction. Write in a way that reflects your style and character. Avoid using overly formal or stilted language if it doesn’t align with your personality.
7. Be Concise:
Keep the introduction relatively concise. It should provide an overview without delving too deeply into the details. Save the in-depth discussions for the body of the essay.
8. Revise and Edit:
After writing the introduction, review it for clarity, coherence, and conciseness. Make sure it flows smoothly and leads naturally into the main body of the essay.
Here’s an example of an introduction for a self-essay:
“Standing at the threshold of my college years, I’ve often found myself reflecting on the journey that brought me here. I am [Your Name], a [Your Age]-year-old [Your Origin or Current Location], with a passion for [Your Interests]. In this self-essay, I aim to share my experiences, values, and aspirations as I enter this new chapter of my life. Through personal anecdotes and reflections, I hope to convey the lessons I’ve learned and the person I’m becoming. My central message is that [Your Central Message or Thesis]. Join me as I explore the highs and lows of my journey and what it means to [Your Purpose or Theme].”
What is a short paragraph of self introduction
“Hello, my name is [Your Name], and I am [Your Age] years old. I grew up in [Your Hometown] and am currently studying [Your Major or Grade Level] at [Your School or University]. I have always been passionate about [Your Interests or Hobbies], and I love exploring new challenges and experiences. In my free time, I enjoy [Your Activities or Hobbies], and I’m excited to be here and share my journey with all of you.”
How do I start my self introduction?
1. Greet the Audience:
Start with a warm and friendly greeting. This sets a positive tone and makes you approachable.
Example: “Good morning/afternoon/evening!”
2. State Your Name:
Clearly and confidently state your name. This is the most basic and essential part of any self-introduction.
Example: “My name is [Your Name].”
3. Provide Additional Background Information:
Depending on the context, you may want to share additional background information. Mention where you are from, your current location, or your job title, if relevant.
Example: “I’m originally from [Your Hometown], but I currently live in [Your Current Location].”
4. Express Enthusiasm:
Express your enthusiasm or eagerness to be in the situation or context where you are introducing yourself.
Example: “I’m thrilled to be here today…”
5. State the Purpose:
Clearly state the purpose of your self-introduction. Are you introducing yourself for a job interview, a social gathering, or a specific event? Make it clear why you are introducing yourself.
Example: “…to interview for the [Job Title] position.”
6. Offer a Brief Teaser:
Give a brief teaser or hint about what you’ll be discussing. This can generate interest and set the stage for the rest of the introduction.
Example: “I’ll be sharing my experiences as a [Your Profession] and how my background aligns with the requirements of the role.”
7. Keep It Concise:
Keep your introduction concise, especially in professional settings. You can provide more details as the conversation progresses.
8. Be Confident and Maintain Eye Contact:
Deliver your introduction with confidence and maintain eye contact with the audience or the person you’re addressing.
How can I start my self introduction example?
Hi, I’m [Your Name]. It’s a pleasure to meet all of you. I come from [Your Hometown], and today, I’m excited to tell you a bit about myself. I have a background in [Your Education or Profession], and I’m here to share my experiences, skills, and passions. But before I dive into that, let me give you a glimpse into the person behind the resume. So, here’s a little about me…”
For more insights on crafting a compelling self-introduction, the University of Nevada, Reno’s Writing & Speaking Center provides valuable resources. These can enhance your essay-writing skills, especially in crafting introductions that make a lasting impression.
Text prompt
Instructive
Professional
Write a Self Introduction Essay that highlights your unique qualities.
Create a Self Introduction Essay outlining your academic interests.
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A Quick Guide to Harvard Referencing
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
How to Reference in an Essay (9 Strategies of Top Students)
9. Do one special edit especially for Referencing Style. The top students edit their essays three to five times spaced out over a week or more before submitting. One of those edits should be specifically for ensuring your reference list adheres to the referencing style that your teacher requires.
How to Write an Academic Essay with References and Citations
When learning how to write an academic essay with references, you must identify reliable sources that support your argument. As you read, think critically and evaluate sources for: Accuracy. Objectivity. Currency. Authority. Keep detailed notes on the sources so that you can easily find them again, if needed.
Example Essay with Harvard Referencing
Example Essay with APA Referencing. The following essay will provide a discussion of the importance of APA style referencing within psychological literature but also in terms of consistency within academic essays. In addition to this, this essay can be used as a basic guide for students to properly cite and reference an essay using this ...
Reference Examples
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Quick guide to Harvard referencing (Cite Them Right)
Full reference examples; In-text citations and full references. Referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase ...
Referencing in APA Style: A-Z Referencing Examples
Examples. Example 1 (Narrative citation) J. Clewes (personal communication, May 3, 2024) suggested that… Example 2 (Parenthetical citation) (K. Dodhia, personal communication, June 15, 2024) Tips. Authors' names are formatted with the initial(s) of their given name(s), a full stop, and then their family name/surname.
How to Cite Sources
Example: Note citation ... Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in) Publisher; Location (e.g., a URL or DOI, or sometimes a physical location) The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format ...
Harvard Style Bibliography
Harvard reference examples. Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author's last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.
Harvard In-Text Citation
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
Setting Up the APA Reference Page
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.
Harvard Referencing Style Examples
Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different ...
Sample assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard ...
Citation Examples for APA, MLA, and Chicago Style Guides
Chicago citation examples: Book. Citing a book in Chicago uses the author's name, book title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. You also include the edition, but only if it's relevant. The author's name is inverted, and the title uses title capitalization. Last Name, First Name.
4 Ways to Reference Essays
4. Format the page. Double-space your document, and title the references page "References" at the top-center of the page. Put the page number all the way to the right, and a shortened version of the title of your paper all the way to the left in all capital letters.
Common Reference List Examples
For example, you are citing study notes titled "Health Effects of Exposure to Forest Fires," but you do not know the author's name, your reference entry will look like this: Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com.
The Basics of In-Text Citation
Examples of different types of in-text citation. Parenthetical citation. Narrative citation. Author-date (APA) The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p. 11). Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (2018, p. 11). Author-page (MLA) The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11). Smith states that the treatment was ...
Academic Referencing
Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'. Examples: For one, two or three authors: Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C.
APA In-Text Citations and Sample Essay 7th Edition
In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided. More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American ...
A Quick Guide to Referencing
In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets. Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ' et al. '.
Example essay extract with citations and references list: Home
Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references. Please remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to reference. Embedding experiences and voices in research can "challenge [the] studied ignorance" around race (Arday and Mirza, 2018, p.v) and the academy's role as gatekeeper of what is ...
Citation Examples
Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield. Revised on January 17, 2024. The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see ...
How to Cite an Essay in MLA
To cite an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author (s), the essay title, the book title, editor (s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for citations in prose, parenthetical citations, and works-cited-list entries for an essay by multiple authors, and some examples, are given below:
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How to Write Reference Essay. Writing a reference essay involves a detailed process of research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources to support your arguments or insights on a specific topic. Here's a structured approach to crafting a comprehensive reference essay: 1. Choose Your Topic.
Self-Introduction Essay
What to Write in a Self-Introduction Essay. A self-introduction essay, as the name suggest, is an part of an essay containing the basic information about the writer.. In writing a self-introduction essay, the writer intends to introduce himself/herself by sharing a few personal information including the basics (e.g. name, age, hometown, etc.), his/her background information (e.g. family ...
Opinion
The chief justice doesn't "rule" the court — as he often says, he's one of nine. Kagan's modest proposal isn't for Congress to impose an enforcement mechanism on the court, it is for ...
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COMMENTS
When you cite a source with up to three authors, cite all authors' names. For four or more authors, list only the first name, followed by ' et al. ': Number of authors. In-text citation example. 1 author. (Davis, 2019) 2 authors. (Davis and Barrett, 2019) 3 authors.
9. Do one special edit especially for Referencing Style. The top students edit their essays three to five times spaced out over a week or more before submitting. One of those edits should be specifically for ensuring your reference list adheres to the referencing style that your teacher requires.
When learning how to write an academic essay with references, you must identify reliable sources that support your argument. As you read, think critically and evaluate sources for: Accuracy. Objectivity. Currency. Authority. Keep detailed notes on the sources so that you can easily find them again, if needed.
Example Essay with APA Referencing. The following essay will provide a discussion of the importance of APA style referencing within psychological literature but also in terms of consistency within academic essays. In addition to this, this essay can be used as a basic guide for students to properly cite and reference an essay using this ...
More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual.Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual.. To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of ...
Full reference examples; In-text citations and full references. Referencing consists of two elements: in-text citations, which are inserted in the body of your text and are included in the word count. An in-text citation gives the author(s) and publication date of a source you are referring to. If the publication date is not given, the phrase ...
Examples. Example 1 (Narrative citation) J. Clewes (personal communication, May 3, 2024) suggested that… Example 2 (Parenthetical citation) (K. Dodhia, personal communication, June 15, 2024) Tips. Authors' names are formatted with the initial(s) of their given name(s), a full stop, and then their family name/surname.
Example: Note citation ... Container (e.g., the book an essay was published in, the journal an article appeared in) Publisher; Location (e.g., a URL or DOI, or sometimes a physical location) The exact information included varies depending on the source type and the citation style. The order in which the information appears, and how you format ...
Harvard reference examples. Reference list or bibliography entries always start with the author's last name and initial, the publication date and the title of the source. The other information required varies depending on the source type. Formats and examples for the most common source types are given below.
In Harvard style, citations appear in brackets in the text. An in-text citation consists of the last name of the author, the year of publication, and a page number if relevant. Up to three authors are included in Harvard in-text citations. If there are four or more authors, the citation is shortened with et al. Harvard in-text citation examples.
On the APA reference page, you list all the sources that you've cited in your paper. The list starts on a new page right after the body text. Follow these instructions to set up your APA reference page: Place the section label "References" in bold at the top of the page (centered). Order the references alphabetically. Double-space all text.
Reference example for the above in-text citation: Author Surname, Initials. (Publication Year) Title of the text in italics. Place of Publication: Publisher. Bloom, H. (2005) Novelists and novels. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. Below are Harvard referencing examples of in-text citations and reference list entries for the different ...
Sample assignment. The purpose of this assignment is to show common elements of the Harvard style of referencing in Dundalk Institute of Technology. It is not intended to be an example of good quality academic writing, and indeed may not make sense in general, but it should show you how citations and a reference list are formed in the Harvard ...
Chicago citation examples: Book. Citing a book in Chicago uses the author's name, book title, place of publication, publisher, and year of publication. You also include the edition, but only if it's relevant. The author's name is inverted, and the title uses title capitalization. Last Name, First Name.
4. Format the page. Double-space your document, and title the references page "References" at the top-center of the page. Put the page number all the way to the right, and a shortened version of the title of your paper all the way to the left in all capital letters.
For example, you are citing study notes titled "Health Effects of Exposure to Forest Fires," but you do not know the author's name, your reference entry will look like this: Health effects of exposure to forest fires [Lecture notes]. (2005). Walden University Canvas. https://waldenu.instructure.com.
Examples of different types of in-text citation. Parenthetical citation. Narrative citation. Author-date (APA) The treatment proved highly effective (Smith, 2018, p. 11). Smith states that the treatment was highly effective (2018, p. 11). Author-page (MLA) The treatment proved highly effective (Smith 11). Smith states that the treatment was ...
Include the author/s name/s where possible. You should write the surname (last name) first followed by any initials. If there are more than three authors then you can cite the first author and use the abbreviation 'et al', meaning 'and all'. Examples: For one, two or three authors: Jones A, Davies B, Jenkins C.
In-text citations point the reader to the sources' information on the references page. The in-text citation typically includes the author's last name and the year of publication. If you use a direct quote, the page number is also provided. More information can be found on p. 253 of the 7th edition of the Publication Manual of the American ...
In-text citations are quick references to your sources. In Harvard referencing, you use the author's surname and the date of publication in brackets. Up to three authors are included in a Harvard in-text citation. If the source has more than three authors, include the first author followed by ' et al. '.
Below is an example essay, complete with citations and references. Please remember this is a fictional essay purely designed to demonstrate how and when to reference. Embedding experiences and voices in research can "challenge [the] studied ignorance" around race (Arday and Mirza, 2018, p.v) and the academy's role as gatekeeper of what is ...
Citation Examples | Books, Articles, Websites & More. Published on April 9, 2021 by Jack Caulfield. Revised on January 17, 2024. The most common citation styles are APA and MLA. To cite a source in these styles, you need a brief in-text citation and a full reference. Use the interactive tool to understand how a citation is structured and see ...
To cite an essay in MLA style, you need to have basic information including the author (s), the essay title, the book title, editor (s), publication year, publisher, and page numbers. The templates for citations in prose, parenthetical citations, and works-cited-list entries for an essay by multiple authors, and some examples, are given below:
How to Write Reference Essay. Writing a reference essay involves a detailed process of research, analysis, and synthesis of information from various sources to support your arguments or insights on a specific topic. Here's a structured approach to crafting a comprehensive reference essay: 1. Choose Your Topic.
What to Write in a Self-Introduction Essay. A self-introduction essay, as the name suggest, is an part of an essay containing the basic information about the writer.. In writing a self-introduction essay, the writer intends to introduce himself/herself by sharing a few personal information including the basics (e.g. name, age, hometown, etc.), his/her background information (e.g. family ...
The chief justice doesn't "rule" the court — as he often says, he's one of nine. Kagan's modest proposal isn't for Congress to impose an enforcement mechanism on the court, it is for ...