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- Science Fair Project Ideas for Kids, Middle & High School Students ⋅
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Ideas for Controlled Variable Science Projects
Science Projects With Three Variables for Kids in Fifth Grade
Many science projects investigate a combination of independent and controlled variables to see what happens as a result - the dependent variable. To get reliable results from your experiments, you change the independent variables carefully and the controlled variables as little as possible; this ensures that only the things you're interested in affect your experimental results.
Does Sugar Dissolve More Quickly in Warm or Cool Water?
Heat a cup of water while allowing another cup of water to remain cool. Dissolve one teaspoon of sugar in each cup of water. The controlled variable would be the number of times and the pressure used to stir the mixture because added motion of the water may or may not dissolve the sugar more quickly whether the water is warm or cool. Record the amount of undissolved sugar in the bottom of the container.
Does a Plant Grow Better in Direct or Indirect Sunlight?
A science project involving plants has controlled variables in the amount of water given to each plant and the amount and kind of soil in which the plant is living. Place one plant in direct sunlight and the other in a shaded area or indoors to conduct the science experiment. Record daily results in the height of the plant.
Will a Baby Bunny Grow Bigger When Fed Rabbit Food or Fresh Vegetables?
Two rabbits, ideally from the same litter, can be used to conduct a classroom experiment. Give each rabbit a different diet: one of only fresh vegetables such as lettuce, carrots and celery; feed the other rabbit pellets from the pet store. The controlled variable in this experiment would be the weight in food each rabbit receives even though the type of food is different. Record the height, weight and length of the two rabbits each week.
Which Will Clean a Penny Faster, Water or Vinegar?
In two glass containers, place one cup of distilled water in one and white vinegar in the other. Carefully drop a dirty penny into each container of liquid and record the changes in the penny's appearance over the course of one week. The controlled variable is in the amount of liquid used to clean each penny.
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Variables in Research: Breaking Down the Essentials of Experimental Design
Understanding the role of variables in research is essential for designing and conducting experiments that produce accurate and reliable results. learn about the different types of variables and how they are used in experimental design, with examples of independent and dependent variables.
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9 Great Ways to Teach Variables in Science Experiments
by Katrina | Feb 17, 2024 | Pedagogy , Science | 1 comment
Science is a journey of exploration and discovery, and at the heart of every scientific experiment lies the concept of variables. Variables in science experiments are the building blocks of experimentation, allowing scientists to manipulate and measure different elements to draw meaningful conclusions.
Teaching students about variables is crucial for developing their scientific inquiry skills and fostering a deeper understanding of the scientific method.
In this blog post, we’ll explore the importance of teaching variables in science experiments, delve into the distinctions between independent, dependent, and controlled variables, and provide creative ideas on how to effectively teach these variable types.
So grab a coffee, find a comfy seat, and relax while we explore fun ways to teach variables in science experiments!
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The Importance of Teaching Variables in Science Experiments:
Foundation of Scientific Inquiry: Variables form the bedrock of the scientific method. Teaching students about variables helps them grasp the fundamental principles of scientific inquiry, enabling them to formulate hypotheses, design experiments, and draw valid conclusions.
Critical Thinking Skills: Understanding variables cultivates critical thinking skills in students. It encourages them to analyze the relationships between different factors, question assumptions, and think systematically when designing and conducting experiments.
Real-world Application: Variables are not confined to the laboratory; they exist in everyday life. Teaching students about variables equips them with the skills to critically assess and interpret the multitude of factors influencing phenomena in the real world, fostering a scientific mindset beyond the classroom.
In addition to the above, understanding scientific variables is crucial for designing an experiment and collecting valid results because variables are the building blocks of the scientific method.
A well-designed experiment involves the careful manipulation and measurement of variables to test hypotheses and draw meaningful conclusions about the relationships between different factors. Here are several reasons why a clear understanding of scientific variables is essential for the experimental process:
1. Precision and Accuracy: By identifying and defining variables, researchers can design experiments with precision and accuracy. This clarity helps ensure that the measurements and observations made during the experiment are relevant to the research question, reducing the likelihood of errors or misinterpretations.
2. Hypothesis Testing: Variables in science experiments are central to hypothesis formulation and testing. A hypothesis typically involves predicting the relationship between an independent variable (the one manipulated) and a dependent variable (the one measured). Understanding these variables is essential for constructing a hypothesis that can be tested through experimentation.
3. Controlled Experiments: Variables, especially controlled variables, enable researchers to conduct controlled experiments. By keeping certain factors constant (controlled variables) while manipulating others (independent variable), scientists can isolate the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable. This control is essential for drawing valid conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships.
4. Reproducibility: Clear identification and understanding of variables enhance the reproducibility of experiments. When other researchers attempt to replicate an experiment, a detailed understanding of the variables involved ensures that they can accurately reproduce the conditions and obtain similar results.
5. Data Interpretation: Knowing the variables in science experiments allows for a more accurate interpretation of the collected data. Researchers can attribute changes in the dependent variable to the manipulation of the independent variable and rule out alternative explanations. This is crucial for drawing reliable conclusions from the experimental results.
6. Elimination of Confounding Factors: Without a proper understanding of variables, experiments are susceptible to confounding factors—unintended variables that may influence the results. Through careful consideration of all relevant variables, researchers can minimize the impact of confounding factors and increase the internal validity of their experiments.
7. Optimization of Experimental Design: Understanding variables in science experiments helps researchers optimize the design of their experiments. They can choose the most relevant and influential variables to manipulate and measure, ensuring that the experiment is focused on addressing the specific research question.
8. Applicability to Real-world Situations: A thorough understanding of variables enhances the applicability of experimental results to real-world situations. It allows researchers to draw connections between laboratory findings and broader phenomena, contributing to the advancement of scientific knowledge and its practical applications.
The Different Types of Variables in Science Experiments:
There are 3 main types of variables in science experiments; independent, dependent, and controlled variables.
1. Independent Variable:
The independent variable is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed in an experiment. The independent variable affects the dependent variable (the one being measured).
Example : In a plant growth experiment, the amount of sunlight the plants receive can be the independent variable. Researchers might expose one group of plants to more sunlight than another group.
2. Dependent Variable:
The dependent variable is the outcome or response that is measured in an experiment. It depends on the changes made to the independent variable.
Example : In the same plant growth experiment, the height of the plants would be the dependent variable. This is what researchers would measure to determine the effect of sunlight on plant growth.
3. Controlled Variable:
Controlled variables, also called constant variables, are the factors in an experiment that are kept constant to ensure that any observed changes in the dependent variable are a result of the manipulation of the independent variable. These are not to be confused with control groups.
In a scientific experiment in chemistry, a control group is a crucial element that serves as a baseline for comparison. The control group is designed to remain unchanged or unaffected by the independent variable, which is the variable being manipulated in the experiment.
The purpose of including a control group is to provide a reference point against which the experimental results can be compared, helping scientists determine whether the observed effects are a result of the independent variable or other external factors.
Example : In the plant growth experiment, factors like soil type, amount of water, type of plant and temperature would be control variables. Keeping these constant ensures that any differences in plant height can be attributed to changes in sunlight.
Science variables in science experiments
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Best resources for reviewing variables in science experiments:
If you’re short on time and would rather buy your resources, then I’ve compiled a list of my favorite resources for teaching and reviewing variables in science experiments below. While there is nothing better than actually doing science experiments, this isn’t feasible every lesson and these resources are great for consolidation of learning:
1. FREE Science Variables Posters : These are perfect as a visual aide in your classroom while also providing lab decorations! Print in A4 or A3 size to make an impact.
2. Variable scenarios worksheet printable : Get your students thinking about variable with these train your pet dragon themed scenarios. Students identify the independent variable, dependent variable and controlled variables in each scenario.
3. Variable Valentines scenarios worksheet printable : Get your students thinking about variables with these cupid Valentine’s Day scenarios. Students identify the independent variable, dependent variable and controlled variables in each scenario.
4. Variable Halloween scenarios worksheet printable : Spook your students with these Halloween themed scenarios. Students identify the independent variable, dependent variable and controlled variables in each scenario.
5. Scientific Method Digital Escape Room : Review all parts of the scientific method with this fun (zero prep) digital escape room!
6. Scientific Method Stations Printable or Sub Lesson : The worst part of being a teacher? Having to still work when you are sick! This science sub lesson plan includes a fully editable lesson plan designed for a substitute teacher to take, including differentiated student worksheets and full teacher answers. This lesson involves learning about all parts of the scientific method, including variables.
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Digital Lab Equipment Escape Room Middle School Science
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Scientific Method Digital Escape Room Science Middle School
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Science Graphing Skills Escape Room Middle School
9 teaching strategies for variables in science experiments.
To help engage students in learning about the different types of scientific variables, it is important to include a range of activities and teaching strategies. Here are some suggestions:
1. Hands-on Experiments: Conducting hands-on experiments is one of the most effective ways to teach students about variables. Provide students with the opportunity to design and conduct their experiments, manipulating and measuring variables to observe outcomes.
Easy science experiments you could include might relate to student heart rate (e.g. before and after exercise), type of ball vs height it bounces, amount of sunlight on the growth of a plant, the strength of an electromagnet (copper wire around a nail) vs the number of coils.
Change things up by sometimes having students identify the independent variable, dependent variable and controlled variables before the experiment, or sometimes afterwards.
Consolidate by graphing results and reinforcing that the independent variable goes alone the x-axis while the dependent variable goes on the y-axis.
2. Teacher Demonstrations:
Use demonstrations to illustrate the concepts of independent, dependent, and controlled variables. For instance, use a simple chemical reaction where the amount of reactant (independent variable) influences the amount of product formed (dependent variable), with temperature and pressure controlled.
3. Case Studies:
Introduce case studies that highlight real-world applications of variables in science experiments. Discuss famous experiments or breakthroughs in science where variables played a crucial role. This approach helps students connect theoretical knowledge to practical situations.
4. Imaginary Situations:
Spark student curiosity and test their understanding of the concept of variables in science experiments by providing imaginary situations or contexts for students to apply their knowledge. Some of my favorites to use are this train your pet dragon and Halloween themed variables in science worksheets.
5. Variable Sorting Activities:
Engage students with sorting activities where they categorize different variables in science experiments into independent, dependent, and controlled variables. This hands-on approach encourages active learning and reinforces their understanding of variable types.
6. Visual Aids:
Utilize visual aids such as charts, graphs, and diagrams to visually represent the relationships between variables. Visualizations can make abstract concepts more tangible and aid in the comprehension of complex ideas.
7. Technology Integration:
Leverage technology to enhance variable teaching. Virtual simulations and interactive apps can provide a dynamic platform for students to manipulate variables in a controlled environment, fostering a deeper understanding of the cause-and-effect relationships.
Websites such as Phet are a great tool to use to model these types of scientific experiments and to identify and manipulate the different variables
8. Group Discussions:
Encourage group discussions where students can share their insights and experiences related to variables in science experiments. This collaborative approach promotes peer learning and allows students to learn from each other’s perspectives.
9. Digital Escape Rooms:
Reinforce learning by using a fun interactive activity like this scientific method digital escape room.
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Body Systems Worksheets, Stations and Activities Bundle
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The Musculoskeletal System Worksheet Stations
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Engaging Cardiovascular System Worksheet Stations
Teaching variables in science experiments is an essential component of science education, laying the groundwork for critical thinking, inquiry skills, and a lifelong appreciation for the scientific method.
By emphasizing the distinctions between independent, dependent, and controlled variables and employing creative teaching strategies, educators can inspire students to become curious, analytical, and scientifically literate individuals.
What are your favorite ways to engage students in learning about the different types of variables in science experiments? Comment below!
Note: Always consult your school’s specific safety guidelines and policies, and seek guidance from experienced colleagues or administrators when in doubt about safety protocols.
Teaching variables in science experiments
About the Author
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Katrina Harte is a multi-award winning educator from Sydney, Australia who specialises in creating resources that support teachers and engage students.
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Independent and Dependent Variables Examples
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The independent and dependent variables are key to any scientific experiment, but how do you tell them apart? Here are the definitions of independent and dependent variables, examples of each type, and tips for telling them apart and graphing them.
Independent Variable
The independent variable is the factor the researcher changes or controls in an experiment. It is called independent because it does not depend on any other variable. The independent variable may be called the “controlled variable” because it is the one that is changed or controlled. This is different from the “ control variable ,” which is variable that is held constant so it won’t influence the outcome of the experiment.
Dependent Variable
The dependent variable is the factor that changes in response to the independent variable. It is the variable that you measure in an experiment. The dependent variable may be called the “responding variable.”
Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables
Here are several examples of independent and dependent variables in experiments:
- In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the independent variable is the length of time spent sleeping while the dependent variable is the test score.
- You want to know which brand of fertilizer is best for your plants. The brand of fertilizer is the independent variable. The health of the plants (height, amount and size of flowers and fruit, color) is the dependent variable.
- You want to compare brands of paper towels, to see which holds the most liquid. The independent variable is the brand of paper towel. The dependent variable is the volume of liquid absorbed by the paper towel.
- You suspect the amount of television a person watches is related to their age. Age is the independent variable. How many minutes or hours of television a person watches is the dependent variable.
- You think rising sea temperatures might affect the amount of algae in the water. The water temperature is the independent variable. The mass of algae is the dependent variable.
- In an experiment to determine how far people can see into the infrared part of the spectrum, the wavelength of light is the independent variable and whether the light is observed is the dependent variable.
- If you want to know whether caffeine affects your appetite, the presence/absence or amount of caffeine is the independent variable. Appetite is the dependent variable.
- You want to know which brand of microwave popcorn pops the best. The brand of popcorn is the independent variable. The number of popped kernels is the dependent variable. Of course, you could also measure the number of unpopped kernels instead.
- You want to determine whether a chemical is essential for rat nutrition, so you design an experiment. The presence/absence of the chemical is the independent variable. The health of the rat (whether it lives and reproduces) is the dependent variable. A follow-up experiment might determine how much of the chemical is needed. Here, the amount of chemical is the independent variable and the rat health is the dependent variable.
How to Tell the Independent and Dependent Variable Apart
If you’re having trouble identifying the independent and dependent variable, here are a few ways to tell them apart. First, remember the dependent variable depends on the independent variable. It helps to write out the variables as an if-then or cause-and-effect sentence that shows the independent variable causes an effect on the dependent variable. If you mix up the variables, the sentence won’t make sense. Example : The amount of eat (independent variable) affects how much you weigh (dependent variable).
This makes sense, but if you write the sentence the other way, you can tell it’s incorrect: Example : How much you weigh affects how much you eat. (Well, it could make sense, but you can see it’s an entirely different experiment.) If-then statements also work: Example : If you change the color of light (independent variable), then it affects plant growth (dependent variable). Switching the variables makes no sense: Example : If plant growth rate changes, then it affects the color of light. Sometimes you don’t control either variable, like when you gather data to see if there is a relationship between two factors. This can make identifying the variables a bit trickier, but establishing a logical cause and effect relationship helps: Example : If you increase age (independent variable), then average salary increases (dependent variable). If you switch them, the statement doesn’t make sense: Example : If you increase salary, then age increases.
How to Graph Independent and Dependent Variables
Plot or graph independent and dependent variables using the standard method. The independent variable is the x-axis, while the dependent variable is the y-axis. Remember the acronym DRY MIX to keep the variables straight: D = Dependent variable R = Responding variable/ Y = Graph on the y-axis or vertical axis M = Manipulated variable I = Independent variable X = Graph on the x-axis or horizontal axis
- Babbie, Earl R. (2009). The Practice of Social Research (12th ed.) Wadsworth Publishing. ISBN 0-495-59841-0.
- di Francia, G. Toraldo (1981). The Investigation of the Physical World . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-29925-1.
- Gauch, Hugh G. Jr. (2003). Scientific Method in Practice . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-01708-4.
- Popper, Karl R. (2003). Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge . Routledge. ISBN 0-415-28594-1.
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Variables are an important part of science projects and experiments. What is a variable? Basically, a variable is any factor that can be controlled, changed, or measured in an experiment. Scientific experiments have several types of variables. The independent and dependent variables are the ones usually plotted on a chart or graph, but there are other types of variables you may encounter.
Types of Variables
- Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in an experiment. Example: In an experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, the independent variable is temperature.
- Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe. The dependent variable gets its name because it is the factor that is dependent on the state of the independent variable . Example: In the experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, solubility would be the dependent variable.
- Controlled Variable: A controlled variable or constant variable is a variable that does not change during an experiment. Example : In the experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, controlled variable could include the source of water used in the experiment, the size and type of containers used to mix chemicals, and the amount of mixing time allowed for each solution.
- Extraneous Variables: Extraneous variables are "extra" variables that may influence the outcome of an experiment but aren't taken into account during measurement. Ideally, these variables won't impact the final conclusion drawn by the experiment, but they may introduce error into scientific results. If you are aware of any extraneous variables, you should enter them in your lab notebook . Examples of extraneous variables include accidents, factors you either can't control or can't measure, and factors you consider unimportant. Every experiment has extraneous variables. Example : You are conducting an experiment to see which paper airplane design flies longest. You may consider the color of the paper to be an extraneous variable. You note in your lab book that different colors of papers were used. Ideally, this variable does not affect your outcome.
Using Variables in Science Experiment
In a science experiment , only one variable is changed at a time (the independent variable) to test how this changes the dependent variable. The researcher may measure other factors that either remain constant or change during the course of the experiment but are not believed to affect its outcome. These are controlled variables. Any other factors that might be changed if someone else conducted the experiment but seemed unimportant should also be noted. Also, any accidents that occur should be recorded. These are extraneous variables.
Variables and Attributes
In science, when a variable is studied, its attribute is recorded. A variable is a characteristic, while an attribute is its state. For example, if eye color is the variable, its attribute might be green, brown, or blue. If height is the variable, its attribute might be 5 m, 2.5 cm, or 1.22 km.
- Earl R. Babbie. The Practice of Social Research , 12th edition. Wadsworth Publishing, 2009.
- Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables
- Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables
- The Difference Between Control Group and Experimental Group
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- A to Z Chemistry Dictionary
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- The Role of a Controlled Variable in an Experiment
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- DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym
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How to teach controlled variable investigations at 11–14
By Primrose Kitten 2021-06-08T10:48:00+01:00
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Get your younger students confident with different types of variables and conducting well-controlled investigations
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Controlling variables is key in real-life contexts such as clinical trials. Here, medical lab scientists are working on samples collected in the Novavax phase 3 Covid-19 vaccine trial
There has never been a better time to talk about controlled variable investigations. The recent introduction of a Covid-19 vaccine has put clinical trials in the press and at the forefront of everyone’s minds. When carrying out clinical trials, scientists need to determine the efficacy of new vaccines. A large part of this is by controlling the variables – such as participant age and gender, medical history, other current medications and even where they live.
Teaching independent investigations to 11–14-year-old students will help them become scientifically literate citizens and young scientists with a passion for the subject.
What students need to know
- The different types of variables: independent variable (what we’re changing); dependent variable (what we’re measuring/observing); control variables (what we’re controlling).
- How to control a variable, the importance of using suitably sized equipment (such as measuring cylinders) and the need to be consistent and accurate in our approach.
- An experiment is only valid if the influence of the independent variable on the dependent variable has been isolated by controlling the other variables.
Download this
A wrong report for students to correct from the Education in Chemistry website: rsc.li/LINK
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An investigation on dissolving sugar includes some deliberate mistakes, which students should identify and correct. Download the wrong report worksheet as MS Word or pdf and the answers as MS Word or pdf .
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Ideas for the classroom
This may seem like an odd confession, but I miss coursework. Not the marking bit, obviously, but I miss students doing the coursework. It was their chance to be a real scientist for a short while, and our chance as teachers to fill them with a love of working in a lab.
Some courses, such as the previous Salters chemistry A-level, had students undertaking a week-long independent investigation in the laboratory. This was a joy to plan and supervise with students and it was excellent university preparation for them too. I started preparing students for this as soon as they started at my school.
Getting students to plan their controlled variable investigations takes a bit more time than giving them a ready-made practical. It also requires the teacher to train students in how to plan a practical, as well as high levels of teacher and technician patience. You may end up running a session with several different variations of the same experiment going on – but it is worth it.
Take the investigation into how sugar dissolves. This is a relatively safe practical to do, so having lots of different variations at the same time shouldn’t cause too much of a headache. Start by posing the question ‘How long does it take for sugar to dissolve?’ Ask your students to discuss what we can measure and what we can change. Some students may need some support to get them going. I like to use the students’ own words, and then introduce the appropriate technical vocabulary later.
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Asking a class of 11-year-olds to list all the control variables might seem like a tricky concept. But by starting them thinking of everything that could be changed, they are developing their concept of control variables naturally.
I love giving my students the chance to develop their own methodology. One group might measure the time to dissolve or the effect of stirring. Another group might look at how much they can dissolve based on changing the type of sugar. Trust me, the classroom never looks as chaotic as this might sound.
![experiments with different variables A cartoon of an experiment using a stopwatch to time sugar dissolving in water](https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/4/1/4/513414_independentvariable01_850263.jpg)
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Use a practical such as dissolving sugar to introduce students to different types of variables
Discuss with your students how all the other variables in the ‘We can change…’ column then become the control variables. Ask them to plan how they will control each of these variables. The lower years may just be able to describe this in basic terms, for example ‘we need to keep the amount of sugar the same.’ Help them to improve their planning by modelling more sophisticated explanations such as ‘we will use 5 g of sugar in each experiment, measured on a mass balance.’ As your students grow in their knowledge, they can expand their thinking and give explanations of why controlling variables is important. For example: ‘the temperature of the water should be controlled, because an increase in temperature may affect the rate of the dissolution.’
This can all take a little longer than just giving them an instruction sheet, but they will learn a lot more. I use one lesson to plan, followed by homework for them to write up. I then collect it in the next lesson, check their work for a sensible method, and then allow them to experiment in the third lesson.
Common misconceptions
Students will need to understand the difference between repeatability and reproducibility. Emphasise that always taking care to control variables will lead to reproducible experiments (they can be replicated by a different group giving similar results) and repeatable experiments (when repeated by the same group, the results will be similar). Point out to students who do not take care of controlling their variables that their results will be inaccurate and that no valid conclusion can be drawn.
![experiments with different variables A photo of high school students in a practical chemistry lesson](https://d1ymz67w5raq8g.cloudfront.net/Pictures/480xAny/4/1/5/513415_gettyimages106457063_417139.jpg)
Source: © Monkey Business Images/Getty Images
Controlling variables will mean that multiple groups conducting the same experiment should get reproducible and repeatable results
Students will commonly equate repeating measurements multiple times with the idea of a ‘fair test’. Explicitly discuss how fair test is a shorthand for ‘a well-controlled investigation’, while repeating measurements allows us to identify anomalies and minimise random errors in our data.
Formative assessment
While I mourn the passing of coursework, I don’t necessarily miss the marking. However, written practical reports are a useful way of having students show they really understand the differences between the variables, the importance of controls and the need to be explicit in how they are controlled. Think carefully about how many of these you ask them to write. A small number of reports per year that you can give high-quality feedback on will have much more impact than lots of reports you don’t have time to mark properly.
You can also make use of ‘wrong reports’, where a ‘student’ has made some mistakes in their planning or write up. Ask your students to identify the errors and write corrections to the work. An example activity on dissolving sugar is available in the downloads.
Progression to 14–16
Students will have many opportunities to carry out controlled investigations during their next stage of education. Use the terminology of ‘independent’, ‘dependent’ and ‘control’ often, including when you are carrying out demonstrations. This will help them appreciate that these variables aren’t just something they have to contend with in their practical work. The variables are a fundamental part of how science works.
Take-home points
- Controlling variables allows us to be more confident in the validity of our conclusions from experiments.
- Take care to emphasise the need to be accurate with language. For example, the difference between reproducibility and repeatability, and the use of the phrase ‘well-controlled investigation’ rather than ‘fair test’.
- Give your students some freedom in making choices on how they carry out practical investigations.
- Well-controlled practical activities will allow students to measure and observe data that supports the concepts they will study later in their school career.
- Applying scientific method
- Asking scientific questions
- Designing experiments
- Developing teaching practice
- Investigation
- Practical skills and safety
- Professional development
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Part of Biology Working scientifically
- A variable is a factor that can be changed in an experiment.
- Identifying control variables, independent and dependent variables is important in making experiments fair.
- Knowing about variables can help you make scientific predictions and test them.
True or false?
When changing the height from which a ball is dropped to see how high it bounces, the height from which it is dropped can be a variable.
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Video - a series of experiments.
Watch this video of a number of experiments being carried out.
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After watching the video, make a note of what is being changed (the independent variable), measured (the dependent variable) and kept the same (the control variables)
Video Transcript Video Transcript
Presenter 2: We want to understand some of the different types of variables. To do this, we are going to run through an experiment.
Presenter 1: For example, what will happen if I put a beaker on top of a candle?
Presenter 2: To investigate this, you need to think about the variables involved to obtain valid results.
Presenter 1: Variables are things that you can change or measure in an experiment.
Presenter 2: The independent variable is the one you change. The dependent variable is what you measure afterwards.
Presenter 1: In this experiment, we need to measure the time it takes to candle to go out. That is our dependent variable.
Students: Are we ready? And…out. OK, 11…
Presenter 2: So, let's change the volume of the beaker and that is our independent variable.
Student 2: Ready to start the time? And… now. The bigger the beaker, the more oxygen can fit in which means it'll last longer,which is proven here.
Presenter 1: To make this a valid experiment, we need to make sure we only change one variable. Other variables are kept the same or controlled. The control variable is the candle, so we have to use identical candles.
Presenter 2: That means a brand new candle each time. We also need to seal the gap between the beaker and the mat to stop air escaping or entering. This helps us ensure only one variable is changing in this experiment.
Presenter 1: And this means our experiment is valid.
Presenter 2: So now, not only can we see the difference between independent and dependent variables, but we can also consider the control variable to ensure a valid experiment.
Planning an experiment
Scientists ask questions to find out more about the world, like ‘how can we get more energy from the sun?’ and ‘how can we cure diseases?’. To answer these questions scientists do experiments. During experiments, factors that can change are called variables .
A variable is anything that can change and be measured. Two important types of variables are:
Independent variables – the variable that is being changed during the experiment
Dependent variables – the variable being tested or measured during the experiment
In an experiment, the effect of changing just one variable on another is tested - testing how the independent variable affects the dependent variable. For this reason, other variables must be controlled so that they don't affect the independent variable. These variables are control variables close control variable A variable which must be kept the same so that the result of the experiment is not affected. .
Making predictions
![experiments with different variables A diagram of three head outlines on a chalkboard. First head has a question mark in. Second head has a lightbulb in. Third head has an exclamation point in.](https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/images/ic/480xn/p09np6c9.png)
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Writing a hypothesis and prediction
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Maths skills for science
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Drawing scientific apparatus
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Ideas for Controlled-Variable Science Projects
Understanding the definition and different types of variables is vital to properly conducting any science experiment. An independent variable is what you intentionally change in order to measure the effect of the dependent variable.To measure both of these, you must also have controlled variables: factors that remain consistent throughout every part of the experiment. Controlled variables ensure that the different elements of an experiment are similar enough that you know what is being changed or tested.
Direct vs. Indirect Sunlight
This experiment checks whether a particular kind of plant prefers direct or indirect sunlight. Get two specimens of the same small plant that can easily be checked on and moved. Put one in an area that receives lots of direct sunlight. Put the other in an area that gets only indirect sunlight. Water both plants the same measured amount and see which grows better. This experiment demonstrates how sunlight affects different kinds of plants, reinforcing the differing needs of different kinds of plant life. The controlled variables in this experiment are the type of plant used and the amount of water received. With different kinds of plants, or inconsistent watering, how well each plant grew might not be a factor of sunlight alone.
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Experiment with what rolls faster by covering one of two planks with a smooth lining like shelf paper and thge other with a rough lining like carpet or astroturf. Place the planks at an angle and roll a tennis or golf ball down each plank simultaneously. Observe which ball reaches the ground first. In most cases, the ball will move fastest on the smooth surface, demonstrating the effect of friction on an object's acceleration. In this experiment, the controlled variable is the angle of the board and the type of ball you roll.
Does Sugar Dissolve Better in Hot Water?
Fill two identical containers with two cups of water each -- one hot and one cold. Add a teaspoon of sugar to each and stir the mixture the same number of times in each container. Use a stopwatch to record how long it takes for a teaspoon of sugar to dissolve in each. In most cases, the sugar will dissolve in the warm water faster, demonstrating that warm mediums -- in which the molecules are moving faster -- dissolve a solid faster than cold mediums. The ratios of water to sugar and the amount of stirring are both controlled variables in this experiment.
Does Water or Vinegar Clean a Penny Better?
Take two dirty pennies and place them in identical shallow containers that can hold liquid. Petri dishes are perfect for this, but a shallow bowl or empty yogurt cup would also work. Cover the penny in one container with 1/8 cup of water, and the other with 1/8 cup of vinegar. After a week, remove the pennies and see which has been cleaned more. The result will usually be that the vinegar cleans the pennies better, demonstrating that a lower-pH solution is better at cleaning discoloration due to oxidation. The volume of liquid and the material of the penny are both controlled variables in this experiment. This experiment is especially good for teaching the concept of a controlled variable if you include a third variable -- how dirty the pennies are.
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Advertisements | » » » , July 15, 2018 updated on June 23, 2019 are factors that influence an experiment or that are of interest as a result. These include variables you change to test a hypothesis, variables you measure to determine results and variables you hold constant to produce a valid experiment. The following are the basic types of variable that are relevant to experiments. An is a variable that is changed as part of an experiment. This can be thought of as the test variable. As the name suggests, the independent variable is ideally designed such that it isn't influenced by the other variables in the experiment. A is a variable that you predict will change when you change the independent variable. This can be thought of as the results of the experiment. An extraneous variable is an undesirable variable that influences the outcome of an experiment but isn't of interest to the research. A situational variable is an aspect of the environment that may influence the experiment. For example, air quality in a health related experiment. A subject variable is an characteristic of subjects being studied in an experiment. For example, the gender of individuals in a health study. Also known as participant variables. A blocking variable is a characteristic of the people conducting the experiment. For example, a plant-based experiment where one researcher is an accomplished gardener and other is terrible with plants. A control variable is an extraneous variable that you hold constant to produce a valid experiment. Extraneous variables that are uncontrolled in your experiment. For example, a health study that doesn't control the diet of participants. A confounding variable is a variable that influences both the independent variable and the dependent variable. For example, stress may make people smoke more and also directly impacts their health. An experiment designed to determinate the effect of a fertilizer on plant growth has the following variables: Fertilizer Plant height, plant weight, number of leaves Plant type, sunlight, water, temperature, air quality, wind Sunlight, water, temperature, air quality, wind [None, only applies to humans not plants.] [None, only one researcher involved] Plant type, sunlight, water, temperature, wind Air quality The fertilizer is water soluble. As such, over watering could cause the fertilizer to run off and would also impact plant growth. This is controlled by watering plants moderately such that there is no runoff.
ExperimentsIndependent VariablesExperiment Controls
Scientific ControlControl group, negative control vs positive control, negative control, innovation process, business model innovation, knowledge economy, adoption rate, early adopters, research & development, entrepreneurship, new articles. Identifying Variables![]() Three types of tomatoes (MOs810, Wikimedia Commons) How does this align with my curriculum?
Share on: facebook X/Twitter LinkedIn PinterestLearn how scientists define independent, dependent and controlled variables in experimental inquiry. As was mentioned in the Asking Testable Questions backgrounder, testable questions define the variables. In other words, what is being changed and what is to be kept constant, in an experimental inquiry. What are variables in an experimental inquiry?Scientists often use experimental inquiries to observe cause and effect relationships. In order to do so, scientists aim to make one change (the cause or independent variable ) in order to determine if the variable is causing what is observed (the effect or dependent variable ). An experimental inquiry typically has three main types of variables: an independent variable, a dependent variable and controlled variables. We will look at each of these three types of variables and how they are related to experimental inquiries involving plants. Independent VariablesThe independent variable, also known as the experimental treatment , is the difference or change in the experimental conditions that is chosen by the scientist (the cause). To ensure a fair test , a good experimental inquiry only has one independent variable and that variable should be something that can be measured quantitatively. For example, experimental inquiries about plants may include such independent variables as:
Dependent VariablesWhen a scientist chooses an independent variable (the cause), that person anticipates a certain response (the effect). This response is known as the dependent variable. The dependent variable should be something that is observable and measurable. Like the independent variable, an experimental inquiry should only have one dependent variable. For example, experimental inquiries about plants may include such dependent variables as:
Testable QuestionHow does the volume of water affect the number of days it takes for a tomato plant to flower? ![]() Shown is a colour illustration explaining the relationship between an independent and a dependent variable. On the left is a blue oval with the word "Cause" inside it. This is labelled "Independent Variable" at the top, and "E.g., volume of water" below. On the right is a green rectangle with the word "Effect" inside. This is labelled "Dependent Variable" at the top, and "E.g., days to flowering" below. A red arrow points from cause on the left to the effect on the right. Controlled VariablesIn order for a scientist to ensure that only the independent variable is affecting the dependent variable, all the other factors acting upon the test situation (or test subjects) must be kept constant. The factors that must be kept the same are called the controlled variables , or constant variables. In a given inquiry, there may be one or more variables that will need to be kept constant. For example, for an experimental inquiry in which you are interested in how the volume of water (independent variable) affects the days to flowering (dependent variable), you would want to keep constant:
![]() Shown is a colour photograph of tomato plants in a greenhouse. Rows of tomato plants on both sides of the photograph stretch into the distance. Light comes in through a translucent ceiling. The plants are thick with green leaves. Tomato fruit is visible at the bottom of each plant. Most of the fruit is red and some is green. A failure to control variables other than the independent variable will mean that you will not know which factor is actually causing the effects you see. In the example above, if some of the plants were sitting closer to the window than others, the differential exposure to light could be affecting the number of days to flowering, rather than the volume of water. For more about designing experiments, see: Setting Up a Fair Test What are the variables in Tomatosphere™?In the Seed Investigation, students investigate the germination rates of tomato seeds that have been to space (or exposed to space-like conditions) with seeds that have remained on Earth. The testable question in the Seed Investigation is: HOW DOES EXPOSURE TO THE SPACE ENVIRONMENT OR SPACE-LIKE CONDITIONS AFFECT THE GERMINATION RATE OF TOMATO SEEDS? Independent variable: type of seeds used - Earth seeds versus space seeds (sometimes seeds are treated to space-like conditions in years when seeds do not go to space) Dependent variable: number of seeds that germinate Guided PracticeHave students read the following questions and determine the independent, dependent and potential controlled variables.
In their own words, have students define the terms “Independent variable,” “Dependent variable,” and “Controlled variable.” Have students brainstorm the variables that should be controlled in the Seed Investigation (e.g., quantity of water, type of soil, type of planting container, temperature, etc.). Have the students think about the Seed Investigation and brainstorm variables that may not be controllable (e.g., giving plants different amounts of water, some plants being closer to a heat vent than others, using different types of soil, etc.).
What are variables? How to use them in your science projects This page from Science Buddies explains different sorts of variables and how to use them to answer sample questions. Controlled Variables This article by Explorable covers variables, control groups, and the value of consistency. What are Independent and Dependent Variables? (2019) This article by ThoughtCo explains how to tell the difference between independent and dependent variables, and how to plot variables on a graph. Identifying and Controlling Variables in Scientific Investigations (2015) This video (3:16 min.) from SciExperiment Basics explains how to identify and control variables in a scientific inquiry. Related Topics
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By signing in, you agree to our Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy . We'll see you in your inbox soon. Types of Variables in Science Experiments![]()
The world is full of variables. Science experiments study these different types of variables to find cause and effect relationships. Explore different variables you can expect in your experiments. Different Types of Variables in ScienceAs a budding scientist, you want to learn about the world around you. To do that, it is important to explore cause and effect relationships. You even try to predict what will happen through your hypothesis. To test your hypothesis , you need an experiment with a variable. Variables are the factors, traits, and conditions you can modify and measure. You’ll find different variables in all types of subjects. But, the most common variables found in a science experiment include dependent, independent , and controlled. Check out what each is through examples. Independent VariableIn an experiment, you need some type of control. Being able to modify a variable is important to study the effects. The variable you control is called your independent variable . Speaking of cause and effect, the independent variable is your cause. This variable doesn’t rely on any other variables. It is like an adult in that it is free from outside control of the other variables. Examples of independent variables include:
Dependent VariablesThe dependent variable is your effect. When it comes to an experiment, dependent variables are what you change or measure. It is dependent on your other variables. For example:
Control VariablesWhen doing a science experiment, some variables need to remain constant. These are your control variables . By keeping a variable constant, you ensure your results remain accurate. If you have an experiment without a control, then you can’t be completely sure of the cause and effect. To help you understand this concept, look at our examples.
Other Types of VariablesWhile the big three are typically what you think about when it comes to an experiment, they are not the only variables. However, the other variables that can affect a scientific experiment are a bit harder to explain. Intervening VariablesWhen it comes to intervening variables , they’re hard to define because they aren’t as straightforward as dependent, independent, and controlled variables. These variables are abstract correlations between your dependent and independent variables you can’t observe in research. For example:
Extraneous VariablesThere are some variables you aren’t going to look at in your study called the extraneous variables . They aren’t the independent variables, but they are uncontrolled variables that might cause unintended changes to your results.
Studying Different Types of VariablesWhen it comes to your science experiment, there are a lot of variables to think about. These include not only the variables you’re studying, but also the ones you aren’t. Dive more into fun science topics by looking at genetic engineering and genotypes . Have a language expert improve your writingRun a free plagiarism check in 10 minutes, generate accurate citations for free.
Methodology
Guide to Experimental Design | Overview, 5 steps & ExamplesPublished on December 3, 2019 by Rebecca Bevans . Revised on June 21, 2023. Experiments are used to study causal relationships . You manipulate one or more independent variables and measure their effect on one or more dependent variables. Experimental design create a set of procedures to systematically test a hypothesis . A good experimental design requires a strong understanding of the system you are studying. There are five key steps in designing an experiment:
For valid conclusions, you also need to select a representative sample and control any extraneous variables that might influence your results. If random assignment of participants to control and treatment groups is impossible, unethical, or highly difficult, consider an observational study instead. This minimizes several types of research bias, particularly sampling bias , survivorship bias , and attrition bias as time passes. Table of contentsStep 1: define your variables, step 2: write your hypothesis, step 3: design your experimental treatments, step 4: assign your subjects to treatment groups, step 5: measure your dependent variable, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about experiments. You should begin with a specific research question . We will work with two research question examples, one from health sciences and one from ecology: To translate your research question into an experimental hypothesis, you need to define the main variables and make predictions about how they are related. Start by simply listing the independent and dependent variables .
Then you need to think about possible extraneous and confounding variables and consider how you might control them in your experiment.
Finally, you can put these variables together into a diagram. Use arrows to show the possible relationships between variables and include signs to show the expected direction of the relationships. ![]() Here we predict that increasing temperature will increase soil respiration and decrease soil moisture, while decreasing soil moisture will lead to decreased soil respiration. Here's why students love Scribbr's proofreading servicesDiscover proofreading & editing Now that you have a strong conceptual understanding of the system you are studying, you should be able to write a specific, testable hypothesis that addresses your research question.
The next steps will describe how to design a controlled experiment . In a controlled experiment, you must be able to:
If your study system doesn’t match these criteria, there are other types of research you can use to answer your research question. How you manipulate the independent variable can affect the experiment’s external validity – that is, the extent to which the results can be generalized and applied to the broader world. First, you may need to decide how widely to vary your independent variable.
Second, you may need to choose how finely to vary your independent variable. Sometimes this choice is made for you by your experimental system, but often you will need to decide, and this will affect how much you can infer from your results.
How you apply your experimental treatments to your test subjects is crucial for obtaining valid and reliable results. First, you need to consider the study size : how many individuals will be included in the experiment? In general, the more subjects you include, the greater your experiment’s statistical power , which determines how much confidence you can have in your results. Then you need to randomly assign your subjects to treatment groups . Each group receives a different level of the treatment (e.g. no phone use, low phone use, high phone use). You should also include a control group , which receives no treatment. The control group tells us what would have happened to your test subjects without any experimental intervention. When assigning your subjects to groups, there are two main choices you need to make:
RandomizationAn experiment can be completely randomized or randomized within blocks (aka strata):
Sometimes randomization isn’t practical or ethical , so researchers create partially-random or even non-random designs. An experimental design where treatments aren’t randomly assigned is called a quasi-experimental design . Between-subjects vs. within-subjectsIn a between-subjects design (also known as an independent measures design or classic ANOVA design), individuals receive only one of the possible levels of an experimental treatment. In medical or social research, you might also use matched pairs within your between-subjects design to make sure that each treatment group contains the same variety of test subjects in the same proportions. In a within-subjects design (also known as a repeated measures design), every individual receives each of the experimental treatments consecutively, and their responses to each treatment are measured. Within-subjects or repeated measures can also refer to an experimental design where an effect emerges over time, and individual responses are measured over time in order to measure this effect as it emerges. Counterbalancing (randomizing or reversing the order of treatments among subjects) is often used in within-subjects designs to ensure that the order of treatment application doesn’t influence the results of the experiment.
Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.Finally, you need to decide how you’ll collect data on your dependent variable outcomes. You should aim for reliable and valid measurements that minimize research bias or error. Some variables, like temperature, can be objectively measured with scientific instruments. Others may need to be operationalized to turn them into measurable observations.
How precisely you measure your dependent variable also affects the kinds of statistical analysis you can use on your data. Experiments are always context-dependent, and a good experimental design will take into account all of the unique considerations of your study system to produce information that is both valid and relevant to your research question. If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Research bias
Experimental design means planning a set of procedures to investigate a relationship between variables . To design a controlled experiment, you need:
When designing the experiment, you decide:
Experimental design is essential to the internal and external validity of your experiment. The key difference between observational studies and experimental designs is that a well-done observational study does not influence the responses of participants, while experiments do have some sort of treatment condition applied to at least some participants by random assignment . A confounding variable , also called a confounder or confounding factor, is a third variable in a study examining a potential cause-and-effect relationship. A confounding variable is related to both the supposed cause and the supposed effect of the study. It can be difficult to separate the true effect of the independent variable from the effect of the confounding variable. In your research design , it’s important to identify potential confounding variables and plan how you will reduce their impact. In a between-subjects design , every participant experiences only one condition, and researchers assess group differences between participants in various conditions. In a within-subjects design , each participant experiences all conditions, and researchers test the same participants repeatedly for differences between conditions. The word “between” means that you’re comparing different conditions between groups, while the word “within” means you’re comparing different conditions within the same group. An experimental group, also known as a treatment group, receives the treatment whose effect researchers wish to study, whereas a control group does not. They should be identical in all other ways. Cite this Scribbr articleIf you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. Bevans, R. (2023, June 21). Guide to Experimental Design | Overview, 5 steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved June 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/experimental-design/ Is this article helpful?Rebecca BevansOther students also liked, random assignment in experiments | introduction & examples, quasi-experimental design | definition, types & examples, how to write a lab report, what is your plagiarism score. ![]()
Experimental Design - Independent, Dependent, and Controlled VariablesTo view these resources with no ads, please login or subscribe to help support our content development. school subscriptions can access more than 175 downloadable unit bundles in our store for free (a value of $1,500). district subscriptions provide huge group discounts for their schools. email for a quote: [email protected] .. Scientific experiments are meant to show cause and effect of a phenomena (relationships in nature). The “ variables ” are any factor, trait, or condition that can be changed in the experiment and that can have an effect on the outcome of the experiment. An experiment can have three kinds of variables: i ndependent, dependent, and controlled .
For example, let’s design an experiment with two plants sitting in the sun side by side. The controlled variables (or constants) are that at the beginning of the experiment, the plants are the same size, get the same amount of sunlight, experience the same ambient temperature and are in the same amount and consistency of soil (the weight of the soil and container should be measured before the plants are added). The independent variable is that one plant is getting watered (1 cup of water) every day and one plant is getting watered (1 cup of water) once a week. The dependent variables are the changes in the two plants that the scientist observes over time. ![]() Can you describe the dependent variable that may result from this experiment? After four weeks, the dependent variable may be that one plant is taller, heavier and more developed than the other. These results can be recorded and graphed by measuring and comparing both plants’ height, weight (removing the weight of the soil and container recorded beforehand) and a comparison of observable foliage. Using What You Learned: Design another experiment using the two plants, but change the independent variable. Can you describe the dependent variable that may result from this new experiment? Think of another simple experiment and name the independent, dependent, and controlled variables. Use the graphic organizer included in the PDF below to organize your experiment's variables. Please Login or Subscribe to access downloadable content. Citing Research ReferencesWhen you research information you must cite the reference. Citing for websites is different from citing from books, magazines and periodicals. The style of citing shown here is from the MLA Style Citations (Modern Language Association). When citing a WEBSITE the general format is as follows. Author Last Name, First Name(s). "Title: Subtitle of Part of Web Page, if appropriate." Title: Subtitle: Section of Page if appropriate. Sponsoring/Publishing Agency, If Given. Additional significant descriptive information. Date of Electronic Publication or other Date, such as Last Updated. Day Month Year of access < URL >. Here is an example of citing this page:Amsel, Sheri. "Experimental Design - Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables" Exploring Nature Educational Resource ©2005-2024. March 25, 2024 < http://www.exploringnature.org/db/view/Experimental-Design-Independent-Dependent-and-Controlled-Variables > Exploringnature.org has more than 2,000 illustrated animals. Read about them, color them, label them, learn to draw them.![]() ![]() In order to continue enjoying our site, we ask that you confirm your identity as a human. Thank you very much for your cooperation.
![]() Types of Variables – A Comprehensive GuidePublished by Carmen Troy at August 14th, 2021 , Revised On October 26, 2023 A variable is any qualitative or quantitative characteristic that can change and have more than one value, such as age, height, weight, gender, etc. Before conducting research, it’s essential to know what needs to be measured or analysed and choose a suitable statistical test to present your study’s findings. In most cases, you can do it by identifying the key issues/variables related to your research’s main topic. Example: If you want to test whether the hybridisation of plants harms the health of people. You can use the key variables like agricultural techniques, type of soil, environmental factors, types of pesticides used, the process of hybridisation, type of yield obtained after hybridisation, type of yield without hybridisation, etc. Variables are broadly categorised into:
Independent Vs. Dependent Vs. Control Variable |
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The two key variables in science are the independent and dependent variable, but there are other types of variables that are important. In a science experiment, a variable is any factor, attribute, or value that describes an object or situation and is subject to change. An experiment uses the scientific method to test a hypothesis and establish whether or not there is a cause and effect ...
Give each rabbit a different diet: one of only fresh vegetables such as lettuce, carrots and celery; feed the other rabbit pellets from the pet store. The controlled variable in this experiment would be the weight in food each rabbit receives even though the type of food is different. Record the height, weight and length of the two rabbits each ...
The Role of Variables in Research. In scientific research, variables serve several key functions: Define Relationships: Variables allow researchers to investigate the relationships between different factors and characteristics, providing insights into the underlying mechanisms that drive phenomena and outcomes. Establish Comparisons: By manipulating and comparing variables, scientists can ...
The Different Types of Variables in Science Experiments: There are 3 main types of variables in science experiments; independent, dependent, and controlled variables. 1. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed in an experiment.
Parts of the experiment: Independent vs dependent variables. Experiments are usually designed to find out what effect one variable has on another - in our example, the effect of salt addition on plant growth.. You manipulate the independent variable (the one you think might be the cause) and then measure the dependent variable (the one you think might be the effect) to find out what this ...
Here are several examples of independent and dependent variables in experiments: In a study to determine whether how long a student sleeps affects test scores, the independent variable is the length of time spent sleeping while the dependent variable is the test score. You want to know which brand of fertilizer is best for your plants.
Types of Variables. Independent Variable: The independent variable is the one condition that you change in an experiment. Example: In an experiment measuring the effect of temperature on solubility, the independent variable is temperature. Dependent Variable: The dependent variable is the variable that you measure or observe.
In science, a variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. Scientists try to figure out how the natural world works.To do this they use experiments to search for cause and effect relationships. Cause and effect relationships explain why things happen and allow you to reliably predict the outcomes of ...
In science, a variable is anything that can change or be different. It can be a thing (like a shirt or a jacket), a characteristic (like rough or smooth), or a situation (like sunny or cloudy). Scientists want to know how things work. They want to understand why things happen and use that information to predict what will happen in the future.
Students will need to understand the difference between repeatability and reproducibility. Emphasise that always taking care to control variables will lead to reproducible experiments (they can be replicated by a different group giving similar results) and repeatable experiments (when repeated by the same group, the results will be similar).
During experiments, factors that can change are called variables. A variable is anything that can change and be measured. Two important types of variables are: Independent variables - the ...
Understanding the definition and different types of variables is vital to properly conducting any science experiment. An independent variable is what you intentionally change in order to measure the effect of the dependent variable.To measure both of these, you must also have controlled variables: factors that remain consistent throughout every part of the experiment.
A variable is any factor, trait, or condition that can exist in differing amounts or types. An experiment usually has three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled. The independent variableis the one that is changed by the scientist. To insure a fair test, a good experiment has only one independent variable.
The following are the basic types of variable that are relevant to experiments. Independent Variables An independent variable is a variable that is changed as part of an experiment. This can be thought of as the test variable. As the name suggests, the independent variable is ideally designed such that it isn't influenced by the other variables ...
Independent Variables. The independent variable, also known as the experimental treatment, is the difference or change in the experimental conditions that is chosen by the scientist (the cause). To ensure a fair test, a good experimental inquiry only has one independent variable and that variable should be something that can be measured ...
All types of variables can affect your science experiment. Get information about independent, dependent, control, intervening, and extraneous variables. ... are the factors, traits, and conditions you can modify and measure. You'll find different variables in all types of subjects. But, the most common variables found in a science experiment ...
Table of contents. Step 1: Define your variables. Step 2: Write your hypothesis. Step 3: Design your experimental treatments. Step 4: Assign your subjects to treatment groups. Step 5: Measure your dependent variable. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about experiments.
Scientific experiments are meant to show cause and effect of a phenomena (relationships in nature). The "variables" are any factor, trait, or condition that can be changed in the experiment and that can have an effect on the outcome of the experiment. An experiment can have three kinds of variables: independent, dependent, and controlled.. The independent variable is one single factor that ...
A variable is the changing part of an experiment, and can have many different possible values. In general, scientists try to only change one variable at a time in an experiment, so that the effect ...
It means one level of a categorical variable cannot be considered better or greater than another level. Example: Gender, brands, colors, zip codes. The categorical variable is further categorised into three types: Type of variable. Definition. Example. Dichotomous (Binary) Variable.
Example: In the plant experiment, the growth of the plant is the dependent variable because it's what you measure to see how much the plant has grown based on the different amounts of water. My Independent and Dependent Variables Resource has a foldable, interactive vocabulary activity that helps students understand the concept of variables.
Independent and Dependent Variables, Explained With Examples. Written by MasterClass. Last updated: Mar 21, 2022 • 4 min read. In experiments that test cause and effect, two types of variables come into play. One is an independent variable and the other is a dependent variable, and together they play an integral role in research design.
Below are many of the common and some less common variable types used in scientific experiments and statistical studies. Included is a brief overview of what that variable type measures. Active variable. An active variable is a variable that can be manipulated by those running the experiment. Antecedent variable.
3.1 Effect of Mill Parameters. Figure 1 shows the particle size distributions of milled products at different times using 1.0 mm grinding balls and a rotation speed of 1000 rpm. The bimodal size distribution was observed, especially at long milling times. The presence of two peaks, at fine size range and coarse size range, is an indicator of the simultaneous existence of particle deformation ...