introduction of computers in essay

Essay on Computer and its Uses for School Students and Children

500+ words essay on computer.

In this essay on computer, we are going to discuss some useful things about computers. The modern-day computer has become an important part of our daily life. Also, their usage has increased much fold during the last decade. Nowadays, they use the computer in every office whether private or government. Mankind is using computers for over many decades now. Also, they are used in many fields like agriculture, designing, machinery making, defense and many more. Above all, they have revolutionized the whole world.

History of Computers

It is very difficult to find the exact origin of computers. But according to some experts computer exists at the time of world war-II. Also, at that time they were used for keeping data. But, it was for only government use and not for public use. Above all, in the beginning, the computer was a very large and heavy machine.

Working of a Computer

The computer runs on a three-step cycle namely input, process, and output. Also, the computer follows this cycle in every process it was asked to do. In simple words, the process can be explained in this way. The data which we feed into the computer is input, the work CPU do is process and the result which the computer give is output.

Components and Types of Computer

The simple computer basically consists of CPU, monitor, mouse, and keyboard . Also, there are hundreds of other computer parts that can be attached to it. These other parts include a printer, laser pen, scanner , etc.

The computer is categorized into many different types like supercomputers, mainframes, personal computers (desktop), PDAs, laptop, etc. The mobile phone is also a type of computer because it fulfills all the criteria of being a computer.

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Uses of Computer in Various Fields

As the usage of computer increased it became a necessity for almost every field to use computers for their operations. Also, they have made working and sorting things easier. Below we are mentioning some of the important fields that use a computer in their daily operation.

Medical Field

They use computers to diagnose diseases, run tests and for finding the cure for deadly diseases . Also, they are able to find a cure for many diseases because of computers.

Whether it’s scientific research, space research or any social research computers help in all of them. Also, due to them, we are able to keep a check on the environment , space, and society. Space research helped us to explore the galaxies. While scientific research has helped us to locate resources and various other useful resources from the earth.

For any country, his defence is most important for the safety and security of its people. Also, computer in this field helps the country’s security agencies to detect a threat which can be harmful in the future. Above all the defense industry use them to keep surveillance on our enemy.

Threats from a Computer

Computers have become a necessity also, they have become a threat too. This is due to hackers who steal your private data and leak them on internet. Also, anyone can access this data. Apart from that, there are other threats like viruses, spams, bug and many other problems.

The computer is a very important machine that has become a useful part of our life. Also, the computers have twin-faces on one side it’s a boon and on the other side, it’s a bane. Its uses completely depend upon you. Apart from that, a day in the future will come when human civilization won’t be able to survive without computers as we depend on them too much. Till now it is a great discovery of mankind that has helped in saving thousands and millions of lives.

Frequently Asked Questions on Computer

Q.1 What is a computer?

A.1 A computer is an electronic device or machine that makes our work easier. Also, they help us in many ways.

Q.2 Mention various fields where computers are used?

A.2 Computers are majorly used in defense, medicine, and for research purposes.

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Essay on Computer

Here we have shared the Essay on Computer in detail so you can use it in your exam or assignment of 150, 250, 400, 500, or 1000 words.

You can use this Essay on Computer in any assignment or project whether you are in school (class 10th or 12th), college, or preparing for answer writing in competitive exams.

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Essay on Computer in 150 words

Essay on computer in 200-300 words.

Essay on Computer in 500 words

Computers have revolutionized our lives, becoming essential tools for communication, work, and access to information. They have simplified tasks, increased efficiency, and opened up new possibilities. The internet, accessible through computers, has connected people globally, changing the way we socialize and access entertainment. Industries such as healthcare and finance have been transformed by computers, improving accuracy and decision-making. However, challenges such as cybersecurity threats and privacy concerns exist. In conclusion, computers have profoundly impacted society, enhancing productivity and connectivity. Their role in education, business, and research is undeniable. While enjoying the benefits of computers, it is important to address the challenges they present and ensure responsible and secure use. Computers are a fundamental part of our lives, shaping the way we live, work, and interact with the world.

Computers have become an integral part of our modern world. They have revolutionized the way we live, work, and communicate. A computer is an electronic device that processes and stores data, performs tasks, and enables us to access information from around the world.

Computers have transformed various aspects of our lives. They have simplified tasks, increased efficiency, and opened up new possibilities for creativity and innovation. From personal computers to laptops, tablets, and smartphones, these devices have become essential tools in education, business, entertainment, and research.

The internet made accessible through computers, has connected people globally, enabling instant communication, sharing of information, and collaboration across borders. Online platforms and applications have changed the way we socialize, shop, and access entertainment.

Computers have also revolutionized industries such as healthcare, finance, and transportation, improving efficiency, accuracy, and decision-making. They play a vital role in scientific research, data analysis, and simulations.

However, the rapid advancement of technology has also brought challenges. Cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns, and the digital divide are important issues that need to be addressed.

In conclusion, computers have transformed the world, making tasks easier, connecting people globally, and enabling advancements in various fields. Their impact on society is profound, with both positive and negative consequences. As technology continues to evolve, it is crucial to embrace its benefits while also addressing the challenges it presents. Computers have undoubtedly become an indispensable part of our lives, shaping the way we live and interact with the world.

Essay on Computer in 500-1000 words

Title: The Computer Revolution – Transforming Lives, Empowering Innovation

Introduction :

The computer has undoubtedly become an integral part of our modern world, revolutionizing the way we live, work, and communicate. This essay explores the profound impact of computers on society, delving into their history, evolution, and the transformative role they play in various aspects of our lives. From personal computers to smartphones and cloud computing, the computer has become an indispensable tool in education, business, healthcare, entertainment, and research. However, as computers continue to advance, challenges such as cybersecurity threats and privacy concerns arise, necessitating responsible use and the development of ethical frameworks.

The Evolution of Computers

The computer, as we know it today, has a rich history that dates back several decades. From the early mechanical devices to modern digital computers, the evolution of computers has been driven by advancements in technology and the quest for increased computational power and efficiency. Pioneers such as Charles Babbage, Alan Turing, and Grace Hopper laid the foundation for modern computing, introducing concepts like programmability and binary code.

Computing in Education

Computers have transformed the landscape of education. They have become essential tools for students, educators, and researchers. Computers facilitate online learning, providing access to vast amounts of educational resources, interactive tutorials, and collaborative platforms. They enable personalized learning experiences, adaptive assessments, and distance education, making education accessible to a wider audience. Additionally, computers enhance productivity, allowing students to complete assignments, conduct research, and communicate with peers and teachers more efficiently.

Computers in Business

The business world has been revolutionized by computers. From small startups to multinational corporations, computers have become indispensable for efficient operations, data management, and communication. They enable streamlined processes, data analysis, and decision-making. Computers have transformed various industries, including finance, marketing, supply chain management, and customer service. With the advent of e-commerce, computers have opened up new avenues for online businesses and global trade. The digitalization of business processes has increased efficiency, reduced costs, and facilitated global collaborations.

Computers in Healthcare

Computers have significantly impacted the healthcare industry, improving patient care, diagnostics, and research. Electronic health records (EHRs) enable secure storage and efficient retrieval of patient information, reducing errors and improving healthcare delivery. Computer-aided diagnostics and medical imaging technologies have enhanced accuracy and speed in detecting diseases. Telemedicine and telehealth have extended healthcare access to remote areas, allowing patients to consult with healthcare professionals virtually. Additionally, computers play a vital role in medical research, enabling data analysis, simulations, and drug discovery.

The Role of Computers in Entertainment and Media

Computers have transformed the entertainment and media industry. From digital streaming platforms to online gaming, computers have revolutionized the way we consume and create content. They enable immersive virtual reality experiences, computer-generated imagery (CGI) in movies, and interactive storytelling. Social media platforms provide avenues for self-expression, communication, and content sharing. Computers have democratized content creation, allowing individuals to create and distribute their work on platforms like YouTube, blogs, and podcasts.

Challenges and Concerns

While computers offer immense benefits, they also present challenges and concerns. Cybersecurity threats, such as hacking and identity theft, pose risks to individuals and organizations. Privacy concerns arise as personal data becomes more accessible and vulnerable to misuse. Additionally, the digital divide creates disparities in access to technology, limiting opportunities for certain populations. It is crucial to address these challenges through robust cybersecurity measures, privacy regulations, and efforts to bridge the digital divide.

Conclusion :

The computer revolution has transformed our lives, empowering innovation, enhancing productivity, and connecting people across the globe. Computers have revolutionized education, business, healthcare, and entertainment, enabling advancements and opening up new possibilities. However, as technology continues to evolve, it is important to address challenges such as cybersecurity threats, privacy concerns, and the digital divide. Responsible use, ethical frameworks, and continuous efforts to enhance cybersecurity and privacy safeguards are necessary to harness the full potential of computers. With responsible usage and thoughtful integration into various sectors, computers will continue to shape our world, fostering progress, innovation, and connectivity.

The History of Computers: An Essay

Introduction: the dawn of computing, the mechanical beginnings: from abacus to analytical engine, the birth of binary logic and its impact on computing, the era of innovations: babbage to the first relay computer, the advent of electronic computing: world war ii and beyond, the transition to transistors: the second generation of computers, integrated circuits and minicomputers: the third generation, the microprocessor revolution: the fourth generation and personal computing, conclusion: the future of computing and its infinite possibilities.

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Essay on Computer

500+ words essay on computer.

A computer is an electronic device that performs complex calculations. It is a wonderful product of modern technology. Nowadays, computers have become a significant part of our life. Whether it is in the sector of education or health, computers are used everywhere. Our progress is entirely dependent on computers powered by the latest technology. This ‘Essay on Computer’ also covers the history of computers as well as their uses in different sectors. By going through the ‘Computer’ Essay in English, students will get an idea of writing a good Essay on Computers. After practising this essay, they will be able to write essays on other topics related to computers, such as the ‘Uses of Computer’ Essay.

The invention of the computer has made our lives easier. The device is used for many purposes, such as securing information, messages, data processing, software programming, calculations, etc. A desktop computer has a CPU, UPS, monitor, keyboard, and mouse to work. A laptop is a modern form of computer in which all the components are inbuilt into a single device. Earlier, computers were not so fast and powerful. After thorough and meticulous research and work by various scientists, modern-day computers have come up.

History of Computers

The history of computer development is often used to reference the different generations of computing devices. Each generation of computers is characterised by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers work. Most of the major developments from the 1940s to the present day have resulted in increasingly smaller, more powerful, faster, cheaper and more efficient computing devices.

The evolution of computer technology is often divided into five generations. These five generations of computers are as follows:

Uses of Computers

Computers are used in various fields. Some of the applications are

1. Business

A computer can perform a high-speed calculation more efficiently and accurately, due to which it is used in all business organisations. In business, computers are used for:

Payroll calculations
Sales analysis
Maintenance of stocks
Managing employee databases

2. Education

Computers are very useful in the education system. Especially now, during the COVID time, online education has become the need of the hour. There are miscellaneous ways through which an institution can use computers to educate students.

3. Health Care

Computers have become an important part of hospitals, labs and dispensaries. They are used for the scanning and diagnosis of different diseases. Computerised machines do scans, which include ECG, EEG, ultrasound and CT Scan, etc. Moreover, they are used in hospitals to keep records of patients and medicines.

Computers are largely used in defence. The military employs computerised control systems, modern tanks, missiles, weapons, etc. It uses computers for communication, operation and planning, smart weapons, etc.

5. Government

Computers play an important role in government services. Some major fields are:

Computation of male/female ratio
Computerisation of PAN card
Income Tax Department
Weather forecasting
Computerisation of voters’ lists
Sales Tax Department

6. Communication

Communication is a way to convey an idea, a message, a picture, a speech or any form of text, audio or video clip. Computers are capable of doing so. Through computers, we can send an email, chat with each other, do video conferencing, etc.

Nowadays, to a large extent, banking is dependent on computers. Banks provide an online accounting facility, which includes checking current balances, making deposits and overdrafts, checking interest charges, shares, trustee records, etc. The ATM machines, which are fully automated, use computers, making it easier for customers to deal with banking transactions.

8. Marketing

In marketing, computers are mainly used for advertising and home shopping.

Similarly, there are various other applications of computers in other fields, such as insurance, engineering, design, etc.

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Frequently asked Questions on Computer Essay

How has the invention of the computer been useful to students.

Easy and ready access to information has been possible (internet) with the invention of the computer.

How to start writing an essay on a computer?

Before writing an essay, first plan the topics, sub-topics and main points which are going to be included in the body of the essay. Then, structure the content accordingly and check for information and examples.

How to use the computer to browse for information on essays?

Various search engines are available, like Google, where plenty of information can be obtained regarding essays and essay structures.

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Analog calculators: from Napier’s logarithms to the slide rule

Digital calculators: from the calculating clock to the arithmometer, the jacquard loom.

The Difference Engine
The Analytical Engine
Ada Lovelace, the first programmer
Herman Hollerith’s census tabulator
Other early business machine companies
Vannevar Bush’s Differential Analyzer
Howard Aiken’s digital calculators
The Turing machine
The Atanasoff-Berry Computer
The first computer network
Konrad Zuse
Bigger brains
Von Neumann’s “Preliminary Discussion”
The first stored-program machines
Machine language
Zuse’s Plankalkül
Interpreters
Grace Murray Hopper
IBM develops FORTRAN
Control programs
The IBM 360
Time-sharing from Project MAC to UNIX
Minicomputers
Integrated circuits
The Intel 4004
Early computer enthusiasts
The hobby market expands
From Star Trek to Microsoft
Application software
Commodore and Tandy enter the field
The graphical user interface
The IBM Personal Computer
Microsoft’s Windows operating system
Workstation computers
Embedded systems
Handheld digital devices
The Internet
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Ubiquitous computing

What is a computer?
Who invented the computer?
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History of computing

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University of Rhode Island - College of Arts and Sciences - Department of Computer Science and Statistics - History of Computers
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Engineering LibreTexts - What is a computer?
Computer Hope - What is a Computer?
computer - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
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Table Of Contents

A computer might be described with deceptive simplicity as “an apparatus that performs routine calculations automatically.” Such a definition would owe its deceptiveness to a naive and narrow view of calculation as a strictly mathematical process. In fact, calculation underlies many activities that are not normally thought of as mathematical. Walking across a room, for instance, requires many complex, albeit subconscious, calculations. Computers, too, have proved capable of solving a vast array of problems, from balancing a checkbook to even—in the form of guidance systems for robots—walking across a room.

Before the true power of computing could be realized, therefore, the naive view of calculation had to be overcome. The inventors who labored to bring the computer into the world had to learn that the thing they were inventing was not just a number cruncher, not merely a calculator. For example, they had to learn that it was not necessary to invent a new computer for every new calculation and that a computer could be designed to solve numerous problems, even problems not yet imagined when the computer was built. They also had to learn how to tell such a general problem-solving computer what problem to solve. In other words, they had to invent programming.

They had to solve all the heady problems of developing such a device, of implementing the design, of actually building the thing. The history of the solving of these problems is the history of the computer. That history is covered in this section, and links are provided to entries on many of the individuals and companies mentioned. In addition, see the articles computer science and supercomputer .

Early history

Computer precursors.

The earliest known calculating device is probably the abacus . It dates back at least to 1100 bce and is still in use today, particularly in Asia. Now, as then, it typically consists of a rectangular frame with thin parallel rods strung with beads. Long before any systematic positional notation was adopted for the writing of numbers, the abacus assigned different units, or weights, to each rod. This scheme allowed a wide range of numbers to be represented by just a few beads and, together with the invention of zero in India, may have inspired the invention of the Hindu-Arabic number system . In any case, abacus beads can be readily manipulated to perform the common arithmetical operations—addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division—that are useful for commercial transactions and in bookkeeping.

The abacus is a digital device; that is, it represents values discretely. A bead is either in one predefined position or another, representing unambiguously, say, one or zero.

Calculating devices took a different turn when John Napier , a Scottish mathematician, published his discovery of logarithms in 1614. As any person can attest , adding two 10-digit numbers is much simpler than multiplying them together, and the transformation of a multiplication problem into an addition problem is exactly what logarithms enable. This simplification is possible because of the following logarithmic property: the logarithm of the product of two numbers is equal to the sum of the logarithms of the numbers. By 1624, tables with 14 significant digits were available for the logarithms of numbers from 1 to 20,000, and scientists quickly adopted the new labor-saving tool for tedious astronomical calculations.

Most significant for the development of computing, the transformation of multiplication into addition greatly simplified the possibility of mechanization. Analog calculating devices based on Napier’s logarithms—representing digital values with analogous physical lengths—soon appeared. In 1620 Edmund Gunter , the English mathematician who coined the terms cosine and cotangent , built a device for performing navigational calculations: the Gunter scale, or, as navigators simply called it, the gunter. About 1632 an English clergyman and mathematician named William Oughtred built the first slide rule , drawing on Napier’s ideas. That first slide rule was circular, but Oughtred also built the first rectangular one in 1633. The analog devices of Gunter and Oughtred had various advantages and disadvantages compared with digital devices such as the abacus. What is important is that the consequences of these design decisions were being tested in the real world.

In 1623 the German astronomer and mathematician Wilhelm Schickard built the first calculator . He described it in a letter to his friend the astronomer Johannes Kepler , and in 1624 he wrote again to explain that a machine he had commissioned to be built for Kepler was, apparently along with the prototype , destroyed in a fire. He called it a Calculating Clock , which modern engineers have been able to reproduce from details in his letters. Even general knowledge of the clock had been temporarily lost when Schickard and his entire family perished during the Thirty Years’ War .

But Schickard may not have been the true inventor of the calculator. A century earlier, Leonardo da Vinci sketched plans for a calculator that were sufficiently complete and correct for modern engineers to build a calculator on their basis.

The first calculator or adding machine to be produced in any quantity and actually used was the Pascaline, or Arithmetic Machine , designed and built by the French mathematician-philosopher Blaise Pascal between 1642 and 1644. It could only do addition and subtraction, with numbers being entered by manipulating its dials. Pascal invented the machine for his father, a tax collector, so it was the first business machine too (if one does not count the abacus). He built 50 of them over the next 10 years.

In 1671 the German mathematician-philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz designed a calculating machine called the Step Reckoner . (It was first built in 1673.) The Step Reckoner expanded on Pascal’s ideas and did multiplication by repeated addition and shifting.

Leibniz was a strong advocate of the binary number system . Binary numbers are ideal for machines because they require only two digits, which can easily be represented by the on and off states of a switch. When computers became electronic, the binary system was particularly appropriate because an electrical circuit is either on or off. This meant that on could represent true, off could represent false, and the flow of current would directly represent the flow of logic.

Leibniz was prescient in seeing the appropriateness of the binary system in calculating machines, but his machine did not use it. Instead, the Step Reckoner represented numbers in decimal form, as positions on 10-position dials. Even decimal representation was not a given: in 1668 Samuel Morland invented an adding machine specialized for British money—a decidedly nondecimal system.

Pascal’s, Leibniz’s, and Morland’s devices were curiosities, but with the Industrial Revolution of the 18th century came a widespread need to perform repetitive operations efficiently. With other activities being mechanized, why not calculation? In 1820 Charles Xavier Thomas de Colmar of France effectively met this challenge when he built his Arithmometer , the first commercial mass-produced calculating device. It could perform addition, subtraction, multiplication, and, with some more elaborate user involvement, division. Based on Leibniz’s technology , it was extremely popular and sold for 90 years. In contrast to the modern calculator’s credit-card size, the Arithmometer was large enough to cover a desktop.

Calculators such as the Arithmometer remained a fascination after 1820, and their potential for commercial use was well understood. Many other mechanical devices built during the 19th century also performed repetitive functions more or less automatically, but few had any application to computing. There was one major exception: the Jacquard loom , invented in 1804–05 by a French weaver, Joseph-Marie Jacquard .

The Jacquard loom was a marvel of the Industrial Revolution. A textile-weaving loom , it could also be called the first practical information-processing device. The loom worked by tugging various-colored threads into patterns by means of an array of rods. By inserting a card punched with holes, an operator could control the motion of the rods and thereby alter the pattern of the weave. Moreover, the loom was equipped with a card-reading device that slipped a new card from a pre-punched deck into place every time the shuttle was thrown, so that complex weaving patterns could be automated.

What was extraordinary about the device was that it transferred the design process from a labor-intensive weaving stage to a card-punching stage. Once the cards had been punched and assembled, the design was complete, and the loom implemented the design automatically. The Jacquard loom, therefore, could be said to be programmed for different patterns by these decks of punched cards.

For those intent on mechanizing calculations, the Jacquard loom provided important lessons: the sequence of operations that a machine performs could be controlled to make the machine do something quite different; a punched card could be used as a medium for directing the machine; and, most important, a device could be directed to perform different tasks by feeding it instructions in a sort of language—i.e., making the machine programmable.

It is not too great a stretch to say that, in the Jacquard loom, programming was invented before the computer. The close relationship between the device and the program became apparent some 20 years later, with Charles Babbage’s invention of the first computer.

Essay on History of computers/Evolution of Computers

Essay on History of computers/Evolution of Computers 400-500 words

While computers are now an important part of human life, there was a time when computers did not exist. Knowing the history of computers and their progress can help us understand how complex and innovative computer manufacturing is.

Unlike most devices, the computer is one of the few inventions that does not have a specific inventor. During the development of computers, many people have added their creations to the list of essentials for a computer to work. Some of the inventions have been different types of computers, and some of them were parts that allowed the computer to be further developed.

Perhaps the most important date in the history of computers is 1936. In the same year, the first “computer” was developed. It was created by Konrad Zuse and dubbed the Z1 computer. This computer stands as the first because it was the first fully programmable system. There were devices before this, but none had the computing power that differentiates it from other electronics.

No business had seen profit and opportunity in computers until 1942. This first company was called ABC Computer, which was owned and operated by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. Two years later, the Harvard Mark I computer was developed, advancing the science of computing.

During the next few years, inventors around the world began to discover more about computers to study and how to improve upon them. They call the introduction of the transistor in the next ten years, which would become an important part of the inner workings of the computer, the ENIAC 1 computer, as well as many other types of systems. ENIAC 1 is probably one of the most interesting, as it requires 20,000 vacuum tubes to operate. It was a huge machine, and it started a revolution to make computers smaller and faster.

The computer age was changed forever by the introduction of International Business Machines, or IBM, in the computing industry in 1953. Throughout computer history, this company has been a major player in the development of new systems and servers for the public. And personal use. This introduction brought the first real signs of competition within computing history, leading to faster and better development of computers. His first contribution was the IBM 701 EDPM computer.

Development of programming language

A year later, the first successful high-level programming language was created. It was a programming language not written in ‘assembly’ or binary, which is considered a very low-level language. FORTRAN was written so that more and more people could start programming computers easily.

In 1955, Bank of America teamed up with Stanford Research Institute and General Electric to build the first computers for use in banks. MICR, or Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, along with the actual computer, ERMA, was a breakthrough for the banking industry. It was not until 1959 that the pairing system was put into use in actual banks.

In 1958, one of the most important breakthroughs in computer history was the creation of the integrated circuit. This device, also known as a chip, is now one of the basic requirements for modern computer systems. On each motherboard and card within a computer system, there are several chips that contain information about what the board and card do. Without these chips, the system as we know them today could not function.

Gaming, Mice and the Internet

For many computer users, games are an important part of the computing experience. In 1962 the first computer game ‘Spacewar’ was created by Steve Russell and MIT.

One of the most basic components of a modern computer, the mouse, was created in 1964 by Douglas Engelbart. It derived its name from the “tail” emanating from the device.

One of the most important aspects of the computer today was invented in 1969. The ARPA net was the original Internet, which provided the foundation for the Internet as we know it today. This development will result in the growth of knowledge and business across the planet.

It wasn’t until 1970 that Intel entered the scene with the first dynamic RAM chip, resulting in an explosion of computer science innovation.

The first microprocessor was on the heels of the RAM chip, also designed by Intel. Apart from the chip developed in 1958, these two components would form the core components of modern computers.

A year later, the floppy disk was created, which derives its name from the flexibility of the storage unit. This was the first step in allowing most people to transfer bits of data between unconnected computers.

The first networking cards were made in 1973, allowing data transfer between connected computers. It is similar to the Internet but allows computers to connect without the use of the Internet.

The emergence of home PCs

The next three years were very important for computers. This was when companies started developing systems for the average consumer. The Scelbi, Mark-8 Altair, IBM 5100, Apple I and II, TRS-80, and Commodore pet computers were pioneers in this area. Along with being expensive, these machines started the trend of computers in common homes.

One of the most prominent change in computer software occurred in 1978 with the release of the VisiCalc spreadsheet program. All development costs were paid off within a two-week period, making it one of the most successful programs in computer history.

The IBM home computer helped revolutionize the consumer market rapidly in 1981, as it was affordable for homeowners and standard consumers. In 1981 also the mega-giant Microsoft entered the scene with the MS-DOS operating system. This operating system completely changed computing forever, as it was easy enough for everyone to learn.

The Competition Begins Apple vs. Microsoft

During the year 1983, computers saw another significant change. The Apple Lisa computer was the first with a graphical user interface or GUI. Most modern programs have a GUI, which allows them to be easy to use and pleasant to the eye. This marked the beginning of our dating most text-based only programs .

Beyond this point in computer history, there have been many changes and changes, from the Apple-Microsoft wars to the development of microcomputers and the variety of computer breakthroughs that have become an accepted part of our daily lives. Without the very early first stages of computer history, none of this would have been possible.

Table of Contents

Essay 2 200 words

Early computer.

The history of computers dates back to the early 1900s; in fact, computers have been around for more than 5000 years.

In ancient times a “computer” (or “computer”) was a person who performed numerical calculations under the direction of a mathematician.

Some of the better-known tools used are the abacus or the Antikythera Tantra.

Around 1725, Basil Bouchon took paper punched in a loom to set the pattern to be reproduced on the cloth. This ensured that the pattern was always the same and there was hardly any human error.

Later, in 1801, Joseph Jacquard (1752 – 1834) used the punch card idea to automate more devices with great success.

Pollution Essay in Hindi/प्रदूषण पर लघु निबंध

First computer?

Charles Babbage. (1792–1871), was ahead of his time, and using the punch card idea, he developed the first computing devices that suffices scientific purposes. He invented Charles Babbage’s differential engine, which he started in 1823 but never completed. He later began work on the Analytical Engine, which was designed in 1842.

The credit for inventing computing concepts goes to Babbage because of his findings such as conditional branches, iterative loops, and index variables.

Ada Lovelace (1815–1852), a collaborator of Babbage and the founder of scientific computing.

Babbage’s inventions were greatly improved upon, with George Scheutz working on a smaller version with his son Edward Scheutz, and by 1853 he had built a machine that could process 15-digit numbers and fourths. Could calculate the difference of the sequence.

Among the first notable commercial use (and success) of computers was the US Census Bureau, which used a punch-card device designed by Herman Hollerith to tabulate data for the 1890 census.

To compensate for the cyclical nature of the Census Bureau’s demand for its machines, Hollerith founded the Tabulating Machine Company (1896), one of three companies that merged to form IBM in 1911.

Use of digital electronics in computers

Later, Claude Shannon (1916–2001) first suggested the use of digital electronics in computers, and in 1937 and J.V. Atanasoff built the first electronic computer that could solve 29 equations simultaneously with 29 unknowns. But this device was not programmable.

During that crisis, the development of computers was rapid. But many projects remained secret until much later due to restrictions, and a notable example is the British Army “Colossus” developed by Alan Turing and his team in 1943.

In the late 1940s, the US Army commissioned John V. Mauchly to develop a device to calculate ballistics during World War II. As it turned out, the machine was only produced in 1945, but the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer, or ENIAC, proved to be a turning point in computer history.

The ENIAC proved to be a very efficient machine but not very easy to operate. Any change sometimes requires reprogramming the device. Engineers were aware of this obvious problem and developed a “stored program architecture.”

John von Neumann (a consultant to ENIAC), Mauchly, and his team developed EDVAC, this new project using stored programs.

Eckert and Mauchly later developed what was arguably the first commercially successful computer, the UNIVAC.

Software technology was very primitive during this period. The first programs were written in machine code. By the 1950s, programmers were using a symbolic notation known as assembly language, then translating the symbolic notation into machine code by hand. The programs later known as assemblers did the translation work.

The end of the transistor era, inventor.

The late 1950s saw the end of valve-operated computers. Transistor-based computers were were smaller, cheaper, faster, and much more reliable.

Corporations were now building new computers instead of inventors.

Some of the better known are:

TRADIC at Bell Laboratories in 1954,

TX-0 at MIT’s Lincoln Laboratory

The IBM 704 and its successors, the 709 and 7094. The latter introduced I/O processors for better throughput between I/O devices and main memory.

The first food computers, the Livermore Atomic Research Computer (LARC) and the IBM 7030 (aka Stretch)

Texas Instrument Advanced Scientific Computer (TI-ASC)

Now that was the basis of computers, computers with transistors were faster, and with stored-program architecture, you could use computers for almost anything.

New higher-level programs soon followed, FORTRAN (1956), ALGOL (1958), and COBOL (1959), with Cambridge and the University of London collaborating in the development of the CPL (Combined Programming Language, 1963). Martin Richards of Cambridge developed a subset of CPL called BCPL (Basic Computer Programming Language, 1967).

1969’s latest release, the CDC 7600, could perform 10 million floating-point operations (10 Mflops) per second.

Network year.

Since 1985, there was a competition to install more and more transistors on a computer. Each of them could perform a simple operation. But computers haven’t evolved much other than being faster and capable of doing more operations.

The concept of parallel processing has been more widely used since the 1990s.

In the field of computer networking, both wide area network (WAN) and local area network (LAN) technology developed rapidly.

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Importance Of Computer Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

Essay on The Importance of Computers

With the development of Science and Technology, computers have become an essential part of human life. The lives of people revolve around technology. Computers are used in every sector. The computer was invented by Charles Babbage. From students to working professionals, entrepreneurs, and prominent business owners, computers are used for various purposes. Here are a few sample essays on the importance of computers:

100 Words Essay on The Importance of Computer

200 words essay on the importance of computer, 500 words essay on the importance of computer.

Importance Of Computer Essay - 100, 200, 500 Words

A computer is a modern and complex machine, adequate for performing various tasks in a fraction of a second. These devices are used in various fields such as educational and medical fields. In the education field, a computer is used for teaching and learning purposes. In the modern era, a computer is used for smart classes (computer-based learning) to make sessions informative, and interactive and to ensure that students capture and understand the significant information of all the topics and it does not skip their mind. Various prominent software has been developed to enhance the learning and skills of students and teachers. Computers are used in medical sectors for X-rays, CT scans, MRI scans, etc, to monitor and store the records of patients.

Technology has changed the aspects of life and has made life better. Computers are popular electronic devices that can be used to write documents, play games, send an email, make presentations and designs and browse the internet for finding information. The older generation systems were less effective and had fewer functions but improvisations have been made to make these systems effective and more useful. Computers have made life easy for individuals as one can find information about anything they are looking for at their own pace.

These are used in various places like colleges, schools, hospitals, universities, homes, offices, banks, government organisations, airports, railways, etc. These systems help in communication, storage of data, learning and improving skills, etc. Manual labour has been reduced because of the various software available on computers. This software helps in the calculation, making presentations, writing, online shopping, printing materials, booking tickets, etc.

Nowadays, most activities like traffic control, movement of people in societies, etc. are monitored by computers. High-performance computers are used in the field of Science and Engineering to stimulate dynamic processes, topographic images, plotting and analysing data, and for research and development. They are also used to digitise photographs, make animations and graphic designing, dance, arts, and culture.

Computers have become an essential part of modern lives. These systems serve as a convenient information source for managing organisations and accomplishing various tasks. This is one of the significant reasons that computers are in higher demand for banking, entertainment, education, businesses, administration work, and in industries. The computer generation and delivery market are thriving across the world. From large computer systems to handy systems (laptops); computers are present in all organisations. No organisation, industry, or business can function independently of these systems. They are used for various purposes in different sectors.

Use of Computers in Different Sectors

Computers are used in businesses of small and large scale to store data. It helps business owners to record their company data, information, and salaries of employees, and to allow the work to employees. Different software available in the systems also helps them to store the progress of the employees. They are being extensively used for educational purposes.

Computers have replaced books as large amounts of information and knowledge is widely available via the internet. The present generation (generation Z) is completely dependent on these systems for their educational purposes. Schools, institutes, and universities are dependent on computers to store the information, record, and progress of students. Computer-based learning has been introduced in schools. Educational organisations have also introduced computers as a subject to educate students about emerging technology.

The invention of these systems has also generated employment and a whole sector is dedicated to these systems, that is the IT (Information Technology) sector.

Computer use is not limited to these sectors but also expands to governmental organisations, home, and medical sectors. Computers are used in the medical sector to monitor patients' blood pressure and respiration rates. It helps in storing medical and patient data to deliver quality health care. This information is useful to improve the treatment of the patient. The data stored in systems of medical care units can help in the analysis of disease and control it before it turns out to be epidemic. Nowadays, computer-assisted surgery has been introduced in hospitals, which has become a blessing.

In the government sector, it is used for data processing, maintaining the data of citizens like their birth, location, number of family members, and death. The defence organisation of countries has benefited from these systems for satellites, missile development, rocket launches, etc. Computers are also being used for banking purposes. The use of computers has introduced paperless eco-friendly systems.

The Pandemic Period

None of us can ever forget the lockdown period when COVID-19 cases were rising rapidly, we were locked in our houses and no sector was working except the medical sector. During these times we understood the importance of computers in our lives because these systems helped us to connect not only to our loved ones but also to our colleagues and to continue working with the help of our computer systems. The lockdown period showed the importance of these systems to humankind and it turned out to be a blessing in the middle of chaos. Most companies and educational sectors became dependent on these systems to function properly.

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How to write an essay introduction | 4 steps & examples

How to Write an Essay Introduction | 4 Steps & Examples

Published on February 4, 2019 by Shona McCombes . Revised on July 23, 2023.

A good introduction paragraph is an essential part of any academic essay . It sets up your argument and tells the reader what to expect.

The main goals of an introduction are to:

Catch your reader’s attention.
Give background on your topic.
Present your thesis statement —the central point of your essay.

This introduction example is taken from our interactive essay example on the history of Braille.

The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability. The writing system of raised dots used by visually impaired people was developed by Louis Braille in nineteenth-century France. In a society that did not value disabled people in general, blindness was particularly stigmatized, and lack of access to reading and writing was a significant barrier to social participation. The idea of tactile reading was not entirely new, but existing methods based on sighted systems were difficult to learn and use. As the first writing system designed for blind people’s needs, Braille was a groundbreaking new accessibility tool. It not only provided practical benefits, but also helped change the cultural status of blindness. This essay begins by discussing the situation of blind people in nineteenth-century Europe. It then describes the invention of Braille and the gradual process of its acceptance within blind education. Subsequently, it explores the wide-ranging effects of this invention on blind people’s social and cultural lives.

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Step 1: hook your reader, step 2: give background information, step 3: present your thesis statement, step 4: map your essay’s structure, step 5: check and revise, more examples of essay introductions, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about the essay introduction.

Your first sentence sets the tone for the whole essay, so spend some time on writing an effective hook.

Avoid long, dense sentences—start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

The hook should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of the topic you’re writing about and why it’s interesting. Avoid overly broad claims or plain statements of fact.

Examples: Writing a good hook

Take a look at these examples of weak hooks and learn how to improve them.

Braille was an extremely important invention.
The invention of Braille was a major turning point in the history of disability.

The first sentence is a dry fact; the second sentence is more interesting, making a bold claim about exactly why the topic is important.

The internet is defined as “a global computer network providing a variety of information and communication facilities.”
The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education.

Avoid using a dictionary definition as your hook, especially if it’s an obvious term that everyone knows. The improved example here is still broad, but it gives us a much clearer sense of what the essay will be about.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a famous book from the nineteenth century.
Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale about the dangers of scientific advancement.

Instead of just stating a fact that the reader already knows, the improved hook here tells us about the mainstream interpretation of the book, implying that this essay will offer a different interpretation.

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Next, give your reader the context they need to understand your topic and argument. Depending on the subject of your essay, this might include:

Historical, geographical, or social context
An outline of the debate you’re addressing
A summary of relevant theories or research about the topic
Definitions of key terms

The information here should be broad but clearly focused and relevant to your argument. Don’t give too much detail—you can mention points that you will return to later, but save your evidence and interpretation for the main body of the essay.

How much space you need for background depends on your topic and the scope of your essay. In our Braille example, we take a few sentences to introduce the topic and sketch the social context that the essay will address:

Now it’s time to narrow your focus and show exactly what you want to say about the topic. This is your thesis statement —a sentence or two that sums up your overall argument.

This is the most important part of your introduction. A good thesis isn’t just a statement of fact, but a claim that requires evidence and explanation.

The goal is to clearly convey your own position in a debate or your central point about a topic.

Particularly in longer essays, it’s helpful to end the introduction by signposting what will be covered in each part. Keep it concise and give your reader a clear sense of the direction your argument will take.

As you research and write, your argument might change focus or direction as you learn more.

For this reason, it’s often a good idea to wait until later in the writing process before you write the introduction paragraph—it can even be the very last thing you write.

When you’ve finished writing the essay body and conclusion , you should return to the introduction and check that it matches the content of the essay.

It’s especially important to make sure your thesis statement accurately represents what you do in the essay. If your argument has gone in a different direction than planned, tweak your thesis statement to match what you actually say.

To polish your writing, you can use something like a paraphrasing tool .

You can use the checklist below to make sure your introduction does everything it’s supposed to.

Checklist: Essay introduction

My first sentence is engaging and relevant.

I have introduced the topic with necessary background information.

I have defined any important terms.

My thesis statement clearly presents my main point or argument.

Everything in the introduction is relevant to the main body of the essay.

You have a strong introduction - now make sure the rest of your essay is just as good.

Argumentative
Literary analysis

This introduction to an argumentative essay sets up the debate about the internet and education, and then clearly states the position the essay will argue for.

The spread of the internet has had a world-changing effect, not least on the world of education. The use of the internet in academic contexts is on the rise, and its role in learning is hotly debated. For many teachers who did not grow up with this technology, its effects seem alarming and potentially harmful. This concern, while understandable, is misguided. The negatives of internet use are outweighed by its critical benefits for students and educators—as a uniquely comprehensive and accessible information source; a means of exposure to and engagement with different perspectives; and a highly flexible learning environment.

This introduction to a short expository essay leads into the topic (the invention of the printing press) and states the main point the essay will explain (the effect of this invention on European society).

In many ways, the invention of the printing press marked the end of the Middle Ages. The medieval period in Europe is often remembered as a time of intellectual and political stagnation. Prior to the Renaissance, the average person had very limited access to books and was unlikely to be literate. The invention of the printing press in the 15th century allowed for much less restricted circulation of information in Europe, paving the way for the Reformation.

This introduction to a literary analysis essay , about Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein , starts by describing a simplistic popular view of the story, and then states how the author will give a more complex analysis of the text’s literary devices.

Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is often read as a crude cautionary tale. Arguably the first science fiction novel, its plot can be read as a warning about the dangers of scientific advancement unrestrained by ethical considerations. In this reading, and in popular culture representations of the character as a “mad scientist”, Victor Frankenstein represents the callous, arrogant ambition of modern science. However, far from providing a stable image of the character, Shelley uses shifting narrative perspectives to gradually transform our impression of Frankenstein, portraying him in an increasingly negative light as the novel goes on. While he initially appears to be a naive but sympathetic idealist, after the creature’s narrative Frankenstein begins to resemble—even in his own telling—the thoughtlessly cruel figure the creature represents him as.

If you want to know more about AI tools , college essays , or fallacies make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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Your essay introduction should include three main things, in this order:

An opening hook to catch the reader’s attention.
Relevant background information that the reader needs to know.
A thesis statement that presents your main point or argument.

The length of each part depends on the length and complexity of your essay .

The “hook” is the first sentence of your essay introduction . It should lead the reader into your essay, giving a sense of why it’s interesting.

To write a good hook, avoid overly broad statements or long, dense sentences. Try to start with something clear, concise and catchy that will spark your reader’s curiosity.

A thesis statement is a sentence that sums up the central point of your paper or essay . Everything else you write should relate to this key idea.

The thesis statement is essential in any academic essay or research paper for two main reasons:

It gives your writing direction and focus.
It gives the reader a concise summary of your main point.

Without a clear thesis statement, an essay can end up rambling and unfocused, leaving your reader unsure of exactly what you want to say.

The structure of an essay is divided into an introduction that presents your topic and thesis statement , a body containing your in-depth analysis and arguments, and a conclusion wrapping up your ideas.

The structure of the body is flexible, but you should always spend some time thinking about how you can organize your essay to best serve your ideas.

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Essay on Computer

List of essays on computer, essay on computer – for class 2 students (essay 1 – 150 words), essay on computer – for kids and children (essay 2 – 250 words), essay on computer and its uses (essay 3 – 300 words), essay on computer (essay 4 – 400 words), essay on computer – advantages and disadvantages (essay 5 – 500 words), essay on computer – for class 12 students (essay 6 – 600 words), essay on computer – for students (essay 7 – 750 words), essay on computer – history, parts and advantages (essay 8 – 1000 words).

Computer is one of the greatest invention of man. The present age students under any circumstances would never imagine even in their dreams that there were a time when there were no computers.

So much we have propelled that now every data is only a click away and in your grasp, day in and day out. This headway was conceivable just with the presentation of a little gadget called the Computer.

In order to make the students aware about the history of computer and make them learn more about them, we have prepared essays for students. These essays shall throw light on the advancements that the world has seen in the field of computers and shall prove helpful for the preparation of examinations as well.

Audience: The below given essays are exclusively written for kids, children and school students (Class 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12).

A computer is an electronic device used to process and store and display data. This is, however, an oversimplification of what a computer as the device has grown to perform several other functions that exceed the above description.

Types of Computers:

Computers are generally classified into three types based on how they process information. To this end, they are classified as the analog, digital and hybrid computers. This classification determines the speed and accuracy of each computer.

Uses of a Computer:

A computer can serve several functions aside from the obvious function of storing and processing data. Some of them are enumerated below:

1. To control machine and equipment.

2. To organize business and venture.

3. To sell product and service.

4. To conduct research for academic purposes.

Conclusion:

The computer is already a member of our daily lives. The technology has found its way into all aspects of our lives. Till the end, computer will stay useful in every field.

The invention of computer and its subsequent use has helped in making the dreams of many people come into the realisation and it is almost impossible to imagine what our lives would be like without the computer. A computer is basically a device that can be used for a lot of purposes ranging from storage of information, messaging, email, calculation, software programming, data processing and so many more.

A desktop computer comprises of a monitor, a CPU, a keyboard, an UPS, a mouse for the computer to function very well. A laptop does not need all of the other things apart from itself to function. The computer is basically an electronic device that has a large memory and can save any amount of data.

The human race has become extremely dependent on the technology of the computer. The computer and its technology is now used in every filed and area. Students of any grade use the computer to prepare for exams, download lecture notes, prepare their projects, collect a lot of information within very few minutes and learn how and paint with various computer software.

The computer improves professional skills in students and increases their chances of getting a good job easily. The 21 st century computer are very much advanced which means that they are lighter, smaller, more powerful and speedier. They can be used in all fields like in traffic control, weather forecasting, shopping, education, medical sector, crime detection, machinery operations, spacecraft guidance, examinations, and so on. Overall, the computer has revolutionised technology and how we handle things.

Computer is one of the greatest invention of man. It is the coolest product of science and technology that has made our lives so easier. Computers are becoming omnipresent as we can find computers everywhere right from homes, schools, colleges, offices, laboratories to libraries, museums and even hospitals.

What is a Computer?

Computer is actually a machine that has the capacity to store large amount of data and can do numerous tasks in a much lesser time compared to humans. It collects input from users, processes it and delivers the expected result as output.

The first mechanical Computer was created by Charles Babbage. The important accessories of a computer are – Mouse, Keyboard, Central Processing Unit (CPU), and the Printer.

Importance and Uses of Computer:

In today’s world, humans have become so dependent on Computers that it is impossible for them to live without it. What makes Computer so important is its usage, efficiency and easy accessibility . The amazing benefits of Computer makes it the most needed technological equipment.

Let’s look into some of the important benefits of Computers:

1. Computers are of great use in the field of Education . It helps teachers prepare presentations for seminars; students find it easy to work on their projects from their homes using computer.

2. No industries or business work without computers today. All financial transactions, employee record keeping, business processes are all done through computers.

3. It is very astonishing to know that Computers are widely used in the medical field also. Computers are used while conducting the medical procedures like X-ray, CT scan, MRI scan, etc.

4. Computers are a boon to the defense department as they help in detecting incoming missiles, diagnosing bombs thereby help in saving lives.

Computer is a wonderful gift of science created by man to help mankind. Laptop and desktops are the forms of computers that are ruling the world today and these has definitely changed the live style of people and status of developing countries.

The Technology Masterpiece:

Science and technology has been making a steadfast progress and it surely is now the era of computers. With so much rapid progress being made in the field of computers, it is only a matter of time until our lives too start being controlled by these machines.

While we cannot disagree to how computers have simplified our lives, it is important to ensure that we know how to limit the use of technology in our lives. The best way to do this is by ensuring that we put technology to constructive use.

Faster and Better:

There is no doubt that using computers has solved a great deal of complex problems. A lot of things which would have involved endless manpower can be done in a matter of few seconds. At the same time; using computer eliminates the possibility of manual errors as well.

Improved Applications:

There is no end to the kind of applications which has been made possible with the help of computers. The endless games we are often hooked to, the multimedia options, the ease to print on the go and a hundred other things are all marvel of modern day computing.

Long way to go:

We still have a long way to go and there is so much more which one needs to accomplish. However, if we take a look at the kind of progress we have made, it is definitely impressive. There was a time when super computers occupied a whole room and it was too expensive for regular people to afford it. However, with changing times technology has improved and now we have palm sized laptops that can be quickly taken anywhere on the go.

So, if you too are fascinated by the world of computers, the right thing to do is to make sure that you truly understand the concept of the technology and then utilize it for the good. Computers can simplify a lot of problems and offer befitting solutions to too many complexities. The need has been feet to put it to right and constructive use.

The Conclusion:

While people may wonder if we have become too dependent on science, there is no denying the fact that computers have definitely improved our life for the good. To thrive in today’s times we need to make the most of changing faces of technology. Controlled progress could help in contributing to a better life which can also suit the sustainable model too.

Introduction:

Computers are being used widely in the 21 st century especially since most people require internet to run their daily activities. Computers are basically the electronic devices that are used to store and manipulate information that is retrievable and can be stored for long-term use. These devices have been in use since the nineteenth century. The use of computers has escalated in the 21 st century due to advancements in technology and the civilization in the society.

People use computers for different reasons and they value its use because of the benefits the computer has. During the development of computers, there have been several advancements which include the reduction in size and the improvement of speed and efficiency. The earliest computers, supercomputers, were huge and very slow while current computers, laptops, are very small yet very fast and efficient. Computers has actually evolved and with the trend of technological advancements, more discoveries are yet to be made.

Uses of Computers:

Computers are found in almost all fields i.e., education, healthcare, business, homes among other fields. The uses of computers cut across all fields for the basic functions and then differences in function are specific to fields. Computers are used to enter information and store them. Specific tasks are also performed using computers for example monitoring of performance or office work. Computers are also used for entertainment like computer games, watching and listening to music. Computers are used to access information from the internet and it enables learning and communication.

Advantages of Using Computers:

Computers enable quick and efficient storage and processing of information. The simplification of work and efficiency is enabled by computers. In healthcare for example, patient’s data and information is entered into a computer instead of using the old methods of pen and paper therefore, time is save and accuracy is enhanced.

Computers enable digitalization of things like photos, documents and books. This makes the learners to have less baggage when carrying their reading material because they have been digitalized. Digitalization also saves time because when one is in need of a photo or a document, it is easier to get a digitalized one than a manual one.

Disadvantages of Using Computers:

Computers have made work easier for people and therefore there is reduced activity. Reduced human activity results in development of unhealthy lifestyles and diseases associated with sedentary lifestyles.

Computers have also enabled the access to internet, which cause social problems like immorality. The use of computers has also caused a reduction in human interaction because people are glued to their computers because they can do everything on a computer from ordering food to communicating, to paying bills and other things.

Based on the shred knowledge on computers, it is evident that its use has diversified globally. The use has increased efficiency and it has improved almost all sectors of life ranging from the social, economic, cultural and political. The use of computers has its pros and cons. Computers are actually essential because they complement human abilities and they will go a long way in improving the way of life.

Computer is one such man made device without which the mankind cannot imagine their existence. In short, a computer is a device that processes and stores information entered as the input and displays the information as the required output as and when the user desires.

Very huge in size and limited in functionality, the earlier computer was as big as an entire room and they consumed more power. It was in the year 1837 when Charles Babbage despite his limited resources and finances came up with a programmed version of the computer. Later, his son Henry Babbage modified the computer into a simpler unit. Initially, the use of computer was limited. They were merely used for calculations and not for carrying out tasks.

There was an important role played by computer in The World War II. War planning required huge calculations and with the aid of a computer, the armies found it easy.

A Luxury or Necessity:

There was a time when people considered the computer as a luxury but today it is a necessity. People cannot imagine their life without a computer. Well, it isn’t just a calculating device anymore. Modern computer carries out almost every task that the human desires. A computer nowadays is designed to store information and perform innumerable tasks as and when the user wants.

The information entered by the user is transmitted to the computer in the form of a programming language which is again transmitted into human language and the result is displayed.

Well, with computer becoming the backbone of almost every industry running today, you can very well judge whether it is a luxury or a necessity. It hasn’t just simplified tasks and made them quicker but computer has given birth to many other amazing inventions.

It is literally impossible to list the uses of a computer because the list is exhaustive. Basically, a computer nowadays performs innumerable tasks and it is required in every field. Thus, computer has been made a compulsory subject in primary schools almost everywhere. It has become an indispensable need for mankind and we cannot go a day without a computer. Available in varied designs and sizes, the modern day computer has also been modified into a portable form called a laptop. You can carry it wherever you go.

Be it offices, shops, schools, homes, and almost every other place; people cannot imagine their life without a computer. It is one such invention that has made human life super easy.

Well, just like everything has its share of advantage and disadvantages the same goes for computer.

The increasing rate in cybercrime is the biggest disadvantage that comes with computer. But if apt preventive measures are taken then maybe we can remedy the situation. Owing to the advantages computer has to offer we can overlook the few disadvantages it has.

The fast moving life that people are living nowadays is only possible because of this wonderful invention. With the passage of time, there has been an unbelievable advancement in the field of computer and the world has been constantly changing since then.

Owing to the rapid pace with which the computer industry has progressed, it can be rightly said that the coming days will be brighter, smarter and technically more advanced because we are sure to come up with even better computer systems. The next generations are sure to live an advanced life because with computer becoming better there’s no looking back.

Electronic devices on a whole might be making us lazy but we cannot deny the fact that computer is not just any ordinary electronic device; it is a boon to the human race.

Computers have been around in various forms for the past two centuries. Over that relatively short period of time this machine, or tool, has transformed mankind equally as much as fire or the wheel. That being said sometimes we take this device for granted and do not appreciate all the different things it is giving us.

When you stop and think about all the places where you can find a computer you will realize that almost all human endeavors in the present have some form of computerized help. Without this help, people wouldn’t be able to do their jobs as efficiently as they do now so let’s take a deeper look at the development of this amazing tool.

People have made many different tools all through history that they used to help them calculate and keep track of their resources. The idea has been around for a couple of thousand years but the technology was not advanced enough for us to make anything that resembles our modern computers till the 20 th century.

The first computers were analog devices that were used for solving different problems, that is they could perform an operation based on a predetermined mechanism that was usually based on a mathematical equation. That type of computer did not have enough flexibility to be used for many tasks and it could not be reprogramed. The first digital computer was called Z3 and it was developed in 1941 after successive models were upgraded.

The age that saw the birth of the computer also saw many changes in technology and manufacturing that made computer parts available for mass use. Those developments led to the invention of personal computers that were much cheaper and easier to use and once the public got hold of them a revolution in their usage was sparked.

The Present:

The present is all about computers and almost every home in the world has a computer, or that’s what we believe. The estimate from 2015 states that over 2 billion computers are in use today. The number suggests that there are a lot of devices all over the world being used every single moment. You are probably reading this from a computer and if not, you are reading it from a device that owes its existence to the computer and electronics revolution mentioned in the segment above.

Some people have suggested that computers are having a bad influence on people because they are making us distant from each other and because people tend to spend most of their day sitting in front of the computer looking like they are doing nothing. The fact is this is not something the computer does but rather the people who use them. Like with most other things in life that give us enjoyment we sometimes tend to misuse them and cause harm to ourselves.

The fact is that the present looks like it does because of the time and resources computers have saved us and this is an undisputed fact. Without this technology, we couldn’t manage half the production process running today not to mention our daily tasks that have in some circumstances become completely dependent on this device.

The Future:

Computers are becoming more complex and at the same time simpler to use making them widely distributed with a tendency to take over the world. There are many plans for the future of computers and as time goes by, they are capable of finding solutions to complex and unimagined problems. They are used in almost all the industries from mining to hospitality management and everywhere they find a unique task, or several, that they can perform.

They have become so indispensable to our lives that some people are actually considering making them a part of their body and integrating the computer operations with the organism. This can sound a bit bizarre but people are actually making advancements in this field and cyborg devices are being implemented to help people with disabilities more often as time passes.

The potential the computer has to help us is immense and the limit is only our imagination and the resources we have at our disposal. This tool can be thought to perform endless tasks even the experts get surprised sometimes. The future looks like its full of stars but we have to keep in mind that through their use we speed up all our processes altering our existence in a sense we have to keep both eyes open for signs of potentially dangerous outcomes of some of the technological advancements we use.

A computer, in terms of definition, is such a device, which through the use of computer programming, executes the arithmetic and logical operations. Computers are used as control frameworks for a wide assortment of modern and shopper gadgets. This includes simple gadgets like microwaves and remote controls, plant gadgets, for example, modern robots and computer helped structure, and furthermore broadly useful gadgets like computers and cell phones.

History of Computers:

Charles Babbage, an English mechanical designer and polymath, began the idea of a programmable computer. Considered as the father of the computer, he conceptualized and concocted the primary mechanical computer in the mid-nineteenth century. In the wake of chipping away at his progressive distinction motor, intended to help in navigational figuring, in 1833 he understood that a considerably more broad structure, an Analytical Engine, was conceivable.

The contribution of projects and information was to be given to the machine by means of punched cards, a strategy being utilized as an opportunity to coordinate mechanical weavers as the Jacquard linger. For yield, the machine would have a printer, a bend plotter and a ringer. The machine would similarly be able to punch numbers onto cards to be examined in later. The Engine consolidated a number juggling rationale unit, control stream as contingent stretching and circles, and incorporated memory, making it the primary plan for a broadly useful computer that could be portrayed in present-day terms as Turing-finish.

Parts of a Computer:

The essential parts of a computer are the computer case, monitor, keyboard, mouse, and power cord. Each part assumes an important role in the functioning of a computer. The computer case is the metal and plastic box that contains the principal parts of the computer including the motherboard, the CPU and power supply. The monitor works with a video card, situated inside the computer case, to show pictures and content on the screen.

Most monitors have control catches that enable you to change your screen’s showcase settings, and a few screens likewise have built-in speakers. The keyboard is one of the primary approaches to speak with a keyboard. There is a wide range of sorts of keyboards, yet most are fundamentally the same and enables you to achieve a similar essential feature. The mouse is another imperative device for speaking with computers. Ordinarily known as a pointing gadget, it gives you a chance to point to objects on the screen, tap on them, and move them.

Advantages of Computers:

Computers have no doubt made human life quicker as a result of extraordinary speed, accuracy and capacity, with which human can spare anything and pursuit it out effectively when required. We can state that computer is an adaptable machine since it is entirely adaptable in carrying out different occupations. The ability to do many tasks together, or in computer terms what is referred to as multitasking is one of the real advantages of a computer. An individual can carry out different undertakings, numerous tasks, and figure numerical issues within a couple of moments.

Computers can perform trillion of directions for every second. Other than this, one of the fundamental points of interest of a computer is its staggering pace, which causes human to finish their assignment in a couple of moments or even seconds. Each one of the activities can be performed in a quick manner in view of its speed otherwise it requires a long investment to complete the assignment.

Moreover, the storage capacity of computers is another of its abilities which make computers so powerful. You can store gigantic information inside a small hard disk. Concentrated database of putting away data is the significantly preferred standpoint that can lessen cost as well. One of the other advantages of computers is the precision of its calculations which are very hard to achieve manually.

The Other Side:

With the advent of technology, the computers have seen the darker side as well. Of late, there have been many instances of misuse of computers as well. For instance, viruses and hacking are two tools which are used to attack computers and misuse them. The virus is a worm and hacking is basically an unapproved access over a computer for some illegal reason. Viruses are exchanged from email connection, seeing a tainted site ad, through removable gadget like USB and so forth. Once malware is moved in host computer it can destroy the record, overwrite the document, and misuse them and so on.

For example, a huge bit of web was affected including Twitter, Netflix, and CNN in October 2016 on the grounds that the biggest DDoS assault was propelled on specialist organization DYN utilizing IoT Botnet. Such instances have given rise to cybercrimes. Cybercrimes imply computer system may have been utilized with the end goal to carry out unlawful activities. Cyber stalking and Identity burglary are the focuses which go under online digital crimes.

For example, one may get the access of your bank account or your shopping account like Amazon account and the hacker can have the capacity to access the bank account details or the credit or debit cards which can then be misused by the hacker. Moreover, with the increasing use of computers, there has been a decrease in the requirement of manual force as a lot of work has been taken over by computers. This was initially a cause of the increase in the rate of unemployment as well.

Computers – A Boon or a Curse?

There is no doubt that our lives have been made much easier with the introduction of computers. How easy it uses an ATM machine to withdraw money. In fact, online examinations which have removed the bias the students had to go through at the hands of teachers have been possible only with the use of computers. There are so many benefits of computers that is simply not possible to term them as a curse to our society.

However, everything must be sued judiciously, or else it does not take time for a boon to end up being a curse. For instance, we must make our kids understand the ill effects of using computers and cell phones for hours and encourage them to better reading and playing habits for them to go through their development process properly. Similarly, we must be aware of the cybercrimes one is prone to and follow the advice of the government from time to time in order to keep ourselves safe and secure from the ill effects of computers.

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Introduction to UNIX, computers, and key tools

Chris Paciorek

August 28, 2024

1. UNIX command line basics

By UNIX, I mean any UNIX-like operating system, including Linux and MacOS. Most modern scientific computing is done on UNIX-based machines, often by remotely logging in to a UNIX-based server .

There are a variety of ways to get access to a UNIX-style command line environment .

Please see the material in our tutorial on the basics of UNIX to get up to speed on working in a UNIX-style command line environment and/or the material in last week’s Computing Skills Workshop . We’ll do a bit of demo in the first class. If what you see seems quite familiar, you can probably skip that tutorial. If what you see is not familiar, please work through the tutorial by Wednesday September 4 and (optionally) attend section on Friday August 30 to work on the problems at the end of the tutorial and be able to ask questions of the GSI and other students.

For an alternative introduction (which also includes some of the topics we’ll discuss in Unit 3 on shell scripting), see this Software Carpentry tutorial .

2. Version control

Version control refers to the process of keeping track of changes to your materials on a computer, often code files but other files as well. It generally works well with text files because version control operates based on differences between two versions of a file, and those differences are kept track of on a line-by-line basis. Version control is a central concept/practice in modern scientific computing.

A very popular and powerful tool for version control is Git. We’ll be using Git extensively for version control.

Git stores the files for a project in a repository . Here are some basic Git commands you can use to access the class materials from the command line. There are also graphical interfaces to Git that you can explore. I’ve heard good things (albeit a few years ago) about GitHub Desktop , available for Mac and Windows.

To clone (i.e., copy) a repository (in this case from GitHub) ( berkeley-stat243 is the organization and fall-2024 is the repository):

To update a repository to reflect changes made in a remote copy of the repository:

More information is available in the Computing Skills Workshop as well as this tutorial on the basics of using Git , as well as lots of information/tutorials online. We’ll see a lot more about Git in Section/Lab sessions, where you’ll learn to set up a repository, make changes to repositories and work with local and remote versons of the repository. In particular, you’ll have a chance to work through the tutorial and practice with Git in the first section/lab (September 6). During the course, you’ll make use of Git for submitting problem sets and for doing the final project. You should practice using it more generally while preparing your problem set solutions, and you’ll need to use it extensively for the final group project.

3. Parts of a computer

We won’t spend a lot of time thinking about computer hardware, but we do need to know some of the basics that relate to using a computer and programming effectively. There are many layers of technical detail one could get into, but the key things for now are to have a basic understanding of these components of a computer:

cache (limited fast memory easily accessible from the CPU)
main memory (RAM)

Depending on what your code is doing, the slow step in a computation might be:

doing the actual calculations on the CPU,
moving data back and forth from (main) memory (RAM) to the CPU, or
reading/writing (I/O) data to/from disk.

Please read this overview from a class at CMU that is similar to this class. Don’t worry about too much of the details in the “How Programs Run” section - just try to get the main idea.

4. Connecting to other machines

To connect to a remote machine, you generally need to use SSH. SSH is available as ssh when you are on the UNIX command line. There are also SSH clients for Windows. The SCF has more information on SSH client programs and on using SSH , including connecting without entering your password . Here’s an example of connecting to one of the SCF machines (this assumes you have an SCF account, which you may, and that your user name is paciorek, which it is not).

To copy files between machines, we can use scp , which has similar options to cp . Here’s how we can copy a local file to a remote machine.

And here’s how we can copy from a remote machine to the machine you are on.

You can use relative paths to refer to locations on the local machine. On the remote machine all paths need to be absolute or to be relative to your home directory on that machine.

There are also client programs for file transfer; see this webpage .

For scientific computing, we need a text editor, not a word processor, because we’re going to be operating on code files, plain-text data files, and markup language documents (e.g., Markdown/Quarto) for which word processing formatting gets in the way. Don’t use Microsoft Word or Google Docs to edit code files or Markdown/Quarto/R Markdown/LaTeX.

Summary of some useful editors

traditional editors born in UNIX: emacs , vim
some newer editors: Atom , Sublime Text (Sublime is proprietary/not free)
Windows-specific: WinEdt
Mac-specific: Aquamacs Emacs , TextMate , TextEdit
RStudio provides a built-in editor for R code and Quarto/R Markdown files. One can actually edit and run Python code chunks quite nicely in RStudio. (Note: RStudio as a whole is an IDE (integrated development environment. The editor is just the editing window where you edit code (and Markdown) files.)
VSCode has a powerful code editor that is customized to work with various languages, and it has a Quarto extension.

As you get started it’s ok to use a very simple text editor such as Notepad in Windows, but you should take the time in the next few weeks to try out more powerful editors such as one of those listed above. It will be well worth your time over the course of your graduate work and then your career.

Be careful in Windows - file suffixes are often hidden.

(Optional) Basic emacs

Emacs is one option as an editor. I use Emacs a fair amount, so I’m including some tips here, but other editors listed above are just as good.

If working with Python and R, one can start up a Python or R interpreter in an additional Emacs buffer and send code to that interpreter and see the results of running the code.
For working with R, ESS (emacs speaks statistics) mode is helpful. This is built into Aquamacs Emacs.
To open emacs in the terminal window rather than as a new window, which is handy when it’s too slow (or impossible) to pass (i.e., tunnel) the graphical emacs window through ssh: emacs -nw file.txt

(Optional) Emacs keystroke sequence shortcuts (aka, key bindings ).

Note Several of these (Ctrl-a, Ctrl-e, Ctrl-k, Ctrl-y) work in the command line, interactive Python and R sessions, and other places as well.

Sequence	Result
	Close the file
	Save the file
	Save with a new name
	Search
	Get out of command buffer at bottom of screen
	Go to beginning of line
	Go to end of line
	Delete the rest of the line from cursor forward
then move to end of block	Highlight a block of text
	Remove the highlighted block, putting it in the kill buffer
after using or	Paste from kill buffer (‘y’ is for ‘yank’)

(Optional) Basic vim

vim is another option as an editor. Like emacs, it’s been around for a long time, and some of the other options above are probably more user friendly. However, it can be helpful to know how to do some basic things in vim.

For example, if you run git commit without the -m flag to add a message, you’ll be put in a vim editor window by default (you can also modify what editor git uses).

vim has two modes: normal mode, which allows you to carry out various operations (such as navigation, saving files, moving and deleting lines) and insert mode, which allows you to actually insert text.

To get into insert mode from normal mode, type “i”. To get back to normal mode, press Esc .

When in normal mode, you can type :w to save, :x to save and exit, and :q to exit. To search a document for a string (e.g., “python docstring”, type /python docstring and return/enter. Type Esc to get out of the search.

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World Ozone Day Essay in English

World Ozone Day: An Essay on Environmental Awareness

On September 16th each year, Ozone Day is commemorated to raise awareness about the depletion of the ozone layer and the critical necessity to protect it. The delicate ozone layer acts as a vital shield of gas that is essential for safeguarding the Earth from the damaging ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun.

This Ozone Day essay provides an overview of World Ozone Day's significance, emphasising the history of World Ozone Day, its importance, and the worldwide actions taken to protect this crucial part of our atmosphere. Recognising the significance of this day helps us acknowledge the shared responsibility we have to protect the environment for future generations. Please read the essay on World Ozone Day in English for your perusal.

Introduction

September 16th is the date when World Ozone Day is commemorated each year, and it serves as a significant international occasion to increase awareness of the crucial role played by the ozone layer in safeguarding life on our planet. Situated in the Earth's stratosphere, the ozone layer is a slender layer of gas that shields us from the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation emitted by the sun. Life on Earth would face considerable risks without this protective barrier, as higher exposure to UV rays could lead to elevated incidences of skin cancer , cataracts, and other health problems, while also causing harm to ecosystems. This piece of writing explains the significance, background, and worldwide importance of World Ozone Day, underlining the necessity for united endeavours to safeguard this essential element of our atmosphere.

Importance of the Ozone Layer

The ozone layer acts as a shield, blocking the sun’s harmful UV-B and UV-C rays, which can cause severe harm to living beings. By soaking up most of the UV radiation, the ozone layer stops it from reaching the Earth's surface in harmful quantities. This safeguard is essential for human well-being, as too much UV exposure can result in skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems. Moreover, the ozone layer plays a crucial role in safeguarding marine ecosystems, terrestrial plants , and animals, since excessive UV radiation can disturb the delicate balance of these environments.

World Ozone Day History

World Ozone Day marks the anniversary of the adoption of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer in 1987. This significant international treaty aimed to phase out the production and use of ozone-depleting substances (ODS). The Montreal Protocol is widely seen as a highly successful environmental accord, with 197 nations committing to reduce and ultimately eliminate the use of ODS like chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In 1994, the United Nations General Assembly officially declared September 16th as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, acknowledging the global efforts to safeguard the ozone layer and secure a sustainable future.

Global Significance and Collective Responsibility

World Ozone Day holds global significance that goes beyond just protecting the ozone layer. It stands as a strong reminder of the importance of international collaboration in addressing environmental issues. The success of the Montreal Protocol showcases how working together can bring positive results for the Earth. The protocol's efforts to phase out ODS have not only helped heal the ozone layer but also reduced the impact of climate change, as many ODS are potent greenhouse gases.

World Ozone Day also emphasises the ongoing need for vigilance and action. Despite significant progress, the ozone layer is still in the process of recovery and is expected to return to its pre-1980 levels by the mid-century if current measures are upheld. This day urges governments, industries, and individuals to stay dedicated to protecting the ozone layer and to continue seeking sustainable alternatives to harmful substances.

Short Essay on World Ozone Day

September 16th marks the annual celebration of World Ozone Day, an important event focused on creating awareness about the crucial role of the ozone layer and the necessity of preserving it. Positioned in the Earth's stratosphere, the ozone layer serves as a protective barrier by absorbing the majority of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is essential for safeguarding life on Earth. Overexposure to UV radiation can result in severe health problems such as skin cancer, cataracts, weakened immune systems, and ecological damage, highlighting the significance of this natural shield.

The history of World Ozone Day can be traced back to 1987 with the signing of the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement intended to eliminate the production of substances responsible for ozone depletion, including chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). In 1994, the United Nations designated September 16th as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer to honour the signing of this groundbreaking treaty. World Ozone Day serves as a powerful reminder of the accomplishments of the Montreal Protocol and the ongoing global collaboration required for environmental protection. Despite the considerable progress made, the ozone layer is still in the process of recovery, emphasising the continuous efforts needed to ensure its complete restoration. This annual observance motivates individuals, communities, and governments to maintain their commitment to preserving the ozone layer, thereby securing a healthier and safer planet for future generations.

World Ozone Day Quotes

"The ozone layer is a fragile shield of gas that protects the Earth from the harmful rays of the sun; it needs our protection too."

"Preserving the ozone layer is not just about protecting the environment, it’s about securing our future."

"The Earth does not belong to us; we belong to the Earth. Protect the ozone, protect life."

"Every small step towards reducing ozone-depleting substances is a giant leap towards a safer planet."

"The ozone layer is our Earth's sunscreen; let’s not let it fade away."

"Healing the ozone layer is healing our planet’s future."

"A world without ozone is like a home without a roof—protect it for the sake of all life."

"Let’s work together to ensure that the sky above remains a haven for generations to come."

"The time to protect the ozone is now; the future of our planet depends on it."

"World Ozone Day reminds us that the fight to protect our atmosphere is a fight for our survival."

The observance of World Ozone Day is an important time to look back on the strides made in safeguarding the ozone layer and reaffirming our dedication to conserving the environment. This piece offers a brief composition on World Ozone Day, highlighting the extensive history and accomplishments of the Montreal Protocol, which stands as a motivating illustration of what can be accomplished when countries come together for a shared cause. It is crucial, as we celebrate this day, to acknowledge the significance of the ozone layer in protecting life on Earth and to collectively shoulder the responsibility of preserving it. By persisting in our endeavours, we can guarantee a healthier planet for future generations, where the ozone layer remains undamaged and life can flourish.

FAQs on World Ozone Day Essay in English

1. What is World Ozone Day?

World Ozone Day, observed on September 16th, is dedicated to raising awareness about the importance of the ozone layer and the need to protect it.

2. Why is the ozone layer important as discussed in the Ozone Day essay in english?

The ozone layer protects Earth by absorbing most of the sun's harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can cause health problems like skin cancer and cataracts, and harm ecosystems.

3. When was World Ozone Day first established?

The United Nations General Assembly established World Ozone Day in 1994, commemorating the signing of the Montreal Protocol in 1987.

4. What is the Montreal Protocol, mentioned in the short essay on world ozone day?

The Montreal Protocol is an international treaty signed in 1987 aimed at phasing out the production and consumption of substances that deplete the ozone layer.

5. How do substances like CFCs affect the ozone layer? Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) release chlorine and bromine into the atmosphere, which break down ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other ozone-depleting substances (ODS) release chlorine and bromine into the atmosphere, which break down ozone molecules, thinning the ozone layer.

6. What are the health impacts of ozone layer depletion?

Ozone depletion increases UV radiation reaching the Earth, leading to higher risks of skin cancer, cataracts, and weakened immune systems in humans, and can also affect wildlife.

7. Is the ozone layer recovering, as discussed in the World Ozone Day essay in english?

Yes, thanks to global efforts like the Montreal Protocol, the ozone layer is gradually recovering and is expected to return to pre-1980 levels by the mid-21st century.

8. How does ozone depletion affect the environment?

Increased UV radiation can damage crops, marine ecosystems, and biodiversity, leading to disruptions in food chains and ecological balance.

9. What actions can individuals take to protect the ozone layer?

Individuals can avoid using products containing ozone-depleting substances, support policies for environmental protection, and raise awareness about the importance of the ozone layer.

10. What are some common ozone-depleting substances (ODS)?

Common ODS include CFCs, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform, which were once widely used in refrigeration, aerosol sprays, and fire extinguishers.

11. How does climate change relate to ozone depletion, according to the World Ozone Day history?

While distinct issues, climate change and ozone depletion are linked; some ODS are also potent greenhouse gases, and the reduction of these substances helps mitigate both problems.

12. What role do international agreements play in ozone layer protection?

International agreements like the Montreal Protocol have been crucial in reducing and eventually eliminating the use of ODS, leading to significant progress in ozone layer recovery.

13. What is the ozone hole?

The ozone hole refers to a significant thinning of the ozone layer over Antarctica, first observed in the 1980s, largely caused by human-made chemicals like CFCs.

14. Why is World Ozone Day significant for environmental awareness?

World Ozone Day highlights the importance of global cooperation in solving environmental problems and serves as a reminder of the need to protect the ozone layer for future generations.

15. What future challenges remain in protecting the ozone layer?

Ongoing challenges include ensuring compliance with the Montreal Protocol, addressing the illegal use of ODS, and dealing with emerging threats like new industrial chemicals that could harm the ozone layer.

The Impact of Computers Essay

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Introduction

The singularity is near, works cited.

Advancement in technology has various benefits as it makes it easier for people to perform tasks. Computers have for instance revolutionalised the way tasks are performed in levels no human mind can fathom. However, with more rapid improvement in computer technology one can clearly underscore its impact on human beings and society in general. One could equally speculate that the technology has an impact on a wide range of areas such as human relations, ethics, politics, religion etc.

Scholars and even philosophers have toyed with the idea that the computer could in the long run replace the human capacity to do tasks. This will lead to a situation where all human beings will resort to computers. Morris (98) argues that ‘… the ever-accelerating progress of technology gives the appearance of approaching some essential singularity in the history of the race beyond which human affairs, as we know them, could not continue.

Kurzweil sees singularity as a period during which the pace of technology change will be so rapid, its impact so deep, that human life will be irreversibly transformed.’

Kurzweil talks of epochs which represent how humans’ intelligence has exponentially grown. In the early epochs, he shows how intelligence power has evolved from biology, through information in DNA; technology, through information in neural patterns etc (Morris 105).

It is in the fifth epoch that there is an intersection where technology masters the methods of biology. Here intelligence of humans thus falls. He finally talks of a highly functioning human intelligence spreading throughout the universe. This intelligence is non-biological.

Technology could affect several aspects of social life. Kurzweil predicts a situation where technology would lead to immortality. Look at the impact this situation could impact on the resources; many people will clamber for the scarce resources. This could actually lead to unrest between nations and wars resulting from such demand would be the order of the day.

It is therefore worth noting the relationship of humans to computers over the next 100 years. I feel that human beings will over-rely on computers over the next 100 years to such an extent that human capacities will be overlooked (Morris 125). One can for example already see how the internet is used to do virtually everything from serving as a platform on which business transactions are carried to dating.

In Why the West Rules For now: The pattern of History and what they Reveal about the Future , Morris has clearly given a chronology of how civilizations have developed and failed through reasons beyond their control (Morris 114). He has, in addition, given examples of how rapid technological growth made Britain become the leader among economic and maritime giants; a record by which one can see how technology may lead to shifting power, basing on who advances faster.

Technological ‘war’ could lead to tension reminiscent of the Cold War. It is therefore worth noting how technological change could affect the international relations. Technological advancement may lead to redundancy in human labor. One can only guess how millions could immigrate in search of labor overseas and the effect this would cause nations.

Technological advancement has revolutionized the way we do things; it has cut the distance thereby making the world a global village (Morris 150). Communication is now faster therefore making it easy to do business on the virtual platform. Since people working on a globalised platform may need some agreeable standardization, I feel that this technological advancement may lead to a situation where human beings may develop global institutions of governance since technology has broken the geographical borders.

In conclusion, one can observe that there seems to be a pattern of events that can predict how events will be in future. That is, we could be headed to a form of singularity.

Morris, Ian. Why the West Rules – For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future . Ontario: McClelland & Stewart, 2010

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Computer Scientists Prove That Heat Destroys Quantum Entanglement

August 28, 2024

Kristina Armitage/ Quanta Magazine

Introduction

Nearly a century ago, the physicist Erwin Schrödinger called attention to a quirk of the quantum world that has fascinated and vexed researchers ever since. When quantum particles such as atoms interact, they shed their individual identities in favor of a collective state that’s greater, and weirder, than the sum of its parts. This phenomenon is called entanglement.

Researchers have a firm understanding of how entanglement works in idealized systems containing just a few particles. But the real world is more complicated. In large arrays of atoms, like the ones that make up the stuff we see and touch, the laws of quantum physics compete with the laws of thermodynamics, and things get messy.

At very low temperatures, entanglement can spread over long distances, enveloping many atoms and giving rise to strange phenomena such as superconductivity . Crank up the heat, though, and atoms jitter about, disrupting the fragile links that bind entangled particles.

Physicists have long struggled to pin down the details of this process. Now, a team of four researchers has proved that entanglement doesn’t just weaken as temperature increases. Rather, in mathematical models of quantum systems such as the arrays of atoms in physical materials, there’s always a specific temperature above which it vanishes completely. “It’s not just that it’s exponentially small,” said Ankur Moitra of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the authors of the new result. “It’s zero.”

Researchers had previously observed hints of this behavior and dubbed it the “ sudden death ” of entanglement. But their evidence has always been indirect. The new finding, by contrast, has the force of a mathematical proof. It establishes the absence of entanglement in a much more comprehensive and rigorous way.

Curiously, the four researchers behind the new result aren’t even physicists, and they didn’t set out to prove anything about entanglement. They’re computer scientists who stumbled on the proof accidentally while developing a new algorithm.

Regardless of their intent, the results have excited researchers in the area. “It’s a very, very strong statement,” said Soonwon Choi , a physicist at MIT. “I was very impressed.”

Finding Equilibrium

The team made their discovery while exploring the theoretical capabilities of future quantum computers — machines that will exploit quantum behavior, including entanglement and superposition, to perform certain calculations far faster than the conventional computers we know today.

One of the most promising applications of quantum computing is in the study of quantum physics itself. Let’s say you want to understand the behavior of a quantum system. Researchers need to first develop specific procedures, or algorithms, that quantum computers can use to answer your questions.

Ewin Tang in a white shirt and brown sweater stands outside

Ewin Tang helped devise a new fast algorithm for simulating how certain quantum systems behave at high temperatures.

But not all questions about quantum systems are easier to answer using quantum algorithms. Some are equally easy for classical algorithms, which run on ordinary computers, while others are hard for both classical and quantum ones.

To understand where quantum algorithms and the computers that can run them might offer an advantage, researchers often analyze mathematical models called spin systems, which capture the basic behavior of arrays of interacting atoms. They then might ask: What will a spin system do when you leave it alone at a given temperature? The state it settles into, called its thermal equilibrium state, determines many of its other properties, so researchers have long sought to develop algorithms for finding equilibrium states.

Whether those algorithms really benefit from being quantum in nature depends on the temperature of the spin system in question. At very high temperatures, known classical algorithms can do the job easily. The problem gets harder as temperature decreases and quantum phenomena grow stronger; in some systems it gets too hard for even quantum computers to solve in any reasonable amount of time. But the details of all this remain murky.

“When do you go to the space where you need quantum, and when do you go to the space where quantum doesn’t even help you?” said Ewin Tang , a researcher at the University of California, Berkeley and one of the authors of the new result. “Not that much is known.”

In February, Tang and Moitra began thinking about the thermal equilibrium problem together with two other MIT computer scientists: a postdoctoral researcher named Ainesh Bakshi and Moitra’s graduate student Allen Liu . In 2023, they’d all collaborated on a groundbreaking quantum algorithm for a different task involving spin systems, and they were looking for a new challenge.

“When we work together, things just flow,” Bakshi said. “It’s been awesome.”

Before that 2023 breakthrough, the three MIT researchers had never worked on quantum algorithms. Their background was in learning theory, a subfield of computer science that focuses on algorithms for statistical analysis. But like ambitious upstarts everywhere, they viewed their relative naïveté as an advantage, a way to see a problem with fresh eyes. “One of our strengths is that we don’t know much quantum,” Moitra said. “The only quantum we know is the quantum that Ewin taught us.”

The team decided to focus on relatively high temperatures, where researchers suspected that fast quantum algorithms would exist, even though nobody had been able to prove it. Soon enough, they found a way to adapt an old technique from learning theory into a new fast algorithm. But as they were writing up their paper, another team came out with a similar result : a proof that a promising algorithm developed the previous year would work well at high temperatures. They’d been scooped.

Sudden Death Reborn

A bit bummed that they’d come in second, Tang and her collaborators began corresponding with Álvaro Alhambra , a physicist at the Institute for Theoretical Physics in Madrid and one of the authors of the rival paper. They wanted to work out the differences between the results they’d achieved independently. But when Alhambra read through a preliminary draft of the four researchers’ proof, he was surprised to discover that they’d proved something else in an intermediate step: In any spin system in thermal equilibrium, entanglement vanishes completely above a certain temperature. “I told them, ‘Oh, this is very, very important,’” Alhambra said.

Allen Liu in a gray shirt and backpack stands in front of a large overlook. Ainesh Bakshi in a blue shirt stands in front of a red sculpture. Ankur Moitra sits in a checkered shirt.

From left: Allen Liu, Ainesh Bakshi and Ankur Moitra collaborated with Tang, drawing on their background in a different branch of computer science. “One of our strengths is that we don’t know much quantum,” Moitra said.

From left: Courtesy of Allen Liu; Amartya Shankha Biswas; Gretchen Ertl

The team quickly revised their draft to highlight the accidental result. “It turns out that this just falls out of our algorithm,” Moitra said. “We get more than what we bargained for.”

Researchers had observed this sudden death of entanglement since the late 2000s, in experiments and simulations on ordinary classical computers. But none of those earlier works had been able to measure the disappearance of entanglement directly. They had also studied the phenomenon only in small systems, which aren’t the most interesting ones.

“It could have been that for larger and larger systems you would have to go to higher and higher temperatures to see lack of entanglement,” Alhambra said. In that case, the sudden-death phenomenon might happen at such high temperatures as to be irrelevant in real materials. Instead, Tang and her collaborators showed that the temperature at which entanglement vanishes doesn’t depend on the total number of atoms in the system. The only thing that matters is the details of the interactions between nearby atoms.

Álvaro Alhambra in a green shirt stands in front of a chalkboard with figures on it

Álvaro Alhambra, a physicist working on the same problem as Tang, Moitra, Bakshi and Liu, realized they had accidentally proved a new result about quantum entanglement while developing their algorithm.

Laura Marcos

The approach they used in their proof was itself unusual. Most algorithms for finding thermal equilibrium states are inspired by the way real physical systems approach equilibrium. But Tang and company used techniques far removed from quantum theory.

“That’s what’s so amazing about this paper,” said Nikhil Srivastava , a computer scientist at Berkeley. “The proof kind of ignores the physics.”

The Search Continues

The four researchers’ proof that high-temperature spin systems lack any entanglement helps explain another interesting feature of their new algorithm: Very little of it is actually quantum. True, the algorithm’s output — a full description of how the atoms in a spin system are oriented in thermal equilibrium — is too unwieldy to store on a classical machine. But other than the last step that generates this output, every part of the algorithm is classical.

“It’s essentially the most trivial quantum computation,” Liu said.

Tang has a long track record of discovering “dequantization” results — proofs that quantum algorithms aren’t actually necessary for many problems. She and her collaborators weren’t trying to do that this time, but the proof of vanishing entanglement that they stumbled into amounts to an even more extreme version of dequantization. It’s not just that quantum algorithms don’t offer any advantage in a specific problem involving high-temperature spin systems — there’s nothing quantum about those systems whatsoever.

But that doesn’t mean quantum computing researchers should lose hope. Two recent papers identified examples of low-temperature spin systems in which quantum algorithms for measuring equilibrium states outperform classical ones, though it remains to be seen how widespread this behavior is. And even though Bakshi and his collaborators proved a negative result, the unorthodox method they used to get there indicates that fruitful new ideas can come from unexpected places.

“We can be optimistic that there are crazy new algorithms to be discovered,” Moitra said. “And that in the process, we can discover some beautiful mathematics.”

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Essay on Evolution of Computers

Students are often asked to write an essay on Evolution of Computers in their schools and colleges. And if you’re also looking for the same, we have created 100-word, 250-word, and 500-word essays on the topic.

Let’s take a look…

100 Words Essay on Evolution of Computers

The birth of computers.

Computers were born in the 19th century. Charles Babbage, an English mathematician, designed a machine called the Analytical Engine. It was a mechanical computer that used punched cards.

Early 20th Century

In the 1930s and 1940s, computers like the ENIAC were developed. They were large machines that used vacuum tubes and punch cards. They were used in World War II.

Mid 20th Century

In the 1950s and 1960s, transistors replaced vacuum tubes in computers. This made them smaller, faster, and cheaper. The first personal computers were introduced.

Today’s computers are small and powerful. They use microprocessors and can do complex tasks. They are a part of our daily lives.

250 Words Essay on Evolution of Computers

The genesis of computers, the birth of modern computers.

The 20th century marked the onset of modern computing. The 1936 invention of the Turing machine by Alan Turing laid the groundwork for theoretical computation. During World War II, the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer) was developed, marking the advent of the first large-scale digital computer.

The Era of Personal Computers

The 1970s and 1980s saw the rise of personal computers. Companies like IBM and Apple revolutionized the industry, making computers accessible to the public. This era also marked the birth of the Internet, transforming the way computers were used.

Present and Future of Computers

Today, computers have evolved to become an integral part of our lives, from smartphones to smart homes. The future holds immense possibilities, with quantum computing and AI promising to redefine our understanding of computers. The evolution of computers is a testament to human ingenuity and innovation, and their future continues to inspire awe and anticipation.

500 Words Essay on Evolution of Computers

The dawn of computing.

The evolution of computers has been an intriguing journey, intertwined with human ingenuity and innovation. The earliest computing device, the abacus, was invented in 2400 BC, a simple manual tool used for calculations. Fast forward to the 19th century, the concept of a programmable computer was introduced by Charles Babbage, who designed the Analytical Engine, a mechanical general-purpose computer.

The Birth of the Modern Computer

The 20th century witnessed the birth of the modern computer. The first generation (1940-1956) was characterized by vacuum tubes and magnetic drums for data storage. Computers like the ENIAC, UNIVAC, and IBM were monumental in this era. However, they were enormous, consuming large amounts of electricity, and had limited processing power.

Transistors and Integrated Circuits: The Game Changers

Microprocessors and personal computers.

The fourth generation (1971-Present) brought about the microprocessor, a single chip containing all the elements of a CPU. This led to the advent of personal computers. The IBM PC and Apple Macintosh, introduced in the 1980s, revolutionized the way people interact with computers, making them accessible to the general public.

The Internet and the Digital Age

The rise of the Internet in the 1990s and early 2000s marked a significant milestone in computer evolution. It connected computers globally, enabling information sharing and communication on an unprecedented scale. It also paved the way for the development of sophisticated software applications, online services, and cloud computing.

Present and Future: Towards Quantum Computing

The evolution of computers is a testament to human innovation, transforming from simple calculating devices to powerful tools that shape our society. As we stand on the brink of a new era in computing, one can only wonder what the future holds.

That’s it! I hope the essay helped you.

Happy studying!

One Comment

To whom that wrote this essay, You saved my time and my life… thanks for helping me with my assignment. Thank you sooo much.

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