critical thinking logical reasoning questions

Critical Thinking Test Practice ▷ Free Critical Reasoning Samples & Tips 2024

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Start Preparing for Your Critical Thinking Test.  This page features a brief introduction, followed by question examples with detailed explanations, and a free test sample.

Table of Contents :

✻  What is a Critical Thinking Test ?

✻  Sample Questions

Related links

✻  Free Critical Thinking Practice Test

✻  Watson Glaser Practice Test

Have you been invited to take a Watson Glaser Test ? Access our tailored prep and our Free Watson Glaser Test . 

What Is Critical Thinking?

Critical thinking, also known as critical reasoning, is the ability to assess a situation and consider/understand various perspectives, all while acknowledging, extracting and deciphering facts, opinions and assumptions. Critical thinking tests are a sub-type of aptitude exams  or psychometric tests used in pre-employment assessment for jobs reacquiring advanced analytical and learning skills.

The Skills You Will Be Tested On

Critical thinking tests can have 5 major sections or sub-tests that assess and measure a variety of aspects.

1) Inference

In this section, you are asked to draw conclusions from observed or supposed facts. You are presented with a short text containing a set of facts you should consider as true.

Below the text is a statement that could be inferred from the text. You need to make a judgement on whether this statement is valid or not, based on what you have read.

Furthermore, you are asked to evaluate whether the statement is true, probably true, there is insufficient data to determine, probably false, or false.

For example:  if a baby is crying and it is his feeding time, you may infer that the baby is hungry. However, the baby may be crying for other reasons—perhaps it is hot.

2) Recognising Assumptions

In this section, you are asked to recognise whether an assumption is justifiable or not.

Here you are given a statement followed by an assumption on that statement. You need to establish whether this assumption can be supported by the statement or not.

You are being tested on your ability to avoid taking things for granted that are not necessarily true. For example, you may say, "I’ll have the same job in three months," but you would be taking for granted the fact that your workplace won't make you redundant, or that you won’t decide to quit and explore various other possibilities.

You are asked to choose between the options of assumption made and assumption not made.

3) Deduction

This section tests your ability to weigh information and decide whether given conclusions are warranted.

You are presented with a statement of facts followed by a conclusion on what you have read. For example, you may be told, "Nobody in authority can avoid making uncomfortable decisions."

You must then decide whether a statement such as "All people must make uncomfortable decisions" is warranted from the first statement.

You need to assess whether the conclusion follows or the conclusion does not follow what is contained in the statement. You can read more about our  deductive logical thinking test  resources here. 

4) Interpretation

This section measures your ability to understand the weighing of different arguments on a particular question or issue.

You are given a short paragraph to read, which you are expected to take as true. This paragraph is followed by a suggested conclusion, for which you must decide if it follows beyond a reasonable doubt.

You have the choice of conclusion follows and conclusion does not follow.

5) Evaluation of Arguments

In this section you are asked to evaluate the strength of an argument.

You are given a question followed by an argument. The argument is considered to be true, but you must decide whether it is a strong or weak argument, i.e. whether it is both important and directly related to the question.

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Critical Thinking Question Examples

As there are various forms of critical thinking and critical reasoning, we've provided a number of critical thinking sample questions.

You can take our full Critical Thinking Sample Test to see more questions.

Argument Analysis Sample Question

Which of the following is true?

• Most of the people surveyed, whether they own pets or do not own pets, displayed outstanding interpersonal capacities.
• The adoption of a pet involves personal sacrifice and occasional inconvenience.
• People with high degrees of empathy are more likely to adopt pets than people with low degrees of empathy.
• Interpersonal capacities entail tuning in to all the little signals necessary to operate as a couple.
• A person's degree of empathy is highly correlated with his or her capacity for personal sacrifice.

The correct answer is C

Answer explanation: In a question of this type, the rule is very simple: the main conclusion of an argument is found either in the first or the last sentence. If, however, the main conclusion appears in the middle of an argument, it will begin with a signal word such as thus, therefore, or so. Regardless of where the main conclusion appears, the rest of the passage will give the reasons why the conclusion is true or should be adopted. The main conclusion in this passage is the last sentence, signaled by the words, 'This indicates that people who are especially empathetic are more likely to adopt a pet than people who are less empathetic'.

Argument Practice Sample Question

A: No. Differential bonuses have been found to create a hostile working environment, which leads to a decrease in the quality and quantity of products .

This argument is:

The correct answer is A (Strong)

Schema of the statement: Differential cash bonuses (productivity↑) → workplace↑

Explanation: This argument targets both the action and the consequences of the action on the object of the statement. It states that the action (implementing differential cash bonuses) has a negative effect on the workplace (a decrease in the quality and quantity of products). Therefore, it is an important argument, one that is relevant for the workplace. Note that this argument does not specifically target differential cash bonuses. Still, they are considered a sub-group of the subject of the argument (differential bonuses).

Interpretations Sample Question

Proposed assumption: Vicki and Bill encountered a personal battle because they couldn’t come to terms with their disease.

A. Conclusion follows

B. Conclusion does not follow

The correct answer is B (Conclusion does not follow)

It is plausible that the reason people who suffer from sleep apnoea encounter a personal battle is because of an inability to come to terms with this disease. However, since the passage does not provide an actual reason, you cannot reach this conclusion without reasonable doubt. 

The most common type of Critical Thinking Assessment is the Watson Glaser .

Difficult and time-pressured, the Watsong Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal (WGCTA) takes a unique testing approach that breaks away from more traditional assessments. To see examples, check out our free Watson Glaser practice test .

Our expertly curated practice programme for the Watson Glaser will provide you with:

• A full-length diagnostic simulation
• Focused practice tests for the different test sections: inferences, assumptions, deductive reasoning, interpretations, and arguments.
• 3 additional full-length simulations
• Interactive tutorials

Or learn more about the Watson Glaser Test.

Critical Thinking Tests FAQs

What critical reasoning test am I most likely to take?

Very Likely the Watson-Glaser test

Another popular critical thinking assessment, Watson-Glaser is a well-established psychometric test produced by Pearson Assessments.

The Watson-Glaser test is used for two main purposes: job selection/talent management and academic evaluations. The Watson-Glaser test can be administered online or in-person.

For Watson Glaser practice questions,  click here !

What skills do critical reasoning test measure?

Critical Thinking can refer to various skills:

• Defining the problem
• Selecting the relevant information to solve the problem
• Recognising assumptions that are both written and implied in the text
• Creating hypotheses and selecting the most relevant and credible solutions
• Reaching valid conclusions and judging the validity of inferences

Pearson TalentLens condenses critical thinking into three major areas:

• R ecognise assumptions – the ability to notice and question assumptions, recognise information gaps or unfounded logic. Basically not taking anything for granted.
• E valuate arguments – the ability to analyse information objectively without letting your emotions affect your opinion.
• D raw conclusions – the ability to reach focused conclusions and inferences by considering diverse information, avoiding generalisations and disregarding information that is not available.

These are abilities that employers highly value in their employees, because they come into play in many stages of problem-solving and decision-making processes in the workplace, especially in business, management and law.

Why are critical thinking tests important to employers?

Critical thinking, or critical reasoning, is important to employers because they want to see that when dealing with an issue, you are able to make logical decisions without involving emotions.

Being able to look past emotions will help you to be open-minded, confident, and decisive—making your decisions more logical and sound.

What professions use critical thinking tests?

Below are some professions that use critical thinking tests and assessments during the hiring process as well as some positions that demand critical thinking and reasoning skills:

Preparation Packs for Critical Thinking & Critical Reasoning Assessmentsץ The Critical Thinking PrepPack™ provides you with the largest assembly of practice tests, study guides and tutorials. Our tests come complete with straightforward expert explanations and predictive score reports to let you know your skill level as well as your advancement. By using our materials you can significantly increase your potential within a few days and secure yourself better chances to get the job.

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Choose 3 Preparation Packs at 50% discount for 1, 3, or 6 months.

Are you about to apply for a role in the finance industry?

Several major banking and consulting employers evaluate their applicants using critical thinking tests, among other methods. Visit your potential employer's page to better understand the tests you are about to face, and start preparing today!

HSBC  |  UBS  |  Bain & Co  |  Macquarie  |  Morgan Stanley  |  Barclays  |  EIB  |  Deloitte  |  Deutsche Bank  |  KPMG  |  PWC  |  Lazard  |  EY  |  Nomura  |  BCG  |  BNP Paribas  |  Jefferies | Moelis & Co

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Critical Reasoning: Practice Questions

• 2nd floors do not have lifts    
• 7th floors have lifts    
• Only floors above the 3rd floors have lifts
• All floors may be reached by lifts
• To call men intelligent who are not strikingly so must be to use the concept with undue imprecision
• Every empirical concept has a degree of vagueness    
• Calling someone intelligent or not depends upon one's whim
• There is no need to be as indecisive as the writer of the above
• The poachers arrested in Zinbaku between 1970 and 1980 were rarely sentenced to long prison terms
• Because of highly publicized campaigns against the slaughter of elephants, demand for ivory fell between 1970 and 1980
• The elephant   population in neighbouring Mombasa rose slightly between 1970 and 1980
• In Zinbaku, between 1970 and 1980, thousands of acres of forest, the elephant's natural habitat, were cleared for farming
• The roads outside highway would be as convenient as highway for most drivers of trucks..
• Most of the roads outside highways are not ready to handle truck traffic.
• Most trucks that are currently running in highway have a capacity of more than 8 tons.
• Cars are at greater risk of being involved in collisions than are trucks.
• Basics of Critical Reasoning
• Argument Questions
• Inference Questions
• Inference Vs. Conclusion
• Para Completion
• Paradox Questions
• Summary Based Questions
• CR Practice Exercise
• Facts, Inferences & Judgements
• Strong & Weak Arguments
• Conclusion Questions
• Conclusions Practice Exercise
• Para Completion Exercise
• Course of Action
• Advanced Concept of CR
• A group of Japanese researchers found that the successful work teams were led by dominant leaders
• University researchers found that there was a significant correlation between team productivity and the extent to which team members understood and complied with the group's objectives
• American researchers found that successful team members tended to rate their fellow members more favourably
• Industrial Psychologists of UK found that work groups who tended to participate in after-hours social activities were more productive
• Success in starting a new business largely depends on sound financial planning
• Venture capitalists are motivated by non-monetary gains    
• Social incentives motivate investors just as much as financial rewards
• None of these
• Highways are experiencing overcrowded traffic mainly because of sharp increases in car traffic
• Many drivers of trucks would rather buy trucks with a capacity of less than 8 tons than be excluded from highways.
• The number of collisions that occur near highways has reduced in recent years
• Trucks that have a capacity of more than 8 tons cause a disproportionately large number of collisions on highways
• Importing oil on tankers is currently less expensive than drilling for it offshore.
• Tankers can easily be redesigned so that their use entails less risk of an oil spill.
• The impact of offshore operations on the environment can be reduced by careful management.
• Oil spills caused by tankers have generally been more serious than those caused by offshore operations.

• All three types of households, urban, suburban, and rural, spend more of their income on housing than all other purchases combined.
• Rural households have lower housing and food costs than do either urban or suburban households.
• The median income of suburban and urban households is generally more than that of rural households.
• The average rural households include more people than does the average urban or suburban holds.
• Many sugar factories that are large consumers of sugarcane increase their production of sugarcane-based ethanol, yet their overall consumption of sugarcane decreased.
• Rainfall in sugarcane-growing regions was higher than it had been during previous year, allowing the growers to save money on expensive artificial irrigation.
• Sugarcane growers have saved money on wages by switching from paying labourers a daily wage to paying them by the amount harvested.
• Many small sugarcane growers joined together to form an association of sugarcane producers and began to buy supplies at low group rates.
• Grammar: Concepts and Rules
• Sentence Correction: Concepts and Rules
• Verbal Reasoning: Concepts and Practice
• Reading Comprehension: Concepts and Strategies
• Vocabulary-based Topics
• Parajumbles: Concept and Tricks
• Critical Reasoning: Concepts and Practice

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Grammar Basics: Interjections

Phrases and Clauses

Reading Comprehension: Basic Concepts

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Logical Reasoning Questions and Answers

Logical Reasoning involves the ability to use and understand logical connections between facts or ideas.

• In verbal reasoning , questions are expressed in words or statements and require the reader to think critically about the language used in order to choose the correct answer from the given options.
• Non-verbal reasoning meanwhile involves questions presented as images and figures, requiring the reader to comprehend how one element relates to another before selecting the right answer out of a list of potential answers.

Logical Reasoning is a key component of many competitive and reasoning ability-testing exams in India and abroad. Reasoning questions allow organizations to assess a candidate’s problem-solving skills, critical thinking capabilities, and capacity for logical and analytical thinking. 

Aptitude Questions such as Quantitative Aptitude and Logical Reasoning are considered essential skills for success in a wide range of competitive exams worldwide. These two sections often form the backbone of entrance exams, whether it’s for a public sector job in India or a university admission test in the United States.

Go through the following article to learn more about the various types of reasoning ability queries generally included in competitive tests.

Logical Reasoning Topics

Logical Reasoning is a crucial section in various competitive exams, and aspirants must study these topics to improve their problem-solving abilities and score better.

Types of Questions included in logical reasoning:

• Verbal Questions
• Puzzle Questions
• Image-Based Questions
• Sequence Questions

Topic-wise practice questions on logical reasoning:

• Number Series
• Letter and Symbol Series
• Verbal Classification
• Essential Part
• Artificial Language
• Matching Definitions
• Making Judgments
• Logical Problems
• Logical Games
• Analyzing Arguments
• Course of Action
• Statement and Conclusion
• Theme Detection
• Cause and Effect
• Statement and Argument
• Logical Deduction
• Letter Series
• Verification of the Truth of the Statement
• Coding Decoding
• Assertion and Reason
• Statement and Assumptions
• Logical Venn Diagram

Verbal Reasoning

Verbal reasoning is the cognitive ability to understand and interpret information presented in written or spoken language and apply logical reasoning to draw conclusions and solve problems.

It involves analyzing and evaluating information, making inferences and deductions, and identifying relationships between concepts and ideas. Verbal reasoning often tests a candidate’s language comprehension, critical thinking, and analytical skills and is commonly used in aptitude tests, job interviews, and higher education admissions.

A strong grasp of verbal reasoning can help individuals communicate effectively, think critically, and make informed decisions in their personal and professional lives.

Verbal Reasoning Questions and Answers Topics

• Logical Sequence of Words
• Blood Relation Test
• Series Completion
• Cube and Cuboid
• Seating Arrangement
• Character Puzzles
• Direction Sense Test
• Classification
• Data Sufficiency
• Arithmetic Reasoning
• Verification of Truth

Non-Verbal Reasoning

Non-verbal reasoning is the cognitive ability that involves questions presented as images and figures, requiring the reader to comprehend how one element relates to another before selecting the right answer out of a list of potential answers.

Non-verbal reasoning often tests a candidate’s ability to think creatively, solve problems, and make quick decisions, and is commonly used in aptitude tests, job interviews, and higher education admissions.

A strong grasp of non-verbal reasoning can help individuals develop their creativity, spatial awareness, and problem-solving abilities, making them more effective at tackling complex challenges in their personal and professional lives.

If you are a government exam aspirant or a student preparing for college placements, the reasoning is the topic that you need to practice thoroughly. Below are some topics that need to be practiced well for the reasoning section of the exam. So, let’s go through the following article to learn more about the various types of reasoning queries generally included in competitive tests.

Non-Verbal Reasoning Questions and Answers Topics

• Analytical Reasoning
• Mirror Images
• Water Images
• Embedded Images
• Pattern Completion
• Figure Matrix
• Paper Folding
• Paper Cutting
• Rule Detection
• Grouping of Images
• Dot Situation
• Shape Construction
• Image Analysis
• Cubes and Dice
• Picture Analogies

Logical reasoning is an important assessment tool for a wide range of competitive examinations. Questions in this section are designed to judge a candidate’s analytical and logical thinking abilities. Various types of reasoning questions are included in this section to test the student’s capacity for problem-solving, deduction, and inference.

Practicing questions is the only way to prepare for the reasoning test section. This way, even those who may struggle in this section can have an equal chance at success during exams or applications. The article contains concepts, questions, and topics of the reasoning section from the competitive exams and the placement exams’ point of view. 

FAQs – Logical Reasoning

Q1. what is logical reasoning  .

Logical reasoning involves the ability to use and understand logical connections between facts or ideas. The reasoning is a critical component of many tests and interviews. In order to perform well, it can be beneficial to practice doing reasoning questions with solutions available. 

Q2. What are logical reasoning questions? 

Logical reasoning questions can be both verbal and non-verbal: In verbal logical reasoning questions, questions are expressed in words or statements and require the reader to think critically about the language used in order to choose the correct answer from the given options and in non-verbal logical reasoning questions, it involves questions presented as images and figures, requiring the reader to comprehend how one element relates to another before selecting the right answer out of a list of potential answers.

Q3. What is the approach to solving reasoning questions? 

Follow the steps given below for preparation: 1. Practice with a timer and solve questions within the time limit. 2. Read the question carefully and try to understand the logic behind it. 3. Practice as many questions as you can and brush up on your skills.

Q4. Which book is good for the preparation of reasoning question sets? 

Students can practice from the following books: 1. A Modern Approach to Verbal & Non-Verbal Reasoning by R.S. Agarwal 2. Shortcuts in Reasoning (Verbal, Non-Verbal, Analytical & Critical) for Competitive Exams by Disha Experts 3. How to Crack Test of Reasoning by Arihant Experts

Q5. What is the syllabus of the Reasoning Aptitude section for competitive exams? 

Reasoning Aptitude covers a wide range of topics. Those topics are already given in the article. Aspirants must go through the article to learn about those topics and practice them thoroughly.

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Logical Reasoning _ Verbal Reasoning

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Logical Reasoning _ Non-Verbal Reasoning

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What Is Logical Reasoning?

What are the common logic tests employers use, what are the topics covered by a logical reasoning test, take a free practice logical reasoning test, frequently asked questions, final thoughts, logical reasoning practice test.

Updated November 27, 2024

Logical reasoning, often referred to as logical thinking or critical thinking, is a cognitive process that involves the ability to analyze information, identify patterns, make sound judgments and draw valid conclusions.

It is a fundamental skill that plays a crucial role in problem-solving, decision-making and rational thinking.

Logical reasoning involves breaking down complex information or situations into smaller, more manageable parts. It requires examining details and understanding the relationships between various elements.

What Are the Different Types of Logical Reasoning Tests?

Logical reasoning tests come in various forms and are used by employers, educational institutions, and standardized testing organizations to assess an individual's ability to think critically and solve problems.

Here are some common types of logical reasoning tests:

• Verbal Reasoning Tests

Reading Comprehension: These tests assess your ability to understand and analyze written information, make inferences, and draw conclusions from passages of text.

Critical Thinking Tests: These tests evaluate your ability to analyze and evaluate arguments, identify assumptions, and assess the validity of statements or claims.

Analogical Reasoning Tests: Analogical reasoning involves recognizing relationships between words or concepts and applying these relationships to solve problems. For example, you might be asked to complete an analogy like "A is to B as C is to what?"

• Numerical Reasoning Tests

Numerical Computation: These tests assess your basic arithmetic skills, including addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

Numerical Sequences: These tests require you to identify patterns and relationships within number sequences and use them to predict the next number.

Data Interpretation: In these tests, you are presented with data in the form of tables, graphs, or charts, and you must interpret the information to answer questions.

• Abstract Reasoning Tests

Non-Verbal Reasoning: Abstract reasoning tests evaluate your ability to recognize patterns, shapes, and relationships among visual elements. They often involve series of diagrams or figures, and you must identify the logical rules governing them.

Inductive Reasoning: Inductive reasoning tests present you with a series of visual or abstract patterns and require you to identify the underlying rules and predict the next pattern in the sequence.

• Spatial Reasoning Tests

Spatial Awareness: These tests measure your ability to visualize and manipulate objects in three-dimensional space. You may be asked to complete puzzles, identify rotated or mirrored images, or solve spatial problems. Diagrammatic Reasoning Tests:

Diagram Interpretation: Diagrammatic reasoning tests use diagrams or symbols to present problems. You must analyze the diagrams to draw conclusions or identify patterns.

Syllogism and Logic Tests

Syllogisms: Syllogism tests present logical statements and ask you to determine whether a conclusion is valid based on the given premises.

Symbolic Logic: These tests involve working with formal logic symbols to evaluate logical arguments.

Inference and Deduction Tests

Inference Tests: Inference tests assess your ability to make logical deductions and draw conclusions based on a set of statements or information.

Deductive Reasoning: Deductive reasoning tests require you to apply deductive logic principles to solve problems and make decisions.

• Mechanical Reasoning Tests

Mechanical Understanding: These tests evaluate your knowledge of mechanical and physical concepts, such as gears, pulleys, levers, and basic physics principles.

• Cognitive Ability Tests

Cognitive Ability Tests: These assessments often include a combination of various reasoning types and are designed to measure overall cognitive abilities.

Employers often use a variety of logic tests to assess the cognitive abilities and problem-solving skills of job applicants. The specific logic tests used can vary depending on the nature of the job and the industry.

Here are some common logic tests that employers may use during the hiring process:

• Logical Deduction and Syllogism Tests
• Data Interpretation Tests
• Diagrammatic Reasoning Tests

This is a 10 question practice logical reasoning test . 

After you have given an answer to a question, the correct answer (and a full explanation of that answer) will be given.

Syllogism, statements and assumptions, logical deduction, cause and effect, statements and conclusions, logical problems.

Prepare for Any Job Assessment

Statements:

A lullaby is a song. No song is prose. Some proses are epics.

Conclusions:

I. Some proses are songs. II. Some epics are lullabies. III. Some songs are lullabies.

How is a logical reasoning test scored?

Logical reasoning tests are typically scored based on the number of correct answers. Each correct answer earns you a point, while incorrect answers may or may not result in a deduction. Some tests use a penalty for wrong answers to discourage guessing, while others do not penalize incorrect responses.

What is a good logical reasoning test result?

What's considered a good result on a logical reasoning test depends on the test itself, the competition, and the job or educational program you're applying for. Generally, a good result is one that places you above the average performance of other test takers.

How difficult is a logic test?

The difficulty of a logic test can vary widely depending on the type of test, the level of complexity, and the skills required. Some logic tests are relatively easy and focus on basic reasoning skills, while others can be highly challenging, especially for roles requiring advanced problem-solving abilities.

Where can I find practice logics test questions?

You can find practice logic test questions online on various websites, including job search platforms, educational websites and test preparation resources.

How long does a logical reasoning test take?

The length of a logical reasoning test can vary. Some tests are relatively short, lasting 20-30 minutes, while others can be longer, spanning 60 minutes or more.

How can I improve my logical reasoning?

Practice is key to improving logical reasoning skills. Work through sample questions and practice tests to familiarize yourself with common patterns and question types.

Why is logical reasoning important?

Logical reasoning is essential because it helps individuals make informed decisions, solve problems efficiently and think critically.

Where are logic tests used?

Many employers use logic tests to assess the cognitive abilities of job candidates.

Logic tests may be part of standardized tests like the LSAT (Law School Admission Test), GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test), or GRE (Graduate Record Examination).

Logical reasoning tests have become integral in the selection process for educational programs and job placements. This article explores the key aspects of logical reasoning tests, their significance and strategies to excel in them.

Logical reasoning tests are designed to assess an individual's ability to think critically, analyze complex information, and solve problems efficiently. They come in various formats, including verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning, abstract reasoning, and more.

Employers and educational institutions use these tests to gauge a candidate's cognitive abilities, which are crucial in roles that require sound decision-making and problem-solving.

You might also be interested in these other PRT articles:

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Free Logical Reasoning Test Sample Questions & Answers

Logical reasoning tests are a form of psychometric test that assess your ability to interpret information and apply that knowledge to come to a conclusion. Typically, no prior knowledge is required for a logical reasoning test, since it evaluates your ability to use logic to solve a problem.

There are several types of logical reasoning tests, each assessing a slightly different skill:

Inductive reasoning : requires you to look for rules between the shapes or diagrams, and use this to determine the next item in the sequence, or the missing item from the sequence.

Deductive reasoning : requires you to analyse information, and use this to make the correct logical conclusions.

Diagrammatic reasoning : presents you with a series of diagrams and symbols, and requires you to identify a rule and apply this to reach the right conclusion.

Abstract reasoning : similar to diagrammatic and inductive reasoning, abstract reasoning presents you with visual sequences, from which you will need to infer rules to identify the next item or missing item.

Critical reasoning : You will be given a passage of information, and will be required to use logical thinking skills to evaluate it and make a judgement.

Although no existing knowledge is required for logical reasoning tests, practicing sample questions will improve your ability to tackle these tests.

Why not practice with some free sample questions below? And don’t forget to review your answers with the solutions at the bottom, to see how each answer is reached.

Sample inductive reasoning test question

Identify the pattern and work out which one of the suggested images would complete the sequence.

Sample deductive reasoning test question

Owen left a tray of lemon cakes unattended in the staff room for an hour and one of the cakes went missing. Maggie, Susan and Mark have all been accused of eating the treat. After questing you learn that:

Maggie is allergic to citrus but was seen leaving the staffroom at lunchtime.

Susan’s favourite type of cake is lemon but wasn’t seen anywhere near the staffroom.

Mark has stolen cakes from the staffroom before and more cakes have gone missing since Mark started.

Who can you infer is most likely to have taken the lemon cake?

Sample diagrammatic reasoning test question

The bottom boxes create a rule that has to be applied in the box directly above them. Select which of options A to F corresponds to the rule below the box with the question mark.

Sample abstract reasoning test question

Which of the boxes comes next in the sequence?

Sample critical thinking test question

Is the inferred statement true, false, or impossible to deduce, based on the statement below?

Statement : The UK Government has published data that shows 82% of people under the age of 30 are not homeowners. A charity that helps homeless people has published data that shows 48% of people that are considered homeless are under 30.

Inferred statement: The lack of affordable housing on the sales market is the reason why so many under-30s are homeless.

• Definitely true
• Probably true
• Impossible to deduce
• Probably false
• Definitely false

Answers & Solutions

Solution: The first thing you can identify is that the triangle is alternatively flipping vertically, ruling out C and D. The only difference between A and B is the size of the square.

To maintain a sequential pattern, B must be correct: the square grows in size and then shrinks as it progresses along the sequence.

Answer: C) Mark

Solution: Given what we have learned, it is reasonable to assume that Mark is the culprit. The facts about Maggie and Susan might help in forming a deductive argument, but in this context they are inconsequential. Mark’s pattern of behaviour indicates that he is guilty.

Solution: The simple rule in this question is that the number of grey arrows in the box below must equal the number of black shaded shapes in the box above. There are three grey arrows below the missing box, so the correct answer must contain three black shapes.

Solution: The arrows change direction from pointing up, to down, to right, then to left with each turn. Circles increase by one with each turn.

In the fifth box the arrow is pointing up and there are five circles, so the next box must have the arrow pointing down, and have six circles.

Answer: Impossible to deduce

Solution: The statement does not provide enough information to judge if the inferred statement is correct or not.

Further practice

If you’re looking for more about getting to grips with logical reasoning tests, check out our articles on 10 tips for passing logical tests , and 10 ways to prepare for a logical reasoning test .

Choose a plan and start practising

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Video Series

• Analyze the logic of a problem or issue
• Analyze the logic of an article, essay, or text
• Analyze the logic of any book of nonfiction
• Evaluate an Author’s Reasoning
• Analyze the logic of a character in a novel
• Analyze the logic of a profession, subject, or discipline
• Analyze the logic of a concept or idea
• Distinguishing Inferences and Assumptions
• Thinking Through Conflicting Ideas
• Could you elaborate further?
• Could you give me an example?
• Could you illustrate what you mean?
• How could we check on that?
• How could we find out if that is true?
• How could we verify or test that?
• Could you be more specific?
• Could you give me more details?
• Could you be more exact?
• How does that relate to the problem?
• How does that bear on the question?
• How does that help us with the issue?
• What factors make this a difficult problem?
• What are some of the complexities of this question?
• What are some of the difficulties we need to deal with?
• Do we need to look at this from another perspective?
• Do we need to consider another point of view?
• Do we need to look at this in other ways?
• Does all this make sense together?
• Does your first paragraph fit in with your last?
• Does what you say follow from the evidence?
• Is this the most important problem to consider?
• Is this the central idea to focus on?
• Which of these facts are most important?
• Do I have any vested interest in this issue?
• Am I sympathetically representing the viewpoints of others?

Everyone thinks; it is our nature to do so. But much of our thinking, left to itself, is biased, distorted, partial, uninformed, or downright prejudiced. If we want to think well, we must understand at least the udiments of thought, the most basic structures out of which all thinking is made. We must learn how to take thinking apart.

All Thinking Is Defined by the Eight Elements That Make It Up. Eight basic structures are present in all thinking: Whenever we think, we think for a purpose within a point of view based on assumptions leading to implications and consequences. We use concepts, ideas and theories to interpret data, facts, and experiences in order to answer questions, solve problems, and resolve issues.

• generates purposes
• raises questions
• uses information
• utilizes concepts
• makes inferences
• makes assumptions
• generates implications
• embodies a point of view
• What is your, my, their purpose in doing________?
• What is the objective of this assignment (task, job, experiment, policy, strategy, etc.)?
• Should we question, refine, modify our purpose (goal, objective, etc.)?
• What is the purpose of this meeting (chapter, relationship, action)?
• What is your central aim in this line of thought?
• What is the purpose of education?
• Why did you say…?
• Take time to state your purpose clearly.
• Distinguish your purpose from related purposes.
• Check periodically to be sure you are still on target.
• Choose significant and realistic purposes.
• What is the question I am trying to answer?
• What important questions are embedded in the issue?
• Is there a better way to put the question?
• Is this question clear? Is it complex?
• I am not sure exactly what question you are asking. Could you explain it?
• The question in my mind is this: How do you see the question?
• What kind of question is this? Historical? Scientific? Ethical? Political? Economic? Or…?
• What would we have to do to settle this question?
• State the question at issue clearly and precisely.
• Express the question in several ways to clarify its meaning.
• Break the question into sub-questions.
• Distinguish questions that have definitive answers from those that are a matter of opinion or that require multiple viewpoints.
• What information do I need to answer this question?
• What data are relevant to this problem?
• Do we need to gather more information?
• Is this information relevant to our purpose or goal?
• On what information are you basing that comment?
• What experience convinced you of this? Could your experience be distorted?
• How do we know this information (data, testimony) is accurate?
• Have we left out any important information that we need to consider?
• Restrict your claims to those supported by the data you have.
• Search for information that opposes your position as well as information that supports it.
• Make sure that all information used is clear, accurate and relevant.
• Make sure you have gathered sufficient information.
• What conclusions am I coming to?
• Is my inference logical?
• Are there other conclusions I should consider?
• Does this interpretation make sense?
• Does our solution necessarily follow from our data?
• How did you reach that conclusion?
• What are you basing your reasoning on?
• Is there an alternative plausible conclusion?
• Given all the facts what is the best possible conclusion?
• How shall we interpret these data?
• Infer only what the evidence implies.
• Check inferences for their consistency with each other.
• Identify assumptions underlying your inferences.
• What idea am I using in my thinking? Is this idea causing problems for me or for others?
• I think this is a good theory, but could you explain it more fully?
• What is the main hypothesis you are using in your reasoning?
• Are you using this term in keeping with established usage?
• What main distinctions should we draw in reasoning through this problem?
• What idea is this author using in his or her thinking? Is there a problem with it?
• Identify key concepts and explain them clearly.
• Consider alternative concepts or alternative definitions of concepts.
• Make sure you are using concepts with precision.
• What am I assuming or taking for granted?
• Am I assuming something I shouldn’t?
• What assumption is leading me to this conclusion?
• What is… (this policy, strategy, explanation) assuming?
• What exactly do sociologists (historians, mathematicians, etc.) take for granted?
• What is being presupposed in this theory?
• What are some important assumptions I make about my roommate, my friends, my parents, my instructors, my country?
• Clearly identify your assumptions and determine whether they are justifiable.
• Consider how your assumptions are shaping your point of view.
• If I decide to do “X”, what things might happen?
• If I decide not to do “X”, what things might happen?
• What are you implying when you say that?
• What is likely to happen if we do this versus that?
• Are you implying that…?
• How significant are the implications of this decision?
• What, if anything, is implied by the fact that a much higher percentage of poor people are in jail than wealthy people?
• Trace the implications and consequences that follow from your reasoning.
• Search for negative as well as positive implications.
• Consider all possible consequences.
• How am I looking at this situation? Is there another way to look at it that I should consider?
• What exactly am I focused on? And how am I seeing it?
• Is my view the only reasonable view? What does my point of view ignore?
• Have you ever considered the way ____(Japanese, Muslims, South Americans, etc.) view this?
• Which of these possible viewpoints makes the most sense given the situation?
• Am I having difficulty looking at this situation from a viewpoint with which I disagree?
• What is the point of view of the author of this story?
• Do I study viewpoints that challenge my personal beliefs?
• Identify your point of view.
• Seek other points of view and identify their strengths as well as weaknesses.
• Strive to be fairminded in evaluating all points of view.