hypothesis definition educated guess

What is a scientific hypothesis?

It's the initial building block in the scientific method.

A girl looks at plants in a test tube for a science experiment. What's her scientific hypothesis?

Hypothesis basics

What makes a hypothesis testable.

Types of hypotheses
Hypothesis versus theory

Additional resources

Bibliography.

A scientific hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world. It's the initial building block in the scientific method . Many describe it as an "educated guess" based on prior knowledge and observation. While this is true, a hypothesis is more informed than a guess. While an "educated guess" suggests a random prediction based on a person's expertise, developing a hypothesis requires active observation and background research.

The basic idea of a hypothesis is that there is no predetermined outcome. For a solution to be termed a scientific hypothesis, it has to be an idea that can be supported or refuted through carefully crafted experimentation or observation. This concept, called falsifiability and testability, was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-British philosopher Karl Popper in his famous book "The Logic of Scientific Discovery" (Routledge, 1959).

A key function of a hypothesis is to derive predictions about the results of future experiments and then perform those experiments to see whether they support the predictions.

A hypothesis is usually written in the form of an if-then statement, which gives a possibility (if) and explains what may happen because of the possibility (then). The statement could also include "may," according to California State University, Bakersfield .

Here are some examples of hypothesis statements:

If garlic repels fleas, then a dog that is given garlic every day will not get fleas.
If sugar causes cavities, then people who eat a lot of candy may be more prone to cavities.
If ultraviolet light can damage the eyes, then maybe this light can cause blindness.

A useful hypothesis should be testable and falsifiable. That means that it should be possible to prove it wrong. A theory that can't be proved wrong is nonscientific, according to Karl Popper's 1963 book " Conjectures and Refutations ."

An example of an untestable statement is, "Dogs are better than cats." That's because the definition of "better" is vague and subjective. However, an untestable statement can be reworded to make it testable. For example, the previous statement could be changed to this: "Owning a dog is associated with higher levels of physical fitness than owning a cat." With this statement, the researcher can take measures of physical fitness from dog and cat owners and compare the two.

Types of scientific hypotheses

Elementary-age students study alternative energy using homemade windmills during public school science class.

In an experiment, researchers generally state their hypotheses in two ways. The null hypothesis predicts that there will be no relationship between the variables tested, or no difference between the experimental groups. The alternative hypothesis predicts the opposite: that there will be a difference between the experimental groups. This is usually the hypothesis scientists are most interested in, according to the University of Miami .

For example, a null hypothesis might state, "There will be no difference in the rate of muscle growth between people who take a protein supplement and people who don't." The alternative hypothesis would state, "There will be a difference in the rate of muscle growth between people who take a protein supplement and people who don't."

If the results of the experiment show a relationship between the variables, then the null hypothesis has been rejected in favor of the alternative hypothesis, according to the book " Research Methods in Psychology " (BCcampus, 2015).

There are other ways to describe an alternative hypothesis. The alternative hypothesis above does not specify a direction of the effect, only that there will be a difference between the two groups. That type of prediction is called a two-tailed hypothesis. If a hypothesis specifies a certain direction — for example, that people who take a protein supplement will gain more muscle than people who don't — it is called a one-tailed hypothesis, according to William M. K. Trochim , a professor of Policy Analysis and Management at Cornell University.

Sometimes, errors take place during an experiment. These errors can happen in one of two ways. A type I error is when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is true. This is also known as a false positive. A type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false. This is also known as a false negative, according to the University of California, Berkeley .

A hypothesis can be rejected or modified, but it can never be proved correct 100% of the time. For example, a scientist can form a hypothesis stating that if a certain type of tomato has a gene for red pigment, that type of tomato will be red. During research, the scientist then finds that each tomato of this type is red. Though the findings confirm the hypothesis, there may be a tomato of that type somewhere in the world that isn't red. Thus, the hypothesis is true, but it may not be true 100% of the time.

Scientific theory vs. scientific hypothesis

The best hypotheses are simple. They deal with a relatively narrow set of phenomena. But theories are broader; they generally combine multiple hypotheses into a general explanation for a wide range of phenomena, according to the University of California, Berkeley . For example, a hypothesis might state, "If animals adapt to suit their environments, then birds that live on islands with lots of seeds to eat will have differently shaped beaks than birds that live on islands with lots of insects to eat." After testing many hypotheses like these, Charles Darwin formulated an overarching theory: the theory of evolution by natural selection.

"Theories are the ways that we make sense of what we observe in the natural world," Tanner said. "Theories are structures of ideas that explain and interpret facts."

Read more about writing a hypothesis, from the American Medical Writers Association.
Find out why a hypothesis isn't always necessary in science, from The American Biology Teacher.
Learn about null and alternative hypotheses, from Prof. Essa on YouTube .

Encyclopedia Britannica. Scientific Hypothesis. Jan. 13, 2022. https://www.britannica.com/science/scientific-hypothesis

Karl Popper, "The Logic of Scientific Discovery," Routledge, 1959.

California State University, Bakersfield, "Formatting a testable hypothesis." https://www.csub.edu/~ddodenhoff/Bio100/Bio100sp04/formattingahypothesis.htm

Karl Popper, "Conjectures and Refutations," Routledge, 1963.

Price, P., Jhangiani, R., & Chiang, I., "Research Methods of Psychology — 2nd Canadian Edition," BCcampus, 2015.‌

University of Miami, "The Scientific Method" http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/161/evolution/161app1_scimethod.pdf

William M.K. Trochim, "Research Methods Knowledge Base," https://conjointly.com/kb/hypotheses-explained/

University of California, Berkeley, "Multiple Hypothesis Testing and False Discovery Rate" https://www.stat.berkeley.edu/~hhuang/STAT141/Lecture-FDR.pdf

University of California, Berkeley, "Science at multiple levels" https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/howscienceworks_19

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National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - On the scope of scientific hypotheses
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experiments disproving spontaneous generation

scientific hypothesis , an idea that proposes a tentative explanation about a phenomenon or a narrow set of phenomena observed in the natural world. The two primary features of a scientific hypothesis are falsifiability and testability, which are reflected in an “If…then” statement summarizing the idea and in the ability to be supported or refuted through observation and experimentation. The notion of the scientific hypothesis as both falsifiable and testable was advanced in the mid-20th century by Austrian-born British philosopher Karl Popper .

The formulation and testing of a hypothesis is part of the scientific method , the approach scientists use when attempting to understand and test ideas about natural phenomena. The generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on existing scientific knowledge, intuition , or experience. Therefore, although scientific hypotheses commonly are described as educated guesses, they actually are more informed than a guess. In addition, scientists generally strive to develop simple hypotheses, since these are easier to test relative to hypotheses that involve many different variables and potential outcomes. Such complex hypotheses may be developed as scientific models ( see scientific modeling ).

Depending on the results of scientific evaluation, a hypothesis typically is either rejected as false or accepted as true. However, because a hypothesis inherently is falsifiable, even hypotheses supported by scientific evidence and accepted as true are susceptible to rejection later, when new evidence has become available. In some instances, rather than rejecting a hypothesis because it has been falsified by new evidence, scientists simply adapt the existing idea to accommodate the new information. In this sense a hypothesis is never incorrect but only incomplete.

The investigation of scientific hypotheses is an important component in the development of scientific theory . Hence, hypotheses differ fundamentally from theories; whereas the former is a specific tentative explanation and serves as the main tool by which scientists gather data, the latter is a broad general explanation that incorporates data from many different scientific investigations undertaken to explore hypotheses.

Countless hypotheses have been developed and tested throughout the history of science . Several examples include the idea that living organisms develop from nonliving matter, which formed the basis of spontaneous generation , a hypothesis that ultimately was disproved (first in 1668, with the experiments of Italian physician Francesco Redi , and later in 1859, with the experiments of French chemist and microbiologist Louis Pasteur ); the concept proposed in the late 19th century that microorganisms cause certain diseases (now known as germ theory ); and the notion that oceanic crust forms along submarine mountain zones and spreads laterally away from them ( seafloor spreading hypothesis ).

Home » What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

Definition:

Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation.

Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments and the collection and analysis of data. It is an essential element of the scientific method, as it allows researchers to make predictions about the outcome of their experiments and to test those predictions to determine their accuracy.

Types of Hypothesis

Types of Hypothesis are as follows:

Research Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It is usually formulated as a specific statement that can be tested through research, and it is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments.

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as a starting point for testing the research hypothesis, and if the results of the study reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis

An alternative hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is a significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as an alternative to the null hypothesis and is tested against the null hypothesis to determine which statement is more accurate.

Directional Hypothesis

A directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the direction of the relationship between variables. For example, a researcher might predict that increasing the amount of exercise will result in a decrease in body weight.

Non-directional Hypothesis

A non-directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables but does not specify the direction. For example, a researcher might predict that there is a relationship between the amount of exercise and body weight, but they do not specify whether increasing or decreasing exercise will affect body weight.

Statistical Hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis is a statement that assumes a particular statistical model or distribution for the data. It is often used in statistical analysis to test the significance of a particular result.

Composite Hypothesis

A composite hypothesis is a statement that assumes more than one condition or outcome. It can be divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which represents a different possible outcome.

Empirical Hypothesis

An empirical hypothesis is a statement that is based on observed phenomena or data. It is often used in scientific research to develop theories or models that explain the observed phenomena.

Simple Hypothesis

A simple hypothesis is a statement that assumes only one outcome or condition. It is often used in scientific research to test a single variable or factor.

Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis is a statement that assumes multiple outcomes or conditions. It is often used in scientific research to test the effects of multiple variables or factors on a particular outcome.

Applications of Hypothesis

Hypotheses are used in various fields to guide research and make predictions about the outcomes of experiments or observations. Here are some examples of how hypotheses are applied in different fields:

Science : In scientific research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain natural phenomena. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular variable on a natural system, such as the effects of climate change on an ecosystem.
Medicine : In medical research, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of treatments and therapies for specific conditions. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new drug on a particular disease.
Psychology : In psychology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of human behavior and cognition. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular stimulus on the brain or behavior.
Sociology : In sociology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of social phenomena, such as the effects of social structures or institutions on human behavior. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of income inequality on crime rates.
Business : In business research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain business phenomena, such as consumer behavior or market trends. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new marketing campaign on consumer buying behavior.
Engineering : In engineering, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of new technologies or designs. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the efficiency of a new solar panel design.

How to write a Hypothesis

Here are the steps to follow when writing a hypothesis:

Identify the Research Question

The first step is to identify the research question that you want to answer through your study. This question should be clear, specific, and focused. It should be something that can be investigated empirically and that has some relevance or significance in the field.

Conduct a Literature Review

Before writing your hypothesis, it’s essential to conduct a thorough literature review to understand what is already known about the topic. This will help you to identify the research gap and formulate a hypothesis that builds on existing knowledge.

Determine the Variables

The next step is to identify the variables involved in the research question. A variable is any characteristic or factor that can vary or change. There are two types of variables: independent and dependent. The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured or observed as a result of the independent variable.

Formulate the Hypothesis

Based on the research question and the variables involved, you can now formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the relationship between the variables. It should be testable through empirical research and based on existing theory or evidence.

Write the Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, which is the hypothesis that you are testing. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables. It is important to write the null hypothesis because it allows you to compare your results with what would be expected by chance.

Refine the Hypothesis

After formulating the hypothesis, it’s important to refine it and make it more precise. This may involve clarifying the variables, specifying the direction of the relationship, or making the hypothesis more testable.

Examples of Hypothesis

Here are a few examples of hypotheses in different fields:

Psychology : “Increased exposure to violent video games leads to increased aggressive behavior in adolescents.”
Biology : “Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to increased plant growth.”
Sociology : “Individuals who grow up in households with higher socioeconomic status will have higher levels of education and income as adults.”
Education : “Implementing a new teaching method will result in higher student achievement scores.”
Marketing : “Customers who receive a personalized email will be more likely to make a purchase than those who receive a generic email.”
Physics : “An increase in temperature will cause an increase in the volume of a gas, assuming all other variables remain constant.”
Medicine : “Consuming a diet high in saturated fats will increase the risk of developing heart disease.”

Purpose of Hypothesis

The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon or a prediction of a future outcome based on existing knowledge or theories. A hypothesis is an essential part of the scientific method and helps to guide the research process by providing a clear focus for investigation. It enables scientists to design experiments or studies to gather evidence and data that can support or refute the proposed explanation or prediction.

The formulation of a hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, observations, and theories, and it should be specific, testable, and falsifiable. A specific hypothesis helps to define the research question, which is important in the research process as it guides the selection of an appropriate research design and methodology. Testability of the hypothesis means that it can be proven or disproven through empirical data collection and analysis. Falsifiability means that the hypothesis should be formulated in such a way that it can be proven wrong if it is incorrect.

In addition to guiding the research process, the testing of hypotheses can lead to new discoveries and advancements in scientific knowledge. When a hypothesis is supported by the data, it can be used to develop new theories or models to explain the observed phenomenon. When a hypothesis is not supported by the data, it can help to refine existing theories or prompt the development of new hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.

When to use Hypothesis

Here are some common situations in which hypotheses are used:

In scientific research , hypotheses are used to guide the design of experiments and to help researchers make predictions about the outcomes of those experiments.
In social science research , hypotheses are used to test theories about human behavior, social relationships, and other phenomena.
I n business , hypotheses can be used to guide decisions about marketing, product development, and other areas. For example, a hypothesis might be that a new product will sell well in a particular market, and this hypothesis can be tested through market research.

Characteristics of Hypothesis

Here are some common characteristics of a hypothesis:

Testable : A hypothesis must be able to be tested through observation or experimentation. This means that it must be possible to collect data that will either support or refute the hypothesis.
Falsifiable : A hypothesis must be able to be proven false if it is not supported by the data. If a hypothesis cannot be falsified, then it is not a scientific hypothesis.
Clear and concise : A hypothesis should be stated in a clear and concise manner so that it can be easily understood and tested.
Based on existing knowledge : A hypothesis should be based on existing knowledge and research in the field. It should not be based on personal beliefs or opinions.
Specific : A hypothesis should be specific in terms of the variables being tested and the predicted outcome. This will help to ensure that the research is focused and well-designed.
Tentative: A hypothesis is a tentative statement or assumption that requires further testing and evidence to be confirmed or refuted. It is not a final conclusion or assertion.
Relevant : A hypothesis should be relevant to the research question or problem being studied. It should address a gap in knowledge or provide a new perspective on the issue.

Advantages of Hypothesis

Hypotheses have several advantages in scientific research and experimentation:

Guides research: A hypothesis provides a clear and specific direction for research. It helps to focus the research question, select appropriate methods and variables, and interpret the results.
Predictive powe r: A hypothesis makes predictions about the outcome of research, which can be tested through experimentation. This allows researchers to evaluate the validity of the hypothesis and make new discoveries.
Facilitates communication: A hypothesis provides a common language and framework for scientists to communicate with one another about their research. This helps to facilitate the exchange of ideas and promotes collaboration.
Efficient use of resources: A hypothesis helps researchers to use their time, resources, and funding efficiently by directing them towards specific research questions and methods that are most likely to yield results.
Provides a basis for further research: A hypothesis that is supported by data provides a basis for further research and exploration. It can lead to new hypotheses, theories, and discoveries.
Increases objectivity: A hypothesis can help to increase objectivity in research by providing a clear and specific framework for testing and interpreting results. This can reduce bias and increase the reliability of research findings.

Limitations of Hypothesis

Some Limitations of the Hypothesis are as follows:

Limited to observable phenomena: Hypotheses are limited to observable phenomena and cannot account for unobservable or intangible factors. This means that some research questions may not be amenable to hypothesis testing.
May be inaccurate or incomplete: Hypotheses are based on existing knowledge and research, which may be incomplete or inaccurate. This can lead to flawed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions.
May be biased: Hypotheses may be biased by the researcher’s own beliefs, values, or assumptions. This can lead to selective interpretation of data and a lack of objectivity in research.
Cannot prove causation: A hypothesis can only show a correlation between variables, but it cannot prove causation. This requires further experimentation and analysis.
Limited to specific contexts: Hypotheses are limited to specific contexts and may not be generalizable to other situations or populations. This means that results may not be applicable in other contexts or may require further testing.
May be affected by chance : Hypotheses may be affected by chance or random variation, which can obscure or distort the true relationship between variables.

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The Craft of Writing a Strong Hypothesis

Writing a hypothesis is one of the essential elements of a scientific research paper. It needs to be to the point, clearly communicating what your research is trying to accomplish. A blurry, drawn-out, or complexly-structured hypothesis can confuse your readers. Or worse, the editor and peer reviewers.

A captivating hypothesis is not too intricate. This blog will take you through the process so that, by the end of it, you have a better idea of how to convey your research paper's intent in just one sentence.

What is a Hypothesis?

The first step in your scientific endeavor, a hypothesis, is a strong, concise statement that forms the basis of your research. It is not the same as a thesis statement , which is a brief summary of your research paper .

The sole purpose of a hypothesis is to predict your paper's findings, data, and conclusion. It comes from a place of curiosity and intuition . When you write a hypothesis, you're essentially making an educated guess based on scientific prejudices and evidence, which is further proven or disproven through the scientific method.

The reason for undertaking research is to observe a specific phenomenon. A hypothesis, therefore, lays out what the said phenomenon is. And it does so through two variables, an independent and dependent variable.

The independent variable is the cause behind the observation, while the dependent variable is the effect of the cause. A good example of this is “mixing red and blue forms purple.” In this hypothesis, mixing red and blue is the independent variable as you're combining the two colors at your own will. The formation of purple is the dependent variable as, in this case, it is conditional to the independent variable.

Different Types of Hypotheses‌

Types of hypotheses

Some would stand by the notion that there are only two types of hypotheses: a Null hypothesis and an Alternative hypothesis. While that may have some truth to it, it would be better to fully distinguish the most common forms as these terms come up so often, which might leave you out of context.

Apart from Null and Alternative, there are Complex, Simple, Directional, Non-Directional, Statistical, and Associative and casual hypotheses. They don't necessarily have to be exclusive, as one hypothesis can tick many boxes, but knowing the distinctions between them will make it easier for you to construct your own.

1. Null hypothesis

A null hypothesis proposes no relationship between two variables. Denoted by H 0 , it is a negative statement like “Attending physiotherapy sessions does not affect athletes' on-field performance.” Here, the author claims physiotherapy sessions have no effect on on-field performances. Even if there is, it's only a coincidence.

2. Alternative hypothesis

Considered to be the opposite of a null hypothesis, an alternative hypothesis is donated as H1 or Ha. It explicitly states that the dependent variable affects the independent variable. A good alternative hypothesis example is “Attending physiotherapy sessions improves athletes' on-field performance.” or “Water evaporates at 100 °C. ” The alternative hypothesis further branches into directional and non-directional.

Directional hypothesis: A hypothesis that states the result would be either positive or negative is called directional hypothesis. It accompanies H1 with either the ‘<' or ‘>' sign.
Non-directional hypothesis: A non-directional hypothesis only claims an effect on the dependent variable. It does not clarify whether the result would be positive or negative. The sign for a non-directional hypothesis is ‘≠.'

3. Simple hypothesis

A simple hypothesis is a statement made to reflect the relation between exactly two variables. One independent and one dependent. Consider the example, “Smoking is a prominent cause of lung cancer." The dependent variable, lung cancer, is dependent on the independent variable, smoking.

4. Complex hypothesis

In contrast to a simple hypothesis, a complex hypothesis implies the relationship between multiple independent and dependent variables. For instance, “Individuals who eat more fruits tend to have higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.” The independent variable is eating more fruits, while the dependent variables are higher immunity, lesser cholesterol, and high metabolism.

5. Associative and casual hypothesis

Associative and casual hypotheses don't exhibit how many variables there will be. They define the relationship between the variables. In an associative hypothesis, changing any one variable, dependent or independent, affects others. In a casual hypothesis, the independent variable directly affects the dependent.

6. Empirical hypothesis

Also referred to as the working hypothesis, an empirical hypothesis claims a theory's validation via experiments and observation. This way, the statement appears justifiable and different from a wild guess.

Say, the hypothesis is “Women who take iron tablets face a lesser risk of anemia than those who take vitamin B12.” This is an example of an empirical hypothesis where the researcher the statement after assessing a group of women who take iron tablets and charting the findings.

7. Statistical hypothesis

The point of a statistical hypothesis is to test an already existing hypothesis by studying a population sample. Hypothesis like “44% of the Indian population belong in the age group of 22-27.” leverage evidence to prove or disprove a particular statement.

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

Writing a hypothesis is essential as it can make or break your research for you. That includes your chances of getting published in a journal. So when you're designing one, keep an eye out for these pointers:

A research hypothesis has to be simple yet clear to look justifiable enough.
It has to be testable — your research would be rendered pointless if too far-fetched into reality or limited by technology.
It has to be precise about the results —what you are trying to do and achieve through it should come out in your hypothesis.
A research hypothesis should be self-explanatory, leaving no doubt in the reader's mind.
If you are developing a relational hypothesis, you need to include the variables and establish an appropriate relationship among them.
A hypothesis must keep and reflect the scope for further investigations and experiments.

Separating a Hypothesis from a Prediction

Outside of academia, hypothesis and prediction are often used interchangeably. In research writing, this is not only confusing but also incorrect. And although a hypothesis and prediction are guesses at their core, there are many differences between them.

A hypothesis is an educated guess or even a testable prediction validated through research. It aims to analyze the gathered evidence and facts to define a relationship between variables and put forth a logical explanation behind the nature of events.

Predictions are assumptions or expected outcomes made without any backing evidence. They are more fictionally inclined regardless of where they originate from.

For this reason, a hypothesis holds much more weight than a prediction. It sticks to the scientific method rather than pure guesswork. "Planets revolve around the Sun." is an example of a hypothesis as it is previous knowledge and observed trends. Additionally, we can test it through the scientific method.

Whereas "COVID-19 will be eradicated by 2030." is a prediction. Even though it results from past trends, we can't prove or disprove it. So, the only way this gets validated is to wait and watch if COVID-19 cases end by 2030.

Finally, How to Write a Hypothesis

Quick tips on writing a hypothesis

1. Be clear about your research question

A hypothesis should instantly address the research question or the problem statement. To do so, you need to ask a question. Understand the constraints of your undertaken research topic and then formulate a simple and topic-centric problem. Only after that can you develop a hypothesis and further test for evidence.

2. Carry out a recce

Once you have your research's foundation laid out, it would be best to conduct preliminary research. Go through previous theories, academic papers, data, and experiments before you start curating your research hypothesis. It will give you an idea of your hypothesis's viability or originality.

Making use of references from relevant research papers helps draft a good research hypothesis. SciSpace Discover offers a repository of over 270 million research papers to browse through and gain a deeper understanding of related studies on a particular topic. Additionally, you can use SciSpace Copilot , your AI research assistant, for reading any lengthy research paper and getting a more summarized context of it. A hypothesis can be formed after evaluating many such summarized research papers. Copilot also offers explanations for theories and equations, explains paper in simplified version, allows you to highlight any text in the paper or clip math equations and tables and provides a deeper, clear understanding of what is being said. This can improve the hypothesis by helping you identify potential research gaps.

3. Create a 3-dimensional hypothesis

Variables are an essential part of any reasonable hypothesis. So, identify your independent and dependent variable(s) and form a correlation between them. The ideal way to do this is to write the hypothetical assumption in the ‘if-then' form. If you use this form, make sure that you state the predefined relationship between the variables.

In another way, you can choose to present your hypothesis as a comparison between two variables. Here, you must specify the difference you expect to observe in the results.

4. Write the first draft

Now that everything is in place, it's time to write your hypothesis. For starters, create the first draft. In this version, write what you expect to find from your research.

Clearly separate your independent and dependent variables and the link between them. Don't fixate on syntax at this stage. The goal is to ensure your hypothesis addresses the issue.

5. Proof your hypothesis

After preparing the first draft of your hypothesis, you need to inspect it thoroughly. It should tick all the boxes, like being concise, straightforward, relevant, and accurate. Your final hypothesis has to be well-structured as well.

Research projects are an exciting and crucial part of being a scholar. And once you have your research question, you need a great hypothesis to begin conducting research. Thus, knowing how to write a hypothesis is very important.

Now that you have a firmer grasp on what a good hypothesis constitutes, the different kinds there are, and what process to follow, you will find it much easier to write your hypothesis, which ultimately helps your research.

Now it's easier than ever to streamline your research workflow with SciSpace Discover . Its integrated, comprehensive end-to-end platform for research allows scholars to easily discover, write and publish their research and fosters collaboration.

It includes everything you need, including a repository of over 270 million research papers across disciplines, SEO-optimized summaries and public profiles to show your expertise and experience.

If you found these tips on writing a research hypothesis useful, head over to our blog on Statistical Hypothesis Testing to learn about the top researchers, papers, and institutions in this domain.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

1. what is the definition of hypothesis.

According to the Oxford dictionary, a hypothesis is defined as “An idea or explanation of something that is based on a few known facts, but that has not yet been proved to be true or correct”.

2. What is an example of hypothesis?

The hypothesis is a statement that proposes a relationship between two or more variables. An example: "If we increase the number of new users who join our platform by 25%, then we will see an increase in revenue."

3. What is an example of null hypothesis?

A null hypothesis is a statement that there is no relationship between two variables. The null hypothesis is written as H0. The null hypothesis states that there is no effect. For example, if you're studying whether or not a particular type of exercise increases strength, your null hypothesis will be "there is no difference in strength between people who exercise and people who don't."

4. What are the types of research?

• Fundamental research

• Applied research

• Qualitative research

• Quantitative research

• Mixed research

• Exploratory research

• Longitudinal research

• Cross-sectional research

• Field research

• Laboratory research

• Fixed research

• Flexible research

• Action research

• Policy research

• Classification research

• Comparative research

• Causal research

• Inductive research

• Deductive research

5. How to write a hypothesis?

• Your hypothesis should be able to predict the relationship and outcome.

• Avoid wordiness by keeping it simple and brief.

• Your hypothesis should contain observable and testable outcomes.

• Your hypothesis should be relevant to the research question.

6. What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

• Null hypotheses are used to test the claim that "there is no difference between two groups of data".

• Alternative hypotheses test the claim that "there is a difference between two data groups".

7. Difference between research question and research hypothesis?

A research question is a broad, open-ended question you will try to answer through your research. A hypothesis is a statement based on prior research or theory that you expect to be true due to your study. Example - Research question: What are the factors that influence the adoption of the new technology? Research hypothesis: There is a positive relationship between age, education and income level with the adoption of the new technology.

8. What is plural for hypothesis?

The plural of hypothesis is hypotheses. Here's an example of how it would be used in a statement, "Numerous well-considered hypotheses are presented in this part, and they are supported by tables and figures that are well-illustrated."

9. What is the red queen hypothesis?

The red queen hypothesis in evolutionary biology states that species must constantly evolve to avoid extinction because if they don't, they will be outcompeted by other species that are evolving. Leigh Van Valen first proposed it in 1973; since then, it has been tested and substantiated many times.

10. Who is known as the father of null hypothesis?

The father of the null hypothesis is Sir Ronald Fisher. He published a paper in 1925 that introduced the concept of null hypothesis testing, and he was also the first to use the term itself.

11. When to reject null hypothesis?

You need to find a significant difference between your two populations to reject the null hypothesis. You can determine that by running statistical tests such as an independent sample t-test or a dependent sample t-test. You should reject the null hypothesis if the p-value is less than 0.05.

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How to Write a Great Hypothesis

Hypothesis Definition, Format, Examples, and Tips

Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Amy Morin, LCSW, is a psychotherapist and international bestselling author. Her books, including "13 Things Mentally Strong People Don't Do," have been translated into more than 40 languages. Her TEDx talk, "The Secret of Becoming Mentally Strong," is one of the most viewed talks of all time.

Verywell / Alex Dos Diaz

The Scientific Method

Hypothesis Format

Falsifiability of a hypothesis.

Operationalization

Hypothesis Types

Hypotheses examples.

Collecting Data

A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process.

Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test performance. The hypothesis might be: "This study is designed to assess the hypothesis that sleep-deprived people will perform worse on a test than individuals who are not sleep-deprived."

At a Glance

A hypothesis is crucial to scientific research because it offers a clear direction for what the researchers are looking to find. This allows them to design experiments to test their predictions and add to our scientific knowledge about the world. This article explores how a hypothesis is used in psychology research, how to write a good hypothesis, and the different types of hypotheses you might use.

The Hypothesis in the Scientific Method

In the scientific method , whether it involves research in psychology, biology, or some other area, a hypothesis represents what the researchers think will happen in an experiment. The scientific method involves the following steps:

Forming a question
Performing background research
Creating a hypothesis
Designing an experiment
Collecting data
Analyzing the results
Drawing conclusions
Communicating the results

The hypothesis is a prediction, but it involves more than a guess. Most of the time, the hypothesis begins with a question which is then explored through background research. At this point, researchers then begin to develop a testable hypothesis.

Unless you are creating an exploratory study, your hypothesis should always explain what you expect to happen.

In a study exploring the effects of a particular drug, the hypothesis might be that researchers expect the drug to have some type of effect on the symptoms of a specific illness. In psychology, the hypothesis might focus on how a certain aspect of the environment might influence a particular behavior.

Remember, a hypothesis does not have to be correct. While the hypothesis predicts what the researchers expect to see, the goal of the research is to determine whether this guess is right or wrong. When conducting an experiment, researchers might explore numerous factors to determine which ones might contribute to the ultimate outcome.

In many cases, researchers may find that the results of an experiment do not support the original hypothesis. When writing up these results, the researchers might suggest other options that should be explored in future studies.

In many cases, researchers might draw a hypothesis from a specific theory or build on previous research. For example, prior research has shown that stress can impact the immune system. So a researcher might hypothesize: "People with high-stress levels will be more likely to contract a common cold after being exposed to the virus than people who have low-stress levels."

In other instances, researchers might look at commonly held beliefs or folk wisdom. "Birds of a feather flock together" is one example of folk adage that a psychologist might try to investigate. The researcher might pose a specific hypothesis that "People tend to select romantic partners who are similar to them in interests and educational level."

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

So how do you write a good hypothesis? When trying to come up with a hypothesis for your research or experiments, ask yourself the following questions:

Is your hypothesis based on your research on a topic?
Can your hypothesis be tested?
Does your hypothesis include independent and dependent variables?

Before you come up with a specific hypothesis, spend some time doing background research. Once you have completed a literature review, start thinking about potential questions you still have. Pay attention to the discussion section in the journal articles you read . Many authors will suggest questions that still need to be explored.

How to Formulate a Good Hypothesis

To form a hypothesis, you should take these steps:

Collect as many observations about a topic or problem as you can.
Evaluate these observations and look for possible causes of the problem.
Create a list of possible explanations that you might want to explore.
After you have developed some possible hypotheses, think of ways that you could confirm or disprove each hypothesis through experimentation. This is known as falsifiability.

In the scientific method , falsifiability is an important part of any valid hypothesis. In order to test a claim scientifically, it must be possible that the claim could be proven false.

Students sometimes confuse the idea of falsifiability with the idea that it means that something is false, which is not the case. What falsifiability means is that if something was false, then it is possible to demonstrate that it is false.

One of the hallmarks of pseudoscience is that it makes claims that cannot be refuted or proven false.

The Importance of Operational Definitions

A variable is a factor or element that can be changed and manipulated in ways that are observable and measurable. However, the researcher must also define how the variable will be manipulated and measured in the study.

Operational definitions are specific definitions for all relevant factors in a study. This process helps make vague or ambiguous concepts detailed and measurable.

For example, a researcher might operationally define the variable " test anxiety " as the results of a self-report measure of anxiety experienced during an exam. A "study habits" variable might be defined by the amount of studying that actually occurs as measured by time.

These precise descriptions are important because many things can be measured in various ways. Clearly defining these variables and how they are measured helps ensure that other researchers can replicate your results.

Replicability

One of the basic principles of any type of scientific research is that the results must be replicable.

Replication means repeating an experiment in the same way to produce the same results. By clearly detailing the specifics of how the variables were measured and manipulated, other researchers can better understand the results and repeat the study if needed.

Some variables are more difficult than others to define. For example, how would you operationally define a variable such as aggression ? For obvious ethical reasons, researchers cannot create a situation in which a person behaves aggressively toward others.

To measure this variable, the researcher must devise a measurement that assesses aggressive behavior without harming others. The researcher might utilize a simulated task to measure aggressiveness in this situation.

Hypothesis Checklist

Does your hypothesis focus on something that you can actually test?
Does your hypothesis include both an independent and dependent variable?
Can you manipulate the variables?
Can your hypothesis be tested without violating ethical standards?

The hypothesis you use will depend on what you are investigating and hoping to find. Some of the main types of hypotheses that you might use include:

Simple hypothesis : This type of hypothesis suggests there is a relationship between one independent variable and one dependent variable.
Complex hypothesis : This type suggests a relationship between three or more variables, such as two independent and dependent variables.
Null hypothesis : This hypothesis suggests no relationship exists between two or more variables.
Alternative hypothesis : This hypothesis states the opposite of the null hypothesis.
Statistical hypothesis : This hypothesis uses statistical analysis to evaluate a representative population sample and then generalizes the findings to the larger group.
Logical hypothesis : This hypothesis assumes a relationship between variables without collecting data or evidence.

A hypothesis often follows a basic format of "If {this happens} then {this will happen}." One way to structure your hypothesis is to describe what will happen to the dependent variable if you change the independent variable .

The basic format might be: "If {these changes are made to a certain independent variable}, then we will observe {a change in a specific dependent variable}."

A few examples of simple hypotheses:

"Students who eat breakfast will perform better on a math exam than students who do not eat breakfast."
"Students who experience test anxiety before an English exam will get lower scores than students who do not experience test anxiety."
"Motorists who talk on the phone while driving will be more likely to make errors on a driving course than those who do not talk on the phone."
"Children who receive a new reading intervention will have higher reading scores than students who do not receive the intervention."

Examples of a complex hypothesis include:

"People with high-sugar diets and sedentary activity levels are more likely to develop depression."
"Younger people who are regularly exposed to green, outdoor areas have better subjective well-being than older adults who have limited exposure to green spaces."

Examples of a null hypothesis include:

"There is no difference in anxiety levels between people who take St. John's wort supplements and those who do not."
"There is no difference in scores on a memory recall task between children and adults."
"There is no difference in aggression levels between children who play first-person shooter games and those who do not."

Examples of an alternative hypothesis:

"People who take St. John's wort supplements will have less anxiety than those who do not."
"Adults will perform better on a memory task than children."
"Children who play first-person shooter games will show higher levels of aggression than children who do not."

Collecting Data on Your Hypothesis

Once a researcher has formed a testable hypothesis, the next step is to select a research design and start collecting data. The research method depends largely on exactly what they are studying. There are two basic types of research methods: descriptive research and experimental research.

Descriptive Research Methods

Descriptive research such as case studies , naturalistic observations , and surveys are often used when conducting an experiment is difficult or impossible. These methods are best used to describe different aspects of a behavior or psychological phenomenon.

Once a researcher has collected data using descriptive methods, a correlational study can examine how the variables are related. This research method might be used to investigate a hypothesis that is difficult to test experimentally.

Experimental Research Methods

Experimental methods are used to demonstrate causal relationships between variables. In an experiment, the researcher systematically manipulates a variable of interest (known as the independent variable) and measures the effect on another variable (known as the dependent variable).

Unlike correlational studies, which can only be used to determine if there is a relationship between two variables, experimental methods can be used to determine the actual nature of the relationship—whether changes in one variable actually cause another to change.

The hypothesis is a critical part of any scientific exploration. It represents what researchers expect to find in a study or experiment. In situations where the hypothesis is unsupported by the research, the research still has value. Such research helps us better understand how different aspects of the natural world relate to one another. It also helps us develop new hypotheses that can then be tested in the future.

Thompson WH, Skau S. On the scope of scientific hypotheses . R Soc Open Sci . 2023;10(8):230607. doi:10.1098/rsos.230607

Taran S, Adhikari NKJ, Fan E. Falsifiability in medicine: what clinicians can learn from Karl Popper [published correction appears in Intensive Care Med. 2021 Jun 17;:]. Intensive Care Med . 2021;47(9):1054-1056. doi:10.1007/s00134-021-06432-z

Eyler AA. Research Methods for Public Health . 1st ed. Springer Publishing Company; 2020. doi:10.1891/9780826182067.0004

Nosek BA, Errington TM. What is replication ? PLoS Biol . 2020;18(3):e3000691. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.3000691

Aggarwal R, Ranganathan P. Study designs: Part 2 - Descriptive studies . Perspect Clin Res . 2019;10(1):34-36. doi:10.4103/picr.PICR_154_18

Nevid J. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Wadworth, 2013.

By Kendra Cherry, MSEd Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."

Hypothesis n., plural: hypotheses [/haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/] Definition: Testable scientific prediction

Table of Contents

What Is Hypothesis?

A scientific hypothesis is a foundational element of the scientific method . It’s a testable statement proposing a potential explanation for natural phenomena. The term hypothesis means “little theory” . A hypothesis is a short statement that can be tested and gives a possible reason for a phenomenon or a possible link between two variables . In the setting of scientific research, a hypothesis is a tentative explanation or statement that can be proven wrong and is used to guide experiments and empirical research.

It is an important part of the scientific method because it gives a basis for planning tests, gathering data, and judging evidence to see if it is true and could help us understand how natural things work. Several hypotheses can be tested in the real world, and the results of careful and systematic observation and analysis can be used to support, reject, or improve them.

Researchers and scientists often use the word hypothesis to refer to this educated guess . These hypotheses are firmly established based on scientific principles and the rigorous testing of new technology and experiments .

For example, in astrophysics, the Big Bang Theory is a working hypothesis that explains the origins of the universe and considers it as a natural phenomenon. It is among the most prominent scientific hypotheses in the field.

“The scientific method: steps, terms, and examples” by Scishow:

Biology definition: A hypothesis  is a supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment. It is like a scientific guess . It’s an idea or prediction that scientists make before they do experiments. They use it to guess what might happen and then test it to see if they were right. It’s like a smart guess that helps them learn new things. A scientific hypothesis that has been verified through scientific experiment and research may well be considered a scientific theory .

Etymology: The word “hypothesis” comes from the Greek word “hupothesis,” which means “a basis” or “a supposition.” It combines “hupo” (under) and “thesis” (placing). Synonym: proposition; assumption; conjecture; postulate Compare:   theory See also: null hypothesis

Characteristics Of Hypothesis

A useful hypothesis must have the following qualities:

It should never be written as a question.
You should be able to test it in the real world to see if it’s right or wrong.
It needs to be clear and exact.
It should list the factors that will be used to figure out the relationship.
It should only talk about one thing. You can make a theory in either a descriptive or form of relationship.
It shouldn’t go against any natural rule that everyone knows is true. Verification will be done well with the tools and methods that are available.
It should be written in as simple a way as possible so that everyone can understand it.
It must explain what happened to make an answer necessary.
It should be testable in a fair amount of time.
It shouldn’t say different things.

Sources Of Hypothesis

Sources of hypothesis are:

Patterns of similarity between the phenomenon under investigation and existing hypotheses.
Insights derived from prior research, concurrent observations, and insights from opposing perspectives.
The formulations are derived from accepted scientific theories and proposed by researchers.
In research, it’s essential to consider hypothesis as different subject areas may require various hypotheses (plural form of hypothesis). Researchers also establish a significance level to determine the strength of evidence supporting a hypothesis.
Individual cognitive processes also contribute to the formation of hypotheses.

One hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon. It is based on prior knowledge and understanding of the world, and it can be tested by gathering and analyzing data. Observed facts are the data that are collected to test a hypothesis. They can support or refute the hypothesis.

For example, the hypothesis that “eating more fruits and vegetables will improve your health” can be tested by gathering data on the health of people who eat different amounts of fruits and vegetables. If the people who eat more fruits and vegetables are healthier than those who eat less fruits and vegetables, then the hypothesis is supported.

Hypotheses are essential for scientific inquiry. They help scientists to focus their research, to design experiments, and to interpret their results. They are also essential for the development of scientific theories.

Types Of Hypothesis

In research, you typically encounter two types of hypothesis: the alternative hypothesis (which proposes a relationship between variables) and the null hypothesis (which suggests no relationship).

Simple Hypothesis

It illustrates the association between one dependent variable and one independent variable. For instance, if you consume more vegetables, you will lose weight more quickly. Here, increasing vegetable consumption is the independent variable, while weight loss is the dependent variable.

Complex Hypothesis

It exhibits the relationship between at least two dependent variables and at least two independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits results in weight loss, radiant skin, and a decreased risk of numerous diseases, including heart disease.

Directional Hypothesis

It shows that a researcher wants to reach a certain goal. The way the factors are related can also tell us about their nature. For example, four-year-old children who eat well over a time of five years have a higher IQ than children who don’t eat well. This shows what happened and how it happened.

Non-directional Hypothesis

When there is no theory involved, it is used. It is a statement that there is a connection between two variables, but it doesn’t say what that relationship is or which way it goes.

Null Hypothesis

It says something that goes against the theory. It’s a statement that says something is not true, and there is no link between the independent and dependent factors. “H 0 ” represents the null hypothesis.

Associative and Causal Hypothesis

When a change in one variable causes a change in the other variable, this is called the associative hypothesis . The causal hypothesis, on the other hand, says that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more factors.

Examples Of Hypothesis

Examples of simple hypotheses:

Students who consume breakfast before taking a math test will have a better overall performance than students who do not consume breakfast.
Students who experience test anxiety before an English examination will get lower scores than students who do not experience test anxiety.
Motorists who talk on the phone while driving will be more likely to make errors on a driving course than those who do not talk on the phone, is a statement that suggests that drivers who talk on the phone while driving are more likely to make mistakes.

Examples of a complex hypothesis:

Individuals who consume a lot of sugar and don’t get much exercise are at an increased risk of developing depression.
Younger people who are routinely exposed to green, outdoor areas have better subjective well-being than older adults who have limited exposure to green spaces, according to a new study.
Increased levels of air pollution led to higher rates of respiratory illnesses, which in turn resulted in increased costs for healthcare for the affected communities.

Examples of Directional Hypothesis:

The crop yield will go up a lot if the amount of fertilizer is increased.
Patients who have surgery and are exposed to more stress will need more time to get better.
Increasing the frequency of brand advertising on social media will lead to a significant increase in brand awareness among the target audience.

Examples of Non-Directional Hypothesis (or Two-Tailed Hypothesis):

The test scores of two groups of students are very different from each other.
There is a link between gender and being happy at work.
There is a correlation between the amount of caffeine an individual consumes and the speed with which they react.

Examples of a null hypothesis:

Children who receive a new reading intervention will have scores that are different than students who do not receive the intervention.
The results of a memory recall test will not reveal any significant gap in performance between children and adults.
There is not a significant relationship between the number of hours spent playing video games and academic performance.

Examples of Associative Hypothesis:

There is a link between how many hours you spend studying and how well you do in school.
Drinking sugary drinks is bad for your health as a whole.
There is an association between socioeconomic status and access to quality healthcare services in urban neighborhoods.

Functions Of Hypothesis

The research issue can be understood better with the help of a hypothesis, which is why developing one is crucial. The following are some of the specific roles that a hypothesis plays: (Rashid, Apr 20, 2022)

A hypothesis gives a study a point of concentration. It enlightens us as to the specific characteristics of a study subject we need to look into.
It instructs us on what data to acquire as well as what data we should not collect, giving the study a focal point .
The development of a hypothesis improves objectivity since it enables the establishment of a focal point.
A hypothesis makes it possible for us to contribute to the development of the theory. Because of this, we are in a position to definitively determine what is true and what is untrue .

How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?

The scientific method begins with observation and inquiry about the natural world when formulating research questions. Researchers can refine their observations and queries into specific, testable research questions with the aid of hypothesis. They provide an investigation with a focused starting point.
Hypothesis generate specific predictions regarding the expected outcomes of experiments or observations. These forecasts are founded on the researcher’s current knowledge of the subject. They elucidate what researchers anticipate observing if the hypothesis is true.
Hypothesis direct the design of experiments and data collection techniques. Researchers can use them to determine which variables to measure or manipulate, which data to obtain, and how to conduct systematic and controlled research.
Following the formulation of a hypothesis and the design of an experiment, researchers collect data through observation, measurement, or experimentation. The collected data is used to verify the hypothesis’s predictions.
Hypothesis establish the criteria for evaluating experiment results. The observed data are compared to the predictions generated by the hypothesis. This analysis helps determine whether empirical evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.
The results of experiments or observations are used to derive conclusions regarding the hypothesis. If the data support the predictions, then the hypothesis is supported. If this is not the case, the hypothesis may be revised or rejected, leading to the formulation of new queries and hypothesis.
The scientific approach is iterative, resulting in new hypothesis and research issues from previous trials. This cycle of hypothesis generation, testing, and refining drives scientific progress.

Importance Of Hypothesis

Hypothesis are testable statements that enable scientists to determine if their predictions are accurate. This assessment is essential to the scientific method, which is based on empirical evidence.
Hypothesis serve as the foundation for designing experiments or data collection techniques. They can be used by researchers to develop protocols and procedures that will produce meaningful results.
Hypothesis hold scientists accountable for their assertions. They establish expectations for what the research should reveal and enable others to assess the validity of the findings.
Hypothesis aid in identifying the most important variables of a study. The variables can then be measured, manipulated, or analyzed to determine their relationships.
Hypothesis assist researchers in allocating their resources efficiently. They ensure that time, money, and effort are spent investigating specific concerns, as opposed to exploring random concepts.
Testing hypothesis contribute to the scientific body of knowledge. Whether or not a hypothesis is supported, the results contribute to our understanding of a phenomenon.
Hypothesis can result in the creation of theories. When supported by substantive evidence, hypothesis can serve as the foundation for larger theoretical frameworks that explain complex phenomena.
Beyond scientific research, hypothesis play a role in the solution of problems in a variety of domains. They enable professionals to make educated assumptions about the causes of problems and to devise solutions.

Research Hypotheses: Did you know that a hypothesis refers to an educated guess or prediction about the outcome of a research study?

It’s like a roadmap guiding researchers towards their destination of knowledge. Just like a compass points north, a well-crafted hypothesis points the way to valuable discoveries in the world of science and inquiry.

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A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable . While you could consider any prediction of an outcome to be a type of hypothesis, a good hypothesis is one you can test using the scientific method. In other words, you want to propose a hypothesis to use as the basis for an experiment.

Cause and Effect or 'If, Then' Relationships

A good experimental hypothesis can be written as an if, then statement to establish cause and effect on the variables. If you make a change to the independent variable, then the dependent variable will respond. Here's an example of a hypothesis:

If you increase the duration of light, (then) corn plants will grow more each day.

The hypothesis establishes two variables, length of light exposure, and the rate of plant growth. An experiment could be designed to test whether the rate of growth depends on the duration of light. The duration of light is the independent variable, which you can control in an experiment . The rate of plant growth is the dependent variable, which you can measure and record as data in an experiment.

Key Points of Hypothesis

When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it out in several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing.

Does the hypothesis relate an independent and dependent variable? Can you identify the variables?
Can you test the hypothesis? In other words, could you design an experiment that would allow you to establish or disprove a relationship between the variables?
Would your experiment be safe and ethical?
Is there a simpler or more precise way to state the hypothesis? If so, rewrite it.

What If the Hypothesis Is Incorrect?

It's not wrong or bad if the hypothesis is not supported or is incorrect. Actually, this outcome may tell you more about a relationship between the variables than if the hypothesis is supported. You may intentionally write your hypothesis as a null hypothesis or no-difference hypothesis to establish a relationship between the variables.

For example, the hypothesis:

The rate of corn plant growth does not depend on the duration of light.

This can be tested by exposing corn plants to different length "days" and measuring the rate of plant growth. A statistical test can be applied to measure how well the data support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is not supported, then you have evidence of a relationship between the variables. It's easier to establish cause and effect by testing whether "no effect" is found. Alternatively, if the null hypothesis is supported, then you have shown the variables are not related. Either way, your experiment is a success.

Need more examples of how to write a hypothesis ? Here you go:

If you turn out all the lights, you will fall asleep faster. (Think: How would you test it?)
If you drop different objects, they will fall at the same rate.
If you eat only fast food, then you will gain weight.
If you use cruise control, then your car will get better gas mileage.
If you apply a top coat, then your manicure will last longer.
If you turn the lights on and off rapidly, then the bulb will burn out faster.
Null Hypothesis Examples
Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables
Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables
Null Hypothesis Definition and Examples
Six Steps of the Scientific Method
What Is a Hypothesis? (Science)
Understanding Simple vs Controlled Experiments
The Role of a Controlled Variable in an Experiment
Dependent Variable Definition and Examples
How To Design a Science Fair Experiment
Independent Variable Definition and Examples
Scientific Method Vocabulary Terms
Scientific Method Flow Chart
Definition of a Hypothesis
What Is an Experiment? Definition and Design

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, what is a hypothesis and how do i write one.

General Education

Think about something strange and unexplainable in your life. Maybe you get a headache right before it rains, or maybe you think your favorite sports team wins when you wear a certain color. If you wanted to see whether these are just coincidences or scientific fact, you would form a hypothesis, then create an experiment to see whether that hypothesis is true or not.

But what is a hypothesis, anyway? If you’re not sure about what a hypothesis is--or how to test for one!--you’re in the right place. This article will teach you everything you need to know about hypotheses, including:

Defining the term “hypothesis”
Providing hypothesis examples
Giving you tips for how to write your own hypothesis

So let’s get started!

What Is a Hypothesis?

Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as “an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.” In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess . Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it’s true or not. Keep in mind that in science, a hypothesis should be testable. You have to be able to design an experiment that tests your hypothesis in order for it to be valid.

As you could assume from that statement, it’s easy to make a bad hypothesis. But when you’re holding an experiment, it’s even more important that your guesses be good...after all, you’re spending time (and maybe money!) to figure out more about your observation. That’s why we refer to a hypothesis as an educated guess--good hypotheses are based on existing data and research to make them as sound as possible.

Hypotheses are one part of what’s called the scientific method . Every (good) experiment or study is based in the scientific method. The scientific method gives order and structure to experiments and ensures that interference from scientists or outside influences does not skew the results. It’s important that you understand the concepts of the scientific method before holding your own experiment. Though it may vary among scientists, the scientific method is generally made up of six steps (in order):

Observation
Asking questions
Forming a hypothesis
Analyze the data
Communicate your results

You’ll notice that the hypothesis comes pretty early on when conducting an experiment. That’s because experiments work best when they’re trying to answer one specific question. And you can’t conduct an experiment until you know what you’re trying to prove!

Independent and Dependent Variables

After doing your research, you’re ready for another important step in forming your hypothesis: identifying variables. Variables are basically any factor that could influence the outcome of your experiment . Variables have to be measurable and related to the topic being studied.

There are two types of variables: independent variables and dependent variables. I ndependent variables remain constant . For example, age is an independent variable; it will stay the same, and researchers can look at different ages to see if it has an effect on the dependent variable.

Speaking of dependent variables... dependent variables are subject to the influence of the independent variable , meaning that they are not constant. Let’s say you want to test whether a person’s age affects how much sleep they need. In that case, the independent variable is age (like we mentioned above), and the dependent variable is how much sleep a person gets.

Variables will be crucial in writing your hypothesis. You need to be able to identify which variable is which, as both the independent and dependent variables will be written into your hypothesis. For instance, in a study about exercise, the independent variable might be the speed at which the respondents walk for thirty minutes, and the dependent variable would be their heart rate. In your study and in your hypothesis, you’re trying to understand the relationship between the two variables.

Elements of a Good Hypothesis

The best hypotheses start by asking the right questions . For instance, if you’ve observed that the grass is greener when it rains twice a week, you could ask what kind of grass it is, what elevation it’s at, and if the grass across the street responds to rain in the same way. Any of these questions could become the backbone of experiments to test why the grass gets greener when it rains fairly frequently.

As you’re asking more questions about your first observation, make sure you’re also making more observations . If it doesn’t rain for two weeks and the grass still looks green, that’s an important observation that could influence your hypothesis. You'll continue observing all throughout your experiment, but until the hypothesis is finalized, every observation should be noted.

Finally, you should consult secondary research before writing your hypothesis . Secondary research is comprised of results found and published by other people. You can usually find this information online or at your library. Additionally, m ake sure the research you find is credible and related to your topic. If you’re studying the correlation between rain and grass growth, it would help you to research rain patterns over the past twenty years for your county, published by a local agricultural association. You should also research the types of grass common in your area, the type of grass in your lawn, and whether anyone else has conducted experiments about your hypothesis. Also be sure you’re checking the quality of your research . Research done by a middle school student about what minerals can be found in rainwater would be less useful than an article published by a local university.

Writing Your Hypothesis

Once you’ve considered all of the factors above, you’re ready to start writing your hypothesis. Hypotheses usually take a certain form when they’re written out in a research report.

When you boil down your hypothesis statement, you are writing down your best guess and not the question at hand . This means that your statement should be written as if it is fact already, even though you are simply testing it.

The reason for this is that, after you have completed your study, you'll either accept or reject your if-then or your null hypothesis. All hypothesis testing examples should be measurable and able to be confirmed or denied. You cannot confirm a question, only a statement!

In fact, you come up with hypothesis examples all the time! For instance, when you guess on the outcome of a basketball game, you don’t say, “Will the Miami Heat beat the Boston Celtics?” but instead, “I think the Miami Heat will beat the Boston Celtics.” You state it as if it is already true, even if it turns out you’re wrong. You do the same thing when writing your hypothesis.

Additionally, keep in mind that hypotheses can range from very specific to very broad. These hypotheses can be specific, but if your hypothesis testing examples involve a broad range of causes and effects, your hypothesis can also be broad.

The Two Types of Hypotheses

Now that you understand what goes into a hypothesis, it’s time to look more closely at the two most common types of hypothesis: the if-then hypothesis and the null hypothesis.

#1: If-Then Hypotheses

First of all, if-then hypotheses typically follow this formula:

If ____ happens, then ____ will happen.

The goal of this type of hypothesis is to test the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variable. It’s fairly simple, and each hypothesis can vary in how detailed it can be. We create if-then hypotheses all the time with our daily predictions. Here are some examples of hypotheses that use an if-then structure from daily life:

If I get enough sleep, I’ll be able to get more work done tomorrow.
If the bus is on time, I can make it to my friend’s birthday party.
If I study every night this week, I’ll get a better grade on my exam.

In each of these situations, you’re making a guess on how an independent variable (sleep, time, or studying) will affect a dependent variable (the amount of work you can do, making it to a party on time, or getting better grades).

You may still be asking, “What is an example of a hypothesis used in scientific research?” Take one of the hypothesis examples from a real-world study on whether using technology before bed affects children’s sleep patterns. The hypothesis read s:

“We hypothesized that increased hours of tablet- and phone-based screen time at bedtime would be inversely correlated with sleep quality and child attention.”

It might not look like it, but this is an if-then statement. The researchers basically said, “If children have more screen usage at bedtime, then their quality of sleep and attention will be worse.” The sleep quality and attention are the dependent variables and the screen usage is the independent variable. (Usually, the independent variable comes after the “if” and the dependent variable comes after the “then,” as it is the independent variable that affects the dependent variable.) This is an excellent example of how flexible hypothesis statements can be, as long as the general idea of “if-then” and the independent and dependent variables are present.

#2: Null Hypotheses

Your if-then hypothesis is not the only one needed to complete a successful experiment, however. You also need a null hypothesis to test it against. In its most basic form, the null hypothesis is the opposite of your if-then hypothesis . When you write your null hypothesis, you are writing a hypothesis that suggests that your guess is not true, and that the independent and dependent variables have no relationship .

One null hypothesis for the cell phone and sleep study from the last section might say:

“If children have more screen usage at bedtime, their quality of sleep and attention will not be worse.”

In this case, this is a null hypothesis because it’s asking the opposite of the original thesis!

Conversely, if your if-then hypothesis suggests that your two variables have no relationship, then your null hypothesis would suggest that there is one. So, pretend that there is a study that is asking the question, “Does the amount of followers on Instagram influence how long people spend on the app?” The independent variable is the amount of followers, and the dependent variable is the time spent. But if you, as the researcher, don’t think there is a relationship between the number of followers and time spent, you might write an if-then hypothesis that reads:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will not spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

In this case, the if-then suggests there isn’t a relationship between the variables. In that case, one of the null hypothesis examples might say:

“If people have many followers on Instagram, they will spend more time on the app than people who have less.”

You then test both the if-then and the null hypothesis to gauge if there is a relationship between the variables, and if so, how much of a relationship.

4 Tips to Write the Best Hypothesis

If you’re going to take the time to hold an experiment, whether in school or by yourself, you’re also going to want to take the time to make sure your hypothesis is a good one. The best hypotheses have four major elements in common: plausibility, defined concepts, observability, and general explanation.

#1: Plausibility

At first glance, this quality of a hypothesis might seem obvious. When your hypothesis is plausible, that means it’s possible given what we know about science and general common sense. However, improbable hypotheses are more common than you might think.

Imagine you’re studying weight gain and television watching habits. If you hypothesize that people who watch more than twenty hours of television a week will gain two hundred pounds or more over the course of a year, this might be improbable (though it’s potentially possible). Consequently, c ommon sense can tell us the results of the study before the study even begins.

Improbable hypotheses generally go against science, as well. Take this hypothesis example:

“If a person smokes one cigarette a day, then they will have lungs just as healthy as the average person’s.”

This hypothesis is obviously untrue, as studies have shown again and again that cigarettes negatively affect lung health. You must be careful that your hypotheses do not reflect your own personal opinion more than they do scientifically-supported findings. This plausibility points to the necessity of research before the hypothesis is written to make sure that your hypothesis has not already been disproven.

#2: Defined Concepts

The more advanced you are in your studies, the more likely that the terms you’re using in your hypothesis are specific to a limited set of knowledge. One of the hypothesis testing examples might include the readability of printed text in newspapers, where you might use words like “kerning” and “x-height.” Unless your readers have a background in graphic design, it’s likely that they won’t know what you mean by these terms. Thus, it’s important to either write what they mean in the hypothesis itself or in the report before the hypothesis.

Here’s what we mean. Which of the following sentences makes more sense to the common person?

If the kerning is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

If the space between letters is greater than average, more words will be read per minute.

For people reading your report that are not experts in typography, simply adding a few more words will be helpful in clarifying exactly what the experiment is all about. It’s always a good idea to make your research and findings as accessible as possible.

Good hypotheses ensure that you can observe the results.

#3: Observability

In order to measure the truth or falsity of your hypothesis, you must be able to see your variables and the way they interact. For instance, if your hypothesis is that the flight patterns of satellites affect the strength of certain television signals, yet you don’t have a telescope to view the satellites or a television to monitor the signal strength, you cannot properly observe your hypothesis and thus cannot continue your study.

Some variables may seem easy to observe, but if you do not have a system of measurement in place, you cannot observe your hypothesis properly. Here’s an example: if you’re experimenting on the effect of healthy food on overall happiness, but you don’t have a way to monitor and measure what “overall happiness” means, your results will not reflect the truth. Monitoring how often someone smiles for a whole day is not reasonably observable, but having the participants state how happy they feel on a scale of one to ten is more observable.

In writing your hypothesis, always keep in mind how you'll execute the experiment.

#4: Generalizability

Perhaps you’d like to study what color your best friend wears the most often by observing and documenting the colors she wears each day of the week. This might be fun information for her and you to know, but beyond you two, there aren’t many people who could benefit from this experiment. When you start an experiment, you should note how generalizable your findings may be if they are confirmed. Generalizability is basically how common a particular phenomenon is to other people’s everyday life.

Let’s say you’re asking a question about the health benefits of eating an apple for one day only, you need to realize that the experiment may be too specific to be helpful. It does not help to explain a phenomenon that many people experience. If you find yourself with too specific of a hypothesis, go back to asking the big question: what is it that you want to know, and what do you think will happen between your two variables?

Hypothesis Testing Examples

We know it can be hard to write a good hypothesis unless you’ve seen some good hypothesis examples. We’ve included four hypothesis examples based on some made-up experiments. Use these as templates or launch pads for coming up with your own hypotheses.

Experiment #1: Students Studying Outside (Writing a Hypothesis)

You are a student at PrepScholar University. When you walk around campus, you notice that, when the temperature is above 60 degrees, more students study in the quad. You want to know when your fellow students are more likely to study outside. With this information, how do you make the best hypothesis possible?

You must remember to make additional observations and do secondary research before writing your hypothesis. In doing so, you notice that no one studies outside when it’s 75 degrees and raining, so this should be included in your experiment. Also, studies done on the topic beforehand suggested that students are more likely to study in temperatures less than 85 degrees. With this in mind, you feel confident that you can identify your variables and write your hypotheses:

If-then: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, significantly fewer students will study outside.”

Null: “If the temperature in Fahrenheit is less than 60 degrees, the same number of students will study outside as when it is more than 60 degrees.”

These hypotheses are plausible, as the temperatures are reasonably within the bounds of what is possible. The number of people in the quad is also easily observable. It is also not a phenomenon specific to only one person or at one time, but instead can explain a phenomenon for a broader group of people.

To complete this experiment, you pick the month of October to observe the quad. Every day (except on the days where it’s raining)from 3 to 4 PM, when most classes have released for the day, you observe how many people are on the quad. You measure how many people come and how many leave. You also write down the temperature on the hour.

After writing down all of your observations and putting them on a graph, you find that the most students study on the quad when it is 70 degrees outside, and that the number of students drops a lot once the temperature reaches 60 degrees or below. In this case, your research report would state that you accept or “failed to reject” your first hypothesis with your findings.

Experiment #2: The Cupcake Store (Forming a Simple Experiment)

Let’s say that you work at a bakery. You specialize in cupcakes, and you make only two colors of frosting: yellow and purple. You want to know what kind of customers are more likely to buy what kind of cupcake, so you set up an experiment. Your independent variable is the customer’s gender, and the dependent variable is the color of the frosting. What is an example of a hypothesis that might answer the question of this study?

Here’s what your hypotheses might look like:

If-then: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will buy more yellow cupcakes than purple cupcakes.”

Null: “If customers’ gender is female, then they will be just as likely to buy purple cupcakes as yellow cupcakes.”

This is a pretty simple experiment! It passes the test of plausibility (there could easily be a difference), defined concepts (there’s nothing complicated about cupcakes!), observability (both color and gender can be easily observed), and general explanation ( this would potentially help you make better business decisions ).

Experiment #3: Backyard Bird Feeders (Integrating Multiple Variables and Rejecting the If-Then Hypothesis)

While watching your backyard bird feeder, you realized that different birds come on the days when you change the types of seeds. You decide that you want to see more cardinals in your backyard, so you decide to see what type of food they like the best and set up an experiment.

However, one morning, you notice that, while some cardinals are present, blue jays are eating out of your backyard feeder filled with millet. You decide that, of all of the other birds, you would like to see the blue jays the least. This means you'll have more than one variable in your hypothesis. Your new hypotheses might look like this:

If-then: “If sunflower seeds are placed in the bird feeders, then more cardinals will come than blue jays. If millet is placed in the bird feeders, then more blue jays will come than cardinals.”

Null: “If either sunflower seeds or millet are placed in the bird, equal numbers of cardinals and blue jays will come.”

Through simple observation, you actually find that cardinals come as often as blue jays when sunflower seeds or millet is in the bird feeder. In this case, you would reject your “if-then” hypothesis and “fail to reject” your null hypothesis . You cannot accept your first hypothesis, because it’s clearly not true. Instead you found that there was actually no relation between your different variables. Consequently, you would need to run more experiments with different variables to see if the new variables impact the results.

Experiment #4: In-Class Survey (Including an Alternative Hypothesis)

You’re about to give a speech in one of your classes about the importance of paying attention. You want to take this opportunity to test a hypothesis you’ve had for a while:

If-then: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will listen better than students who do not.

Null: If students sit in the first two rows of the classroom, then they will not listen better or worse than students who do not.

You give your speech and then ask your teacher if you can hand out a short survey to the class. On the survey, you’ve included questions about some of the topics you talked about. When you get back the results, you’re surprised to see that not only do the students in the first two rows not pay better attention, but they also scored worse than students in other parts of the classroom! Here, both your if-then and your null hypotheses are not representative of your findings. What do you do?

This is when you reject both your if-then and null hypotheses and instead create an alternative hypothesis . This type of hypothesis is used in the rare circumstance that neither of your hypotheses is able to capture your findings . Now you can use what you’ve learned to draft new hypotheses and test again!

Key Takeaways: Hypothesis Writing

The more comfortable you become with writing hypotheses, the better they will become. The structure of hypotheses is flexible and may need to be changed depending on what topic you are studying. The most important thing to remember is the purpose of your hypothesis and the difference between the if-then and the null . From there, in forming your hypothesis, you should constantly be asking questions, making observations, doing secondary research, and considering your variables. After you have written your hypothesis, be sure to edit it so that it is plausible, clearly defined, observable, and helpful in explaining a general phenomenon.

Writing a hypothesis is something that everyone, from elementary school children competing in a science fair to professional scientists in a lab, needs to know how to do. Hypotheses are vital in experiments and in properly executing the scientific method . When done correctly, hypotheses will set up your studies for success and help you to understand the world a little better, one experiment at a time.

What’s Next?

If you’re studying for the science portion of the ACT, there’s definitely a lot you need to know. We’ve got the tools to help, though! Start by checking out our ultimate study guide for the ACT Science subject test. Once you read through that, be sure to download our recommended ACT Science practice tests , since they’re one of the most foolproof ways to improve your score. (And don’t forget to check out our expert guide book , too.)

If you love science and want to major in a scientific field, you should start preparing in high school . Here are the science classes you should take to set yourself up for success.

If you’re trying to think of science experiments you can do for class (or for a science fair!), here’s a list of 37 awesome science experiments you can do at home

Ashley Sufflé Robinson has a Ph.D. in 19th Century English Literature. As a content writer for PrepScholar, Ashley is passionate about giving college-bound students the in-depth information they need to get into the school of their dreams.

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Scientific Method: Step 3: HYPOTHESIS

Step 1: QUESTION
Step 2: RESEARCH
Step 3: HYPOTHESIS
Step 4: EXPERIMENT
Step 5: DATA
Step 6: CONCLUSION

Step 3: State your hypothesis

Now it's time to state your hypothesis . The hypothesis is an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment.

The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, " If I do not study, then I will fail the test." The "if' and "then" statements reflect your independent and dependent variables .

The hypothesis should relate back to your original question and must be testable .

A word about variables...

Your experiment will include variables to measure and to explain any cause and effect. Below you will find some useful links describing the different types of variables.

"What are independent and dependent variables" NCES
[VIDEO] Biology: Independent vs. Dependent Variables (Nucleus Medical Media) Video explaining independent and dependent variables, with examples.

Resource Links

What is and How to Write a Good Hypothesis in Research? (Elsevier)
Hypothesis brochure from Penn State/Berks

<< Previous: Step 2: RESEARCH
Next: Step 4: EXPERIMENT >>
Last Updated: May 9, 2024 10:59 AM
URL: https://harford.libguides.com/scientific_method

1.2 The Scientific Methods

Section learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to do the following:

Explain how the methods of science are used to make scientific discoveries
Define a scientific model and describe examples of physical and mathematical models used in physics
Compare and contrast hypothesis, theory, and law

Teacher Support

The learning objectives in this section will help your students master the following standards:

(A) know the definition of science and understand that it has limitations, as specified in subsection (b)(2) of this section;
(B) know that scientific hypotheses are tentative and testable statements that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Hypotheses of durable explanatory power which have been tested over a wide variety of conditions are incorporated into theories;
(C) know that scientific theories are based on natural and physical phenomena and are capable of being tested by multiple independent researchers. Unlike hypotheses, scientific theories are well-established and highly-reliable explanations, but may be subject to change as new areas of science and new technologies are developed;
(D) distinguish between scientific hypotheses and scientific theories.

Section Key Terms

experiment	hypothesis	model	observation	principle
scientific law	scientific methods	theory	universal

[OL] Pre-assessment for this section could involve students sharing or writing down an anecdote about when they used the methods of science. Then, students could label their thought processes in their anecdote with the appropriate scientific methods. The class could also discuss their definitions of theory and law, both outside and within the context of science.

[OL] It should be noted and possibly mentioned that a scientist , as mentioned in this section, does not necessarily mean a trained scientist. It could be anyone using methods of science.

Scientific Methods

Scientists often plan and carry out investigations to answer questions about the universe around us. These investigations may lead to natural laws. Such laws are intrinsic to the universe, meaning that humans did not create them and cannot change them. We can only discover and understand them. Their discovery is a very human endeavor, with all the elements of mystery, imagination, struggle, triumph, and disappointment inherent in any creative effort. The cornerstone of discovering natural laws is observation. Science must describe the universe as it is, not as we imagine or wish it to be.

We all are curious to some extent. We look around, make generalizations, and try to understand what we see. For example, we look up and wonder whether one type of cloud signals an oncoming storm. As we become serious about exploring nature, we become more organized and formal in collecting and analyzing data. We attempt greater precision, perform controlled experiments (if we can), and write down ideas about how data may be organized. We then formulate models, theories, and laws based on the data we have collected, and communicate those results with others. This, in a nutshell, describes the scientific method that scientists employ to decide scientific issues on the basis of evidence from observation and experiment.

An investigation often begins with a scientist making an observation . The scientist observes a pattern or trend within the natural world. Observation may generate questions that the scientist wishes to answer. Next, the scientist may perform some research about the topic and devise a hypothesis . A hypothesis is a testable statement that describes how something in the natural world works. In essence, a hypothesis is an educated guess that explains something about an observation.

[OL] An educated guess is used throughout this section in describing a hypothesis to combat the tendency to think of a theory as an educated guess.

Scientists may test the hypothesis by performing an experiment . During an experiment, the scientist collects data that will help them learn about the phenomenon they are studying. Then the scientists analyze the results of the experiment (that is, the data), often using statistical, mathematical, and/or graphical methods. From the data analysis, they draw conclusions. They may conclude that their experiment either supports or rejects their hypothesis. If the hypothesis is supported, the scientist usually goes on to test another hypothesis related to the first. If their hypothesis is rejected, they will often then test a new and different hypothesis in their effort to learn more about whatever they are studying.

Scientific processes can be applied to many situations. Let’s say that you try to turn on your car, but it will not start. You have just made an observation! You ask yourself, "Why won’t my car start?" You can now use scientific processes to answer this question. First, you generate a hypothesis such as, "The car won’t start because it has no gasoline in the gas tank." To test this hypothesis, you put gasoline in the car and try to start it again. If the car starts, then your hypothesis is supported by the experiment. If the car does not start, then your hypothesis is rejected. You will then need to think up a new hypothesis to test such as, "My car won’t start because the fuel pump is broken." Hopefully, your investigations lead you to discover why the car won’t start and enable you to fix it.

A model is a representation of something that is often too difficult (or impossible) to study directly. Models can take the form of physical models, equations, computer programs, or simulations—computer graphics/animations. Models are tools that are especially useful in modern physics because they let us visualize phenomena that we normally cannot observe with our senses, such as very small objects or objects that move at high speeds. For example, we can understand the structure of an atom using models, without seeing an atom with our own eyes. Although images of single atoms are now possible, these images are extremely difficult to achieve and are only possible due to the success of our models. The existence of these images is a consequence rather than a source of our understanding of atoms. Models are always approximate, so they are simpler to consider than the real situation; the more complete a model is, the more complicated it must be. Models put the intangible or the extremely complex into human terms that we can visualize, discuss, and hypothesize about.

Scientific models are constructed based on the results of previous experiments. Even still, models often only describe a phenomenon partially or in a few limited situations. Some phenomena are so complex that they may be impossible to model them in their entirety, even using computers. An example is the electron cloud model of the atom in which electrons are moving around the atom’s center in distinct clouds ( Figure 1.12 ), that represent the likelihood of finding an electron in different places. This model helps us to visualize the structure of an atom. However, it does not show us exactly where an electron will be within its cloud at any one particular time.

As mentioned previously, physicists use a variety of models including equations, physical models, computer simulations, etc. For example, three-dimensional models are often commonly used in chemistry and physics to model molecules. Properties other than appearance or location are usually modelled using mathematics, where functions are used to show how these properties relate to one another. Processes such as the formation of a star or the planets, can also be modelled using computer simulations. Once a simulation is correctly programmed based on actual experimental data, the simulation can allow us to view processes that happened in the past or happen too quickly or slowly for us to observe directly. In addition, scientists can also run virtual experiments using computer-based models. In a model of planet formation, for example, the scientist could alter the amount or type of rocks present in space and see how it affects planet formation.

Scientists use models and experimental results to construct explanations of observations or design solutions to problems. For example, one way to make a car more fuel efficient is to reduce the friction or drag caused by air flowing around the moving car. This can be done by designing the body shape of the car to be more aerodynamic, such as by using rounded corners instead of sharp ones. Engineers can then construct physical models of the car body, place them in a wind tunnel, and examine the flow of air around the model. This can also be done mathematically in a computer simulation. The air flow pattern can be analyzed for regions smooth air flow and for eddies that indicate drag. The model of the car body may have to be altered slightly to produce the smoothest pattern of air flow (i.e., the least drag). The pattern with the least drag may be the solution to increasing fuel efficiency of the car. This solution might then be incorporated into the car design.

Using Models and the Scientific Processes

Be sure to secure loose items before opening the window or door.

In this activity, you will learn about scientific models by making a model of how air flows through your classroom or a room in your house.

One room with at least one window or door that can be opened
Work with a group of four, as directed by your teacher. Close all of the windows and doors in the room you are working in. Your teacher may assign you a specific window or door to study.
Before opening any windows or doors, draw a to-scale diagram of your room. First, measure the length and width of your room using the tape measure. Then, transform the measurement using a scale that could fit on your paper, such as 5 centimeters = 1 meter.
Your teacher will assign you a specific window or door to study air flow. On your diagram, add arrows showing your hypothesis (before opening any windows or doors) of how air will flow through the room when your assigned window or door is opened. Use pencil so that you can easily make changes to your diagram.
On your diagram, mark four locations where you would like to test air flow in your room. To test for airflow, hold a strip of single ply tissue paper between the thumb and index finger. Note the direction that the paper moves when exposed to the airflow. Then, for each location, predict which way the paper will move if your air flow diagram is correct.
Now, each member of your group will stand in one of the four selected areas. Each member will test the airflow Agree upon an approximate height at which everyone will hold their papers.
When you teacher tells you to, open your assigned window and/or door. Each person should note the direction that their paper points immediately after the window or door was opened. Record your results on your diagram.
Did the airflow test data support or refute the hypothetical model of air flow shown in your diagram? Why or why not? Correct your model based on your experimental evidence.
With your group, discuss how accurate your model is. What limitations did it have? Write down the limitations that your group agreed upon.
Yes, you could use your model to predict air flow through a new window. The earlier experiment of air flow would help you model the system more accurately.
Yes, you could use your model to predict air flow through a new window. The earlier experiment of air flow is not useful for modeling the new system.
No, you cannot model a system to predict the air flow through a new window. The earlier experiment of air flow would help you model the system more accurately.
No, you cannot model a system to predict the air flow through a new window. The earlier experiment of air flow is not useful for modeling the new system.

This Snap Lab! has students construct a model of how air flows in their classroom. Each group of four students will create a model of air flow in their classroom using a scale drawing of the room. Then, the groups will test the validity of their model by placing weathervanes that they have constructed around the room and opening a window or door. By observing the weather vanes, students will see how air actually flows through the room from a specific window or door. Students will then correct their model based on their experimental evidence. The following material list is given per group:

One room with at least one window or door that can be opened (An optimal configuration would be one window or door per group.)
Several pieces of construction paper (at least four per group)
Strips of single ply tissue paper
One tape measure (long enough to measure the dimensions of the room)
Group size can vary depending on the number of windows/doors available and the number of students in the class.
The room dimensions could be provided by the teacher. Also, students may need a brief introduction in how to make a drawing to scale.
This is another opportunity to discuss controlled experiments in terms of why the students should hold the strips of tissue paper at the same height and in the same way. One student could also serve as a control and stand far away from the window/door or in another area that will not receive air flow from the window/door.
You will probably need to coordinate this when multiple windows or doors are used. Only one window or door should be opened at a time for best results. Between openings, allow a short period (5 minutes) when all windows and doors are closed, if possible.

Answers to the Grasp Check will vary, but the air flow in the new window or door should be based on what the students observed in their experiment.

Scientific Laws and Theories

A scientific law is a description of a pattern in nature that is true in all circumstances that have been studied. That is, physical laws are meant to be universal , meaning that they apply throughout the known universe. Laws are often also concise, whereas theories are more complicated. A law can be expressed in the form of a single sentence or mathematical equation. For example, Newton’s second law of motion , which relates the motion of an object to the force applied ( F ), the mass of the object ( m ), and the object’s acceleration ( a ), is simply stated using the equation

Scientific ideas and explanations that are true in many, but not all situations in the universe are usually called principles . An example is Pascal’s principle , which explains properties of liquids, but not solids or gases. However, the distinction between laws and principles is sometimes not carefully made in science.

A theory is an explanation for patterns in nature that is supported by much scientific evidence and verified multiple times by multiple researchers. While many people confuse theories with educated guesses or hypotheses, theories have withstood more rigorous testing and verification than hypotheses.

[OL] Explain to students that in informal, everyday English the word theory can be used to describe an idea that is possibly true but that has not been proven to be true. This use of the word theory often leads people to think that scientific theories are nothing more than educated guesses. This is not just a misconception among students, but among the general public as well.

As a closing idea about scientific processes, we want to point out that scientific laws and theories, even those that have been supported by experiments for centuries, can still be changed by new discoveries. This is especially true when new technologies emerge that allow us to observe things that were formerly unobservable. Imagine how viewing previously invisible objects with a microscope or viewing Earth for the first time from space may have instantly changed our scientific theories and laws! What discoveries still await us in the future? The constant retesting and perfecting of our scientific laws and theories allows our knowledge of nature to progress. For this reason, many scientists are reluctant to say that their studies prove anything. By saying support instead of prove , it keeps the door open for future discoveries, even if they won’t occur for centuries or even millennia.

[OL] With regard to scientists avoiding using the word prove , the general public knows that science has proven certain things such as that the heart pumps blood and the Earth is round. However, scientists should shy away from using prove because it is impossible to test every single instance and every set of conditions in a system to absolutely prove anything. Using support or similar terminology leaves the door open for further discovery.

Check Your Understanding

Models are simpler to analyze.
Models give more accurate results.
Models provide more reliable predictions.
Models do not require any computer calculations.
They are the same.
A hypothesis has been thoroughly tested and found to be true.
A hypothesis is a tentative assumption based on what is already known.
A hypothesis is a broad explanation firmly supported by evidence.
A scientific model is a representation of something that can be easily studied directly. It is useful for studying things that can be easily analyzed by humans.
A scientific model is a representation of something that is often too difficult to study directly. It is useful for studying a complex system or systems that humans cannot observe directly.
A scientific model is a representation of scientific equipment. It is useful for studying working principles of scientific equipment.
A scientific model is a representation of a laboratory where experiments are performed. It is useful for studying requirements needed inside the laboratory.
The hypothesis must be validated by scientific experiments.
The hypothesis must not include any physical quantity.
The hypothesis must be a short and concise statement.
The hypothesis must apply to all the situations in the universe.
A scientific theory is an explanation of natural phenomena that is supported by evidence.
A scientific theory is an explanation of natural phenomena without the support of evidence.
A scientific theory is an educated guess about the natural phenomena occurring in nature.
A scientific theory is an uneducated guess about natural phenomena occurring in nature.
A hypothesis is an explanation of the natural world with experimental support, while a scientific theory is an educated guess about a natural phenomenon.
A hypothesis is an educated guess about natural phenomenon, while a scientific theory is an explanation of natural world with experimental support.
A hypothesis is experimental evidence of a natural phenomenon, while a scientific theory is an explanation of the natural world with experimental support.
A hypothesis is an explanation of the natural world with experimental support, while a scientific theory is experimental evidence of a natural phenomenon.

Use the Check Your Understanding questions to assess students’ achievement of the section’s learning objectives. If students are struggling with a specific objective, the Check Your Understanding will help identify which objective and direct students to the relevant content.

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Understanding What is an Educated Guess in Science

Table of Contents

An educated guess in science, commonly referred to as a hypothesis, is a prediction or statement that can be tested through experiments and observations. It is based on careful observations, thorough research, and existing knowledge about the subject. By formulating hypotheses, scientists aim to explore and understand the natural world around us.

The scientific method is a problem-solving procedure utilized by scientists to draw conclusions and uncover new insights. It involves several steps, including identifying the problem, gathering relevant information, formulating hypotheses, testing them through experiments, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions based on the evidence gathered.

Variables play a crucial role in scientific experiments. These are factors that can change and have an impact on the outcome. The independent variable is controlled and deliberately changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable changes based on the manipulation of the independent variable. Additionally, a control is used as a standard for comparison to ensure accurate results.

In the realm of scientific inquiry, there is a distinction between scientific theory and scientific law. A scientific theory is an explanation that is supported by results obtained from tests or experiments. On the other hand, a scientific law describes the behavior of a natural phenomenon or a set of phenomena. Both theories and laws contribute to our understanding of the natural world.

When conducting scientific research, it is crucial to consider ethics and be aware of potential biases that can influence the outcomes of experiments and observations. Adhering to ethical guidelines ensures the integrity and credibility of scientific investigations, and recognizing and minimizing biases helps maintain objectivity in the pursuit of knowledge.

The steps of the scientific method guide scientists in their quest for understanding. It begins with careful observation of the natural world, followed by the formulation of a hypothesis, making predictions based on the hypothesis, conducting controlled experiments, and finally drawing conclusions based on the results obtained.

An educated guess, or a hypothesis, is a fundamental building block of scientific inquiry. It guides the direction of research and experimentation, providing a framework for investigation and discovery. By formulating hypotheses, scientists can make informed predictions and explore the intricacies of the natural world.

Key Takeaways:

An educated guess, known as a hypothesis, is a testable prediction or statement in scientific research.
The scientific method is a problem-solving procedure that involves steps like identifying a problem, formulating hypotheses, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions.
Variables in experiments can change and impact the outcome, with the independent variable being deliberately altered by the researcher.
Scientific theory and scientific law are different concepts, with theories explaining phenomena and laws describing behavior.
Ethics and minimizing bias are crucial aspects of scientific research.

The Scientific Method and Hypothesis

The scientific method is a problem-solving procedure employed by scientists to draw conclusions, which involves identifying a problem, gathering information, making hypotheses, testing them, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions. It is a rigorous approach that ensures the credibility and reliability of scientific investigations.

At the heart of the scientific method lies the hypothesis, an essential component of scientific inquiry. An educated guess, the hypothesis is a prediction or statement that can be tested. It is formulated based on observations, research, and existing knowledge about the subject under investigation. The hypothesis serves as a guide to design experiments and gather relevant data to support or refute it.

Scientific inference and logical deduction play crucial roles in generating hypotheses. Scientists use the available evidence and reasoning to make logical deductions and form educated guesses about how phenomena work. These hypotheses are then tested through rigorous experimentation and analysis, providing valuable insights into the workings of the natural world.

Scientific Method Steps
1. Observation
2. Hypothesis
3. Prediction
4. Experiment
5. Conclusion

By following the steps of the scientific method, scientists gain valuable knowledge and understanding of the natural world. The systematic approach allows researchers to gather evidence, form hypotheses, and test them in a controlled environment. Through rigorous experimentation and analysis, scientists draw conclusions that contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge.

To learn more about the scientific method and its role in hypothesis formation, visit Exquisitive Education , where you can explore a range of educational resources on scientific inquiry and critical thinking.

Variables and Control in Experiments

Variables are factors that can be manipulated and measured in scientific experiments, with the independent variable intentionally changed by the researcher and the dependent variable responding to the changes. In a well-designed experiment, the independent variable is the factor that is deliberately manipulated or changed to observe its effects on the dependent variable, which is the factor that changes as a result of the manipulation.

In order to ensure the validity and reliability of the experiment, it is important to have a control group. A control group is a standard against which the experimental results can be compared. It is identical to the experimental group in every aspect, except that the independent variable is not manipulated. By comparing the results of the experimental group to the control group, scientists can determine the specific effects of the independent variable.

Types of Variables in Experiments:

There are three main types of variables in scientific experiments: independent variables, dependent variables, and controlled variables. The independent variable is the variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher. It is the cause or input that is being tested. The dependent variable, on the other hand, is the variable that responds to the changes in the independent variable. It is the effect or outcome that is being measured or observed. Lastly, controlled variables are the factors that remain constant throughout the experiment to ensure that they do not influence the results. These variables are kept the same for both the experimental and control groups.

Variable Type	Description
Independent Variable	The variable that is deliberately changed or manipulated by the researcher.
Dependent Variable	The variable that responds to the changes in the independent variable. It is the outcome being measured or observed.
Controlled Variables	The factors that remain constant throughout the experiment to ensure that they do not influence the results.

Understanding and controlling variables in experiments is crucial for conducting reliable and valid scientific research. By carefully manipulating and measuring variables, scientists can investigate cause-and-effect relationships and draw meaningful conclusions about the natural world.

The Role of Scientific Theory and Law

In the realm of science, a scientific theory is an explanation that is supported by consistent results obtained through experimentation or observation, whereas a scientific law describes the observed behavior of a natural phenomenon. Scientists use theories and laws to understand and explain the workings of the natural world.

A scientific theory is a comprehensive explanation that has been extensively tested and has withstood the scrutiny of repeated experiments. It provides a framework for understanding complex phenomena and allows scientists to make predictions and further investigate the subject. Theories are built upon existing knowledge and are constantly refined as new evidence emerges.

On the other hand, scientific laws are concise statements that describe a fundamental principle or relationship in nature. Laws are derived from empirical observations and are universally applicable within a specific set of conditions. Unlike theories, laws do not attempt to explain the underlying mechanisms or reasons behind a natural phenomenon, but rather serve as concise descriptions of what happens.

The Difference Between Theories and Laws

To better understand the distinction between scientific theories and laws, consider the example of gravity. Isaac Newton’s law of universal gravitation describes the force of attraction between two objects due to their mass and distance. It provides a mathematical formula to calculate the force but does not explain why gravity exists or how it works.

Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, on the other hand, provides a deeper understanding of gravity by describing it as the curvature of spacetime caused by the presence of mass and energy. It explains the observed phenomena such as the curvature of light around massive objects and the expansion of the universe.

In summary, scientific theories and laws are both essential in the field of science. Theories provide comprehensive explanations supported by empirical evidence, while laws describe fundamental principles or relationships in nature. Together, they form the foundation of scientific knowledge and guide further exploration and understanding of the natural world.

The Role of Scientific Theory and Law
Scientific theory	Explanation supported by consistent results	Framework for understanding complex phenomena	Subject to refinement with new evidence
Scientific law	Concise statement describing observed behavior	Derived from empirical observations	Universally applicable within specific conditions

Ethics and Bias in Scientific Research

Ethical considerations are paramount in scientific research to ensure the welfare of subjects and the integrity of the scientific process, while bias can introduce unintended influences and affect the objectivity of results. In order to conduct ethical research, scientists must adhere to strict guidelines and principles that prioritize the safety and well-being of participants. This includes obtaining informed consent, maintaining privacy and confidentiality, and minimizing any potential harm or discomfort. By upholding ethical standards, researchers can ensure that their findings are reliable and trustworthy.

Bias, on the other hand, can pose a significant challenge to the accuracy and validity of scientific research. Bias refers to the preconceived notions or preferences that researchers may have, consciously or unconsciously, which can influence the design, execution, and interpretation of their studies. Common types of bias include confirmation bias, where researchers seek evidence that supports their preconceived ideas, and selection bias, where certain groups or individuals are favored over others in the study sample. To mitigate bias, scientists employ rigorous study designs, control groups, and blind or double-blind experimental methods to minimize subjective influence and ensure objective analysis of results.

It is crucial for scientists to acknowledge and address bias in order to uphold the credibility of their research. This involves transparently reporting any potential conflicts of interest, actively seeking diverse perspectives, and conducting peer review to ensure independent scrutiny of the study. Additionally, rigorous statistical analysis can help identify any potential biases and provide a more accurate assessment of the data. By actively working to minimize bias, researchers can maintain the integrity and validity of their findings, contributing to the overall advancement of scientific knowledge.

Type of Bias	Description
Confirmation Bias	The tendency to favor information that confirms existing beliefs or hypotheses, while disregarding conflicting evidence.
Selection Bias	The bias introduced when the participants or data selected for the study are not representative of the entire population, leading to inaccurate conclusions.
Publication Bias	The bias that can occur when the results of studies with statistically significant findings are more likely to be published, leading to an overrepresentation of positive results in scientific literature.

Importance of Addressing Bias

Addressing bias in scientific research is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of the findings. By mitigating bias, scientists can ensure that their research is objective, transparent, and unbiased. This allows for more accurate conclusions and fosters trust among the scientific community and the general public. Additionally, identifying and addressing biases can lead to the discovery of new insights and perspectives, as researchers actively seek out diverse viewpoints and challenge their own assumptions. Ultimately, by striving to minimize bias, scientists can contribute to the collective knowledge and understanding of the natural world.

Steps of the Scientific Method

The scientific method follows a structured process that includes observation, hypothesis formation, making predictions based on the hypothesis, conducting experiments to test the predictions, and drawing conclusions based on the results. It is a systematic approach used by scientists to investigate and understand the natural world.

1. Observation: The first step is to carefully observe and gather information about a particular phenomenon or problem. This involves using our senses or using instruments to collect data.

2. Hypothesis: Based on the observations, a hypothesis is formulated. A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction that can be tested through experiments. It is a proposed explanation for the observed phenomenon.

3. Prediction: Once a hypothesis is formulated, predictions are made. These predictions are statements that suggest specific outcomes or patterns that should be observed if the hypothesis is correct.

4. Experiment: Experiments are conducted to test the predictions made by the hypothesis. Controlled experiments are designed with specific variables in mind. The independent variable, which is deliberately changed by the researcher, is manipulated, while the dependent variable, which changes as a result, is measured and observed.

5. Conclusion: After conducting the experiment and analyzing the results, conclusions are drawn. The data collected is evaluated to determine whether the predictions made by the hypothesis are supported or refuted. If the results support the predictions, the hypothesis is considered valid. If the results do not support the predictions, the hypothesis may need to be revised or discarded.

By following these steps, scientists can systematically investigate and understand various phenomena in the natural world. The scientific method allows for rigorous testing and analysis, ensuring that scientific knowledge is based on reliable evidence and logical reasoning.

Step	Description
Observation	Gathering information about a phenomenon or problem
Hypothesis	Formulating an educated guess or prediction
Prediction	Making specific statements about expected outcomes
Experiment	Conducting controlled experiments to test predictions
Conclusion	Analyzing results and drawing conclusions

Learn more about the scientific method and its application in various scientific disciplines at Exquisitive Education .

Definition and Importance of an Educated Guess

An educated guess, also known as a hypothesis in the scientific community, plays a crucial role in scientific investigations as it provides a starting point for experimentation and serves as a guide for further exploration. A hypothesis is a prediction or statement that can be tested, formulated based on observations, research, and existing knowledge about the subject. It acts as a tentative explanation for a scientific phenomenon or problem, allowing scientists to make predictions and design experiments to gather empirical evidence.

Scientists use the scientific method, a problem-solving procedure, to systematically investigate natural phenomena. This method involves identifying a problem, gathering relevant information, formulating hypotheses, testing them through controlled experiments, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. The hypothesis stage is key, as it provides a framework for experimentation and helps researchers narrow down their focus.

Variables are factors that can change in an experiment. The independent variable is deliberately changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is observed and changes as a result. By manipulating the independent variable and measuring changes in the dependent variable, scientists can establish cause-and-effect relationships. It is also essential to have a control, which serves as a standard for comparison. This control allows researchers to isolate the effects of the independent variable, ensuring that any observed changes can be attributed to the variable being tested.

Table: Examples of Variables in Scientific Experiments

Experiment	Independent Variable	Dependent Variable
Effect of sunlight on plant growth	Amount of sunlight received	Height or growth rate of plants
Impact of temperature on enzyme activity	Temperature	Rate of enzyme activity
Effect of exercise on heart rate	Duration and intensity of exercise	Heart rate

In the scientific community, theories and laws play different roles in explaining natural phenomena. A scientific theory is an explanation supported by results obtained from tests or experiments. It incorporates a broad range of evidence to explain a wide range of related observations. On the other hand, a scientific law is a description of the behavior of something in nature, typically expressed in a mathematical formula. Laws are concise descriptions of observations that have been repeatedly verified through experimentation.

Ethics and bias are important considerations in scientific research. Scientists must adhere to ethical guidelines to ensure the well-being of subjects, the integrity of data, and the overall trustworthiness of their work. Bias, whether conscious or unconscious, can influence the outcomes of experiments and observations, potentially undermining the objectivity of scientific research. Therefore, scientists should strive to minimize bias and ensure that their findings are based on rigorous and unbiased analysis.

In summary, an educated guess, or hypothesis, forms the foundation of scientific investigations. It enables scientists to formulate predictions and design experiments to gather empirical evidence. By systematically following the scientific method, scientists can explore natural phenomena, establish cause-and-effect relationships, and contribute to our understanding of the world around us.

Exploring Inference and Estimation in Science

Inference and estimation are essential tools in scientific inquiry, allowing scientists to draw conclusions and approximate values based on their observations and data. These processes play a crucial role in understanding and explaining the natural world. Through inference, scientists can make logical deductions based on available evidence to formulate educated guesses or hypotheses. This enables them to develop theories that explain phenomena and guide further investigations.

Estimation, on the other hand, involves approximating values or quantities when precise measurements may be challenging or impossible to obtain. Scientists often use estimation to make predictions or projections about future outcomes based on existing data. By employing mathematical models and statistical techniques, they can extrapolate trends, interpolate missing information, and make reasoned judgments about the behavior of natural phenomena.

In scientific experiments, inference and estimation are particularly important in the analysis of results. By interpreting data through statistical methods, scientists can determine the significance of their findings and draw meaningful conclusions. These processes also help researchers identify potential sources of error or bias and refine their methodologies for future investigations. Inference and estimation contribute to the continual advancement of scientific knowledge, allowing scientists to refine their understanding of the natural world and improve predictions and projections for various scientific disciplines.

Benefits of Inference and Estimation in Science
1. Enables logical deductions based on available evidence
2. Supports the formulation of educated guesses and hypotheses
3. Facilitates the development of scientific theories
4. Provides approximations when precise measurements are challenging
5. Helps make predictions and projections based on existing data
6. Contributes to the analysis and interpretation of experimental results

In summary, inference and estimation are vital tools that scientists use to draw conclusions, develop theories, and approximate values in scientific inquiry. Through these processes, researchers can navigate the complexities of the natural world and expand our understanding of it. From formulating educated guesses to analyzing experimental data, inference and estimation play a foundational role in advancing scientific knowledge.

Predicting and Projecting Future Outcomes

Prediction and projection are valuable aspects of scientific inquiry, as they enable scientists to anticipate and envision future outcomes based on existing knowledge and data. By analyzing patterns and trends, scientists can make informed judgments about what may occur in the future within various scientific disciplines. These predictions and projections serve as a stepping stone towards further exploration and discovery, guiding researchers towards new avenues of investigation.

When predicting future outcomes, scientists draw upon a vast array of information gathered through research, experiments, and observations. This data acts as a foundation for understanding the behavior of natural phenomena and allows scientists to establish correlations and patterns. Through careful analysis, scientists can make reasonable predictions about how these phenomena may behave in the future, providing valuable insights into the potential consequences of certain actions or events.

Projection, on the other hand, involves taking existing data and applying it to future scenarios. By extrapolating from historical trends and patterns, scientists can project how certain variables may change and impact the natural world. These projections can assist in decision-making processes and help society plan for and mitigate potential risks or challenges.

Utilizing Predictions and Projections

Predictions and projections form a vital part of scientific research and exploration. By utilizing these methods, scientists can hypothesize and test different scenarios, contributing to our understanding of the world and enabling us to make more informed choices in various fields. From climate change and environmental conservation to healthcare advancements and technological innovations, predictions and projections play a crucial role in shaping the future.

Field	Predictions	Projections
Climate Science	Predicting the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on global temperatures	Projecting sea-level rise based on melting ice caps
Medicine	Predicting the spread of infectious diseases based on population density	Projecting the effectiveness of vaccines in preventing future outbreaks
Technology	Predicting advancements in artificial intelligence based on current trends	Projecting the development of renewable energy technologies

As we continue to explore the unknown and push the boundaries of scientific knowledge, predictions and projections will remain invaluable tools in guiding our understanding and shaping the world we live in. Through careful analysis, experimentation, and the utilization of existing data, scientists can uncover new insights and help shape a brighter future for all.

Preliminary Assessment and Rough Calculation

Preliminary assessments and rough calculations serve as initial steps in scientific investigations, providing scientists with a basis for further analysis and decision-making. These processes allow researchers to make informed judgments and estimations before delving into more complex experiments or analyses.

When conducting a preliminary assessment, scientists gather relevant data and information to gain a general understanding of the subject matter. This involves reviewing existing studies, conducting literature reviews, and examining previous research findings. By doing so, scientists can identify any knowledge gaps or areas that require further investigation.

Once the preliminary assessment is complete, scientists move on to rough calculations. These calculations are often used to make estimations or approximations of key variables or outcomes. They involve applying reasoned judgment, extrapolation, and interpolation to arrive at rough values or ranges. While the accuracy of these calculations may be limited, they provide a starting point for more rigorous analysis and experimentation.

Overall, preliminary assessments and rough calculations are essential tools in the scientific process. They allow scientists to develop an initial understanding of a phenomenon or problem, guiding them towards more focused research and experimentation. By utilizing these early steps effectively, researchers can lay the foundation for meaningful scientific discoveries and advancements.

Type of Assessment	Key Characteristics
Preliminary Assessment	Gathering existing data and information, identifying knowledge gaps
Rough Calculation	Estimations and approximations using reasoned judgment, extrapolation, and interpolation

Exploring the Role of Hypothesis in Science

Hypotheses, often referred to as educated guesses, are integral to scientific research, guiding the design of experiments and providing a framework for investigating specific questions or phenomena. These hypotheses are based on observations, research, and existing knowledge about the subject at hand. By formulating a hypothesis, scientists can make predictions and test their ideas in a systematic and objective manner.

One of the fundamental aspects of scientific inquiry is the use of the scientific method. This problem-solving procedure allows scientists to gather information, make hypotheses, test them through experimentation, analyze the results, and draw conclusions. The hypothesis serves as the initial prediction or statement that is tested in an experiment, helping scientists to focus their efforts and determine the direction of their research.

In scientific experiments, variables play a crucial role. Variables are factors that can change during the course of an experiment, and they can have a direct impact on the outcome. The independent variable is deliberately changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that changes as a result. Having a control, which is a standard to compare results to, ensures that any changes observed can be attributed to the independent variable and not other factors.

Key Points:
An educated guess in science is called a hypothesis.
The scientific method is a problem-solving procedure used by scientists to draw conclusions.
Variables are factors that can change in an experiment, with the independent variable deliberately changed by the researcher.
A control is a standard used for comparison in scientific experiments.

In addition to the role of hypotheses and variables, the distinction between scientific theory and scientific law is also significant. A scientific theory is an explanation that is supported by results obtained from tests or experiments, while a scientific law describes the behavior of something in nature. These concepts help to shape our understanding of the natural world and provide frameworks for further scientific exploration.

It’s important to note that ethics and bias can influence scientific research. Scientists are guided by ethical considerations to ensure the welfare of subjects, accurate reporting, and responsible conduct. Additionally, biases, both conscious and unconscious, can influence the outcomes of experiments and observations. Recognizing and addressing these factors is essential for maintaining the integrity of scientific research.

In conclusion, hypotheses, or educated guesses, play a vital role in scientific research. They guide the design of experiments, allow scientists to make predictions, and provide a framework for investigating specific questions or phenomena. By understanding the role of hypotheses in the scientific method and recognizing the impact of variables, theories, laws, ethics, and bias, we can gain a deeper appreciation for the process of scientific inquiry and its contributions to our understanding of the natural world.

Useful Resources:
To learn more about scientific research and hypothesis formulation, visit .

In conclusion, understanding what an educated guess is in science, commonly known as a hypothesis, is crucial for comprehending and advancing our scientific knowledge. An educated guess, or hypothesis, is a prediction or statement that can be tested through observation, research, and existing knowledge. It serves as a starting point for scientific exploration, guiding the formulation of experiments and driving the course of scientific inquiry.

The scientific method, a problem-solving procedure employed by scientists, relies heavily on hypotheses. It involves identifying a problem, gathering information, making hypotheses, testing them through experiments, analyzing the results, and drawing conclusions. By adhering to this structured approach, scientists can validate or refine their educated guesses, ultimately contributing to the accumulation of scientific knowledge.

Variables, such as the independent and dependent variables, play a crucial role in scientific experiments. The independent variable, purposely manipulated by researchers, causes changes in the dependent variable. Additionally, having a control group enables scientists to compare results and determine the impact of the independent variable. This controlled experimentation allows for reliable conclusions to be drawn from the data.

Ethics and bias also exert influence throughout the scientific research process. Maintaining ethical standards is essential to protect the well-being of subjects and ensure the integrity of the results. Meanwhile, acknowledging and addressing bias helps to eliminate any distortions that may skew the outcomes of experiments and observations.

In summary, understanding the concept of an educated guess, or hypothesis, is fundamental in scientific inquiry. By utilizing the scientific method, considering variables, acknowledging ethical considerations, and mitigating bias, scientists can make substantial contributions to our understanding of the natural world. Continued exploration and investigation, guided by educated guesses, pave the way for new discoveries and advancements in various scientific disciplines.

Q: What is an educated guess in science?

A: An educated guess in science, also known as a hypothesis, is a prediction or statement that can be tested. It is based on observations, research, and existing knowledge about the subject.

Q: What is the scientific method?

A: The scientific method is a problem-solving procedure used by scientists to draw conclusions. It involves identifying a problem, gathering information, making hypotheses, testing them, analyzing results, and drawing conclusions.

Q: What are variables in experiments?

A: Variables are factors that can change in an experiment. The independent variable is deliberately changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable changes as a result.

Q: What is a control in an experiment?

A: A control is a standard used to compare the results of an experiment to. It helps scientists assess the impact of the independent variable on the dependent variable.

Q: What is the difference between a scientific theory and a scientific law?

A: A scientific theory is an explanation backed by results obtained from tests or experiments. A scientific law describes the behavior of something in nature.

Q: How do ethics and bias play a role in scientific research?

A: Ethics play a role in scientific research by ensuring that experiments are conducted responsibly and with respect for human and animal subjects. Bias can influence the outcomes of experiments and observations, which is why it is crucial for scientists to strive for objectivity.

Q: What are the steps of the scientific method?

A: The steps of the scientific method are observation, hypothesis formation, making predictions, conducting experiments, and drawing conclusions.

Q: Why is an educated guess important in science?

A: An educated guess, or hypothesis, is important in science as it guides the formulation of experiments and drives scientific investigations. It allows scientists to make predictions and test their understanding of the natural world.

About The Author

Ethan Emerson

Ethan Emerson is a passionate author and dedicated advocate for the transformative power of education. With a background in teaching and a love for writing, Ethan brings a unique blend of expertise and creativity to his contributions on ExquisitiveEducation.com .His articles are a delightful mix of insightful knowledge and engaging storytelling, aiming to inspire and empower learners of all ages. Ethan's mission is to ignite the spark of curiosity and foster a love for learning in every reader.Ethan Emerson, is your companion in the realm of general education exploration. With a passion for knowledge, He delves into the intricate world of Education Expenses & Discounts , uncovering financial insights for your educational journey. From the vitality of Physical Education to the synergy of Education & Technology , Ethan's here to bridge the gap between traditional and innovative learning methods. Discover the art of crafting impressive Resume & Personal Documentation in Education , as well as insights into diverse Career Paths, Degrees & Educational Requirements . Join Ethan in navigating through a sea of Educational Courses & Classes , exploring the nuances of various Education Systems , and understanding the empowering realm of Special Education . With an eye on Teaching & Teachers , He offers a glimpse into the world of educators who shape minds. Let's unlock Studying Tips & Learning Methods that turn education into a delightful journey of growth with Exquisitive Education .

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Learning Objectives

Describe the difference between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms.
Describe the difference between a theory and scientific law.

Although many have taken science classes throughout the course of their studies, people often have incorrect or misleading ideas about some of the most important and basic principles in science. Most students have heard of hypotheses, theories, and laws, but what do these terms really mean? Prior to reading this section, consider what you have learned about these terms before. What do these terms mean to you? What do you read that contradicts or supports what you thought?

What is a Fact?

A fact is a basic statement established by experiment or observation. All facts are true under the specific conditions of the observation.

What is a Hypothesis?

One of the most common terms used in science classes is a "hypothesis". The word can have many different definitions, depending on the context in which it is being used:

An educated guess: a scientific hypothesis provides a suggested solution based on evidence.
Prediction: if you have ever carried out a science experiment, you probably made this type of hypothesis when you predicted the outcome of your experiment.
Tentative or proposed explanation: hypotheses can be suggestions about why something is observed. In order for it to be scientific, however, a scientist must be able to test the explanation to see if it works and if it is able to correctly predict what will happen in a situation. For example, "if my hypothesis is correct, we should see ___ result when we perform ___ test."

A hypothesis is very tentative; it can be easily changed.

What is a Theory?

The United States National Academy of Sciences describes what a theory is as follows:

"Some scientific explanations are so well established that no new evidence is likely to alter them. The explanation becomes a scientific theory. In everyday language a theory means a hunch or speculation. Not so in science. In science, the word theory refers to a comprehensive explanation of an important feature of nature supported by facts gathered over time. Theories also allow scientists to make predictions about as yet unobserved phenomena."

"A scientific theory is a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world, based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and experimentation. Such fact-supported theories are not "guesses" but reliable accounts of the real world. The theory of biological evolution is more than "just a theory." It is as factual an explanation of the universe as the atomic theory of matter (stating that everything is made of atoms) or the germ theory of disease (which states that many diseases are caused by germs). Our understanding of gravity is still a work in progress. But the phenomenon of gravity, like evolution, is an accepted fact.

Note some key features of theories that are important to understand from this description:

Theories are explanations of natural phenomena. They aren't predictions (although we may use theories to make predictions). They are explanations as to why we observe something.
Theories aren't likely to change. They have a large amount of support and are able to satisfactorily explain numerous observations. Theories can, indeed, be facts. Theories can change, but it is a long and difficult process. In order for a theory to change, there must be many observations or pieces of evidence that the theory cannot explain.
Theories are not guesses. The phrase "just a theory" has no room in science. To be a scientific theory carries a lot of weight; it is not just one person's idea about something

Theories aren't likely to change.

What is a Law?

Scientific laws are similar to scientific theories in that they are principles that can be used to predict the behavior of the natural world. Both scientific laws and scientific theories are typically well-supported by observations and/or experimental evidence. Usually scientific laws refer to rules for how nature will behave under certain conditions, frequently written as an equation. Scientific theories are more overarching explanations of how nature works and why it exhibits certain characteristics. As a comparison, theories explain why we observe what we do and laws describe what happens.

For example, around the year 1800, Jacques Charles and other scientists were working with gases to, among other reasons, improve the design of the hot air balloon. These scientists found, after many, many tests, that certain patterns existed in the observations on gas behavior. If the temperature of the gas is increased, the volume of the gas increased. This is known as a natural law. A law is a relationship that exists between variables in a group of data. Laws describe the patterns we see in large amounts of data, but do not describe why the patterns exist.

What is a Belief?

A belief is a statement that is not scientifically provable. Beliefs may or may not be incorrect; they just are outside the realm of science to explore.

Laws vs. Theories

A common misconception is that scientific theories are rudimentary ideas that will eventually graduate into scientific laws when enough data and evidence has accumulated. A theory does not change into a scientific law with the accumulation of new or better evidence. Remember, theories are explanations and laws are patterns we see in large amounts of data, frequently written as an equation. A theory will always remain a theory; a law will always remain a law.

Video \(\PageIndex{1}\): What’s the difference between a scientific law and theory?

A hypothesis is a tentative explanation that can be tested by further investigation.
A theory is a well-supported explanation of observations.
A scientific law is a statement that summarizes the relationship between variables.
An experiment is a controlled method of testing a hypothesis.

Contributions & Attributions

Marisa Alviar-Agnew ( Sacramento City College )

Henry Agnew (UC Davis)

A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that attempts to explain a set of facts or phenomena in sociology. It is a testable statement that can be supported or refuted through empirical research and observation.

Related terms

Empirical Research : The collection and analysis of data from the real world to evaluate the validity of a hypothesis.

Sociological Theory : A framework or system of ideas that helps to explain social phenomena, often forming the basis for generating hypotheses.

Variable : An element, feature, or factor that is liable to vary or change, which researchers manipulate or measure in their studies to assess the effects on another variable

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Scientific Method

A good scientist learns about the world by using the scientific method. The scientific method tests a hypothesis, which is an educated guess based on what information we already have.

All fields of science use the scientific method as a framework to make observations, gather data, and draw conclusions.

Research poster depicting knowledge, analysis, data, facts, practice, testing, development and support

Here is a list of the steps of the scientific method:

Gather information
Form a hypothesis
Test with an experiment
Write down results
Analyze results
State conclusions
Report results

You can use the scientific method yourself!

Science Experiments

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Define Hypothesis: Unveiling the First Step in Scientific Inquiry

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Welcome to the world of research, where you’ll journey through a universe brimming with questions and curiosity. In this cosmos, a hypothesis is one celestial object you can’t miss! Today’s expedition invites you on board an exploration to ‘Define Hypothesis.’ Hop in; it wouldn’t be hyperbole to state we’re about to unlock the nucleus behind every ever scientific theory and inquiry!

Definition of Hypothesis

Introduction to the concept of hypothesis.

Picture yourself as a detective solving a case. Right from inspecting clues, formulating potential theories on whodunit, putting these theories under rigorous tests until finally reaching that elusive conclusive evidence – exciting, isn’t it?

Now replace detective with researcher and voila – here comes our heavyweight term: Hypothesis. Much like how any plausible theory drives detectives’ investigations, scientific hypotheses are vital navigational compasses guiding researchers in their quest for scientific evolutions.

Explanation of What a Hypothesis Is in The Context of Research and Scientific Inquiry

A hypothesis – popularly known as an educated guess or predictive statement – represents an initial supposition or proposed explanation made on limited information but founded on validation-grounded knowledge. It forms the basis for preliminary exploration into a specific set of circumstances or natural phenomena beyond.

Formulated prior to conducting research, scientists employ hypotheses as testable conjectures to explain an observed behavior or event. Confused? Fret not. To put it simply and by example: “If I increase the frequency of watering my plants twice daily (instead of solely relying upon weather conditions), then they will grow faster.” Now that’s what we call an everyday-life hypothesis!

Remember, hypotheses are not wild guesses plucked out of thin air but rather preconceived assertions open to empirical verification. They mark the inception point for any scientific investigation and serve as cornerstones for further experiments.

Characteristics and Components of a Hypothesis

Key characteristics of a hypothesis.

Before plunging into the deep end to define a hypothesis, let’s brush up on the features that contribute to effective hypotheses. For starters, a strong hypothesis is testable. This means it must be possible for empirical evidence to either support the word hypothesis or contradict it. The proposal should also be logically consistent and grounded firmly in existing knowledge.

Further down the line, another salient feature is specificity. Good hypotheses are not broad statements but instead focus on a specific aspect or phenomenon within the intended research field. Moreover, they are typically succinct and easily understandable ensuring information isn’t lost in translation among researchers.

Moreover, any well-structured hypothesis connects the independent and dependent variables together – typically, there’s at least one independent and one dependent variable involved. These elements form a relationship where changes instigated in the independent variable affect the values observed for the dependent variable.

Lastly but importantly, a solid hypothesis often carries potential implications for future research areas and can potentially lead to further tests and studies if verified.

Elements that make up a well-formulated hypothesis

Delving deeper into what shapes up a robust hypothesis, we realize that certain crucial components determine its effectiveness.

Firstly, every good hypothesis or test has clear variables which essentially refer to specific aspects of the study subject matter being measured or manipulated during research. These aspects are segregated as:

Independent Variable (IV): This component relates directly to what you have control over in your study.
Dependent Variable (DV): This component consists of outcomes affected by alterations made in IV

Next comes ‘Predicted Outcome’ – what you anticipate happening as repercussions due to modification of two or more variables under scrutiny.

The ‘Testability’ factor also holds veritable importance comprising experimental procedures capable enough to refute or accept your claims.

The last element circles the argument around presenting a capacity called ‘Relationship’ correlating IV with DV believed to either causing some effect or showcasing an association.

Hence, these prime facets further accentuate your endeavor to adequately define the hypothesis.

Importance and Purpose of a Hypothesis

Understanding the Role of a Hypothesis in Research

First, let’s delve into the overarching role that hypothesis plays within research scenarios. As we define the hypothesis, you should view this as an underlying pillar or guiding star for your investigation. A well-articulated hypothesis steers your exploration by providing clarity on what specifically you aim to examine.

A meaningful analogy would be considering a hypothesis as a compass during a voyage. If research is the vast ocean where confusing whirlpools of data and evidence abound, then it can guide us in our direction rather than letting us drift aimlessly. Furthermore, the formulation of a quality hypothesis inherently demands clarity about your objectives upfront – this essentially sets your research vessel on course bearing towards effective outcomes.

Exploring Why Formulating A Hypothesis is Crucial in Scientific Investigations

So why precisely is nurturing such a detailed forecast vital?

Structural Advantage: By proposing potential answers to posed questions via hypotheses, researchers streamline their methods and techniques. The approach undertaken depends significantly on what the suggested outcome or phenomenon might be.
Generate Preliminary Expectations: Even if they’re proven wrong, making observations and developing models based on hypotheses often lead to more interesting inquiries or turn up unexpected findings.
Quantifiable Predictions: More than simple conjectures, strong hypotheses are testable; they propose results expressed in measurable terms.

In essence, remember that formulating hypotheses smoothes the path towards solid conclusions by being the architect’s blueprints of robust investigations. Never underestimate the forward thrust they provide for progress within scientific inquiry!

Types of Hypotheses

Once we understand to define a hypothesis, we’ll find that hypotheses come in several types. Different classifications of plural hypotheses depend on their formulations and the nature of predictions or assumptions they lead towards – simple, complex, directional, non-directional, null, associative and causal. Let’s explore some of these.

Simple Hypothesis: Definition and Examples

A simple hypothesis is a type of prediction or an educated guess that carries one independent variable and one dependent variable. In essence, it creates a relationship between two singular entities; for instance, ‘Exercise improves memory.’ This suggests that there’s an impact (of improvement) on the ‘memory’ (dependent variable) by ‘exercise’ (independent variable).

Complex Hypothesis: Definition and Examples

On the contrary to its name mate – a simple hypothesis – a complex hypothesis involves more than just two variables. It points out multiple variables and how they interlink with each other. The effects aren’t just limited to cause-and-effect but can be interactive or combined impact-dependent variables too – for instance,’Diet and exercise affect weight loss and heart health.’ Here, diet and exercise are your independent factors influencing multifold aspects like weight loss (a dependent variable) alongside heart health(another dependent variable).

Directional Hypothesis: Definition and Examples

One might argue that the path laid by a directional hypothesis is less twisted as it predicts the directionality of an effect – whether one variable will increase or decrease another variable. An example here could be “Cutting down on alcohol will reduce liver disorders.” Here a reduction in ‘drinking alcohol’ implicitly identifies fewer occurrences of ‘liver disorders.’

Non-directional Hypothesis: Definition and Examples

Sometimes science requires open-ended answers; henceforth comes into play our non-directional hypothesis which merely stipulates that there’s going to be an impact without specifying its course – good, bad or otherwise. For example, “Exposure to secondhand smoke influences lung health.” It infers that there’s an effect on ‘lung health’ due to ‘secondhand smoke,’ without indicating if it’s an improvement or deterioration.

Null Hypothesis: Definition and Examples

The null hypothesis, often symbolized as H0, makes things pretty straight with assumptions; basically, it purports no existence of a relationship between the variables. Researchers utilize this hypothesis chiefly for statistical testing. In lay terms – “Smoking is not linked to lung cancer.” Here a nonexistence of association is suggested between ‘smoking’ and ‘lung cancer.’

Associative and Causal Hypothesis: Explanation and Examples

Now leaving the train station named Null-ville we enter into quite associative terrain where the associative hypothesis foretells ‘relationships’ but are shy when it comes to cause-effects. An instance could be “Students scoring high also tend to play chess.” These fellows here don’t claim that playing chess outrightly shoots up scores yet suggests a specific pattern.

On another spectrum brightful cause-effect claims jump in bravely shouting out not just relationships but boldly stating their causes too – “Consumption of fast food leads to obesity” is being so certain about fast food consumption (cause) escalating obesity levels(effect).

Navigating through these alternative hypotheses and variants allows us to step into researchers’ shoes better while also helps defining complex constructions bit by bit, making them simple outcomes anyone can interpret.

Developing and Testing a Hypothesis

In the world of research, it’s not uncommon to hear someone say “Let’s define hypothesis!” This term may seem complex at first glance, but its essence falls within our natural instinct to question and learn. To give structure to this innate curiosity, we form hypotheses and navigate through the rigorous process of testing them.

Process of Formulating a Hypothesis

Forming an effective hypothesis is both an art and a science. It involves finding a perfect blend between creativity and logical reasoning. Here are some simple yet essential steps you’d want to follow:

Identify Your Research Question – The first step towards formulating a hypothesis is defining your research question based on preliminary observations or literature review.
Conduct Thorough Literature Review – Once your question is in place, an extensive read about what has already been studied can help refine it further.
Create Tentative Explanation – Develop a preliminary answer based on your knowledge and understanding which will serve as your tentative explanation or hypothesis.
Refine Your Hypothesis : Refine this initial guess considering available resources for empirical testing, ethical implications, and potential outcomes.

Remember that the key is formation clarity in statement-making; overly complex language might obscure rather than clarify your central idea.

Importance of Testing a Hypothesis Through Empirical Research Methods

Testing a hypothesis isn’t simply about proving it right or wrong; it’s much more refined than that – it’s about validation and advancement of human knowledge. By applying empirical methods such as observation or experimentation, logic meets practice in real-world scenarios.

These hands-on approaches afford us precious insights into how our theories hold up under scrutiny outside the confines of abstract thought alone.

Validity Confirmation : Empirical testing helps confirm if our predictions were correct or not, providing validation for our presumptions.
Understanding Relationships : Testing allows us to assess the relational dynamics between variables under investigation.
Promotes Scientific Inquiry : Empirical testing encourages a systematic and objective approach to understanding phenomena, which lies at the heart of scientific inquiry.

Consider this: hypotheses are our best-educated guesses – smart hunches rooted in what we know so far. To move beyond guessing and into knowledgeable assertion, we define hypothesis structure as one that can be empirically tested. Only then do we truly start to shape our understanding with any level of certainty.

Examples of Hypotheses in Different Fields

Indeed, it’s fundamental to understand that hypotheses are not confined to a single discipline but span across numerous fields. To better illuminate this, let’s delve into various examples.

Examples of Hypotheses in Scientific Research Studies

In the realm of scientific research studies, hypotheses play a pivotal role in shaping the basis for investigations research hypotheses and experiments. Let’s consider an elementary example: studying plant growth. A researcher might formulate the hypothesis – “If a specific type of fertilizer is used, then plants will grow more rapidly.” This hypothesis aims to validate or refute the assumption that given fertilizer perceptibly affects plant growth rate.

Another common example arises from investigating causal relationships between physical activity and heart health. The scientist may hypothesize that “Regular aerobic exercise decreases the risk of heart disease.”

Examples of Hypotheses in Social Sciences

When we transition towards social sciences, which deals with human behavior and its relation to societal constructs, our formative definitions undergo a change as well.

Imagine researchers examining how socioeconomic status influences educational attainment rates. They could pose a hypothesis saying, “High socioeconomic status positively correlates with higher levels of formal education.” This hypothesis attempts to tie economic background directly to education outcomes.

The correlation between gender diversity within workplace teams and improved business performance presents another illustration. A possible hypothesis could be – “Teams comprising diverse genders exhibit superior business performance than homogenous teams.”

Examples of Hypotheses in Psychology

Within psychology – the study dedicated to how individuals think, feel, and behave; clearly stated hypotheses serve as essential stepping stones for meaningful findings and insights.

Take, for instance, predicting performance under pressure: psychologists may propose an assumption like – “Stress triggers increased errors on complex tasks”. Or when researching cognitive development in children – they may hypothesize – “Language acquisition accelerates once children start attending school”.

Examples of Hypotheses in Medical Research

Lastly but importantly, in medical research, well-articulated hypotheses help probe pressing healthcare questions and identify effective treatments.

For instance: “Patients receiving chemotherapy experience significant weight loss”. Or regarding disease transmission during pandemics – they might propose “Regular hand sanitation reduces the risk of COVID-19 infection.”

In conclusion, these examples hopefully underline the importance and versatility of a hypothesis in scientific inquiry. Irrespective of its utilization within various research fields, a scientific hypothesis still essentially remains an educated assumption that offers direction and purpose to the investigation. Interestingly enough, each study’s defined hypothesis sets forth a path leading towards a better comprehension of our world and life within it.

Common Mistakes to Avoid when Formulating a Hypothesis

Identifying errors that researchers often make when developing a hypothesis.

Many researchers, especially those new in the field, may sometimes falter while crafting their hypotheses. Here are some frequently observed mistakes:

Framing Vague Hypotheses : Clarity is vital when defining your hypothesis. A common pitfall involves creating an ambiguous statement which leaves room for multiple interpretations. This hinders precise data collection and analysis.
Formulating Unfalsifiable Hypotheses : These are statements that cannot be proven false because they don’t connect to observable or measurable variables.
Targeting Unachievable Results : Often, there is an inclination to develop complex hypotheses expecting groundbreaking findings. However, it’s crucial to limit the scope according to practical constraints and possibilities.
Ignoring Null Hypothesis : The null hypothesis provides a means of contradiction to the alternative hypothesis being tested, making it essential for any research study.

Tips for avoiding these mistakes

After identifying the commonly made errors when forming a hypothesis, let’s now consider some proactive measures you can adopt:

Crystallize Your Thoughts : Before you articulate your hypothesis, refine and clarify your ideas first. Define the parameters of your study clearly and ensure your proposition directly aligns with them.
Keep It Simple : Stick with simplicity as much as possible in describing expected relationships or patterns in your research subject area. Remember: A simpler hypothesis often leads to effective testing.
Embrace Falsifiability . To avoid making unfalsifiable claims, learn how to craft ‘If – Then’ statements articulately in your define hypothesis process.
Remember the Null Hypothesis : Always formulate and account for a null hypothesis—a statement that negates the relationship between variables—for robust results validation.

In truth, it takes practice to strike the right balance and formulate a solid, practical hypothesis for your research. With these tips in mind, you’re better equipped to avoid common pitfalls that can compromise the quality of your investigation as they guide your approach when you define hypotheses.

Evaluating and Refining a Hypothesis

Laying out a hypothesis is merely the first stage of an intricate journey. Testing and refining this conjecture is equally pivotal in perfecting your next scientific method of undertaking. This pathway comprises evaluation for validity, and relevance, followed by refinement through research findings.

Methods for Assessing the Validity and Relevance of a Hypothesis

To define a hypothesis of meticulosity, we need to subject it to rigorous scrutiny. Utilizing statistical tests enables you to judge the validity of your hypothesis. Here’s a brief look at some key methods that can assist in assessing your theory:

Empirical Testing : Conduct experiments or surveys as per the requirements of your study.
Consistency Check : The hypothesis should remain consistent with other established theories and laws within its field.
Falsifiability principle : Proposed by Karl Popper, a valid hypothesis must be capable of being proven wrong.

Let me reemphasize here, that relevance plays an integral part too especially when defining hypotheses linked with pragmatics like social sciences or business studies.

A relevant hypothesis will hold significance to not just existing knowledge but also pave the way for future work within the particular area of expertise. It should address gaps in current scientific theories while shedding light on possible solutions.

Ways to Refine and Modify a Hypothesis Based on Research Findings

Our job doesn’t end up on developing an initial proposition; it’s crucial to use findings from our research to refine that preliminary conception further. This essential process breathes life into what was once purely speculative.

While refining your conjecture can sound daunting initially, I assure you it’s nothing more complicated than diagnosing any missing links between your original theory and novel evidence you’ve discovered along this research journey.

If H0 (null hypothesis) contradicts your empirical results, then getting back onto the drafting board becomes necessary for crafting H1 (alternative hypothesis). This scientific cycle of formulating, testing then reformulating the hypotheses can continue till we eventually reach statistically significant results.

Remember, it’s important to be open-minded and responsive towards indications from your research findings. They will guide you intuitively in tweaking your working hypothesis in sync with your target goals.

Hence we must embrace this intricate art of defining a hypothesis while simultaneously embracing its dynamic nature which requires periodic refinement based upon insightful feedback from meticulous research.

Summarizing the Key Points About the Definition and Characteristics of a Hypothesis

Having delved into the concept extensively, we can confidently define a hypothesis as an informed and testable guess or prediction that acts as a guiding light in research studies and scientific investigations. When formulated correctly, it comprises two essential elements: clarity and specificity. It should be free from ambiguity, allowing other researchers to easily understand its proposed idea and the direction the study is heading.

In addition, a robust hypothesis exhibits predictability. As a researcher, you’re not only stating what you think will happen but also defining the variables in your experiment – your assumption confines your investigation’s parameters to make it manageable. Lastly, remember that any meaningful hypothesis must be verifiable — capable of being supported or refuted through data collection and analysis.

Reiterating the Importance of Hypotheses in Scientific Inquiry and Research

This discourse wouldn’t be complete without reaffirming how indispensable hypotheses are within scientific explorations and research inquiries. A conceptualized hypothesis serves as a foundational block upon which every aspect of a research project is built. It directs your observations along assumed patterns, thereby saving time during investigations.

We also need to note that formulating hypotheses promotes critical thinking skills among researchers because they require logical reasoning backed by empirical evidence rather than just empty conjectures.

Henceforth, whether you’re treading through unchartered waters of complex scientific endeavors or conducting social science research with less strict rules for predictions – keeping these insights on “define hypothesis” at hand would surely enhance your journey towards revealing valuable truths.

In essence, cultivating a comprehensive understanding of what constitutes a well-formed hypothesis not only lends credibility to our investigative ventures but also enables us to bring precision, focus, and relevance to our chosen field of exploration. The power lies in its simplistic yet profound ability to guide us from uncertainty towards concrete evidential findings – truly embodying scientific inquiry’s spirit!

Unlock the Power of Visualization with Mind the Graph: Elevate Your Hypothesis to New Heights

As a scientist, your hypothesis is the cornerstone of your research journey. But what if you could take it beyond mere words and equations, and transform it into a visual masterpiece that captivates your audience? Enter Mind the Graph , your ultimate ally in scientific visualization. With our intuitive platform, you can seamlessly translate complex hypotheses into stunning graphs, charts, and illustrations that speak volumes. Whether you are presenting at a conference, publishing a paper, or simply sharing your findings with the world, Mind the Graph empowers you to convey your hypotheses with clarity, precision, and undeniable impact. Join the scientific revolution today and let your hypotheses shine like never before with Mind the Graph.

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Hypothesis Lesson for Kids: Definition & Examples

Dr. Chan has taught computer and college level physics, chemistry, and math for over eight years. Dr. Chan has a Ph.D. in Chemistry from U. C. Berkeley, an M.S. Physics plus 19 graduate Applied Math credits from UW, and an A.B. with honors from U.C .Berkeley in Physics.

What is a hypothesis, how do you develop a hypothesis, which hypothesis is correct, lesson summary.

When food goes bad, mold can grow on it. Gross! If you put a piece of bread, a fresh strawberry, a bar of chocolate, and an open cup of yogurt in a dark cupboard for a few days, which one do you think would grow mold first?

When you answer questions about what you think will happen in a science experiment, you're making a hypothesis. A hypothesis is an educated guess, or a guess you make based on information you already know. After you make a hypothesis, then comes the really fun part: doing the science experiment to see what happens! This lets you discover if your hypothesis was correct or incorrect.

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0:01 What Is a Hypothesis?
0:42 How Do You Develop a…
2:09 Which Hypothesis Is Correct?
2:43 Lesson Summary

Jessica and Roman are going to do the mold experiment. Before they start the experiment, they need to make a hypothesis about what they think will happen, in this case, which food they think will grow mold first. So, they think about what they already know about the items they're going to test: the yogurt, bread, chocolate, and strawberries. This helps them make their educated guess, or hypothesis, about which food item will get moldy first when it is left in a dark cupboard.

Jessica doesn't think the chocolate will get moldy first because she remembers how her chocolate Halloween candy lasted for such a long time without getting moldy. She's never seen mold on yogurt, but once she almost bit into bread that had a little mold on it. Yikes! Since strawberries grow outside in the sun, she thinks the dark cupboard will be bad for them.

After thinking about everything she knows about the food items in her experiment, Jessica makes her hypothesis: 'I think the strawberry will get moldy first.'

Now it's Roman's turn to make his hypothesis. Roman thinks the chocolate might melt in the cupboard, but he doesn't think it will be the first food to get moldy. He saw mold growing on bread at his grandmother's house once, but he's never seen mold on a strawberry. And when he thinks about the yogurt, he hears his mom's voice in his head reminding him to keep dairy products in the fridge.

After giving it some careful thought, Roman finally makes his hypothesis: 'I think the yogurt will grow mold on it first.'

Once you've made your hypothesis and predicted what you think is going to happen, it's time for the science experiment.

Jessica and Roman put the yogurt, bread, chocolate, and strawberry on separate plates on the same shelf in a dark cupboard. Each day at the same time, they check the food items for mold. One day when they open the cupboard, they see mold on one of the food items! They write down which food got mold first, and their experiment is over. After that, they compare the results of the experiment with their hypotheses to see if they were correct or incorrect.

Before you do your next science experiment, remember to make a hypothesis first. Think about everything you know about the items in your experiment, then make an educated guess about what you think will happen. After you make your hypothesis, do your science experiment carefully to see if your hypothesis was correct or incorrect. You could even do an experiment like Jessica and Roman's to find out which food gets moldy first.

Some people are shown four swinging pendulums of the same mass with various lengths and notice that the longer the pendulum, the slower the swing. What is the best hypothesis ?

a) There is a positive relationship between the length of a pendulum and the period of the pendulum.

b) If I increase the length of a pendulum by 0.3 meters at a time, beginning at 0.3 m and ending at 1.2 m, swinging each different pendulum with the same beginning angle, then the number of seconds it takes the pendulum to make one pass through its arc will also increase and might even be linear.

c) Pendulums periods can vary.

d) There is an inverse relation between the length of the pendulum and the period.

At the University of Naples, researchers evaluated the blood pressure lowering effects of extra virgin olive oil compared to sunflower oil, in hypertensive patients over a six month period. Diets enriched with olive oil produced blood pressure readings significantly lower than those in the sunflower oil group. Those taking olive oil were able to reduce their anti-hypertensive drugs by 48 %. The sunflower oil group could only reduce their medication by 4 %.

What is the best hypothesis?

a) Sunflower oil is not healthy.

b) Olive oil is healthy.

c) Diets enriched with olive oil produced blood pressure readings significantly lower than those in the sunflower oil group.

d) Those taking olive oil were able to reduce their antihypertensive drugs by 48%. The sunflower oil group could only reduce their medication by 4%.

a) There is a positive relationship between the length of a pendulum and the period of the pendulum. This is a prediction that can be tested by various experiments.

c) Diets enriched with olive oil produced blood pressure readings significantly lower than those in the sunflower oil group. This is the main prediction that was to be tested. It could produce side effects.

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RESEARCH #HYPOTHESIS #CLASS BY DR.RS MOURYA FOR BAMS FINAL STUDENTS
Hypothesis|Meaning|Definition|Characteristics|Source|Types|Sociology|Research Methodology|Notes
What Is A Hypothesis?
What is Hypothesis? Lecture in Urdu Hindi

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What is a scientific hypothesis?
A scientific hypothesis is a tentative, testable explanation for a phenomenon in the natural world. It's the initial building block in the scientific method. Many describe it as an "educated guess ...
Scientific hypothesis
The generation of a hypothesis frequently is described as a creative process and is based on existing scientific knowledge, intuition, or experience. Therefore, although scientific hypotheses commonly are described as educated guesses, they actually are more informed than a guess. In addition, scientists generally strive to develop simple ...
What is a Hypothesis
Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments ...
Hypothesis
A working hypothesis is a provisionally accepted hypothesis proposed for further research in a process beginning with an educated guess or thought. [2] A different meaning of the term hypothesis is used in formal logic , to denote the antecedent of a proposition ; thus in the proposition "If P , then Q ", P denotes the hypothesis (or antecedent ...
Scientific Hypothesis, Theory, Law Definitions
A hypothesis is an educated guess, based on observation. It's a prediction of cause and effect. Usually, a hypothesis can be supported or refuted through experimentation or more observation. A hypothesis can be disproven but not proven to be true. Example: If you see no difference in the cleaning ability of various laundry detergents, you might ...
Research Hypothesis: Definition, Types, Examples and Quick Tips
A hypothesis is an educated guess or even a testable prediction validated through research. It aims to analyze the gathered evidence and facts to define a relationship between variables and put forth a logical explanation behind the nature of events.
What is a Research Hypothesis: How to Write it, Types, and Examples
A hypothesis is a testable statement that proposes a possible explanation to a phenomenon, and it may include a prediction. Next, you may ask what is a research hypothesis? Simply put, a research hypothesis is a prediction or educated guess about the relationship between the variables that you want to investigate.
Hypothesis: Definition, Examples, and Types
A hypothesis is a tentative statement about the relationship between two or more variables. It is a specific, testable prediction about what you expect to happen in a study. It is a preliminary answer to your question that helps guide the research process. Consider a study designed to examine the relationship between sleep deprivation and test ...
Hypothesis
Researchers and scientists often use the word hypothesis to refer to this educated guess.These hypotheses are firmly established based on scientific principles and the rigorous testing of new technology and experiments.. For example, in astrophysics, the Big Bang Theory is a working hypothesis that explains the origins of the universe and considers it as a natural phenomenon.
What Are the Elements of a Good Hypothesis?
A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable.
Hypothesis
A hypothesis is often called an "educated guess," but this is an oversimplification. An example of a hypothesis would be: "If snake species A and B compete for the same resources, and if we ...
The hypothesis: An educated guess
The hypothesis: An educated guess. Susan B Shipley, RN The hypothesis: An educated guess The purpose of research or scientific in- quiry is to determine how variables are related. We do not test variables; we test the relationship between them. A re- searcherâ€™s prediction of how the vari- ables relate to each other is called the hypothesis.
What Is a Hypothesis and How Do I Write One?
Merriam Webster defines a hypothesis as "an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument.". In other words, a hypothesis is an educated guess. Scientists make a reasonable assumption--or a hypothesis--then design an experiment to test whether it's true or not.
Subject Guides: Scientific Method: Step 3: HYPOTHESIS
The hypothesis is an educated guess as to what will happen during your experiment. The hypothesis is often written using the words "IF" and "THEN." For example, "If I do not study, then I will fail the test." The "if' and "then" statements reflect your independent and dependent variables.
1.2 The Scientific Methods
Observation may generate questions that the scientist wishes to answer. Next, the scientist may perform some research about the topic and devise a hypothesis. A hypothesis is a testable statement that describes how something in the natural world works. In essence, a hypothesis is an educated guess that explains something about an observation.
Understanding What is an Educated Guess in Science
An educated guess, or a hypothesis, is a fundamental building block of scientific inquiry. It guides the direction of research and experimentation, providing a framework for investigation and discovery. By formulating hypotheses, scientists can make informed predictions and explore the intricacies of the natural world.
1.6: Hypothesis, Theories, and Laws
An educated guess: a scientific hypothesis provides a suggested solution based on evidence. Prediction: if you have ever carried out a science experiment, you probably made this type of hypothesis when you predicted the outcome of your experiment. Tentative or proposed explanation: hypotheses can be suggestions about why something is observed.
hypothesis
Definition. A hypothesis is an educated guess or proposition that attempts to explain a set of facts or phenomena in sociology. It is a testable statement that can be supported or refuted through empirical research and observation.
Scientific Method
method tests a hypothesis, which is an educated guess based on what information we already have. All fields of science use the scientific method as a framework to make observations, gather data, and draw conclusions. Here is a list of the steps of the scientific method: Gather information. Form a hypothesis. Test with an experiment.
Define Hypothesis: Unveiling the First Step in Scientific Inquiry
Simple Hypothesis: Definition and Examples. A simple hypothesis is a type of prediction or an educated guess that carries one independent variable and one dependent variable. In essence, it creates a relationship between two singular entities; for instance, 'Exercise improves memory.' This suggests that there's an impact (of improvement ...
When a Hypothesis is Not an Educated Guess
The terms prediction and hypothesis are often used interchangeably, yet one term means to think about what might happen and the other means to think about why something will happen. Misuse of these terms may deprive students of the opportunity to think critically. In this article, the authors attempt to demystify the terms prediction ...
Hypothesis Lesson for Kids: Definition & Examples
A hypothesis is an educated guess, or a guess you make based on information you already know. After you make a hypothesis, then comes the really fun part: doing the science experiment to see what ...

What is a scientific hypothesis?

Hypothesis basics

Additional resources

Types of scientific hypotheses

Scientific theory vs. scientific hypothesis

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scientific hypothesis

What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Types of Hypothesis

Research Hypothesis

Null Hypothesis

Alternative Hypothesis

Directional Hypothesis

Non-directional Hypothesis

Statistical Hypothesis

Composite Hypothesis

Empirical Hypothesis

Simple Hypothesis

Complex Hypothesis

Applications of Hypothesis

How to write a Hypothesis

Identify the Research Question

Conduct a Literature Review

Determine the Variables

Formulate the Hypothesis

Write the Null Hypothesis

Refine the Hypothesis

Examples of Hypothesis

Purpose of Hypothesis

When to use Hypothesis

Characteristics of Hypothesis

Advantages of Hypothesis

Limitations of Hypothesis

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

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The Craft of Writing a Strong Hypothesis

Table of Contents

What is a Hypothesis?

Different Types of Hypotheses‌

1. Null hypothesis

2. Alternative hypothesis

3. Simple hypothesis

4. Complex hypothesis

5. Associative and casual hypothesis

6. Empirical hypothesis

7. Statistical hypothesis

Characteristics of a Good Hypothesis

Separating a Hypothesis from a Prediction

Finally, How to Write a Hypothesis

1. Be clear about your research question

2. Carry out a recce

3. Create a 3-dimensional hypothesis

4. Write the first draft

5. Proof your hypothesis

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

2. What is an example of hypothesis?

3. What is an example of null hypothesis?

4. What are the types of research?

5. How to write a hypothesis?

6. What are the 2 types of hypothesis?

7. Difference between research question and research hypothesis?

8. What is plural for hypothesis?

9. What is the red queen hypothesis?

10. Who is known as the father of null hypothesis?

11. When to reject null hypothesis?

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