legal psychology research topics

Applying Empirical Psychology to Inform Courtroom Adjudication — Potential Contributions and Challenges

Modern Courts Commentary Series

• Avani Mehta Sood
• See full issue

While the American public grapples with the recently introduced concept of “alternative facts,” U.S. courts have their own categories of “facts” to contend with. The legal system has traditionally been oriented toward determining “adjudicative facts” — alleged specifics of a case that parties put forth through witness testimony and other forms of evidence to advance their legal claims. 1 Legislative facts” — information from outside the case that has “relevance to legal reasoning and the lawmaking process” 2 — can also play a role in judicial adjudication. At the same time, many legal rules, doctrines, and procedures seem to assume as “fact” that judges and jurors process information and reason toward outcomes according to legal expectations.

This Commentary looks to how research at the intersection of law and psychology can help inform courts about cognitive realities that are pertinent to the cases before them. Empirical psychology studies can offer insights into law and legal decisionmaking, while testing legal assumptions to improve the accuracy and fairness of the legal system.

Psychologists have had a longstanding interest in legal psychology, but more recently, there has been a burgeoning of interdisciplinary scholars who are combining tools of psychology and legal scholarship to ask new questions about the law. The resulting research is increasingly grounded in legal doctrine and procedure, with an eye toward normative and prescriptive implications for the legal system. Researchers have drawn upon the theories and methodologies of psychology to shed light on, inter alia, the mental processes of key legal players, 3 the psychological dynamics underlying particular substantive areas of law, 4 and general social and cognitive phenomena that may broadly, but often covertly, affect the operations of the legal system. 5

To illustrate some of the potential contributions and challenges of applying psychology to inform courtroom adjudication, I will draw upon examples from my own research, which seeks to bring empirical understandings of the human mind into mainstream legal scholarship and discourse. The first line of work I describe investigates the operation of a psychological phenomenon that can potentially skew judicial decisionmaking, and points toward possible remedies that depend on decisionmakers being made aware of this cognitive effect. The second line of work explores potential entry points for legal misunderstanding and bias in lay decisionmaking, and speaks to the responsibility judges bear when conveying the law to jurors. These examples serve to demonstrate some types of insights that law-and-psychology research can offer courts, as well as some methodological limitations and potential means by which to address them. I will conclude by highlighting a few promising pathways toward facilitating judicial access to empirical psychology findings.

Motivated Applications of the Exclusionary Rule

One way psychology can help inform adjudication is by offering a window into cognitive processes that operate below the level of consciousness, even among judges. Consider the Fourth Amendment exclusionary rule, which generally bars the use of illegally obtained evidence in criminal cases no matter the crime charged. 6 Do judges actually determine the admissibility of evidence without regard to the nature of the defendant’s alleged offense? Or are the exclusionary rule’s malleable exceptions (such as “inevitable discovery” and “good faith”) 7 entry points for inadvertently motivated decisionmaking that could skew legal outcomes based on doctrinally irrelevant factors, such as the egregiousness of the defendant’s alleged crime?

One psychological phenomenon that I have explored in this context is “motivated cognition” — a human tendency to reason toward preferred outcomes by perceiving, interpreting, or evaluating information in a biased manner, without realizing one is doing so. 8 Even when seeking to do nothing other than faithfully apply the law, legal decisionmakers may be susceptible to motivated cognition because “the more extensive [cognitive] processing caused by accuracy goals may facilitate the construction of justifications for desired conclusions.” 9

To test for the operation of motivated cognition in admissibility judgments, I conducted a series of psychology experiments on the exclusionary rule and its “inevitable discovery” exception. This exception allows evidence that was illegally obtained by the police to be admitted if a judge concludes that it eventually would have been lawfully discovered were it not for the illegal search and seizure in question. 10 My research showed that when lay participants acting as judges were faced with pivotal but illegally obtained evidence of a morally repugnant crime that triggered a strong motivation to punish (selling heroin to high school students), they tended to construe discovery of the evidence as “inevitable,” which enabled them to recommend that the “tainted” evidence be admitted under the legal exception. 11 By contrast, when an identical illegal police search uncovered evidence of a less egregious crime (unlawfully selling marijuana to cancer patients), participants were over three times more likely to suppress the challenged evidence, construing the search as calling for application of the exclusionary rule without exception. 12 This difference in suppression outcomes between the two cases appeared to be mediated by the decisionmakers’ perceptions of the defendant as more immoral and deserving of punishment in the heroin condition than in the marijuana condition. 13

Furthermore, even though the police misconduct was exactly the same (and unambiguously illegal) in both the heroin and marijuana cases, the decisionmakers construed the police officers as less morally culpable and less deserving of negative consequences when their search happened to uncover evidence of the more egregious crime. 14 This result is particularly noteworthy given that some of the U.S. Supreme Court’s recent rulings on the exclusionary rule have turned on the perceived degree of police wrongfulness in challenged searches. 15 Furthermore, critics of the rule have suggested replacing it with broader reliance on civil damages suits against offending officers. 16 What is legally supposed to matter in such criminal suppression hearings or civil suits is “the extent to which the police have deviated from prescribed norms, not the extent to which the defendant has.” 17 However, my results suggest that legally irrelevant feelings about the defendant’s crime may drive legal conclusions about evidentiary exclusion and police wrongdoing. Later, I will address the applicability and replication of these experimental findings vis-à-vis actual judges, and discuss additional research pointing toward a potential means of curtailing the demonstrated motivated cognition effect.

Legal Misunderstanding and Bias in “Constructions” of Criminality

In addition to making judges cognizant of psychological effects that could influence the legal determinations they make, empirical psychology can inform another important judicial function: instructing the jury. When jurors are tasked with applying highly discretionary legal standards, courts need to ensure that these lay decisionmakers are equipped with an accurate understanding of the law. The stakes in this process are high, especially in criminal trials. And yet the legal system is largely in the dark about how jurors absorb, interpret, and apply the factual and legal information they are given to determine criminal liability.

Criminal attempt is one area of law that may be especially susceptible to disconnects between legal expectations and cognitive realities in this regard, due to the ambiguity and vagueness of the legal standards that define the offense. The Model Penal Code’s “substantial step” test, which seeks to “extend the criminality of attempts” by imposing liability at an earlier point toward committing a crime, is legislatively intended to be relatively more prosecution-friendly than the common law’s “proximity” test, which theoretically sets the threshold for attempt liability closer to completing the crime. 18 But both of these standards default to opaque language in defining when criminal liability attaches. At what point is a “step” toward an uncompleted crime “substantial” enough to merit criminal punishment? Or how “close” is “proximate” enough to be found guilty of attempt? Judges, lawmakers, and lawyers operate under a generally shared understanding of how these different tests draw their respective lines of liability, but does that trained legal understanding cohere with how jurors assign criminality? Drawing upon psychology theory, I suggest that lay decisionmakers who are called on to make criminal determinations in such circumstances of legal opacity may be at particular risk of delivering judgments that are vulnerable to legal misunderstanding and bias.

To test this hypothesis, I am currently conducting a series of experiments exploring the roles of facts and law in lay determinations of criminal attempt. 19 My results thus far suggest that either jury instructions on the different legal standards for attempt appear to make no significant difference to lay constructions of liability or, in some factual circumstances, a defendant may surprisingly be worse off under the theoretically more defense-friendly legal test. Furthermore, lay decisionmakers may be more likely to exhibit biases based on legally irrelevant factors, such as the defendant’s implied religion, when applying one legal test as compared to the other — potentially due in part to the language of the given laws. These and other findings of this research throw into question general legal assumptions about how lay decisionmakers operationalize facts and law, highlighting potentially critical gaps between what is supposed to govern and what actually does seem to govern lay constructions of criminality. Such possible ruptures in communicating legal expectations to jurors could hinder the duty of courts to enforce legislative intent, as well as broader legal values of equitable adjudication.

Pathways Toward Legal Reform

Theories and methodologies of psychology can be used not only to identify potential misalignments between assumptions of the law and cognitive tendencies of legal decisionmakers, but also to confront the downstream question of how such disconnects can be addressed. Pursuing this path is especially important when legal standards call for high degrees of judicial or juror discretion (as seen in the exclusionary and criminal attempt doctrines described above), because disparate and doctrinally unfaithful applications of the law in such arenas, even if unintended, risk weakening the legitimacy of the legal system. 20

In regard to motivated cognition in legal judgments, I have shown that even indirectly raising consciousness about legally irrelevant but potentially motivating factors can go a significant way toward curtailing the influence of those factors 21 — seemingly by piercing the “illusion of objectivity” 22 under which the motivated cognition process operates. Furthermore, in my research on the exclusionary rule, directly forewarning participants that they could be influenced by the egregiousness of the defendant’s crime and encouraging them to confront this legally extrinsic motivation succeeded in thwarting its impact on their admissibility judgments. 23

Once sufficiently replicated through research with both lay and judicial decisionmakers, such findings that reveal pathways toward curtailing motivated cognition could be operationalized in various ways. At the most basic level, simply raising judicial awareness by informing judges of research on decisionmaking points shown to be vulnerable to cognitive biases may help them guard against these effects in their own legal judgments. Anecdotally, judges with whom I have shared my above-described research findings on motivated applications of the exclusionary rule have noted that just knowing about this effect now gives them pause when making suppression decisions. At a more systemic level, academics are already working with courts and judicial centers to disseminate relevant empirical psychology findings to the judiciary through conferences and trainings. 24 Expanding these opportunities could serve the justice system well.

Going one step further, judges could institute a practice of reading aloud awareness-generating instructions in court to acknowledge and potentially curtail cognitive biases — not only when instructing the jury, but also before their own rulings on significant legal issues, such as the admissibility of pivotal evidence. At a minimum, the symbolic value of judges formally acknowledging the need to avoid potential biases as a step in even their own decisionmaking processes would demonstrate a commitment to fair adjudication that could bolster public confidence in courts. 25 Psychology-based efforts toward reform could thus aim to improve both the actual and perceived integrity of the legal system.

Before such interventions are pursued, however, further work is needed to explore their feasibility and efficacy on jurors in real courtroom contexts, as well as on judges. Additional research is also needed to shed light on when and why instructions on potential decisionmaking biases are likely to be ineffective . For example, one of the key findings in my research on motivated applications of the exclusionary rule was that not all types of awareness-generating instructions were successful in curtailing this effect. While instructions grounded in a psychological model of bias correction 26 worked, instructions that informed participants either of the legal rationales underlying the exclusionary rule or of existing experimental findings on motivated cognition had no significant effect on curbing the phenomenon. 27 Furthermore, awareness-generating interventions are unlikely to remedy consciously motivated legal decisionmaking, which calls for different normative and research inquiries.

Potential risks of “debiasing” interventions also need to be better understood. In some circumstances, instructions may backfire by eliciting psychological denial or rejection depending on the type of bias targeted; 28 or judges and jurors may engage in “overcorrection” that unfairly skews outcomes in the opposite direction. 29 Thus, there may be as much for researchers and courts to learn from attempted remedies that do not work as from those that do.

In addition to applying psychology findings to guide debiasing efforts in the courtroom, judges can draw upon empirical data to improve jury instructions on the law — an area in which much relevant research has been and is being conducted. 30 In my current studies on lay applications of attempt doctrine, participants’ written explanations indicate, inter alia, that those who misunderstood the given legal standards for attempt liability seemed to pick out salient terms — like “substantial” and “proximity,” which appear in standards across various areas of law — and construed them in a manner inconsistent with legislative intent. 31 Such findings illustrate how empirical investigations can identify legal concepts and terms that are at high risk of lay misunderstanding, and help lawmakers and courts rethink ways in which to convey them, so that the cognitive experiences of jurors better align with the expectations and goals of the legal system.

Methodological Limitations and Alternatives

While psychology studies like the ones described above allow for causal insights that could inform legal adjudication, questions about their “internal,” “external,” and “ecological” validity, as explained below, may need to be addressed for the results to be of use to courts. Furthermore, the field of psychology has recently been embroiled in debates about a “replication crisis” stemming from failures to reproduce published experimental results. 32 This may make judges question whether conclusions from the discipline can be generally relied upon. The suggestions below, although not intended to be comprehensive, offer some routes for addressing validity and replicability concerns.

The internal validity of a study — the extent to which a variable of interest can be said to cause an observed effect — depends on tightly controlling for confounding factors that could otherwise be driving the effect. 33 For example, one might ask whether decisionmakers are more likely to apply the exclusionary rule’s inevitable discovery exception to admit challenged evidence in cases of more egregious crime not because they are more motivated to punish, but rather due to some other factor having to do with the nature of the offense — such as police officers devoting more resources to solving a more serious crime.

Experiments can control for such potentially confounding factors by holding constant all facts other than the manipulated variable. In my exclusionary rule studies, the police search was identical in both the heroin and marijuana cases; there was nothing in the facts to suggest that the officers knew beforehand what crime their search would uncover; and even a possible alternative avenue for discovery of the evidence was held consistent across both scenarios.

Internal validity concerns can additionally be addressed through variations in study design. For example, further studies on the exclusionary rule could present the same type of drug and target buyers in both experimental conditions, and test the effect of crime egregiousness by manipulating only the purpose for which the drug was being illegally sold (such as therapeutic versus recreational use). Replicating experimental results across different designs can help bolster not only the internal validity of findings, but also their credibility in response to concerns about the reproducibility of reported results.

Tight experimental controls for internal validity often entail a trade-off with external validity: the “generalizability” of an effect in terms of whether it holds up across settings and persons beyond the experimental circumstances; and with the related concept of ecological validity: the “representativeness” of an effect in terms of whether the experimental environment, materials, and tasks approximate real-world contexts, stimuli, and behaviors. 34 For example, my exclusionary rule experiments reflect two potential concerns in this regard: (1) they used lay participants acting as judges, whereas real admissibility decisions are made by professional judges; and (2) they presented hypothetical cases with controlled facts, whereas judicial responses may be different in actual legal cases with real-life consequences.

The first of these concerns — the question of whether the legal training and repeat decisionmaking experiences of actual judges protect them from the motivated cognition effect seen among lay decisionmakers — is empirically testable thanks to members of the bench who participate in research studies. The resulting experimental findings suggest a complex cognitive landscape: professional judges also seem to be susceptible to motivated decisionmaking triggered by legally irrelevant information, but may be more resistant to some forms of cognitive and ideological biases compared with ordinary citizens. 35 Regarding crime egregiousness and the exclusionary rule in particular, Magistrate Judge Andrew Wistrich and Professors Jeffrey Rachlinski and Chris Guthrie tested a variation of my heroin/marijuana suppression paradigm with actual judges and found that, like the lay participants in my studies, members of the bench were significantly more likely to admit challenged evidence when a case involved heroin than when it involved marijuana. 36

Next, to address whether judicial rulings in real cases reflect the motivated outcomes seen among both lay people and judges in experimental settings, I am collaborating with two political scientists, Professors Jeffrey Segal and Benjamin Woodson, to test the effect of crime severity in approximately 500 actual federal appellate search-and-seizure decisions. 37 As predicted, the analyses indicate that, controlling for the intrusiveness of the police search and the political ideology of the authoring judge, the probability of judges admitting challenged evidence is significantly higher in cases involving more severe crimes.

While this method of analyzing existing cases also has its potential limitations, 38 including the impossibility of cleanly isolating variables in real legal disputes, such studies can work in conjunction with experimental findings to contribute different dimensions of validity. 39 Arriving at consistent answers to a research question through a combination of different interdisciplinary paths — not just the ones described here, but also other approaches like case studies and interviews — can enable more nuanced and confident insights than any one methodology in isolation can provide. 40 Furthermore, a “mixed methods” approach that provides converging evidence in support of a shared hypothesis can help address the above-noted concern about experimental replication.

Ideally, law-and-psychology researchers should move toward conducting more studies directly in the field: in real courtrooms, with real judges and jurors. 41 If courts facilitate such access, it would in turn help promote the generation of research that is likely to be more directly applicable to real legal adjudication. Furthermore, there is a need for more empirical investigations into whether and how the dynamics of group decisionmaking, in juries or panels of judges, impact cognitive effects demonstrated at the individual level. 42

Another methodological caveat to applying empirical psychology to courtroom adjudication is that the findings generated by such research cannot be regarded as “facts” in the sense of indisputable information. Generally, the answers, predictions, and understandings that social and behavioral science studies provide tend to be “complex, . . . probabilistic (that is, expressed in terms of the increased likelihood of an event occurring rather than as a certainty), . . . and subject to revision.” 43 To help guard against overstated or premature legal applications of such findings, the inherently inference-based and evolving nature should be explicitly confronted when presenting the work to courts.

These features do not, however, negate the value that such studies can contribute to the legal system. In fact, the probabilistic nature of empirical findings could help identify pathways toward legal reform. For example, in the exclusionary rule studies discussed above, not all participants were equally susceptible to the motivated cognition effect; a minority of laypeople and judges suppressed tainted evidence even when faced with the more egregious crime. 44 Such differences between individuals could be pursued in future research to identify whether and why particular cognitive characteristics or circumstances make some people more impervious to decisionmaking biases. This research could then be applied to guide more targeted instructional or training interventions for judges and jurors.

Additionally, notwithstanding the inherently probabilistic nature of empirical psychology, once enough evidence has been gathered and replicated on phenomena that are relevant to legal decisionmaking — through testing of verifiable hypotheses using multiple measures and methodologies to maximize validity — such work can present a compelling prima facie case for judicial consideration. For instance, the large body of research on cognitive biases in legal judgments, from which I have highlighted just a few examples here, suggests that judges should consider the likelihood of such effects in their own decisionmaking, or when instructing jurors. Furthermore, researchers and courts alike can glean lessons from the successes and setbacks of areas of empirical psychology that have already permeated and influenced the legal system, such as the extensive work on the fallibility of eyewitness testimony. 45

Facilitating Access to Empirical Findings

Prospects of a more psychologically enlightened legal system have already inspired efforts toward facilitating the exchange of information between research labs and courtrooms. One advancement in this direction has been that law-and-psychology scholars are increasingly targeting their research not only toward interdisciplinary and empirical journals 46 but also toward generalist law reviews — thereby augmenting the possibility of a wider network of connections to the bench and the bar.

While the production of original empirical findings is prized in the academy, legal scholars with relevant disciplinary expertise should also be encouraged to regularly conduct literature reviews and meta-analyses that synthesize and examine the fast-growing bodies of research accumulating on topics applicable to courtroom adjudication, with an emphasis on highlighting practical legal implications. 47 Such efforts would not only make the research more identifiable and accessible to practitioners and judges but would also ensure critical peer oversight of the findings — for just as with any process of human cognition, there may be inadvertent biases operating in researchers’ interpretations of their own data. 48 If analytical reviews of existing empirical literature are conducted independently of the facts of any particular litigation, judges may be more inclined to regard them as objectively reliable sources of information if they are later put forward to inform a legal case — including by the researchers themselves acting as amici or court-appointed expert witnesses 49 — than if such analyses were specifically commissioned for the case in question.

Another positive direction for broadening productive connections between the academy and the bench has been the expansion of informal exchanges outside the courtroom, with judges participating in research colloquiums and academics presenting their research findings at judicial conferences. Critically, the communication is increasingly two-sided — with judges not only learning about potentially relevant scholarship, but also informing researchers of the types of studies they would find most helpful on the bench — through informal engagements or judicial opinions that highlight the empirical testability of questions that come before courts. 50

Finally, an implication of these proposals to bring more empirical psychology to bear in the courtroom is that law schools should consider moving toward training their students on basic empirical and psychological literacy.  That way, future litigators, judicial law clerks, and judges in the system would be equipped to themselves assess data relevant to the legal cases that they try, process, or adjudicate. 51 Some law schools are already offering courses or entire programs on empirical methods, statistics, and law and psychology. 52   More broadly, legal instructors can also highlight applications of interdisciplinary and empirical research in mainstream doctrinal classes, including fundamental “black letter law” subjects like Contracts, Criminal Law, Evidence, and Torts — all areas in which relevant empirical psychology work has been conducted. 53 To practice implementation, in-class exercises or policy questions on exams that call upon students to think critically about improving legal doctrines, practices, or outcomes could then include a component asking students to consider what kinds of empirical research would help inform their proposals.

In my experience of applying these pedagogical approaches, an added benefit is that the fresh perspectives law students offer can inspire and inform the development of empirical psychology scholarship. Thus, notwithstanding debates about whether law schools should focus more on “training lawyers for practice” versus “prioritiz[ing] academic scholarship . . . at least in part by adopting the methods of the social sciences and other disciplines,” 54 the strategies proposed herein are consistent with the view that these two missions not only can “coexist . . . [as they] have for many decades,” 55 but also can productively propel each other in novel directions. 56

The law is replete with potentially erroneous assumptions about how the human mind works, many of which have been around for centuries and continue to operate unchecked in the legal system. Fortunately, the field of psychology’s theoretical and empirical tools for rigorously testing these assumptions are being employed with an eye toward informing and improving legal adjudication. The rapid growth and increasing accessibility of such research may call for legal checks on the judiciary’s use of it, such as notice to the parties and opportunities to rebut. 57 However, with appropriate safeguards both in the scientific generation of the data and in its legal applications, empirical psychology can provide valuable insights into factual, legal, and normative dimensions of courtroom decisionmaking.

* Assistant Professor, University of California, Berkeley, School of Law. Thanks to Vincent Burnton and Carly Giffin for research assistance; to participants in Berkeley Law’s Junior Working Ideas Group for pivotal feedback on an earlier draft; and to Joshua Davis, Judge William Fletcher, Justin McCrary, Tracey Meares, Joy Milligan, Saira Mohamed, Janice Nadler, Victoria Plaut, Kevin Quinn, Jeffrey Rachlinski, Mary Rose, Andrea Roth, Dan Simon, Holger Spamann, and Michael Webster for helpful comments.

^ See Fed. R. Evid. 201(a) advisory committee’s note (1972 Proposed Rules) (drawing upon Kenneth Culp Davis, An Approach to Problems of Evidence in the Administrative Process , 55 Harv. L. Rev. 364 (1942)).

^ Id. ; see also John Monahan & Laurens Walker, Judicial Use of Social Science Research , 15 Law & Hum. Behav. 571, 581 (1991) (discussing use of social science research to determine adjudicative versus legislative facts, as well as “social framework” facts that include elements of both).

^ See generally, e.g. , Neil Vidmar & Valerie P. Hans, American Juries (2007); Shari Seidman Diamond et al., Damage Anchors on Real Juries , 8 J. Empirical Legal Stud. (Special Issue) 148 (2011); Chris Guthrie, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski & Andrew J. Wistrich, Inside the Judicial Mind , 86 Cornell L. Rev. 777 (2001); Rebecca Hollander-Blumoff & Tom R. Tyler, Procedural Justice in Negotiation: Procedural Fairness, Outcome Acceptance, and Integrative Potential , 33 Law & Soc. Inquiry 473 (2008); L. Song Richardson & Phillip Atiba Goff, Essay, Implicit Racial Bias in Public Defender Triage , 122 Yale L.J.  2626 (2013); Paul H. Robinson & John M. Darley, Intuitions of Justice: Implications for Criminal Law and Justice Policy , 81 S. Cal. L. Rev. 1 (2007); Tom R. Tyler, Phillip Atiba Goff & Robert J. MacCoun, The Impact of Psychological Science on Policing in the United States: Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and Effective Law Enforcement , 16 Psychol. Sci. Pub. Int. 75 (2015); Neil Vidmar, James E. Coleman Jr. & Theresa A. Newman, Rethinking Reliance on Eyewitness Confidence , 94 Judicature 16 (2010).

^ See generally, e.g. , Michelle Wilde Anderson & Victoria C. Plaut, Property Law: Implicit Bias and the Resilience of Spatial Colorlines , in Implicit Racial Bias Across the Law 25 (Justin D. Levinson & Robert J. Smith eds., 2012); Jennifer K. Robbennolt & Valerie P. Hans, The Psychology of Tort Law (2016) ; Michael J. Saks & Barbara A. Spellman, The Psychological Foundations of Evidence Law (2016) ; Dan Simon, In Doubt: The Psychology of the Criminal Justice Process (2012); Linda Hamilton Krieger & Susan T. Fiske, Behavioral Realism in Employment Discrimination Law: Implicit Bias and Disparate Treatment , 94 Calif. L. Rev. 997 (2006); Victor D. Quintanilla & Cheryl R. Kaiser, The Same-Actor Inference of Nondiscrimination: Moral Credentialing and the Psychological and Legal Licensing of Bias , 104 Calif. L. Rev. 1 (2016); Tess Wilkinson-Ryan & Jonathan Baron, Moral Judgment and Moral Heuristics in Breach of Contract , 6 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 405 (2009).

^ See generally, e.g. , Ideology, Psychology, and Law (Jon Hanson ed., 2012); Kenworthey Bilz, Testing the Expressive Theory of Punishment , 13 J. Empirical Legal Stud. 358 (2016); Dan M. Kahan et al., “ They Saw a Protest”: Cognitive Illiberalism and the Speech-Conduct Distinction , 64 Stan. L. Rev. 851 (2012); Jerry Kang et al., Implicit Bias in the Courtroom , 59 UCLA L. Rev. 1124 (2012); Janice Nadler & Mary-Hunter McDonnell, Moral Character, Motive, and the Psychology of Blame , 97 Cornell L. Rev. 255 (2012); Dan Simon, A Third View of the Black Box: Cognitive Coherence in Legal Decision Making , 71 U. Chi. L. Rev. 511 (2004); Avani Mehta Sood, Motivated Cognition in Legal Judgments — An Analytic Review , 9 Ann. Rev. L. & Soc. Sci. 307 (2013).

^ See Mapp v. Ohio, 367 U.S. 643, 655 (1961). See generally Avani Mehta Sood, Cognitive Cleansing: Experimental Psychology and the Exclusionary Rule , 103 Geo. L.J. 1543, 1549–50 (2015).

^ See Sood, supra note 6, at 1552; see also Nix v. Williams, 467 U.S. 431, 455 (1984) (inevitable discovery); United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 913 (1984) (good faith).

^ See Sood, supra note 6, at 1560–64; see also Ziva Kunda, The Case for Motivated Reasoning , 108 Psychol. Bull. 480 (1990).

^ Kunda, supra note 8, at 487; see also Charles S. Taber et al., The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments , 31 Pol. Behav. 137, 148–49 (2009).

^ See Nix , 467 U.S. at 445.

^ Sood, supra note 6, at 1564–80.

^ Id. at 1572. Mediation analysis is a statistical method of assessing whether an observed relationship between two variables is explained by a third variable. Reuben M. Baron & David A. Kenny, The Moderator-Mediator Variable Distinction in Social Psychological Research: Conceptual, Strategic, and Statistical Considerations , 51 J. Personality & Soc. Psychol. 1173, 1173 (1986).

^ Sood, supra note 6, at 1573–74.

^ See, e.g. , Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 144 (2009) (upholding admissibility of evidence when police error does not rise to the level of “deliberate, reckless, or grossly negligent conduct, or in some circumstances recurring or systemic negligence”); see also Sood, supra note 6, at 1558–60, 1581–82.

^ See Sood, supra note 6, at 1589–90.

^ See Yale Kamisar, “ Comparative Reprehensibility” and the Fourth Amendment Exclusionary Rule , 86 Mich. L. Rev. 1, 9–10 (1987) (emphasis added).

^ See Model Penal Code and Commentaries § 5.01 cmt. 1 ( Am. Law Inst. 1985); Herbert Wechsler et al., The Treatment of Inchoate Crimes in the Model Penal Code of the American Law Institute: Attempt, Solicitation, and Conspiracy , 61 Colum. L. Rev. 571, 593–95 (1961).

^ Avani Mehta Sood, The Lay of the Law: Misunderstanding and Bias in Psychological Constructions of Criminality (Aug. 22, 2017) (unpublished manuscript) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).

^ See Tom R. Tyler, Procedural Justice, Legitimacy, and the Effective Rule of Law , 30 Crime & Just. 283, 350 (2003).

^ See Avani Mehta Sood & John M. Darley, Essay, The Plasticity of Harm in the Service of Criminalization Goals , 100 Calif. L. Rev. 1313, 1342–45 (2012); Sood, supra note 5, at 320–22; see also Janice Nadler, Blaming as a Social Process: The Influence of Character and Moral Emotion on Blame , 75 Law & Contemp. Probs. , no. 2, 2012, at 1, 25–26.

^ Tom Pyszczynski & Jeff Greenberg, Toward an Integration of Cognitive and Motivational Perspectives on Social Inference: A Biased Hypothesis-Testing Mode l, in 20 Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 297, 302 (Leonard Berkowitz ed., 1987) (emphasis omitted).

^ Sood, supra note 6, at 1591–99.

^ See, e.g. , Kang et al., supra note 5, at 1175–77.

^ See Andrew E. Taslitz, Hypocrisy, Corruption, and Illegitimacy: Why Judicial Integrity Justifies the Exclusionary Rule , 10 Ohio St. J. Crim. L. 419, 459 (2013); Tyler, supra note 20, at 284.

^ See generally Duane T. Wegener & Richard E. Petty, The Flexible Correction Model: The Role of Naive Theories of Bias in Bias Correction , in 29 Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 141 (Mark P. Zanna ed., 1997).

^ Sood, supra note 6, at 1591–96.

^ See, e.g. , Dan M. Kahan, Culture, Cognition, and Consent: Who Perceives What, and Why, in Acquaintance-Rape Cases , 158 U. Pa. L. Rev. 729, 753 (2010); Kang et al., supra note 5, at 1183–84; Joel D. Lieberman & Jamie Arndt, Understanding the Limits of Limiting Instructions: Social Psychological Explanations for the Failures of Instructions to Disregard Pretrial Publicity and Other Inadmissible Evidence , 6 Psychol. Pub. Pol’y & L. 677, 693–703 (2000); Sood, supra note 5, at 321–22; Sood, supra note 6, at 1596–99.

^ See Ehud Guttel, Overcorrection , 93 Geo. L.J. 241, 248–49 (2004); Sood, supra note 6, at 1598–99.

^ See, e.g. , Shari Seidman Diamond, Beth Murphy & Mary R. Rose, The “Kettleful of Law” in Real Jury Deliberations: Successes, Failures, and Next Steps , 106 Nw. U. L. Rev. 1537 (2012); Phoebe C. Ellsworth & Alan Reifman, Juror Comprehension and Public Policy: Perceived Problems and Proposed Solutions , 6 Psychol. Pub. Pol’y & L. 788 (2000); Laurence J. Severance, Edith Greene & Elizabeth F. Loftus, Toward Criminal Jury Instructions that Jurors Can Understand , 75 J . Crim. L. & Criminology 198 (1984); Peter Meijes Tiersma, Reforming the Language of Jury Instructions , 22 Hofstra L. Rev. 37 (1993).

^ See Sood, supra note 19.

^ Compare Open Sci. Collaboration, Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science , 349 Science 943 (2015), with Daniel T. Gilbert et al., Comment on “ Estimating the Reproducibility of Psychological Science,” 351 Science 1037 (2016) (responding to Open Sci. Collaboration, supra ).

^ See Craig A. Anderson & Brad J. Bushman, External Validity of “Trivial” Experiments: The Case of Laboratory Aggression , 1 Rev. Gen. Psychol. 19, 20–21 (1997).

^ Marilynn B. Brewer, Research Design and Issues of Validity , in Handbook of Research Methods in Social and Personality Psychology 3, 12 (Harry T. Reis & Charles M. Judd eds., 2000); see also Anderson & Bushman, supra note 33, at 21–22; Brian H. Bornstein, The Ecological Validity of Jury Simulations: Is the Jury Still Out? , 23 Law & Hum. Behav. 75, 75–76 (1999); Shari Seidman Diamond, Illuminations and Shadows from Jury Simulations , 21 Law & Hum. Behav. 561, 563–67 (1997).

^ See, e.g. , Guthrie, Rachlinski & Wistrich, supra note 3, at 784; Dan M. Kahan et al., “ Ideology” or “Situation Sense”? An Experimental Investigation of Motivated Reasoning and Professional Judgment , 164 U. Pa. L. Rev. 349, 350, 391–97 (2016); Richard E. Redding & N. Dickon Reppucci, Effects of Lawyers’ Socio-Political Attitudes on Their Judgments of Social Science in Legal Decision Making , 23 Law & Hum. Behav. 31, 48–49 (1999); Holger Spamann & Lars Klöhn, Justice Is Less Blind, and Less Legalistic, than We Thought: Evidence from an Experiment with Real Judges , 45 J. Legal Stud. 255, 256–59 (2016); Andrew J. Wistrich, Chris Guthrie & Jeffrey J. Rachlinski, Can Judges Ignore Inadmissible Information? The Difficulty of Deliberately Disregarding , 153 U. Pa. L. Rev. 1251, 1251–52 (2005).

^ Andrew J. Wistrich, Jeffrey J. Rachlinski & Chris Guthrie, Heart Versus Head: Do Judges Follow the Law or Follow Their Feelings? , 93 Tex. L. Rev. 855, 892 & n.187 (2015).

^ Jeffrey Segal, Avani Mehta Sood & Benjamin Woodson, Does Crime Severity Influence Judges in Search-and-Seizure Cases? An Empirical Triangulation of Motivated Admissibility Decisions (June 30, 2017) (unpublished manuscript) (on file with the Harvard Law School Library).

^ See, e.g. , Kahan et al., supra note 35, at 353–54, 357–63.

^ See Wistrich, Guthrie & Rachlinski, supra note 35, at 1322; Wistrich, Rachlinski & Guthrie, supra note 36, at 900–01.

^ See Neil Vidmar, Civil Juries in Ecological Context: Methodological Implications for Research , in Civil Juries and Civil Justice 35, 57–64 (Brian H. Bornstein et al. eds., 2008); Segal, Sood & Woodson, supra note 37.

^ See, e.g. , Bornstein, supra note 34, at 87–88; Shari Seidman Diamond et al., Juror Discussions During Civil Trials: Studying an Arizona Innovation , 45 Ariz. L. Rev. 1 (2003).

^ Existing literature on the effects of group deliberation on legal judgments has been mixed. Compare, e.g. , Harry Kalven Jr. & Hans Zeisel, The American Jury 488–89 (1966) (finding little difference between pre- and post-deliberation jury decisions), and Norbert L. Kerr, Robert J. MacCoun & Geoffrey P. Kramer, Bias in Judgment: Comparing Individuals and Groups , 103 Psychol. Rev. 687, 687 (1996) (meta-analysis of empirical literature finding “no clear or general pattern” of “conditions under which individuals are both more and less biased than groups”), with Diamond, supra note 34, at 565 (providing examples of studies indicating significant effects of deliberation), and Jeffrey Kerwin & David R. Shaffer, Mock Jurors Versus Mock Juries: The Role of Deliberations in Reactions to Inadmissible Testimony , 20 Personality & Soc. Psychol. Bull. 153 (1994) (finding mock juries who participate in deliberations are more likely to follow instructions to ignore inadmissible information than mock jurors responding individually without deliberation).

^ Mark Costanzo & Daniel Krauss, Psychology and Law: A Cautious Alliance , in Forensic and Legal Psychology 4, 8 (2012).

^ Sood, supra note 6, at 1582–83 (reporting that “60% of participants in the heroin condition admitted the tainted evidence and construed its lawful discovery as inevitable, which was in significant contrast to the mere 15% of participants who did so in the marijuana condition but was not a uniform response to the more egregious crime”); see also Wistrich, Rachlinski & Guthrie, supra note 36, at 892.

^ See, e.g. , Elizabeth F. Loftus, Eyewitness Testimony (7th prtg. 1996); Kenneth A. Deffenbacher et al., A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of High Stress on Eyewitness Memory , 28 Law & Hum. Behav. 687, 687 (2004); Elizabeth F. Loftus, 25 Years of Eyewitness Science . . . Finally Pays Off , 5 Persp. on Psychol. Sci. 556, 557 (2013); Nancy K. Steblay, Scientific Advances in Eyewitness Identification Evidence , 41 Wm. Mitchell L. Rev. 1090, 1092, 1126–28 (2015). The New Jersey judiciary, for example, has drawn upon this body of research to rethink its approach to eyewitness identification. See State v. Henderson, 27 A.3d 872, 877 (N.J. 2011) (calling into question “the current legal framework for analyzing the reliability of eyewitness identifications” based on “a vast body of scientific research about human memory” and a Special Master’s evaluation of this research, including “testimony by seven experts and . . . hundreds of scientific studies”); Supreme Court Comm. on Criminal Practice, Report of the Supreme Court Criminal Practice Committee on Revisions to the Court Rules Addressing Recording Requirements for Out-of-Court Identification Procedures and Addressing the Identification Model Charges (2012) (recommending changes to New Jersey court rules and jury instructions on eyewitness identification as called for by State v. Henderson ); Press Release, New Jersey Judiciary, Supreme Court Releases Eyewitness Identification Criteria for Criminal Cases (July 19, 2012), http://web.archive.org/web/20170509092130/http://www.judiciary.state.nj.us/pressrel/2012/pr120719a.html (announcing publication of revised jury charges and court rules relating to eyewitness identification); Athan P. Papailiou, David V. Yokum & Christopher T. Robertson, The Novel New Jersey Eyewitness Instruction Induces Skepticism but Not Sensitivity , 10 PLoS ONE e0142695 (2015) (experimentally testing and providing a “mixed review of the efficacy” of New Jersey’s revised jury instructions on eyewitness testimony, id. at 16–17).

^ See Theodore Eisenberg, Why Do Empirical Legal Scholarship? , 41 San Diego L. Rev. 1741, 1743–46 (2004).

^ See, e.g. , Kang et al., supra note 5 (reviewing psychology literature on implicit bias, demonstrating its application to civil and criminal trials, and proposing intervention strategies to counter biases among judges and jurors); Sood, supra note 5 (analyzing studies on motivated cognition in legal judgments, proposing a framework for organizing this body of work, discussing its practical legal applications, and highlighting areas that require further investigation); see also Richard H. McAdams & Thomas S. Ulen, Symposium: Empirical and Experimental Methods in Law — Introduction , 2002 U . Ill. L. Rev. 791, 798 (encouraging law reviews to publish empirical literature reviews for “understanding the state of empirical knowledge in the legal area surveyed, and especially for determining what future empirical projects would be useful in a given area”).

^ See generally Robert J. MacCoun, Biases in the Interpretation and Use of Research Results , 49 Ann. Rev. Psychol. 259 (1998).

^ See James R. Acker, Social Science in Supreme Court Criminal Cases and Briefs: The Actual and Potential Contribution of Social Scientists as Amici Curiae , 14 Law & Hum. Behav. 25 (1990); see also Fed. R. Evid. 706 (allowing for court-appointed expert witnesses).

^ See, e.g. , Mark W. Bennett et al., How Can Social Science Improve Judicial Decision Making?, Panel at the American Association of Law Schools Annual Meeting (Jan. 4, 2017); see also Tracey L. Meares, Three Objections to the Use of Empiricism in Criminal Law and Procedure — and Three Answers , 2002 U. Ill. L. Rev. 851, 855 & n.12 (citing Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 124–25 (2000); Martinez v. Court of Appeal of Cal., 528 U.S. 152, 164–65 (2000) (Breyer, J., concurring)).

^ See Terry Hutchinson, Empirical Facts: A Rationale for Expanding Lawyers’ Methodological Expertise , 3 Law & Method 53 (2013).

^ See, e.g. , Robert M. Lawless, Jennifer K. Robbennolt & Thomas S. Ulen, Empirical Methods in Law (2010 ) (casebook instructing law students on why and how to gather, evaluate, and communicate empirical data); Eisenberg, supra note 46, at 1742 (providing examples of law school initiatives for encouraging empirical literacy).

^ See sources cited supra note 4.

^ Justin McCrary, Joy Milligan & James Phillips, The Ph.D. Rises in American Law Schools, 1960–2011: What Does It Mean for Legal Education? , 65 J. Legal Educ. 543, 544 (2016).

^ See id. at 570–71.

^ See, e.g. , Andrew Manuel Crespo, Systemic Facts: Toward Institutional Awareness in Criminal Courts , 129 Harv. L. Rev. 2049, 2115–16 (2016); Allison Orr Larsen, The Trouble with Amicus Facts , 100 Va. L. Rev. 1757, 1804–08 (2014); Frederick Schauer & Virginia J. Wise, Nonlegal Information and the Delegalization of Law , 29 J. Legal Stud. 495 (2000).

• Jurisprudence
• Law and Psychology

October 14, 2017

More from this Issue

Judicial factfinding in an age of rapid change: creative reforms from abroad.

• Allison Orr Larsen

Why Do Courts Defer to Cops?

Responding to Anna Lvovsky, The Judicial Presumption of Police Expertise

• Barry Friedman

Response To:

• The Judicial Presumption of Police Expertise   by   Anna Lvovsky

• Subject List
• Take a Tour
• For Authors
• Subscriber Services
• Publications
• African American Studies
• African Studies
• American Literature
• Anthropology
• Architecture Planning and Preservation
• Art History
• Atlantic History
• Biblical Studies
• British and Irish Literature
• Childhood Studies
• Chinese Studies
• Cinema and Media Studies
• Communication
• Criminology
• Environmental Science
• Evolutionary Biology
• International Law
• International Relations
• Islamic Studies
• Jewish Studies
• Latin American Studies
• Latino Studies
• Linguistics
• Literary and Critical Theory
• Medieval Studies
• Military History
• Political Science
• Public Health
• Renaissance and Reformation
• Social Work
• Urban Studies
• Victorian Literature
• Browse All Subjects

How to Subscribe

• Free Trials

In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Psychology and Law

Introduction, general overviews.

• Book Series
• Criminal Forensic Mental Health Assessment
• Civil Forensic Mental Health Assessment
• Rehabilitating Offenders
• Eyewitness Memory
• Juror Decision Making
• Judicial Decision Making
• Children’s Testimony
• Juvenile Offenders
• Group Influences on Decision Making
• Detecting Deception
• Plea Bargaining
• Social Influence in Interviews and Interrogations
• Sequential Intercept Model
• Specialized Police Responding

Related Articles Expand or collapse the "related articles" section about

About related articles close popup.

Lorem Ipsum Sit Dolor Amet

Vestibulum ante ipsum primis in faucibus orci luctus et ultrices posuere cubilia Curae; Aliquam ligula odio, euismod ut aliquam et, vestibulum nec risus. Nulla viverra, arcu et iaculis consequat, justo diam ornare tellus, semper ultrices tellus nunc eu tellus.

• Competency to Stand Trial
• Eyewitness Testimony
• Forensic Psychology
• Interviewing in Forensic Settings
• Lie Detection in a Forensic Context
• Military Psychology
• Person Perception
• Pretrial Publicity
• Problem Solving and Decision Making
• Social Cognition
• The Insanity Defense
• The Role of the Expert Witness in Forensic Psychology
• The Weapon Focus Effect in Eyewitness Memory

Other Subject Areas

Forthcoming articles expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section.

• Data Visualization
• Executive Functions in Childhood
• Remote Work
• Find more forthcoming articles...
• Export Citations
• Share This Facebook LinkedIn Twitter

Psychology and Law by Kirk Heilbrun , Edie Greene LAST REVIEWED: 30 October 2019 LAST MODIFIED: 30 October 2019 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0100

The field of psychology and law involves the application of scientific, clinical, and policy aspects of psychology to issues that arise in the legal system. Diverse perspectives are encompassed within psychology and law, including most of the major subdivisions in psychology (e.g., cognitive, developmental, industrial/organizational, and clinical). So, for example, cognitive psychologists may examine the reliability of eyewitness memory; developmental psychologists may assess the impact of maltreatment and abuse on social and cognitive development; industrial/organizational psychologists may investigate how workplace conditions contribute to the incidence of sexual harassment; and clinical forensic psychologists may provide assessment and treatment services to courts and attorneys, law enforcement agencies, or offenders in correctional settings or under court supervision. In each of these instances, psychologists use research and/or treatment protocols relevant to their specialization to address specific questions that emerge in the law. This article is organized around the intersection of those traditional subdivisions of psychology and the law. The field of psychology and law values contributions from professionals in a variety of different settings including university and research organizations, clinical practice, law enforcement agencies, correctional institutions, and other governmental and nonprofit agencies. It also values the contributions of professionals from across the globe, and associations devoted to psychology and law now exist in the United States, Canada, Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. Several specialized journals and book series are devoted exclusively to psycholegal matters. Undergraduate courses in psychology and law are increasingly common on college and university campuses. Various training programs prepare graduate and postgraduate students to address mental health issues in a variety of legal settings and to become the next generation of researchers, scholars, and practitioners. The American Board of Forensic Psychology and comparable organizations in other countries credential psychologists who specialize in clinical forensic issues, and an updated set of ethical guidelines has been developed specifically for their use. Psychologists have been involved in appellate court decisions by testifying in hearings and by making their research findings and policy analyses available to judges through amicus briefs submitted to the US Supreme Court and to lower courts.

Psychology and law is a diverse field, drawing on contributions from clinical practitioners, academic researchers in various subfields of psychology and criminal justice, policy analysts, and educators. As such, there have been relatively few attempts—other than the works noted under Textbooks —to bring these varied interests and perspectives together into a comprehensive resource. Cutler 2008 is one exception. A two-volume encyclopedia with four hundred entries, it serves as an invaluable compendium and reference work and would be useful to students, academics, practitioners, lawyers, judges, and the interested general public. More recently, the series Advances in Psychology and Law has brought together a diverse array of scholars to explore new research developments and policy implications, with Miller and Bornstein 2016 being the first volume in the series. Another recent volume, Brewer and Douglass 2019 , provides chapters on a wide variety of topics in psychology and law. The modern history of the field is told through the experiences of a small group of clinicians, legal scholars, and psychological scientists whose narratives are compiled in Grisso and Brodsky 2018 .

Brewer, N., and A. Douglass, eds. 2019. Psychological science and the law . New York: Guilford.

This volume focuses on the application of psychological science research findings and theories to the criminal justice system. In addition to topics such as eyewitness memory, plea bargaining, and jury decision making addressed in this article, it includes chapters by Charman on cognitive bias in legal decision making, Hope and Gabbert on interviewing witnesses and victims, Zaragoza on false memory, Madon on expert testimony, and Steblay on translating psychological science into policy and practice.

Cutler, B. L., ed. 2008. Encyclopedia of psychology and law . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.

Encyclopedia entries range from one thousand to three thousand words and are arranged in alphabetical order. Entries are also listed within useful headings such as “Criminal Competencies,” “Education and Professional Development,” “Psychological and Forensic Assessment Instruments,” and “Trial Process.” Each entry lists suggestions for further reading, and both volumes have comprehensive indexes.

Grisso, T., and S. L. Brodsky, eds. 2018. The roots of modern psychology and law: A narrative history . New York: Oxford Univ. Press.

This book provides firsthand accounts by scholars and clinicians of their early contributions to the field of psychology and law in the decade following the founding of the American Psychology-Law Society in 1969. The authors are considered by many to be among the founders of the field who charted the course for research and clinical practice for subsequent decades.

Miller, M., and B. H. Bornstein. 2016. Advances in psychology and law . Vol. 1. New York: Springer.

DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-29406-3

The inaugural volume in the series includes chapters on sex offender policy and prevention, children’s participation in legal proceedings, an evaluation of show ups, the psychology of jury instructions, and structured risk assessment and legal decision making. Subsequent volumes (e.g., Volume 3 [2018]) cover topics such as pretrial publicity effects on jurors and juries, restorative justice, bias in forensic mental health judgements, and research on understanding and appreciation of Miranda warnings.

back to top

Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login .

Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here .

• About Psychology »
• Meet the Editorial Board »
• Abnormal Psychology
• Academic Assessment
• Acculturation and Health
• Action Regulation Theory
• Action Research
• Addictive Behavior
• Adolescence
• Adoption, Social, Psychological, and Evolutionary Perspect...
• Advanced Theory of Mind
• Affective Forecasting
• Affirmative Action
• Ageism at Work
• Allport, Gordon
• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Ambulatory Assessment in Behavioral Science
• Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA)
• Animal Behavior
• Animal Learning
• Anxiety Disorders
• Art and Aesthetics, Psychology of
• Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Psychology
• Assessment and Clinical Applications of Individual Differe...
• Attachment in Social and Emotional Development across the ...
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Adults
• Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Childre...
• Attitudinal Ambivalence
• Attraction in Close Relationships
• Attribution Theory
• Authoritarian Personality
• Bayesian Statistical Methods in Psychology
• Behavior Therapy, Rational Emotive
• Behavioral Economics
• Behavioral Genetics
• Belief Perseverance
• Bereavement and Grief
• Biological Psychology
• Birth Order
• Body Image in Men and Women
• Bystander Effect
• Categorical Data Analysis in Psychology
• Childhood and Adolescence, Peer Victimization and Bullying...
• Clark, Mamie Phipps
• Clinical Neuropsychology
• Clinical Psychology
• Cognitive Consistency Theories
• Cognitive Dissonance Theory
• Cognitive Neuroscience
• Communication, Nonverbal Cues and
• Comparative Psychology
• Competence to Stand Trial: Restoration Services
• Computational Psychology
• Conflict Management in the Workplace
• Conformity, Compliance, and Obedience
• Consciousness
• Coping Processes
• Correspondence Analysis in Psychology
• Counseling Psychology
• Creativity at Work
• Critical Thinking
• Cross-Cultural Psychology
• Cultural Psychology
• Daily Life, Research Methods for Studying
• Data Science Methods for Psychology
• Data Sharing in Psychology
• Death and Dying
• Deceiving and Detecting Deceit
• Defensive Processes
• Depressive Disorders
• Development, Prenatal
• Developmental Psychology (Cognitive)
• Developmental Psychology (Social)
• Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM...
• Discrimination
• Dissociative Disorders
• Drugs and Behavior
• Eating Disorders
• Ecological Psychology
• Educational Settings, Assessment of Thinking in
• Effect Size
• Embodiment and Embodied Cognition
• Emerging Adulthood
• Emotional Intelligence
• Empathy and Altruism
• Employee Stress and Well-Being
• Environmental Neuroscience and Environmental Psychology
• Ethics in Psychological Practice
• Event Perception
• Evolutionary Psychology
• Expansive Posture
• Experimental Existential Psychology
• Exploratory Data Analysis
• Eysenck, Hans
• Factor Analysis
• Festinger, Leon
• Five-Factor Model of Personality
• Flynn Effect, The
• Forgiveness
• Friendships, Children's
• Fundamental Attribution Error/Correspondence Bias
• Gambler's Fallacy
• Game Theory and Psychology
• Geropsychology, Clinical
• Global Mental Health
• Habit Formation and Behavior Change
• Health Psychology
• Health Psychology Research and Practice, Measurement in
• Heider, Fritz
• Heuristics and Biases
• History of Psychology
• Human Factors
• Humanistic Psychology
• Implicit Association Test (IAT)
• Industrial and Organizational Psychology
• Inferential Statistics in Psychology
• Insanity Defense, The
• Intelligence
• Intelligence, Crystallized and Fluid
• Intercultural Psychology
• Intergroup Conflict
• International Classification of Diseases and Related Healt...
• International Psychology
• Intimate Partner Violence, Psychological Perspectives on
• Introversion–Extraversion
• Item Response Theory
• Law, Psychology and
• Lazarus, Richard
• Learned Helplessness
• Learning Theory
• Learning versus Performance
• LGBTQ+ Romantic Relationships
• Life-Span Development
• Locus of Control
• Loneliness and Health
• Mathematical Psychology
• Meaning in Life
• Mechanisms and Processes of Peer Contagion
• Media Violence, Psychological Perspectives on
• Mediation Analysis
• Memories, Autobiographical
• Memories, Flashbulb
• Memories, Repressed and Recovered
• Memory, False
• Memory, Human
• Memory, Implicit versus Explicit
• Memory in Educational Settings
• Memory, Semantic
• Meta-Analysis
• Metacognition
• Metaphor, Psychological Perspectives on
• Microaggressions
• Mindfulness
• Mindfulness and Education
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
• Money, Psychology of
• Moral Conviction
• Moral Development
• Moral Psychology
• Moral Reasoning
• Nature versus Nurture Debate in Psychology
• Neuroscience of Associative Learning
• Nonergodicity in Psychology and Neuroscience
• Nonparametric Statistical Analysis in Psychology
• Observational (Non-Randomized) Studies
• Obsessive-Complusive Disorder (OCD)
• Occupational Health Psychology
• Olfaction, Human
• Operant Conditioning
• Optimism and Pessimism
• Organizational Justice
• Parenting Stress
• Parenting Styles
• Parents' Beliefs about Children
• Path Models
• Peace Psychology
• Perception, Person
• Performance Appraisal
• Personality and Health
• Personality Disorders
• Personality Psychology
• Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies: From Car...
• Phenomenological Psychology
• Placebo Effects in Psychology
• Play Behavior
• Positive Psychological Capital (PsyCap)
• Positive Psychology
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
• Prejudice and Stereotyping
• Prisoner's Dilemma
• Procrastination
• Prosocial Behavior
• Prosocial Spending and Well-Being
• Protocol Analysis
• Psycholinguistics
• Psychological Literacy
• Psychological Perspectives on Food and Eating
• Psychology, Political
• Psychoneuroimmunology
• Psychophysics, Visual
• Psychotherapy
• Psychotic Disorders
• Publication Bias in Psychology
• Reasoning, Counterfactual
• Rehabilitation Psychology
• Relationships
• Reliability–Contemporary Psychometric Conceptions
• Religion, Psychology and
• Replication Initiatives in Psychology
• Research Methods
• Risk Taking
• Role of the Expert Witness in Forensic Psychology, The
• Sample Size Planning for Statistical Power and Accurate Es...
• Schizophrenic Disorders
• School Psychology
• School Psychology, Counseling Services in
• Self, Gender and
• Self, Psychology of the
• Self-Construal
• Self-Control
• Self-Deception
• Self-Determination Theory
• Self-Efficacy
• Self-Esteem
• Self-Monitoring
• Self-Regulation in Educational Settings
• Self-Report Tests, Measures, and Inventories in Clinical P...
• Sensation Seeking
• Sex and Gender
• Sexual Minority Parenting
• Sexual Orientation
• Signal Detection Theory and its Applications
• Simpson's Paradox in Psychology
• Single People
• Single-Case Experimental Designs
• Skinner, B.F.
• Sleep and Dreaming
• Small Groups
• Social Class and Social Status
• Social Neuroscience
• Social Support
• Social Touch and Massage Therapy Research
• Somatoform Disorders
• Spatial Attention
• Sports Psychology
• Stanford Prison Experiment (SPE): Icon and Controversy
• Stereotype Threat
• Stereotypes
• Stress and Coping, Psychology of
• Student Success in College
• Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis
• Taste, Psychological Perspectives on
• Teaching of Psychology
• Terror Management Theory
• Testing and Assessment
• The Concept of Validity in Psychological Assessment
• The Neuroscience of Emotion Regulation
• The Reasoned Action Approach and the Theories of Reasoned ...
• Theory of Mind
• Therapy, Cognitive-Behavioral
• Thinking Skills in Educational Settings
• Time Perception
• Trait Perspective
• Trauma Psychology
• Twin Studies
• Type A Behavior Pattern (Coronary Prone Personality)
• Unconscious Processes
• Video Games and Violent Content
• Virtues and Character Strengths
• Women and Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math (STEM...
• Women, Psychology of
• Work Well-Being
• Workforce Training Evaluation
• Wundt, Wilhelm
• Privacy Policy
• Cookie Policy
• Legal Notice
• Accessibility

Powered by:

• [185.148.24.167]
• 185.148.24.167

• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar

IResearchNet

Forensic Psychology Topics

Forensic psychology is a multifaceted field that bridges the gap between psychology and the legal system, playing a vital role in understanding and addressing a wide range of issues within the criminal justice system. This article provides a comprehensive overview of various topics within forensic psychology and emphasizes their significance in the realm of psychology and law.

Forensic psychology, as a field of study, is relatively in its infancy. It encompasses a wide spectrum of psychological approaches, with each major subdivision of psychology making significant contributions to the understanding of legal issues. These subdivisions include cognitive psychology, which explores topics like eyewitness testimony; developmental psychology, which focuses on areas such as children’s testimony; social psychology, delving into jury behavior; clinical psychology, dealing with competence assessment; biological psychology, involving techniques like polygraph testing; and industrial-organizational psychology, which addresses issues like workplace sexual harassment.

Researchers from universities, research institutions, and various government agencies across different continents have played pivotal roles in advancing empirical knowledge within the realm of forensic psychology. Despite its relative youth, the field is displaying distinct signs of maturation. These signs encompass the presence of scientific journals exclusively dedicated to forensic psychology research, the publication of research findings in prestigious psychology journals, the establishment of professional associations dedicated to forensic psychology in various countries including the United States, Canada, Europe, and Australia, annual professional conferences, and an extensive body of literature comprising hundreds of books on diverse forensic psychology topics.

Forensic Psychology Research Topics

• Criminal Behavior Topics
• Criminal Responsibility Topics
• Death Penalty Topics
• Divorce and Child Custody Topics
• Eyewitness Memory Topics
• Forensic Assessment Topics
• Juvenile Offenders Topics
• Mental Health Law Topics
• Police Psychology Topics
• Sentencing and Incarceration Topics
• Trial Consulting Topics
• Victimization Topics
• Violence Risk Assessment Topics

Importance of Various Topics within Forensic Psychology

The importance of forensic psychology topics cannot be overstated, as they hold significant relevance in legal proceedings, policy development, and the overall pursuit of justice. These topics span a wide spectrum, including but not limited to eyewitness testimony, mental health evaluations, offender profiling, forensic assessment, and the psychology of jury decision-making. Each of these areas plays a crucial role in helping legal professionals make informed decisions, ensuring fair trials, and addressing issues related to mental health and criminal behavior.

Purpose and Structure of the Article

The primary purpose of this article is to provide an in-depth exploration of various topics within forensic psychology. By delving into each of these topics, we aim to shed light on their importance, applications, and implications for both the legal system and the field of psychology. Throughout this article, we will draw on research and insights from experts in the field, utilizing a range of authoritative sources to support our discussions.

In the following sections, we will explore key topics within forensic psychology, beginning with eyewitness testimony, followed by mental health evaluations, offender profiling, forensic assessment, and the psychology of jury decision-making. Each section will delve into the specifics of these topics, addressing their relevance, challenges, and contributions to the broader field. Additionally, we will examine the ethical considerations that underlie forensic psychology practice and the future directions of the field, providing readers with a comprehensive understanding of this dynamic and evolving discipline.

Criminal Behavior and Profiling

A. definition of criminal profiling.

Criminal profiling, often referred to as behavioral profiling or criminal investigative analysis, is a specialized technique within forensic psychology that aims to create a psychological and behavioral profile of an unknown criminal offender. This profile is based on the analysis of crime scene evidence, victimology, and the modus operandi of the perpetrator. The primary goal of criminal profiling is to assist law enforcement agencies in narrowing down their search for suspects by providing insights into the likely characteristics, motivations, and behaviors of the offender.

B. Psychological Factors Contributing to Criminal Behavior

Understanding the psychological factors that contribute to criminal behavior is a fundamental aspect of criminal profiling. Forensic psychologists delve into various aspects of an offender’s psychology to uncover potential motives, triggers, and patterns. These factors may include but are not limited to:

• Personality Traits: Profilers examine an offender’s personality traits, looking for indicators of psychopathy, narcissism, or other personality disorders that may influence criminal behavior.
• Motive Analysis: Identifying the underlying motives behind a crime is essential. Profilers explore whether crimes are driven by financial gain, power, revenge, or other motives.
• Victimology: Analyzing the characteristics of victims can provide insights into an offender’s preferences and tendencies. Profilers consider factors such as age, gender, and relationships with the victims.
• Behavioral Patterns: Profilers study the offender’s modus operandi, signature behaviors, and patterns of offending, helping law enforcement predict future actions.

C. Role of Forensic Psychologists in Criminal Profiling

Forensic psychologists play a critical role in criminal profiling by applying their expertise in psychology to assist law enforcement agencies. Their responsibilities may include:

• Crime Scene Analysis: Forensic psychologists analyze crime scenes, evidence, and victimology to develop a preliminary profile of the offender.
• Consultation: They collaborate with law enforcement officers and detectives to provide insights into the likely characteristics of the offender, potential motives, and suggested investigative strategies.
• Interview and Interrogation: Profilers may assist in crafting interview techniques tailored to the psychological profile of the offender, helping detectives obtain valuable information.
• Expert Testimony: In some cases, forensic psychologists with expertise in criminal profiling may testify as expert witnesses in court to explain their findings and assist in legal proceedings.

D. Case Studies Illustrating the Application of Profiling

To illustrate the practical application of criminal profiling, this section will present select case studies where profiling played a crucial role in criminal investigations. These case studies will highlight instances where forensic psychologists helped law enforcement agencies apprehend offenders, providing valuable insights into their behaviors and motives. Through these real-world examples, readers will gain a deeper understanding of how criminal profiling contributes to solving complex criminal cases.

Eyewitness Testimony and Memory

A. factors affecting eyewitness accuracy.

Eyewitness testimony is a critical component of criminal trials, but it is susceptible to various factors that can affect its accuracy. Forensic psychologists study these factors, which may include:

• Stress and Anxiety: High-stress situations can impair an eyewitness’s ability to accurately recall details of a crime.
• Weapon Focus: The presence of a weapon during a crime can lead witnesses to focus on the weapon rather than the perpetrator’s face.
• Cross-Racial Identification: Witnesses may have difficulty accurately identifying individuals of a different racial or ethnic background, leading to errors in identification.
• Misinformation Effect: Exposure to misleading information after a crime can distort an eyewitness’s memory of the event.

B. The Role of Memory in Eyewitness Testimony

Memory plays a central role in eyewitness testimony. Forensic psychologists explore how memory functions and how it can be influenced by various factors:

• Encoding and Retrieval: Understanding how memories are encoded at the time of the event and retrieved during testimony is essential for evaluating eyewitness reliability.
• Memory Decay: Memories can fade or change over time, affecting the accuracy of eyewitness accounts.
• Suggestibility: Eyewitnesses can be influenced by leading questions, suggestive interview techniques, or exposure to misinformation.

C. Techniques for Enhancing Eyewitness Reliability

Forensic psychology research has led to the development of techniques aimed at improving the reliability of eyewitness testimony, including:

• Cognitive Interviewing: This method, based on memory research, helps interviewers elicit more accurate and detailed information from witnesses.
• Lineup Procedures: Implementing double-blind and sequential lineup procedures can reduce the risk of false identifications.
• Expert Testimony: Forensic psychologists may provide expert testimony in court to educate judges and juries about the fallibility of eyewitness memory and factors that affect it.

D. The Impact of Cross-Racial Identification on Cases

Cross-racial identification, where witnesses of one racial or ethnic group attempt to identify individuals of another group, has been a topic of significant research within forensic psychology. This section will examine the challenges associated with cross-racial identification and its impact on the reliability of eyewitness testimony. Case studies and empirical findings will be presented to illustrate how misidentifications based on race have influenced legal outcomes.

Competency and Insanity

A. definitions of competency and insanity.

Competency and insanity are legal concepts that intersect with forensic psychology. This section will provide clear definitions of these terms:

• Competency: Competency refers to an individual’s ability to understand legal proceedings, assist in their defense, and make rational decisions. Forensic psychologists assess an individual’s competency to stand trial.
• Insanity: The insanity defense involves asserting that a defendant, at the time of the crime, was unable to understand the wrongfulness of their actions due to severe mental illness or disorder.

B. Assessment Methods for Determining Competency

Forensic psychologists employ various assessment methods to determine an individual’s competency to stand trial. These methods may include structured interviews, psychological evaluations, and competency measures. The section will outline these assessment techniques and their role in legal proceedings.

C. The Insanity Defense and Its Implications

The insanity defense is a complex and controversial legal strategy. This section will explore the history and development of the insanity defense, the legal standards for its application, and the implications for defendants found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI).

D. Controversies and Challenges in this Area

Competency and insanity evaluations pose unique challenges for forensic psychologists and the legal system. This section will examine controversies surrounding these evaluations, such as the potential for malingering, the ethics of psychological assessments in legal cases, and the consequences of verdicts of NGRI. Real-world case examples and ethical considerations will be discussed to provide a comprehensive overview of this area within forensic psychology.

Police Psychology

A. psychological assessment of police candidates.

Police psychology involves the assessment of candidates seeking careers in law enforcement. This section will delve into the psychological evaluation process for police candidates, including the use of personality assessments, interviews, and fitness-for-duty evaluations. The role of forensic psychologists in ensuring that candidates possess the necessary psychological attributes for police work will be explored.

B. Stressors and Mental Health Challenges for Law Enforcement

Working in law enforcement can be highly stressful and emotionally taxing. Forensic psychologists study the stressors and mental health challenges faced by police officers, including post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and suicide risk. Strategies for supporting the mental well-being of law enforcement personnel will be discussed.

C. Crisis Intervention and Police Response

Forensic psychologists often collaborate with law enforcement agencies to develop crisis intervention strategies. This section will explore the role of psychologists in training police officers to respond effectively to crisis situations involving individuals with mental illness, substance use disorders, or other psychological issues.

D. Ethics and Biases in Policing

Ethical considerations and biases in policing are crucial topics in contemporary forensic psychology. The section will address ethical dilemmas encountered by police psychologists, such as confidentiality and conflicts of interest. Additionally, it will explore biases in law enforcement, including racial profiling, and the role of psychologists in promoting unbiased policing practices.

Child Custody and Family Law

A. the role of forensic psychologists in custody evaluations.

Forensic psychologists often play a pivotal role in child custody evaluations during family law disputes. This section will outline the responsibilities of forensic psychologists in assessing parental fitness and making recommendations to courts regarding custody arrangements.

B. Factors Considered in Child Custody Decisions

Child custody decisions involve a careful examination of various factors that influence the child’s best interests. This section will explore the criteria used in custody determinations, including the child’s age, parental involvement, and the child’s emotional and psychological well-being.

C. Parental Alienation and Its Impact

Parental alienation is a contentious issue in child custody cases. Forensic psychologists study the phenomenon and its potential impact on children. This section will discuss the signs of parental alienation, assessment methods, and interventions to address it.

D. Legal and Ethical Issues in Family Law Cases

Forensic psychologists working in family law face complex legal and ethical considerations. This section will examine ethical guidelines for custody evaluators, confidentiality issues, and challenges related to providing expert testimony in emotionally charged family court proceedings.

Violence Risk Assessment

A. predicting violent behavior and risk factors.

Violence risk assessment is a critical area within forensic psychology. This section will explore the methods and risk factors forensic psychologists consider when assessing the potential for violent behavior, including the use of actuarial instruments and clinical judgment.

B. Tools and Methodologies Used in Risk Assessment

Forensic psychologists employ various tools and methodologies to assess violence risk. This section will provide an overview of commonly used risk assessment instruments and their strengths and limitations.

C. Ethical Dilemmas in Violence Risk Assessment

The practice of violence risk assessment raises ethical dilemmas related to privacy, confidentiality, and public safety. This section will discuss the ethical considerations and challenges forensic psychologists encounter when conducting these assessments.

D. Case Examples of Violence Risk Assessment in Practice

Real-life case examples will illustrate the application of violence risk assessment in different contexts, such as evaluating the risk of domestic violence, workplace violence, or sexual offending.

Expert Witness Testimony

A. the role of forensic psychologists as expert witnesses.

Forensic psychologists frequently serve as expert witnesses in legal proceedings. This section will explore their role in providing specialized knowledge, opinions, and testimony to assist the court in understanding complex psychological issues.

B. Qualifications and Standards for Expert Testimony

Forensic psychologists must meet specific qualifications and adhere to professional standards when offering expert testimony. This section will outline the criteria for being qualified as an expert witness and the ethical guidelines governing their testimony.

C. Challenges and Limitations in Expert Witness Testimony

Expert witness testimony is not without challenges and limitations. This section will examine the potential pitfalls, biases, and ethical dilemmas forensic psychologists may encounter when providing expert testimony.

D. Notable Cases Involving Expert Witness Testimony

This section will highlight notable legal cases where forensic psychologists played a pivotal role as expert witnesses, demonstrating the impact of their testimony on legal outcomes and precedent-setting decisions.

Ethical and Legal Issues in Forensic Psychology

A. ethical guidelines and principles for forensic psychologists.

Forensic psychologists operate within a framework of ethical guidelines and principles. This section will discuss the fundamental ethical considerations that govern their practice, including competence, informed consent, and confidentiality.

B. Legal Responsibilities and Constraints

Forensic psychologists must navigate legal responsibilities and constraints when conducting assessments, providing treatment, and offering expert testimony. This section will explore the legal parameters within which they operate, including issues related to privilege and duty to report.

Forensic psychology encompasses various professional practices within the field of psychology and law. Clinical psychologists specializing in forensic work offer assessment and treatment services across a broad spectrum of criminal and civil cases, as well as within law enforcement settings. Social psychologists apply their expertise in forensic psychology by serving as trial consultants, aiding attorneys in tasks like jury selection and trial preparation. Clinical and experimental psychologists often act as expert witnesses in both criminal and civil trials. These are just a few illustrations of how psychology intersects with the legal domain. Practitioners draw upon the tools and knowledge derived from traditional psychological disciplines as well as the specialized area of forensic psychology.

The integration of psychology and law plays a significant role in postgraduate education and professional development. Forensic psychology courses are increasingly prevalent in undergraduate psychology programs, attracting students who have been captivated by portrayals of justice and crime in media and literature. Many undergraduates, driven by the compelling application of psychology to real-world criminal investigations and legal proceedings, eagerly volunteer as research assistants in forensic psychology labs. Furthermore, there has been a proliferation of master’s and doctoral programs that concentrate on various facets of forensic psychology, contributing additional intellectual resources to the research and service sectors. Postdoctoral training and professional certification options in forensic psychology bolster the growth of a profession uniquely equipped to address mental health concerns within a wide array of legal contexts.

• Frontiers in Psychology
• Forensic and Legal Psychology
• Research Topics

Social Psychological Process And Effects On The Law

Total Downloads

Total Views and Downloads

About this Research Topic

The study of social psychological processes entails examining how people perceive, interact in and react to social contexts. Particularly, social psychology relies on disentangling how people’s beliefs and behaviors are influenced by other people. In recent years, this framework has been applied to studying the law, and there has been a growing body of research on ways in which social contexts intersect with legal institutions, legal interactions, and decision-making. Indeed, insights into social psychology in legal contexts not only tell us how social contexts can impact the law, legal institutions, and legal actors, but also how the law can learn from society, its norms, and the perceptions of its members. Thus, the interactive relationship between law and social psychology can be thought of as a “two-way street.”

Although research at the intersection of social psychology and law has begun to grow in recent years, empirical and theoretical work in this area is still under-studied. This Research Topic not only hopes to provide a platform for general research in this area, but also will represent a space for work on issues across different areas of law, ranging from law enforcement interactions to examinations of decision-making in courts to studies of how the law should and does work in different communities, across many countries and jurisdictions. Indeed, this Research Topic hopes to provide an expansive and comprehensive account of the widespread ways in which law and social psychology interact across the globe.

We welcome empirical, review and theoretical submissions across disciplines, including but not limited to psychology, sociology, criminology, anthropology, and law, from any country or jurisdiction. Empirical work can use either qualitative or quantitative methods. Submissions (including Original Research, Systematic Reviews, Brief Research Reports, and Case Reports) may address any topic that furthers understandings of relationships between social psychology and law, broadly defined. Examples of topics might include:

·      Effects of different social contexts on legal decision-making;

·      The role of discrimination and bias in criminal and civil law;

·      How different social psychological processes influence views on punishment and various legal practices;

·      Issues with eyewitness identification related to race, gender, or other social characteristics;

·      The role of social psychology in designing and evaluating legal rules.

Keywords : social psychology, human behavior, law, legal institutions, criminal justice, decision-making

Important Note : All contributions to this Research Topic must be within the scope of the section and journal to which they are submitted, as defined in their mission statements. Frontiers reserves the right to guide an out-of-scope manuscript to a more suitable section or journal at any stage of peer review.

Topic Editors

Topic coordinators, recent articles, submission deadlines.

Submission closed.

Participating Journals

Total views.

• Demographics

No records found

total views article views downloads topic views

Top countries

Top referring sites, about frontiers research topics.

With their unique mixes of varied contributions from Original Research to Review Articles, Research Topics unify the most influential researchers, the latest key findings and historical advances in a hot research area! Find out more on how to host your own Frontiers Research Topic or contribute to one as an author.

•   [email protected]

Psychology Research Guide

Forensic psychology.

According to the American Board of Forensic Psychology This link opens in a new window (ABFP), "Forensic Psychology is the application of the science and profession of psychology to questions and issues relating to law and the legal system. The word “forensic” comes from the Latin word 'forensis,' meaning 'of the forum,' where the law courts of ancient Rome were held. Today forensic refers to the application of scientific principles and practices to the adversary process where scientists with specialized knowledge play a role." Areas of forensic psychology include criminal justice, correctional psychology, forensic evaluation, expert testimony, eyewitness testimony, competence to testify, and other legal applications of psychology.

• What is Forensic Psychology? This link opens in a new window
• Forensic Psychology - Sage Video This link opens in a new window
• Forensic Psychology Research Topics This link opens in a new window List of forensic psychology topics with links to overviews for each. Includes criminal competencies, criminal responsibility, death penalty, eyewitness memory, forensic assessment, juvenile offenders, etc.

Forensic Psychology Databases

Research in forensic psychology utilizes psychology databases as well as resources in Criminal Justice, Justice Studies, Law, and Sociology. You may find it helpful to search the following databases for your forensic psychology topics or research questions, in addition to the core Psychology resources listed on the home page of this guide.

• HeinOnline Legal Databases This link opens in a new window Core collection of current and historical law and law-related periodicals, classic books and reports. Includes government and political documents, such as World Constitutions, US Congressional Documents, the Federal Register and much more. Includes the HeinOnline Slavery in America and the World Collection (found within the UNC Press Law collection).

Forensic Psychology Subject Headings

You may find it helpful to take advantage of predefined subjects or subject headings in Shapiro Databases. These subjects are applied to articles and books by expert catalogers to help you find materials on your topic.

• Learn more about Subject Searching

Consider using databases to perform subject searches, or incorporating words from applicable subjects into your keyword searches. Here are some forensic psychology subjects to consider:

• correctional psychology
• criminal behavior
• expert testimony
• eyewitness testimony
• forensic assessment
• forensic evaluation
• institutionalization
• psychological autopsy

Forensic Psychology Organization Websites

• American Academy of Forensic Psychology This link opens in a new window A non-profit organization of board certified forensic psychologists whose mission is to contribute to the development and maintenance of forensic psychology as a specialized field of study, research and practice by providing continuing education workshops, a forum for the exchange of scientific information among its members, and conferring awards upon outstanding students and practitioners in the field of forensic psychology.
• American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law (AAPL) This link opens in a new window American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law. AAPL (pronounced "apple") is an organization of psychiatrists dedicated to excellence in practice, teaching, and research in forensic psychiatry. Founded in 1969, AAPL currently has over 2,000 members in North America and around the world.
• American Board of Forensic Psychology This link opens in a new window As in many professions, Specialty Board Certification in Forensic Psychology signifies that an individual has met the established standards for the profession as maintained and protected by an organization that the field recognizes for that role. The organization entrusted with that role regarding board certification in Forensic Psychology is the American Board of Professional Psychology (ABPP), which attests that the certified professional possesses a high level of professional competence in the specialty area.
• UVA Institute of Law, Psychiatry, & Public Policy This link opens in a new window The Institute of Law, Psychiatry and Public Policy at the University of Virginia is an interdisciplinary program in mental health law, forensic psychiatry, forensic psychology, forensic neuropsychology and forensic social work. Institute activities include academic programs, forensic clinical evaluations, professional training, empirical and theoretical research, and public policy consultation and review.
• << Previous: Child & Adolescent Development
• Next: Industrial / Organizational Psychology >>

• Skip to main content
• Skip to primary sidebar

Criminal Justice

IResearchNet

Academic Writing Services

Psychology and law.

Psychology and law is an extremely broad topic area that includes many basic and applied research areas; applied topics in mental health, memory, and jury behavior; and evaluation of laws and legal processes. Due to the diversity of topics within these areas, conclusive definitions that satisfy everyone in the field remain elusive. However, to incorporate this diversity, Ogloff and Finkelman (1999) defined the field as “the scientific study of the effect the law has on people and the effect people have on the law” (p. 3).

This section provides a concise presentation of the field, including an overview of human interactions with the law, tensions between psychology and the law, and a brief history of the field. This section also presents a description of the basic roles of psychologists in the legal system, career options, and overviews of some prominent research areas in psychology and the law. The section concludes with a discussion of additional current and future research areas in psychology and the law.

Human Interactions with the Law

In line with general psychological approaches across fields, psychologists who study psychology and the law emphasize the behavior, cognition, emotions, and experiences of individuals involved in the legal system. Of course, all individuals within reach of the United States legal system are involved to some degree. The involvement appears evident for police officers, lawyers, judges, defendants, corrections officers, trial consultants, and others who work in or are assessed by the legal system. Some relationships within the legal system are less evident. Read more about Human Interactions with the Law .

Tensions between Psychology and the Law

The science of psychology exists in a state of tension with the legal system in many ways (Ogloff & Finkelman, 1999). Fundamentally, the goals and processes of investigation in science differ substantially from those of investigation in the law. First, science is inductive. Researchers examine data from many field studies, correlational studies, and experiments and draw tentative, probabilistic conclusions. The law wants an answer that is, at least in criminal law, beyond a reasonable doubt. Read more about  Tensions between Psychology and the Law .

Roles of Psychologists in the Legal System

There are several general roles for psychologists in the legal system, and many specific careers exist in psychology in the law (Bottoms, et al., 1004). More generally, psychological researchers can impact the law in a variety of ways. Basic researchers, scientists who seek general or basic knowledge for its own sake, and applied researchers, scientists who study practical problems, can significantly influence the legal system. Although these basic and applied approaches appear to be different, they exist as two ends of the same continuum. Basic researchers inform the legal system by increasing the available knowledge on topics such as memory, human cognition, and social influence. Although research on the effects of different retention intervals on the recall of word lists does not appear to address issues in psychology and the law, such research contributes to the general body of knowledge related to memory. Read more about  Roles of Psychologists in the Legal System .

History of Interactions between Psychology and the Law

Questions of potential interactions between psychology and the law existed long before the founding of the United States or the establishment of a separate United State legal system. For example, Francis Bacon (1857) expressed concerns that inappropriate psychological motives held by some actors in the legal system could compromise the system. He suggested that the law should consider natural human tendencies when he said “revenge is a kind of wild justice, which the more Man’s nature runs to, the more ought the law to weed it out” (p. 46). Centuries passed between Bacon’s statement and the formal involvement of psychologists in the law. Read more about  History of Interactions between Psychology and the Law .

Prominent Research Areas in Psychology and the Law

Practical problems drive many research areas in psychology and the law. Because legal investigators have used both simultaneous and sequential lineups when asking witnesses to identify suspects, researchers have evaluated the effectiveness and the inherent risks in each approach (Steblay, Dysart, Fulero, & Lindsay, 2001). Despite this consistent practical emphasis, researchers in psychology and the law also engage in theory testing. For example, Pennington and Hastie (1988) hypothesized that jurors prefer accounts of the events in question in a trial to fit a coherent story, and they tested jurors’ responses to trial materials that followed the chronological (i.e., story) order of the crime and trial materials organized in the order of the witnesses called. Jurors were more likely to decide verdicts in favor of the side (i.e., prosecution or defense) that presented materials in chronological order (Pennington & Hastie, 1988). Researchers may also utilize theory from other areas of psychology. For example, eyewitness researchers borrow from general memory research to explain the ways that viewing books of mug shots can retroactively interfere with the original memory of the face of a perpetrator (Wells et al., 2006).

Eyewitness Testimony

Across many topics, eyewitness testimony remains a vivacious research area. The American Psychology-Law Society lists more than 1,400 references on the topic from 1883 and 2006. Eyewitness testimony research established roots as a research area in psychology over 100 years ago in Germany. Read more about Eyewitness Testimony .

Repressed Memory

Repression is a psychological construct with roots in Freudian ego defenses, and repression has existed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) through prior versions and into the current DSM-IV-TR in the diagnostic criteria for dissociative amnesia. Repression emerged into prominence in psychology and the law in the 1980s and 1990s with questions about repressed memories. Read more about Repressed Memory .

Pretrial Publicity

Questions regarding pretrial publicity center on the tension between two guaranteed rights in the United States. The First Amendment to the Constitution allows freedom of the press, and the Sixth Amendment provides each defendant the right to a speedy trial before an impartial jury. When the press publicizes details of an ongoing investigation (e.g., prior convictions of the defendant, particular pieces of evidence, or a confession), the media expose potential jurors to these details. Read more about Pretrial Publicity .

Interrogation and Confession

Interrogation rooms remain some of the most secretive locations in the United States legal system. Police undertake interrogation to discover the truth about a crime. Police, along with society at large, want guilty people to confess and innocent people to resist. The stakes are particularly high because a confession is even more powerful than eyewitness testimony in a criminal trial (Kassin & Gudjonsson, 2004). A confession increases the likelihood of guilty verdicts even when the confession is coerced through threats or promises and even when judges admonish (i.e., instruct) jurors to ignore the confession (Kassin & Gudjonsson, 2004). Read more about  Interrogation and Confession .

Jury Decision Making

The jury has been one of the most mysterious forces in United States law. Critics have leveled extensive allegations that juries are unpredictable, unrepresentative of the population of the United States, biased, and irresponsible. Research into jury decision making has shed light on many phenomena in criminal and civil legal systems, but many questions remain. Read more about Jury Decision Making .

Future Directions in Psychology and Law

The field of psychology and the law continues to grow in depth and in breadth. Psychologists seek new ways to develop the topics described here. For example, as their understanding of juries grows, psychologists will continue to investigate more complex issues in jury decision making such as the structure of complex trials, other sources of extralegal influence on jurors’ comprehension, and the ways that proposed legal reforms can affect jury behavior. New areas will also continue to emerge. Psychologists will step further into questions about the law at the end of life. How do people choose someone to make their legal decisions in case of medical incapacitation? How should physicians, psychologists, and attorneys assess the integrity of the decisions of an older adult or a person with medically induced cognitive disabilities? The social context will also drive research areas. The prominence of criminal profiling in the media may continue to drive interest and increase research attention in research, practice, and education. The areas described in this section elucidate only part of the story, and the field’s rapid growth has not showed signs of slowing.

This section offered a concise overview of the field of psychology and the law. The effects of the legal system extend to citizens and noncitizens alike, and the power of the law to proscribe behavior suggests that it will be a central research topic for psychology into the indefinite future. Although the methods and goals of psychological science differ from those of the law in many important ways, researchers and lawmakers share similar goals. Broadly speaking, they want a more accurate and efficient legal system that better fits what psychologists have learned about human behavior. Students in this field have a wide variety of careers from which to choose. The dynamic history of the field attests to the potential for rapid change and the significant influence of productive individuals such as Loftus, Kassin, Greene, and Bornstein, to name only a few. The topic areas briefly described previously elucidate some possible areas, but the field is expanding rapidly, and new ideas and innovative research from today’s students will shape the future of the discipline.

Read more about Forensic Psychology:

• Forensic Psychology
• What is Forensic Psychology?
• History of Forensic Psychology
• Clinical Forensic Psychology
• Forensic Psychology Ethics
• Forensic Psychology Education
• Forensic Psychology Research Topics

References:

• American Society of Trial Consultants. (2007). Retrieved June 24, 2015, from http://www.astcweb.org/
• Bacon, F. (1857). Essay IV: Of revenge. In Richard Whately (Ed.), Bacon’s essays: With annotations. London: John W. Parker and Son.
• Bass, E., & Davis, L. (1988). The courage to heal: A guide for women survivors of child sexual abuse. New York: Harper & Row.
• Bornstein, B. H. (1999). The ecological validity of jury simula­tions: Is the jury still out? Law and Human Behavior, 23, 75-91.
• Bornstein, B., Whisenhunt, B., Nemeth, R., & Dunaway, D. (2002). Pretrial publicity and civil cases: A two-way street? Law and Human Behavior, 26, 3-17.
• Bottoms, B., Costanzo, M., Greene, E., Redlich, A., Woolard, J., & Zapf, (2004). Careers in psychology and the law: A guide for prospective students. Retrieved June 24, 2015, from http://www.apadivisions.org/division-41/education/students/career-guide.pdf
• Brigham, J. C., & Grisso, J. T. (2003). Forensic Psychology. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.) & D. K. Freedheim (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 1. The history of psychology (pp. 391-411). New York: Wiley.
• Chin, A., & Peterson, M. (1985). Deep pockets, empty pockets: Who wins in Cook County? Santa Monica, CA: The Rand Corporation.
• Devine, D., Clayton, L., Dunford, B., Seying, R., & Pryce, J. (2001). Jury decision making: 45 years of empirical research on deliberating groups. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 7, 622-727.
• Fulero, S. M., & Penrod, S. D. (1990). Attorney jury selection folklore: What do they think and how can psychologists help? Forensic Reports, 3, 233-259.
• Greene, E., & Bornstein, B. (2003). Determining damages: The psychology of jury awards. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
• Greene, E., & Wade, R. (1988). Of private talk and public print: General pretrial publicity and juror decision making. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 2, 123-135.
• Innocence Project. (2007). Innocence Project. Retrieved June 24, 2007, from http://www.innocenceproject.org/
• Kassin, S. M. (1997). The psychology of confession evidence. American Psychologist, 52, 221-233.
• Kassin, S. M., & Fong, C. T. (1999). I’m innocent! Effects of training on judgments of truth and deception in the interro­gation room. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 499-516.
• Kassin, S. M., & Gudjonsson, G. H. (2004). The psychol­ogy of confessions: A review of the literature and issues. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 5, 33-67.
• Konecni, V. J., & Ebbesen, E. B. (1979). External validity of research in legal psychology. Law and Human Behavior, 3, 39-70.
• Kramer, G. P., Kerr, N. L., & Carroll, J. S. (1990). Pretrial public­ity, judicial remedies, and jury bias. [Special issue: Law and the Media] Law and Human Behavior, 14, 409-138.
• Lieberman, J., & Sales, B. (2000). Jury instructions: Past, pres­ent, and future. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 6, 587-590.
• Loftus, E. F. (1993). The reality of repressed memories. American Psychologist, 48, 518-537.
• Loftus, E. F. (1996). Eyewitness testimony (Rev. Ed.). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1979)
• Loftus, E. F., & Pickrell, J. E. (1995). The formation of false memories. Psychiatric Annals, 25, 720-725.
• MacCoun, R. J. (1996). Differential treatment of corporate defen­dants: An examination of the “deep-pockets” hypothesis. Law and Society Review, 30, 121-161.
• Mazzella, R., & Feingold, A. (1994). The effects of physical attractiveness, race, socioeconomic status, and gender of defendants and victims on judgments of mock jurors: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 24, 1315-1344.
• Munsterberg, H. (1908). On the witness stand: Essays on psy­chology and crime. New York: Clark Boardman.
• Nicholson, R. A. (1999). Forensic assessment. In R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), Psychology and the law: The state of the discipline (pp. 121-173). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Nietzel, M. T., McCarthy, D. M., & Kern, M. J. (1999). Juries: The current state of the empirical literature. In R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), Psychology and law: The state of the discipline (pp. 23-52). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Ogloff, J. P. R., & Finkelman, D. (1999). Psychology and the law: An overview. In R. Roesch, S. D. Hart, & J. R. P. Ogloff (Eds.), Psychology and the law: The state of the discipline (pp. 1-20). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.
• Pennington, N., & Hastie, R. (1988). Explanation-based deci­sion making: Effects of memory structure on judgment. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 14, 521-533.
• Pickren, W. E., & Fowler, R. D. (2003). Professional organiza­tions. In I. B. Weiner (Series Ed.) & D. K. Freedheim (Vol. Ed.), Handbook of psychology: Vol. 1. The history of psy­chology (pp. 535-554). New York: Wiley.
• Robbennolt, J. K. (2002). Punitive damage decision making: The decisions of citizens and trial court judges. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 315-341.
• Sporer, S. L. (2006). The science of eyewitness testimony has come of age. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7, i-ii.
• Steblay, N., Besirevic, J., Fulero, S., & Jiminez-Lorente, B. (1999). The effects of pretrial publicity on jury verdicts: A meta-analytic review. Law and Human Behavior, 23, 219-235.
• Steblay, N., Dysart, J., Fulero, S., & Lindsay, R. (2001). Eyewitness accuracy rates in sequential and simultaneous lineup presentation: A meta-analytic comparison. Law and Human Behavior, 25, 459-473.
• Studebaker, C. A., & Penrod, S. D. (1997). Pretrial publicity: The media, the law, and common sense. Psychology, Public Policy, and the Law, 2-3, 428-460.
• Studebaker, C., Robbenold, J., Penrod, S., Pathak-Sharma, M., Groscup, J., & Devenport, J. (2002). Studying pretrial pub­licity effects: New methods for improving ecological valid­ity. Law and Human Behavior, 26, 19-42.
• Wells, G. L., Memon, A., & Penrod, S. D. (2006). Eyewitness evidence: Improving its probative value. Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 7, 45-75.
• Winick, B. J. (2003). Therapeutic jurisprudence and problem-solving courts. Fordham Urban Law Journal, 30, 1055-1090.

61 intriguing psychology research topics to explore

Last updated

11 January 2024

Reviewed by

Brittany Ferri, PhD, OTR/L

Short on time? Get an AI generated summary of this article instead

Psychology is an incredibly diverse, critical, and ever-changing area of study in the medical and health industries. Because of this, it’s a common area of study for students and healthcare professionals.

We’re walking you through picking the perfect topic for your upcoming paper or study. Keep reading for plenty of example topics to pique your interest and curiosity.

• How to choose a psychology research topic

Exploring a psychology-based topic for your research project? You need to pick a specific area of interest to collect compelling data. 

Use these tips to help you narrow down which psychology topics to research:

Focus on a particular area of psychology

The most effective psychological research focuses on a smaller, niche concept or disorder within the scope of a study. 

Psychology is a broad and fascinating area of science, including everything from diagnosed mental health disorders to sports performance mindset assessments. 

This gives you plenty of different avenues to explore. Having a hard time choosing? Check out our list of 61 ideas further down in this article to get started.

Read the latest clinical studies

Once you’ve picked a more niche topic to explore, you need to do your due diligence and explore other research projects on the same topic. 

This practice will help you learn more about your chosen topic, ask more specific questions, and avoid covering existing projects. 

For the best results, we recommend creating a research folder of associated published papers to reference throughout your project. This makes it much easier to cite direct references and find inspiration down the line.

Find a topic you enjoy and ask questions

Once you’ve spent time researching and collecting references for your study, you finally get to explore. 

Whether this research project is for work, school, or just for fun, having a passion for your research will make the project much more enjoyable. (Trust us, there will be times when that is the only thing that keeps you going.) 

Now you’ve decided on the topic, ask more nuanced questions you might want to explore. 

If you can, pick the direction that interests you the most to make the research process much more enjoyable.

• 61 psychology topics to research in 2024

Need some extra help starting your psychology research project on the right foot? Explore our list of 61 cutting-edge, in-demand psychology research topics to use as a starting point for your research journey.

• Psychology research topics for university students

As a university student, it can be hard to pick a research topic that fits the scope of your classes and is still compelling and unique. 

Here are a few exciting topics we recommend exploring for your next assigned research project:

Mental health in post-secondary students

Seeking post-secondary education is a stressful and overwhelming experience for most students, making this topic a great choice to explore for your in-class research paper. 

Examples of post-secondary mental health research topics include:

Student mental health status during exam season

Mental health disorder prevalence based on study major

The impact of chronic school stress on overall quality of life

The impacts of cyberbullying

Cyberbullying can occur at all ages, starting as early as elementary school and carrying through into professional workplaces. 

Examples of cyberbullying-based research topics you can study include:

The impact of cyberbullying on self-esteem

Common reasons people engage in cyberbullying 

Cyberbullying themes and commonly used terms

Cyberbullying habits in children vs. adults

The long-term effects of cyberbullying

• Clinical psychology research topics

If you’re looking to take a more clinical approach to your next project, here are a few topics that involve direct patient assessment for you to consider:

Chronic pain and mental health

Living with chronic pain dramatically impacts every aspect of a person’s life, including their mental and emotional health. 

Here are a few examples of in-demand pain-related psychology research topics:

The connection between diabetic neuropathy and depression

Neurological pain and its connection to mental health disorders

Efficacy of meditation and mindfulness for pain management

The long-term effects of insomnia

Insomnia is where you have difficulty falling or staying asleep. It’s a common health concern that impacts millions of people worldwide. 

This is an excellent topic because insomnia can have a variety of causes, offering many research possibilities. 

Here are a few compelling psychology research topics about insomnia you could investigate:

The prevalence of insomnia based on age, gender, and ethnicity

Insomnia and its impact on workplace productivity

The connection between insomnia and mental health disorders

Efficacy and use of melatonin supplements for insomnia

The risks and benefits of prescription insomnia medications

Lifestyle options for managing insomnia symptoms

The efficacy of mental health treatment options

Management and treatment of mental health conditions is an ever-changing area of study. If you can witness or participate in mental health therapies, this can make a great research project. 

Examples of mental health treatment-related psychology research topics include:

The efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for patients with severe anxiety

The benefits and drawbacks of group vs. individual therapy sessions

Music therapy for mental health disorders

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) for patients with depression 

• Controversial psychology research paper topics

If you are looking to explore a more cutting-edge or modern psychology topic, you can delve into a variety of controversial and topical options:

The impact of social media and digital platforms

Ever since access to internet forums and video games became more commonplace, there’s been growing concern about the impact these digital platforms have on mental health. 

Examples of social media and video game-related psychology research topics include:

The effect of edited images on self-confidence

How social media platforms impact social behavior

Video games and their impact on teenage anger and violence

Digital communication and the rapid spread of misinformation

The development of digital friendships

Psychotropic medications for mental health

In recent years, the interest in using psychoactive medications to treat and manage health conditions has increased despite their inherently controversial nature. 

Examples of psychotropic medication-related research topics include:

The risks and benefits of using psilocybin mushrooms for managing anxiety

The impact of marijuana on early-onset psychosis

Childhood marijuana use and related prevalence of mental health conditions

Ketamine and its use for complex PTSD (C-PTSD) symptom management

The effect of long-term psychedelic use and mental health conditions

• Mental health disorder research topics

As one of the most popular subsections of psychology, studying mental health disorders and how they impact quality of life is an essential and impactful area of research. 

While studies in these areas are common, there’s always room for additional exploration, including the following hot-button topics:

Anxiety and depression disorders

Anxiety and depression are well-known and heavily researched mental health disorders. 

Despite this, we still don’t know many things about these conditions, making them great candidates for psychology research projects:

Social anxiety and its connection to chronic loneliness

C-PTSD symptoms and causes

The development of phobias

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) behaviors and symptoms

Depression triggers and causes

Self-care tools and resources for depression

The prevalence of anxiety and depression in particular age groups or geographic areas

Bipolar disorder

Bipolar disorder is a complex and multi-faceted area of psychology research. 

Use your research skills to learn more about this condition and its impact by choosing any of the following topics:

Early signs of bipolar disorder

The incidence of bipolar disorder in young adults

The efficacy of existing bipolar treatment options

Bipolar medication side effects

Cognitive behavioral therapy for people with bipolar 

Schizoaffective disorder

Schizoaffective disorder is often stigmatized, and less common mental health disorders are a hotbed for new and exciting research. 

Here are a few examples of interesting research topics related to this mental health disorder:

The prevalence of schizoaffective disorder by certain age groups or geographic locations

Risk factors for developing schizoaffective disorder

The prevalence and content of auditory and visual hallucinations

Alternative therapies for schizoaffective disorder

• Societal and systematic psychology research topics

Modern society’s impact is deeply enmeshed in our mental and emotional health on a personal and community level. 

Here are a few examples of societal and systemic psychology research topics to explore in more detail:

Access to mental health services

While mental health awareness has risen over the past few decades, access to quality mental health treatment and resources is still not equitable. 

This can significantly impact the severity of a person’s mental health symptoms, which can result in worse health outcomes if left untreated. 

Explore this crucial issue and provide information about the need for improved mental health resource access by studying any of the following topics:

Rural vs. urban access to mental health resources

Access to crisis lines by location

Wait times for emergency mental health services

Inequities in mental health access based on income and location

Insurance coverage for mental health services

Systemic racism and mental health

Societal systems and the prevalence of systemic racism heavily impact every aspect of a person’s overall health.

Researching these topics draws attention to existing problems and contributes valuable insights into ways to improve access to care moving forward.

Examples of systemic racism-related psychology research topics include: 

Access to mental health resources based on race

The prevalence of BIPOC mental health therapists in a chosen area

The impact of systemic racism on mental health and self-worth

Racism training for mental health workers

The prevalence of mental health disorders in discriminated groups

LGBTQIA+ mental health concerns

Research about LGBTQIA+ people and their mental health needs is a unique area of study to explore for your next research project. It’s a commonly overlooked and underserved community.

Examples of LGBTQIA+ psychology research topics to consider include:

Mental health supports for queer teens and children

The impact of queer safe spaces on mental health

The prevalence of mental health disorders in the LGBTQIA+ community

The benefits of queer mentorship and found family

Substance misuse in LQBTQIA+ youth and adults

• Collect data and identify trends with Dovetail

Psychology research is an exciting and competitive study area, making it the perfect choice for projects or papers.

Take the headache out of analyzing your data and instantly access the insights you need to complete your next psychology research project by teaming up with Dovetail today.

Should you be using a customer insights hub?

Do you want to discover previous research faster?

Do you share your research findings with others?

Do you analyze research data?

Start for free today, add your research, and get to key insights faster

Editor’s picks

Last updated: 18 April 2023

Last updated: 27 February 2023

Last updated: 5 February 2023

Last updated: 16 April 2023

Last updated: 16 August 2024

Last updated: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 30 April 2024

Last updated: 12 December 2023

Last updated: 11 March 2024

Last updated: 4 July 2024

Last updated: 6 March 2024

Last updated: 5 March 2024

Last updated: 13 May 2024

Latest articles

Related topics, .css-je19u9{-webkit-align-items:flex-end;-webkit-box-align:flex-end;-ms-flex-align:flex-end;align-items:flex-end;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-flex-direction:row;-ms-flex-direction:row;flex-direction:row;-webkit-box-flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-flex-wrap:wrap;-ms-flex-wrap:wrap;flex-wrap:wrap;-webkit-box-pack:center;-ms-flex-pack:center;-webkit-justify-content:center;justify-content:center;row-gap:0;text-align:center;max-width:671px;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}}@media (max-width: 799px){.css-je19u9{max-width:400px;}.css-je19u9>span{white-space:pre;}} decide what to .css-1kiodld{max-height:56px;display:-webkit-box;display:-webkit-flex;display:-ms-flexbox;display:flex;-webkit-align-items:center;-webkit-box-align:center;-ms-flex-align:center;align-items:center;}@media (max-width: 1079px){.css-1kiodld{display:none;}} build next, decide what to build next, log in or sign up.

Get started for free

Forensic Psychology Research Paper Topics

This page provides a comprehensive list of forensic psychology research paper topics , offering a deep dive into the intersection of psychology and the legal system. Forensic psychology is a crucial field that applies psychological principles to legal issues, enhancing our understanding of everything from criminal behavior to courtroom dynamics. These topics explore areas such as criminal profiling, the reliability of eyewitness testimony, and the ethical challenges faced by forensic psychologists. By engaging with these topics, students and researchers can contribute to a more informed legal system and develop strategies for addressing complex psychological issues within the framework of the law. This resource is designed to inspire robust academic inquiry and real-world application, providing the tools needed to address key questions in forensic psychology and improve the effectiveness of the justice system.

100 Forensic Psychology Research Paper Topics

Forensic psychology is a dynamic field that melds psychological expertise with legal acumen, offering unique insights into both criminal behavior and the broader legal system. As such, the selection of impactful forensic psychology research paper topics is crucial for students and professionals aiming to contribute to public safety, justice, and the effective rehabilitation of offenders. This page provides a comprehensive list of topics that not only cover the breadth of forensic psychology but also delve into specific areas that challenge and advance the current understanding and practices within the field.

Academic Writing, Editing, Proofreading, And Problem Solving Services

Get 10% off with 24start discount code.

• The accuracy of criminal profiling techniques
• Psychological profiles of notorious criminals
• Comparative analysis of profiling methods across different countries
• Profiling and its effectiveness in solving cold cases
• The role of profiling in sexual offense cases
• Ethical considerations in criminal profiling
• The impact of media on criminal profiling practices
• Profiling in terrorism cases: Challenges and insights
• The evolution of criminal profiling over the decades
• Limitations of profiling in law enforcement
• Stress management for law enforcement officers
• Psychological tactics used in police interrogations
• The impact of police culture on individual behavior and attitudes
• Psychological assessments for law enforcement recruitment
• The effect of body-worn cameras on police behavior
• Mental health issues in law enforcement careers
• Crisis negotiation strategies and their psychological bases
• The role of psychological training in law enforcement
• Behavioral analysis of police shootings
• Police-community relations from a psychological perspective
• Reliability of eyewitness testimony in criminal trials
• The effects of stress on the accuracy of eyewitness accounts
• Techniques to improve the retrieval of memories by eyewitnesses
• Children as eyewitnesses: Challenges and reliability
• Psychological factors influencing eyewitness confidence
• Misinformation effects and the post-identification feedback effect
• The role of race and ethnicity in eyewitness identification
• Eyewitness memory and the implications for wrongful convictions
• Facial recognition technology and eyewitness testimony
• Training programs to enhance eyewitness evidence
• Psychological influences on jury behavior and decision-making
• The impact of pretrial publicity on juror impartiality
• Gender and age factors in jury decisions
• The role of emotion in jury verdicts
• Jury consultation and the psychology behind jury selection
• Deliberation dynamics: How juries reach a verdict
• The effect of expert witness testimony on jury decisions
• Simulated jury studies: What they tell us about real jury behavior
• Cognitive biases in jury deliberations
• Virtual reality as a tool for understanding jury behavior
• Psychological assessments used in child custody disputes
• The effects of divorce on children: An age-wise analysis
• Parental alienation syndrome: Psychological impacts and legal implications
• The role of forensic psychologists in family law cases
• Assessing parent-child interactions in custody evaluations
• The influence of domestic violence on child custody decisions
• Legal and psychological perspectives on child adoption
• Therapeutic jurisprudence and its application in family law
• Guardianship and competency issues in juvenile law
• Psychological interventions for families involved in custody disputes
• The prevalence of mental disorders among incarcerated individuals
• Legal and psychological approaches to the insanity defense
• Treatment and management of mental illness in prisons
• Risk assessment of violent behavior among psychiatric patients
• The intersection of drug abuse and mental health in criminal behavior
• Psychological strategies for managing sex offenders
• The impact of solitary confinement on mental health
• Rehabilitation approaches for mentally ill offenders
• Ethical issues in the treatment of mentally ill criminals
• Mental health courts and their effectiveness in handling offenders with psychopathology
• Evidence-based psychological interventions for offender rehabilitation
• The effectiveness of cognitive-behavioral therapy in reducing recidivism
• Rehabilitation programs for juvenile offenders
• The role of education in the rehabilitation of prisoners
• Challenges and outcomes of rehabilitation programs in high-security prisons
• Restorative justice: Psychological principles and practices
• The impact of parole and probation on offender rehabilitation
• Psychological support for re-entering offenders
• Addiction treatment programs in the criminal justice system
• Evaluating the long-term success of offender rehabilitation programs
• Techniques in psychological assessment of criminal defendants
• Competency to stand trial: Psychological evaluation and legal standards
• Assessing the risk of future violence: Tools and techniques
• Psychological evaluations in death penalty cases
• The use of polygraph tests in forensic settings
• Fitness for duty evaluations for law enforcement personnel
• The role of neuropsychological testing in forensic cases
• The assessment of malingering in forensic contexts
• Ethical dilemmas in forensic psychological assessments
• Cross-cultural considerations in forensic evaluations
• Psychological impacts of crime on victims
• The role of victim support services in the criminal justice system
• Secondary victimization: Psychological and legal aspects
• Coping mechanisms of victims of violent crimes
• The treatment and recovery process for victims of sexual crimes
• Psychological profiling of vulnerable victims
• Victim-offender mediation programs: Efficacy and psychological effects
• The role of victims in the criminal justice process
• Long-term psychological effects of being a crime victim
• Victim rights and their enforcement: A psychological perspective
• Dual relationships and conflicts of interest in forensic psychology
• Confidentiality issues in the treatment of forensic populations
• Ethical challenges in research with offender populations
• Consent and competency in forensic psychological assessments
• The use of deception in psychological research of forensic interest
• Handling ethical dilemmas in forensic assessments
• Ethical guidelines for forensic psychologists
• The role of ethics in psychological expert witness testimony
• Balancing clinical and forensic roles: Ethical and practical challenges
• Ethical considerations in juvenile forensic psychology

The range of forensic psychology research paper topics is vast and diverse, reflecting the complex interactions between psychology and the legal system. Students engaged in forensic psychology can greatly contribute to advancing the field by exploring these topics, which are crucial for developing more effective and humane approaches to justice. As they embark on this academic pursuit, students have the opportunity to not only enhance their own understanding and skills but also to make meaningful contributions that can lead to significant societal benefits.

The Range of Forensic Psychology Research Paper Topics

Criminal Profiling and Behavioral Analysis

Forensic psychology significantly contributes to criminal profiling and behavioral analysis, which are vital in solving crimes and apprehending offenders. Criminal profiling involves creating a psychological and behavioral portrait of offenders based on clues from crime scenes and victim reports. This process often requires a deep understanding of psychological theories and human behavior patterns. The accuracy of criminal profiling can vary, and while it has been instrumental in solving numerous high-profile cases, it also faces scrutiny over its scientific validity and ethical implications.

Several case studies, such as the work on the BTK killer or the Unabomber, showcase the practical applications of profiling in solving complex crimes. These cases demonstrate how detailed behavioral analysis can guide law enforcement in narrowing down suspects and solving crimes more efficiently. However, the field of criminal profiling is not without its controversies. Critics argue that profiling sometimes relies too heavily on stereotypes and lacks a robust empirical foundation, leading to potential biases and misidentifications. A critical analysis of these techniques reveals a complex interplay between theory-driven predictions and evidence-based conclusions, underscoring the need for ongoing research and methodological refinement in forensic psychology.

Role of Psychologists in Legal Proceedings

Forensic psychologists play a multifaceted role in legal proceedings, influencing outcomes through activities such as providing expert witness testimony, assisting with jury selection, and offering insights into the mental state of defendants. The preparation of forensic psychologists to stand as expert witnesses involves thorough assessments and a deep understanding of both psychological principles and legal standards. Their testimony can profoundly impact trial outcomes, particularly in cases involving mental health defenses or assessments of competency to stand trial.

The involvement of forensic psychologists in jury selection, also known as voir dire, allows them to apply psychological principles to help attorneys select jurors who may be more sympathetic to their arguments or more impartial, depending on the case’s needs. This role is critical in ensuring a fair trial by creating a jury that can objectively interpret evidence and testimony. The analysis of these interactions highlights the delicate balance psychologists must maintain between their professional obligations and the strategic goals of legal teams, showcasing the integral role they play in bridging the gap between law and psychology.

Ethics and Challenges in Forensic Psychology

Ethical dilemmas are rampant in forensic psychology due to the sensitive nature of the work and the significant consequences of psychological assessments and testimonies. Forensic psychologists must navigate complex ethical waters, including issues of confidentiality, consent, and potential conflicts of interest. Maintaining objectivity is paramount, as any bias can significantly alter the lives of individuals involved and the justice system’s integrity.

Exploring the challenges forensic psychologists face, such as pressures from legal entities to deliver favorable outcomes or dealing with uncooperative or manipulative subjects, provides insight into the robust ethical framework required in this field. Numerous case studies illustrate how forensic psychologists handle these ethical challenges, offering lessons and guidelines for upholding integrity and objectivity in forensic assessments. These cases highlight the importance of continuous ethical training and strict adherence to professional guidelines to mitigate the risks associated with forensic psychological practice.

The exploration of forensic psychology research paper topics offers invaluable insights into the complex interaction between psychology and the legal system. This article has highlighted the significant impact of forensic psychology on criminal profiling, legal proceedings, and ethical practices within the justice system. By continuing to advance research in these areas, forensic psychology can further influence legal outcomes and contribute to the development of a more just and effective criminal justice system. The potential of these research topics to shape future legal and psychological practices is immense, underscoring the importance of this fascinating intersection of disciplines.

iResearchNet’s Writing Services

For forensic psychology research papers.

iResearchNet is proud to offer specialized writing services tailored specifically for students and professionals in the field of forensic psychology. Our services are designed to support rigorous academic and professional requirements, providing comprehensive assistance from the initial research phase to the final draft. Whether you are investigating the psychological underpinnings of criminal behavior, the ethical implications of forensic practice, or the detailed analysis of legal cases from a psychological perspective, iResearchNet has the expertise to deliver top-quality, custom-written forensic psychology research papers.

• Expert degree-holding writers : Our team includes writers who not only possess advanced degrees in psychology but also have specialized knowledge in forensic psychology, ensuring that your research paper is both authoritative and compliant with academic standards.
• Custom written works : Every paper is uniquely tailored to meet your specific requirements, ensuring originality and tailored research that directly addresses your research questions and academic needs.
• In-depth research : We engage in comprehensive research, utilizing a wide array of sources, including recent studies, classical theories, and contemporary discussions relevant to forensic psychology.
• Custom formatting (APA, MLA, Chicago/Turabian, Harvard) : Your research paper will be formatted according to the specific citation style you require, with meticulous attention to detail in every aspect of layout and referencing.
• Top quality : We guarantee the highest quality in all our papers, achieved through rigorous editing and proofreading processes to ensure accuracy, coherence, and scholarly depth.
• Customized solutions : Recognizing the diversity within forensic psychology topics, we provide customized writing solutions that cater to the unique aspects of each assignment.
• Flexible pricing : Our pricing structure is designed to be flexible, accommodating the varying budgetary needs of students at all academic levels.
• Short deadlines up to 3 hours : For urgent deadlines, our team is prepared to deliver high-quality work within a minimal turnaround time, without compromising on the depth of research or quality of writing.
• Timely delivery : We understand the importance of meeting deadlines in academic settings, which is why we prioritize on-time delivery for all our projects.
• 24/7 support : Our support team is available around the clock to assist you with any queries, updates, or additional requirements you might have throughout the writing process.
• Absolute privacy : We adhere to strict privacy policies to ensure that all your personal and academic information remains confidential and secure.
• Easy order tracking : With our intuitive order tracking system, you can monitor the progress of your research paper at any time, providing you with peace of mind and control over the writing process.
• Money-back guarantee : Our commitment to quality and customer satisfaction is underscored by a money-back guarantee, ensuring that you are fully satisfied with the final product.

At iResearchNet, we are committed to enhancing the academic and professional journeys of those within the forensic psychology community. Our specialized writing services are crafted to support the unique challenges presented by this intriguing field, helping you to produce impactful, insightful, and thorough research papers. By choosing iResearchNet, you are ensuring that your work not only meets but exceeds the rigorous standards expected in forensic psychology, preparing you for success in both academic and professional arenas.

Buy Your Custom Research Paper Today!

Embark on your academic and professional journey in forensic psychology with confidence by leveraging the expert writing services of iResearchNet. We understand the complex challenges that come with crafting research papers in forensic psychology, from navigating the intricate theories of criminal behavior to applying these concepts within the legal system. That’s why we are here to provide you with the support you need to succeed.

Take advantage of our team of expert degree-holding writers who specialize in forensic psychology. They are equipped with the knowledge and skills to deliver research papers that not only meet but exceed academic standards. Whether you are delving into criminal profiling, exploring the ethical dimensions of forensic practice, or examining the psychological impact of legal processes, iResearchNet has the resources to support your research needs.

Our ordering process is streamlined and user-friendly, designed to save you time and reduce stress. With just a few clicks, you can specify your requirements, submit your order, and start working with our team who are committed to helping you achieve your academic goals. We offer flexible pricing to accommodate your budget and the ability to meet even the tightest deadlines, ensuring that you never miss a due date.

At iResearchNet, we provide 24/7 support to answer any questions and address any concerns you may have throughout the writing process. This comprehensive support system is designed to provide you with peace of mind and ensure that your research journey in forensic psychology is as smooth and successful as possible. Additionally, our commitment to your privacy means that all your personal and project information remains secure and confidential.

Don’t hesitate to enhance your academic journey in forensic psychology. Buy your custom research paper from iResearchNet today, and benefit from top-quality, customized research solutions that pave the way for your success. Whether you’re aiming to influence the field of forensic psychology or looking to advance your career, iResearchNet is your trusted partner in achieving academic excellence and insightful understanding in forensic psychology.

ORDER HIGH QUALITY CUSTOM PAPER

The top 10 journal articles from 2023 examined the effects of social media, CBT for substance use, and the psychology of gig work

APA’s 89 journals published more than 5,500 articles in 2023. Here are the top 10 most read

Vol. 55 No. 1 Print version: page 22

1. Looking through a filtered lens: Negative social comparison on social media and suicidal ideation among young adults.

Spitzer, E. G., et al.

Young adults who engage in comparisons to others on social media and thus feel bad about themselves are more likely to think about suicide, this research in Psychology of Popular Media (Vol. 12, No. 1) suggests. Researchers surveyed 456 college students about their frequency of social media use and used scales to assess participants’ tendency to engage in negative social comparison on Instagram and Facebook, suicidal ideation, and thwarted belongingness (i.e., feeling as if lacking connections or meaningful relationships with others). Results indicated that participants who engaged in negative social comparisons were more likely to report suicidal ideation than those who did not. Specifically, on Instagram, those who negatively compared themselves to others the most also showed the highest levels of association between thwarted belongingness and suicidal ideation. These findings suggest the need for limits on social media use and education around its mental health effects. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000380

2. Self-compassion and women’s experience of social media content portraying body positivity and appearance ideals.

Rutter, H., et al.

The type of social media content women view can affect their self-compassion—how kind to themselves and accepting of their flaws they are—suggests this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication). In two experiments, a total of 247 women viewed content consistent with appearance ideals (fitspiration body photos; faces with makeup), appearance-neutral content (landscapes), or body-positive content (body-positive body photos, body-positive quotes, faces without makeup). In both experiments, women who viewed content consistent with appearance ideals reported a state of worse self-compassion and worse thoughts about themselves than those who viewed body-positive or appearance-neutral content. Women who already had daily low self-compassion or high disordered-eating symptoms were the most affected by viewing content consistent with appearance ideals. On the contrary, viewing body-positive content increased the state of self-compassion relative to viewing appearance-neutral content. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000453

3. Reducing social media use improves appearance and weight esteem in youth with emotional distress.

Thai, H., et al.

Reducing smartphone social media use to 1 hour per day might improve body image and weight esteem in youth with emotional distress who are heavy social media users, this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication) suggests. The researchers randomly assigned 220 participants (ages 17 to 25 who used social media at least 2 hours per day) to either a 4-week intervention in which they limited their social media use to 1 hour per day or to a control condition with unrestricted access to social media. After the 4-week intervention, the group with restricted social media use felt better about their appearance and weight relative to before the intervention, whereas the other group showed no changes. Thus, reducing smartphone social media use appears to be a good method to improve how youths feel about their appearance and weight and could become a component in the prevention and treatment of body image-related disturbances. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000460

4. Interventions to reduce the negative impact of online highly visual social networking site use on mental health outcomes: A scoping review.

Herriman, Z., et al.

In this review, published in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication), researchers identified 39 studies published between 2011 and 2022 that examined how interventions designed to reduce the negative impact of online highly visual social networking site (e.g., Facebook, Instagram) use impact mental health. Most of the studies were conducted on Western adults younger than age 35 and varied widely in terms of the variables assessed, making it difficult to highlight overall conclusions. Nevertheless, results indicate that interventions focused on reducing the exposure to highly visual social media platforms benefited well-being but may also reduce social connectedness. Interventions focused on social media literacy programs may reduce addiction and improve body image. Other interventions that adopted varied psychological approaches did not appear to lead to significant results. The researchers also highlighted the gaps in research that should be addressed to improve the efficacy of such interventions, including a need for interventions that are more guided by psychological theories and assessments of these interventions that are rigorous and include diverse populations. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000455

5. On the outside looking in: Social media intensity, social connection, and user well-being: The moderating role of passive social media use.

Roberts, J. A., & David, M. E.

According to this study in the Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science (Vol. 55, No. 3) , heavy passive social media use may be linked with a weaker sense of social connection and well-being. In two survey-based studies with 226 participants in the United States, researchers found that passive engagement with social media (viewing social media but not regularly posting or interacting through the platform) was associated with less social connection, lower well-being, and higher stress. In a third, experimental study, with 160 participants, the researchers asked participants to use social media heavily (10 minutes) or lightly (5 minutes) and engage with it actively or passively. The results indicated that heavy social media use had a negative impact on feelings of social connection when used passively but a positive effect when used actively. DOI: 10.1037/cbs0000323

6. Social media usage is associated with lower knowledge about anxiety and indiscriminate use of anxiety coping strategies.

Wolenski, R., & Pettit, J. W.

Social media might not be the best source to learn about anxiety and how to reduce it, this study in Psychology of Popular Media (advance online publication) suggests. Young adults (N=250) responded to an online survey in which they reported their sources of information about anxiety, the strategies they use to cope with anxiety, and their anxiety symptoms and severity. The researchers also tested participants’ knowledge about anxiety. Participants rated the internet (e.g., Wikipedia, medical websites) as their most used information source, followed by friends and family, therapy, and social media. Participants with an anxiety diagnosis or severe symptoms sought information on social media more frequently than the other participants. Across all participants, those who sought information on social media more frequently showed a lower knowledge about anxiety and were more likely to report using both adaptive and maladaptive strategies to reduce anxiety. On the contrary, using the internet was associated with more knowledge about anxiety. These findings suggest the need to promote the dissemination of accurate information about anxiety on social media. DOI: 10.1037/ppm0000456

7. The psychological scaffolding of arithmetic

Grice, M., et al.

In this article in Psychological Review (advance online publication), the authors propose that arithmetic has a biological origin, rather than philosophical, logical, or cognitive basis. This assertion rests on four principles of perceptual organization—monotonicity, convexity, continuity, and isomorphism—that shape how humans and other animals experience the world. According to the authors, these principles exclude all possibilities except the existence of arithmetic. Monotonicity is the idea that things change in the same direction, so that approaching objects appear to expand, while retreating objects appear to shrink. Convexity deals with betweenness, such that the four corners of a soccer pitch define the playing field even without boundary lines connecting them. Continuity describes the smoothness with which objects appear to move in time and space. Isomorphism is the idea of analogy, allowing people to recognize that cats are more similar to dogs than rocks. The authors’ analysis suggests that arithmetic is not necessarily an immutable truth of the universe but rather follows as a natural consequence of our perceptual system. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000431

8. An evaluation of cognitive behavioral therapy for substance use disorders: A systematic review and application of the society of clinical psychology criteria for empirically supported treatments.

Boness C. L., et al.

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an empirically supported treatment for substance use disorder (SUD), is the conclusion of this review in Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice (Vol. 30, No. 2) . The researchers reviewed five meta-analyses of the effect of CBT on SUD, but only one had sufficient quality for inclusion to evaluate the size of the effects of CBT. This meta-analysis found that CBT produced small to moderate effects on SUD when compared with minimal treatment (e.g., waitlist, brief psychoeducation) and nonspecific treatment (e.g., treatment as usual, drug counseling). These effects were smaller in magnitude when compared with other active treatments (e.g., motivational interviewing, contingency management). The effects of CBT on SUD tended to diminish over time (i.e., CBT was most effective at early follow-up of 1 to 6 months posttreatment compared with late follow-up of at least 8 months posttreatment). The researchers recommend CBT to be used as an evidence-based approach to SUD but highlight the need for more research to identify patient characteristics that might moderate response to CBT and the best deployment of CBT (e.g., as a standalone or an adjunct intervention). DOI: 10.1037/cps0000131

9. A network approach to understanding parenting: Linking coparenting, parenting styles, and parental involvement in rearing adolescents in different age groups.

Liu, S., et al.

Mothers’ and fathers’ behaviors that promote a sense of family integrity (i.e., coparenting integrity), warmth, and emotional involvement are central components of the parenting network in two-parent families, according to this study in Developmental Psychology (Vol. 59, No. 4) . Researchers used network analysis to explore different facets of maternal and paternal coparenting (e.g., integrity, conflict), parenting styles (e.g., rejection, warmth), and parental involvement (e.g., emotional support, discipline) in two-parent families in China with a total of 4,852 adolescents at different stages of adolescence. They found that maternal and paternal coparenting integrity, warm parenting style, and emotional involvement were key to the parenting network, as indicated by the central spot they occupied in the network analysis. They also found that the expected influence of these characteristics varied for adolescents in different developmental stages—maternal integrity, warmth, and emotional involvement were important throughout adolescence, but paternal integrity, warmth, and emotional involvement were particularly important in early adolescence. The results suggest that supportive parenting might be a prime target for enhancing parenting systems. DOI: 10.1037/dev0001470

10. Seeking connection, autonomy, and emotional feedback: A self-determination theory of self-regulation in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Champ, R.E., et al.

In this article in Psychological Review (Vol. 130, No. 3) , the authors propose a new framework on the basis of self-determination theory (SDT) for understanding attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developing treatment approaches. The researchers suggest that using SDT, which proposes that humans have a natural tendency toward growth and self-actualization, supporting intrinsic motivation and self-organization, can offer a new positive understanding of ADHD and its symptoms. This approach counters the negative characterizations of ADHD; moves beyond symptom reduction and the focus on how ADHD presents motivation, engagement, and self-regulation issues; and instead focuses on potential positive aspects of ADHD and well-being. In addition, the framework highlights the need to help individuals with ADHD better understand how they function, tell the difference between biological and individual needs, and develop self-autonomy and self-regulation skills. According to this SDT approach, treatments that are autonomy supportive and increase self-determination could improve the functioning of individuals with ADHD. DOI: 10.1037/rev0000398

PsycArticles is available by subscription to institutions throughout the world. These are the articles published this year that were downloaded most often between January and September 2023.

Six Things Psychologists are Talking About

The APA Monitor on Psychology ® sister e-newsletter offers fresh articles on psychology trends, new research, and more.

Welcome! Thank you for subscribing.

Speaking of Psychology

Subscribe to APA’s audio podcast series highlighting some of the most important and relevant psychological research being conducted today.

Subscribe to Speaking of Psychology and download via:

Contact APA

You may also like.