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In the first ten years of the programme, then called the Master in EU Studies Online, the two year study programme was completed with a Master thesis. Since 2019, the study programme for professionals was improved to meet our students’ needs, who can now choose between a research track and a professional track. Students choosing the research track write a Master thesis, students choosing the professional track write a final paper. The two formats have different quality criteria. The titles for the Master theses and Final papers in the disciplines Political Science, Economics, and EU Law are listed below. Since 2021, the Board of Examinations and Studies has decided to publish some of the best master theses and final papers. They can be downloaded in pdf format.   Upholding Integrity and Transparency: Strategies for Fighting Corruption in EU Institutions (Final paper) (Final paper)  (Master thesis)  (Master thesis)   (Master thesis) (Master thesis)  (Final paper) (Master thesis) (Master thesis)

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Master Thesis: The EU's Conception of Security and Defence: Questioning the Success of EU and NATO Missions

2018, The EU’s Conception of Security and Defence: Questioning the Success of EU and NATO Missions

The European Union is striving to further consolidate its Common Security and Defence Policy with a view to eventually establish the integration of defence under the Institution’s umbrella. At a time in which NATO remains a leading actor in international security, the EU has conducted a decent amount of operations to establish its place as an international security actor as well. The comparative analysis of the European Union’s military operations Concordia/FYROM and EUFOR RCA to Operation Essential Harvest and Unified Protector of NATO is conducted in the aim to critically assess the effectiveness and capabilities of the EU. The influence of NATO in the development of European defence and the leadership of NATO in international security contribute to the assessment of the Union’s common defence capabilities to highlight the degree to which the Union can perform as an international security actor. The European Union is seen to have developed a functional defence capability, however, compared to NATO’s the Union has a long road ahead. Identifying different aspects of success and the significance of multiple factors in the evaluation of an Operation, it has been observed, that the impression of success differs between internal and external assessment of effectiveness. The accomplishment of an operation’s objective and the perception created from it can create gaps, which the Organisations should be eager to align.

Related Papers

Journal of Liberty and International Affairs

Recent crises show clearly that Europeans security depends on external developments. The Common Security and Defense Policy failed to provide security, while the European Union military missions were limited in terms of their scope. This inability threatens the interests and security of the member states. Exactly, this research explores the concept of military power of the EU. In order to elaborate anatomy of military power of the EU, the descriptive-analytic method is used. Military performance analysis proves that the EU is able to have the greatest impact in the global arena. The research shows that with the achievement of a political strategy among the stakeholder, on which the replacement of the consensus mechanism with an ordinary majority is predicted, the EU would be able to lead a proactive and efficient security policy.

Roberto Menotti

The “European defense” project suffers from a number of limitations not just a lack of adequate resources but also conceptual flaws. It is not yet clear what fundamental common interests the EU members wish to pursue through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, and consequently through the defense instrument that should be made available by the end of 2003. This step would also help NATO better define its own missions, ensuring that the European allies enhance their contribution. The EU needs the equivalent of a “strategic concept”, which can be developed in parallel with the ongoing transformation of NATO.

Journal of European Integration

Kristin Haugevik , Nina Graeger

This article assesses the EU’s performance as a security actor in the context of NATO, both at the institutional level and when acting as a bloc of member states within NATO. Informed by a definition of ‘performance’ as the ability to achieve preset objectives (effectiveness) in an efficient, relevant and viable manner, we observe that the EU’s performance in the context of NATO remains limited. This could be seen as a reflection of underlying political divergences between the two organisations, hampering systematic and formalised intra-institutional cooperation as well as effective cooperation between the EU member states in NATO. More importantly, it has resulted in the emergence of more informal and ad hoc EU practices in the context of NATO as well as parallel EU and NATO practices.

Romanian Military Thinking

romica cernat

Ira Ogorodnikova

Annotation: This article provides constructive analysis of the activities of members of the European Union concerning ensuring security and peacekeeping, and also in the field of cooperation and collaboration the joined efforts of the European Union and NATO in conducting their common operational missions to prevent and solve conflicts. Defined main achievements of the Baltic states in the development of potential to defend the interests of the Alliance.

Philippe Lefevre

The Berlin Plus agreement, established in 2002, has not been visibly seen in mainstream European security policy since the creation of Operation Althea in 2004. This agreement gave the EU access to NATOs planning, command and control, communications, and capabilities, for the operation of any EU-led operations, significantly bolstering the EUs security and defence capabilities. Despite two operations under this agreement launched, and one of which being still active, the package of agreements has faded from the European security debate into relative obscurity. Should the agreement therefore be declared missing, presumed dead? This study seeks to shed light on the Berlin Plus agreement, and establish what conditions led to its creation, and how do these compare to the current day. In this we seek to evaluate the Berlin Plus agreement’s overall relevance to the modern EU-NATO relationship. Alongside this question, we also explore the extent to which the EU has managed to meet the capability gaps that existed in its security and defence policy in 2002, and ultimately whether the EU needs NATO in the pursuit of any future CSDP operations. Using Resource Dependence Theory, we look at the relationship through a lens of material and symbolic resource exchange, creating levels of dependency between the two organisations, which lead to different strategies of dependency management. Furthermore, through interviews with actors in the EU-NATO relationship, we aim to provide a practical as well as theoretical approach. We find that Berlin Plus remains relevant primarily for the political bridging between the two organisations, with its operational relevance halted owing to political and strategic disagreements between Member States of the EU and NATO Allies. Through concerted capability generation the EU has managed to symbolically bridge many of the gaps that it had when Berlin Plus was signed, yet still cannot match the scale to which NATOs capabilities aided it in the creation of Operation Althea. Ultimately, whilst the political and military scope for NATO cooperation in CSDP missions has shrunk, the EU will need to rely on NATOs capabilities in the event of large scale and high-intensity missions. Our research has implications for both the operational relationship that currently exists between the EU and NATO, as well as existing unexplored avenues for further collaboration that exist.

Governance, Intelligence and Security in the 21st Century, , Craiova, Editura Sitech, eds. Adrian IVAN, Cristian GĂZDAC, Claudiu Marian, 2018, ISBN 978-606-11-6293-2

Edina Lilla Meszaros

Traditionally the EU has been a civilian power, leaving the conduct of its security issues in the hands of the North Atlantic Organisation. The end of the Cold War and the new millennium brought new security challenges making it harder and harder for the USA to play the role of the "world's gendarme" and to carry on its shoulders the burdens of the entire humanity, needing the help of its European allies, which demanded that their concerns to be taken serious, and to be consulted by their transatlantic counterpartners, the USA not being able to shape any further the transatlantic policies accroding to its own interest. This paper wants to initiate the reader in the European security architecture, emphasizing its relationship with the NATO, wondering if this "great experiment" called the European Union will be ever able to rise above its condition and to provide its own and its neighbourhood's security without any kind of foreign assistance.

NATO Review

Global Journal of Human-Social Science (GJHSS)

Bruna R Reisdoerfer

The paper aims to discuss the causal mechanism through which the international structure operates in the process of defense cooperation in Western Europe since the post-Cold War. The central argument is that this mechanism is the ‘search for security or profit’ which pushes and solves the defense cooperation in the region. So, the research differs itself by focusing on the causal process by which defense cooperation takes place, highlighting the defense institutions and not only its causal variables. The hypotheses are: i) the polarity and nature of the threats encourage European powers to use defense cooperation as a complementary tool to achieve their security objectives. Thus, the actual defense cooperation form (the CSDP), is intentionally characterized by a varied multinational structure, with sub regional initiatives lead by central countries, permanent and temporary command and control, intergovernmental institutions, and duplication of capabilities. ii) CSDP is a response to US pressure for cost sharing and its distance due an offshore balancing position. So, the capabilities and structure of the CSDP is designed in a close relation with NATO, with the aim of developing a longterm "good partner" policy and of bargaining with that position. Neoclassical realism is used as analytical model.

EU crisis management: institutions …

Isabelle Ioannides

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European Union awarded Erasmus+ Masters scholarship for 48 Ethiopian students

The European Union has awarded full Masters Scholarship to 48 Ethiopian students for the academic year of 2024-2025 through the EU’s flagship education initiative, Erasmus+ European Scholarship Programme. The students will spend 2 years full time in prestigious European Universities and will be studying at various higher institutions in 12 European countries. The Master’s degrees are offered by university consortia, including universities from at least two EU Member States.

The European Union’s Erasmus+ programme aims to enhance quality in higher education through scholarships and academic co-operation between the EU and the rest of the world. Ethiopia is one of the top beneficiary countries of the Erasmus programme. Since 2004, Ethiopia is one of the top 10 performing countries in the world, and amongst the top 5 in Africa both in terms of student selection and application in the Erasmus Scholarship programme. Since 2010, the European Union has awarded the Erasmus scholarship to more than 600 Ethiopian students.  more

Distributed by APO Group on behalf of Delegation of the European Union to Ethiopia.

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

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Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

Location	approximately 2km west of the city centre
Website	Monastery - http://savvastor.ru Museum - http://zvenmuseum.ru/

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News | Norway’s health minister accused of plagiarism…

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News | Norway’s health minister accused of plagiarism in latest ethics scandal to rock the government

An academic probe says that norway’s health minister ingvild kjerkol plagiarized parts of her masters’ degree thesis three years ago.

The investigation by Nord University in Bodoe, northern Norway, found Kjerkol’s 2021 thesis contained “far more serious errors than sloppiness,” Norwegian broadcaster NRK reported. The broadcaster said the probe’s conclusion was to deprive Kjerkol of her master’s degree in health management.

The 48-year-old Kjerkol did not comment Thursday. But she has previously rejected the allegations, saying she and a co-author did not copy to parts of another student’s thesis from 2015.

Kjerkol has been in office since October 2021 when Prime Minister Jonas Gahr Støre presented a coalition government of his own Labor party and the junior Center Party.

The conclusion of Thursday’s probe immediately prompted the opposition to urge Gahr Støre to say whether he has trust in Kjerkol.

Jan Tore Sanner, a senior member of Norway’s main opposition party, Hoeyre, told Norwegian news agency NTB, that the prime minister must address “the matter of confidence” in Kjerkol.” Sylvi Listhaug, the leader of the anti-immigrant Progress Party, also called on Gahr Støre to “assess whether he has confidence in her.”

Kjerkol is the second government member to be entangled in academic plagiarism allegations this year. In January, Sandra Borch stepped down as minister for research and higher education after a student discovered that parts of Borch’s master’s thesis, including spelling mistakes, were copied without attribution from a different author.

Gahr Støre’s coalition has seen the departure of several ministers in recent months over other wrongdoings. In September, it was revealed that the husband of then Foreign Minister Anniken Huitfeldt had been trading in stocks for years behind her back and that could potentially enrich her.

The ruling social democratic Labor party was defeated in September in local elections by the Hoeyre for the first time since 1924. The party, which for decades was Norway’s largest party in local elections, came in second in the Sept. 11 elections for local councils in Norway’s 356 municipalities and 11 counties .

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