quantitative research definition by creswell

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First page of “Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage”

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Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

The book Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches by Creswell (2014) covers three approaches-qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods. This educational book is informative and illustrative and is equally beneficial for students, teachers and researchers. Readers should have basic knowledge of research for better understanding of this book. There are two parts of the book. Part 1 (chapter 1-4) consists of steps for developing research proposal and part II (chapter 5-10) explains how to develop a research proposal or write a research report. A summary is given at the end of every chapter that helps the reader to recapitulate the ideas. Moreover, writing exercises and suggested readings at the end of every chapter are useful for the readers. Chapter 1 opens with-definition of research approaches and the author gives his opinion that selection of a research approach is based on the nature of the research problem, researchers' experience and the audience of the study. The author defines qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods research. A distinction is made between quantitative and qualitative research approaches. The author believes that interest in qualitative research increased in the latter half of the 20th century. The worldviews, Fraenkel, Wallen and Hyun (2012) and Onwuegbuzie and Leech (2005) call them paradigms, have been explained. Sometimes, the use of language becomes too philosophical and technical. This is probably because the author had to explain some technical terms.

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Conducting a well-established research requires deep knowledge about the research designs. Doing research can be likened to jumping into the sea which may transform into a huge ocean if the researcher is not experienced. As a PhD candidate and a novice researcher, I believe that the book "Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches" by J.W. Creswell is a true reference guide for novice researchers since it is the most comprehensive and informative source with its reader-friendly structure.

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John W. Creswell was previously a professor in educational psychology in the University of Nebraska–Lincoln. He moved to the University of Michigan in 2015 as a professor in the Department of Family Medicine. He has published many articles and close to 27 books on mixed methods. Professor Creswell is also one of the founding members of the Journal of Mixed Methods Research. He was a Fulbright scholar in South Africa in 2008 and Thailand in 2012. In 2011, he served as a visiting professor in the School of Public Health of Harvard University. In 2014, he became the Chairman of the Mixed Methods International Research Association. Professor Creswell has a personal website called “Mixed Methods Research” at http://johnwcreswell.com/. The site contains the information about his background, his own blog, consulting works and published books. He also posted replies questions from academic researchers and practitioners in the blog.

There are a number of approaches used in this research method design. The purpose of this chapter is to design the methodology of the research approach through mixed types of research techniques. The research approach also supports the researcher on how to come across the research result findings. In this chapter, the general design of the research and the methods used for data collection are explained in detail. It includes three main parts. The first part gives a highlight about the dissertation design. The second part discusses about qualitative and quantitative data collection methods. The last part illustrates the general research framework. The purpose of this section is to indicate how the research was conducted throughout the study periods.

In 1953, Dov Sadan published a short, provocative manuscript titled “Ḥezyoni Hitul” (Scenes of jest), a text that for unclear reasons had been overlooked until that point. In consideration of this work’s important and aesthetic value, we have reissued it here on the basis of a recently discovered manuscript. The context of the manuscript is clear: the publication of Shivḥei ha-Besht (In praise of the Baal Shem Tov) in Kopust in late 1814 and in a Yiddish version in Ostroh in 1816. Shivḥei ha-Besht shocked readers with its depictions of the wondrous deeds of Israel Baal Shem Tov (the Besht). It was the first attempt, in the mode of hagiography, to describe the persona of the Besht at a time when many had already lay claim to his legacy and disseminated the teachings of Hasidism. With new hasidic courts and tsaddikim appearing in every corner, there was a need for an account of the founder and his praises, a sort of propaganda literature that would relate his wonders and present him as a new embodiment of R. Isaac Luria for contemporary tsaddikim to emulate. It comes as no surprise that the Maskilim rushed to address the book, mocking it in satires and parodies. They imagined that by undermining the image of the Besht and mocking his praises they would cause people to abandon the living tsaddikim. The text presented here contains three satirical portrayals (or scenes) of a meeting between simple people and wonder-working hasidic rebbes who claim authority from the Besht. Shivḥei ha-Besht stands in the background here as an inspiration for imaginary miracles and as a holy book with magical powers. The three scenes were written between the years 1816 and 1824. They attempt to depict the making of hasidic hagiography, as well as the dirty truth of how the tsaddikim actually perform their miracles. In other words, how the tsaddikim act cunningly to deceive the public while articulating their miraculous deeds in hagiographic tones à la Shivḥei ha-Besht. This text is important not only for its content, language, style, and the context in which it was written, but also on account of its author, Yaakov Shmuel Bik (1772–1831), a well-known Galician Maskil who moved between complex worlds, namely those of the Galician rabbinate, Hasidism, and the Haskalah.

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What is Quantitative Research According to Authors?

By Med Kharbach, PhD | Published: May 9, 2023 | Updated: November 12, 2024

In this post, we will discuss the concept of quantitative research as viewed through the lens of various esteemed authors. The aim is to provide a holistic view of this research method, focusing particularly on guiding beginner researchers and graduate students towards seminal works that offer invaluable insights into the field.

Quantitative research is a pivotal aspect of academic inquiry, and understanding its fundamentals is crucial for anyone venturing into the realm of research. We’ll explore the definitions and perspectives of quantitative research according to John Creswell, along with other notable scholars in the field. These insights are not only foundational for grasping the essence of quantitative research but also serve as a beacon for those navigating the often-complex landscape of academic research methodologies.

Related: 12 Good Books on How to Write and Publish Research Papers

Here are some key definitions of quantitative research according to different scholars:

1.Quantitative Research According to John Creswell

Creswell (2014) defines quantitative research as :

an inquiry into a social or human problem, based on testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers, and analyzed with statistical procedures, in order to determine whether the predictive generalizations of the theory hold true. The final written report has a set structure consisting of introduction, literature and theory, methods, results, and discussion. Like qualitative researchers, those who engage in this form of inquiry have assumptions about testing theories deductively, building in protections against bias, controlling for alternative or counterfactual explanations, and being able to generalize and replicate the findings. (p. 4) Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.

To elaborate, Creswell’s definition highlights key aspects of quantitative research, emphasizing its focus on testing objective theories by examining relationships among variables. In this approach, variables are measurable and quantifiable, allowing researchers to gather numerical data that can be systematically analyzed using statistical methods.

Quantitative research is grounded in a positivist paradigm, which assumes that there is an objective reality that can be measured and understood through empirical observation. By employing standardized and structured instruments, such as surveys and experiments, researchers seek to minimize subjective biases and ensure the reliability and validity of their findings.

The process typically involves the formulation of specific hypotheses derived from existing theories, which are then tested through the analysis of data. This deductive approach enables researchers to confirm, refute, or refine their theoretical assumptions based on empirical evidence.

Statistical procedures play a crucial role in quantitative research, as they help identify patterns, trends, and relationships among variables. Descriptive statistics provide an overview of the data, while inferential statistics allow researchers to make generalizations from their sample to the broader population.

In summary, Creswell’s definition of quantitative research emphasizes its objective nature, the examination of relationships among measurable variables, and the use of statistical procedures for data analysis. This approach is instrumental in generating evidence-based insights, informing decision-making processes, and advancing knowledge across various fields.

For more, check out this detailed post titled What is Quantitative Research According to Creswell?

Quantitative Research According to Punch

Punch (1998) contrasts quantitative research with qualitative research stating that the earlier represents “empirical research where the data are in the form of numbers” and the latter represents an “empirical research where the data are not in the form of numbers” (p. 4).

As you can see, Punch’s definition of quantitative and qualitative research provides a straightforward distinction between the two methodologies based on the type of data collected.

Quantitative research, as Punch defines it, relies on numerical data. This approach allows for precise measurements, statistical analysis, and the identification of patterns, trends, and relationships among variables.

Quantitative research, as I stated earlier, is often grounded in the positivist paradigm, which assumes an objective reality that can be studied and understood through empirical observation. Examples of quantitative research methods include surveys, experiments, and structured observations.

On the other hand, qualitative research focuses on non-numerical data, such as words, images, or actions. This approach aims to capture the complexity and richness of human experiences and social phenomena.

Qualitative research is often rooted in the interpretivist or constructivist paradigm, which acknowledges that reality is subjective and co-constructed by individuals through their experiences and interpretations. Examples of qualitative research methods include interviews, focus groups, ethnography, and content analysis.

In summary, Punch distinguishes quantitative and qualitative research based on the nature of the data collected, with the former involving numerical data and the latter focusing on non-numerical data. This distinction reflects the different epistemological assumptions, research methods, and analytical approaches employed in each methodology.

3.Quantitative Research According to Leavy Patricia

According to Leavy Patricia (2022), Quantitative research :

“values breadth, statistical descriptions, and generalizability. Quantitative approaches to research center on achieving objectivity, control, and precise measurement. Methodological, these approaches rely on deductive designs aimed at refuting or building evidence in favor of specific theories and hypotheses. Marianne Fallon (2016) refers to quantitative research as a ‘top down process’ (p. 3). Quantitative approaches are most commonly used in explanatory research investigating causal relationships, associations, and correlations.” (p. 99) Patricia, L. (2022). Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches. Guilford Publications.

In this excerpt, Leavy (2022) characterizes quantitative research as an approach that values breadth, statistical descriptions, and generalizability. The focus of quantitative research is on achieving objectivity, control, and precise measurement, which is achieved through the use of structured and standardized methods. This approach is grounded in a deductive research design, which starts with theories and hypotheses that are then tested and validated or refuted based on empirical evidence.

Fallon (2016, cited by Leavy) describes quantitative research as a “top-down process” (p. 3), which emphasizes the importance of established theories and prior research in guiding the formulation of new hypotheses. This approach allows researchers to build upon existing knowledge and refine theoretical frameworks.

quantitative research definition by creswell

Quantitative research is particularly well-suited for explanatory research, as it seeks to uncover causal relationships, associations, and correlations among variables. By employing rigorous sampling techniques and statistical analyses, quantitative researchers can identify patterns and relationships in the data, which can then be generalized to the broader population.

In conclusion, Leavy (2022) highlights the key aspects of quantitative research, emphasizing its focus on breadth, statistical descriptions, generalizability, objectivity, control, precise measurement, and explanatory power. This approach provides valuable insights into causal relationships and associations, contributing to the advancement of knowledge across various fields.

4.Quantitative Research According to Kothari

Let me share with you this lengthy passage by Kothari (2004) explaining quantitative research. According to Kothari (2004), quantitative research:

involves the generation of data in quantitative form which can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid fashion. This approach can be further sub-classified into inferential, experimental and simulation approaches to research. The purpose of inferential approach to research is to form a database from which to infer characteristics or relationships of population. This usually means survey research where a sample of population is studied (questioned or observed) to determine its characteristics, and it is then inferred that the population has the same characteristics. Experimental approach is characterised by much greater control over the research environment and in this case some variables are manipulated to observe their effect on other variables. Simulation approach involves the construction of an artificial environment within which relevant information and data can be generated. This permits an observation of the dynamic behaviour of a system (or its sub-system) under controlled conditions. The term ‘simulation’ in the context of business and social sciences applications refers to “‘the operation of a numerical model that represents the structure of a dynamic process. Given the values of initial conditions, parameters and exogenous variables, a simulation is run to represent the behaviour of the process over time.” Simulation approach can also be useful in building models for understanding future conditions. (p. 5) Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques. New Age International.

Kothari (2004) provides a comprehensive overview of quantitative research, emphasizing its focus on generating data that can be subjected to rigorous quantitative analysis in a formal and rigid manner. The author further categorizes quantitative research into three sub-approaches: inferential, experimental, and simulation.

1. Inferential approach: This approach is commonly used in survey research, where a sample of the population is studied to determine its characteristics. Researchers then infer that the larger population shares these characteristics. The goal is to understand the population’s characteristics or relationships based on the analyzed data from the sample.

2. Experimental approach: This approach is characterized by greater control over the research environment, where variables are manipulated to observe their effects on other variables. Experimental research is used to establish cause-and-effect relationships and often involves controlled settings and random assignment of participants to different conditions.

3. Simulation approach: This approach entails creating an artificial environment to generate relevant data and observe the dynamic behavior of a system or its sub-systems under controlled conditions. In the context of business and social sciences, simulation refers to the operation of a numerical model representing the structure of a dynamic process. This approach helps in building models for understanding future conditions and predicting potential outcomes.

In summary, Kothari (2004) delineates quantitative research as a method that generates and analyzes data in a systematic, rigorous manner, further sub-dividing it into inferential, experimental, and simulation approaches. Each sub-approach offers unique insights and techniques for understanding various aspects of the phenomena under investigation.

5. Quantitative Research According to Williams, Malcolm, et al.

Williams et al. (2022) define quantitative research as:

investigations in which the data that are collected and coded are expressible as numbers. By contrast, studies in which data are collected and coded as words would be instances of qualitative research. Weightier distinctions have also been important in discussions of research methods – distinctions bordering on epistemologies, worldviews and ontologies, to name a few… Quantitative research is grounded in the scientific tradition, so description and inference with the potential to lead to causal explanation and prediction are its core business. Its methods are those of the experiment, the social survey or the analysis of official statistics or naturally occurring data. It can take many forms from a local neighbourhood survey to large-scale population surveys with several thousand people taking part. It may be a carefully controlled experiment in a laboratory, or it might be ‘big-data’ analysis of millions of Twitter feeds. (p. 3) Williams et al. (2022). Beginning Quantitative Research. SAGE Publications, Limited.

In this passage, Williams et al. (2022) provide a rule-of-thumb definition of quantitative research as investigations where the collected and coded data can be expressed as numbers, while qualitative research deals with data collected and coded as words. The authors acknowledge that more profound distinctions exist, touching upon epistemologies, worldviews, and ontologies.

Quantitative research is rooted in the scientific tradition, focusing on description and inference, with the potential to lead to causal explanation and prediction. The methods employed in quantitative research include experiments, social surveys, and the analysis of official statistics or naturally occurring data.

The scope of quantitative research can vary widely, from small-scale neighborhood surveys to large-scale population studies involving thousands of participants. It can also encompass controlled experiments in laboratories or the analysis of vast amounts of data, such as millions of Twitter feeds, commonly referred to as “big data.”

In summary, Williams et al. (2022) highlight the numerical nature of quantitative research and its grounding in the scientific tradition. This approach aims to describe, infer, and potentially explain causal relationships and make predictions using various methods, ranging from small-scale surveys to large-scale big data analysis.

Here is a video I created introducing quantitative research

After reviewing the various definitions of quantitative research offered by scholars, it becomes clear that this approach is a systematic, empirical method grounded in the scientific tradition and positivist paradigm. The core aspects of quantitative research are:

Numerical Data Collection and Analysis : Utilizing structured and standardized methods such as surveys, experiments, or analysis of naturally occurring data to gather numerical data.
Objectivity and Precision : Emphasizing objectivity, control, precision, generalizability, and the establishment of cause-and-effect relationships or correlations.
Deductive Reasoning : Starting with theories and hypotheses that are tested and validated or refuted based on empirical evidence.
Statistical Analysis : Applying statistical procedures to analyze data, identify patterns, trends, and relationships, and make inferences or predictions about a broader population.

Quantitative research is essential for advancing knowledge in various fields by providing evidence-based insights, informing decision-making processes, and building upon existing theories. Despite differences in emphasis among scholars, the core characteristics of quantitative research converge on the systematic collection and analysis of numerical data, pursuit of objectivity and generalizability, and reliance on statistical procedures for data interpretation. This approach continues to play a vital role in enriching our understanding of the world and informing practical applications in diverse disciplines.

Creswell, J. W. (2014). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods & Techniques . New Age International.
Patricia, L. (2022). Research Design: Quantitative, Qualitative, Mixed Methods, Arts-Based, and Community-Based Participatory Research Approaches . Guilford Publications.
Punch, K. F. (1998). I ntroduction to social research: Quantitative and qualitative approaches . Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Williams, et al. (2022). Beginning Quantitative Research . SAGE Publications, Limited.

Two other interesting works to consider are:

Tashakkori, A. & Teddlie, C. (2009). Integrating Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches to Research. In Bickman,l. & Debra J. Rog. (Eds.). T he SAGE Handbook of Applied Social Research Methods . SAGE Publications, Inc.
O’Leary, Z. (2009) The Essential Guide to Doing Your Research Project. London: Sage
8 Good Books on Quantitative Research , Selected Reads

what is quantitative research according to Creswell

Meet Med Kharbach, PhD

Dr. Med Kharbach is an influential voice in the global educational landscape, with an extensive background in educational studies and a decade-long experience as a K-12 teacher. Holding a Ph.D. from Mount Saint Vincent University in Halifax, Canada, he brings a unique perspective to the educational world by integrating his profound academic knowledge with his hands-on teaching experience. Dr. Kharbach's academic pursuits encompass curriculum studies, discourse analysis, language learning/teaching, language and identity, emerging literacies, educational technology, and research methodologies. His work has been presented at numerous national and international conferences and published in various esteemed academic journals.

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