research in veterinary science

Research in Veterinary Science

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The Official Journal of the Association for Veterinary Teaching and Research Work Research in Veterinary Science is an International multi-disciplinary journal publishing original articles, reviews and short communications of a high scientific and ethical standard in all aspects of veterinary and …

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Legnaro, Italy

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The Research in Veterinary Science is a companion title of the Research in Veterinary Science is an open access, peer-reviewed journal which draws contributions from a wide community of international and interdisciplinary researchers …

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Research in Veterinary Science

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• Veterinary (miscellaneous)

Elsevier B.V.

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00345288, 15322661

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The set of journals have been ranked according to their SJR and divided into four equal groups, four quartiles. Q1 (green) comprises the quarter of the journals with the highest values, Q2 (yellow) the second highest values, Q3 (orange) the third highest values and Q4 (red) the lowest values.

The SJR is a size-independent prestige indicator that ranks journals by their 'average prestige per article'. It is based on the idea that 'all citations are not created equal'. SJR is a measure of scientific influence of journals that accounts for both the number of citations received by a journal and the importance or prestige of the journals where such citations come from It measures the scientific influence of the average article in a journal, it expresses how central to the global scientific discussion an average article of the journal is.

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Research in Veterinary Science

Volume 16 • Issue 16

• ISSN: 0034-5288
• 5 Year impact factor: 2.3
• Impact factor: 2.2
• Journal metrics

The Official Journal of the Association for Veterinary Teaching and Research WorkResearch in Veterinary Science is an International multi-disciplinary journal publishing no… Read more

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The Official Journal of the Association for Veterinary Teaching and Research Work

Research in Veterinary Science is an International multi-disciplinary journal publishing novel original research and high-impact reviews of great scientific and ethical standard in all aspects of veterinary and comparative biomedical research.The primary aim of the journal is to inform the veterinary and biomedical research community of significant scientific advances and teaching methods in the field of veterinary education, and to provide a multidisciplinary forum for the discussion and debate of novel biomedical research and teaching within a "One-Health" context. The journal achieves these goals through the prompt promotion and dissemination of high-quality scientific knowledge to a broad range of professionals globally.

The journal encourages the submission of high-quality novel research that has clear implications for the prevention, treatment, or control of zoonotic and animal diseases, including improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and epidemiology, and that therefore contribute to a substantial improvement of animal and human health. Papers studying the origin, pathogenesis, and spread of diseases, as well as new or improved methods of diagnosis and treatment, or describing novel aspects of immunology, physiology and welfare in animals of veterinary concern are explicitly welcome.

Studies that lack novelty or scientific rigor, including studies without a robust scientific hypothesis or that are preliminary or of low scientific impact, are not appropriate for the journal. Furthermore, poorly designed and controlled studies, studies that lack appropriate replication or that for other reasons lack generalizability including studies that are not generalizable beyond a local or limited geographic area, and case studies or field reports lacking an advancement in general knowledge do not fall within the scope of the journal. While systematic reviews and meta-analyses are explicitly welcome, the journal publishes only a very limited number of high-quality and high-impact narrative reviews. Authors are encouraged to follow accepted reporting guidelines, such as the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) in developing their reviews.

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Texas A&M Veterinary Scientists Ranked Among Best In Nation

Two Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences (VMBS) faculty members were included in the top 100  Best Animal Science and Veterinary Scientists  in the United States by Research.com, an academic platform that objectively ranks researchers based on scientific publications.

Ranked No. 72 nationally and No. 201 globally is  Dr. Paul Morley , the director of research and a professor at the VMBS’  Veterinary Education, Research, & Outreach (VERO)  campus in Canyon, Texas. Close behind him at No. 80 nationally and No. 214 globally is VMBS professor  Dr. Jan Suchodolski , associate director for research in the VMBS’  Gastrointestinal Laboratory  and the Purina Petcare Endowed Chair for Microbiome Research.

“Drs. Morley and Suchodolski are well-known in the scientific community for their highly impactful research, and it’s nice to see their expertise reflected in Research.com’s rankings,” said  Dr. Michael Criscitiello , the associate dean for the VMBS’ Office of Research & Graduate Studies. “Our trainees are fortunate to get to learn from such accomplished scholars whose work greatly enhances our school’s research climate.”

The Research.com rankings are based on the D-index metric, or a researcher’s number of papers and citation values within a specific discipline. The 2024 Best Animal Science and Veterinary Scientists list includes 2,000 researchers from 69 countries.

Dr. Paul Morley

In addition to his own research, Morley oversees a team of VERO faculty, staff, and student researchers studying some of the most important challenges in the food animal industry, including antimicrobial resistance and bovine respiratory disease.

Morley’s achievements include 228 peer-reviewed publications and receiving 12,494 citations of his work in other publications. He has also received more than $22 million in research support over his career.

In 2022, Morley was selected to hold the newly established  Sally Rau McIntosh Endowed Chair for Veterinary Strategic Initiatives , which supports his teaching, research, service, and professional development activities.

He teaches courses on metagenomic sequencing, bioinformatics, and research techniques for graduate students at the VMBS and West Texas A&M University’s Paul Engler College of Agriculture and Natural Sciences.

Dr. Jan Suchodolski

Suchodolski’s research involves working to understand the microbiome and metabolome (the complete set of small-molecule chemicals produced during metabolism) of cats and dogs, including how they interact with antibiotics.

He has published more than 398 scientific journal articles and has been cited 11,775 times in other publications.

Through the  GI Lab’s partnership with Nestlé Purina PetCare Global Research , Suchodolski works to discover new strategies for veterinarians to use in the management of chronic GI disease and other GI-related conditions.

Suchodolski’s work has been funded by the American Kennel Club Canine Health Foundation, the United States Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of Defense, and more. He recently was also recognized with the American Veterinary Medical Association’s 2024 Career Achievement in Canine Research Award.

For more information about the Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, please visit our website at  vetmed.tamu.edu  or join us on  Facebook ,  Instagram , and  Twitter .

Contact Information:  Jennifer Gauntt, Director of VMBS Communications, Texas A&M School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences,  [email protected],   979-862-4216

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Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science

Research in veterinary science is critical for the health and well-being of animals, including humans. Food safety, emerging infectious diseases, the development of new therapies, and the possibility of bioterrorism are examples of issues addressed by veterinary science that have an impact on both human and animal health. However, there is a lack of scientists engaged in veterinary research. Too few veterinarians pursue research careers, and there is a shortage of facilities and funding for conducting research. This report identifies questions and issues that veterinary research can help to address, and discusses the scientific expertise and infrastructure needed to meet the most critical research needs. The report finds that there is an urgent need to provide adequate resources for investigators, training programs, and facilities involved in veterinary research.

• Agriculture — Animal Health and Nutrition
• Biology and Life Sciences — Animals, Plants and Other Organisms
• Biology and Life Sciences — Policy, Reviews and Evaluations

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National Research Council. 2005. Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science . Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/11366. Import this citation to: Bibtex EndNote Reference Manager

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• PMID: 20669456
• Bookshelf ID: NBK22917
• DOI: 10.17226/11366

The National Research Council's Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science—composed of specialists in pathology, laboratory animal medicine, infectious diseases, genomics, nutrition, food safety, biosecurity, and other subdisciplines of animal research—was charged to identify current needs and project future needs for research in three fields of veterinary science: public health and food safety; animal health; and comparative medicine. (The committee defines comparative medicine as the field of medicine that compares medical and scientific discoveries and knowledge of one or more animal species, including humans.) The committee was also asked to assess resources, infrastructure, and manpower available to meet those needs without making specific budgetary or organizational recommendations.

Copyright © 2005, National Academy of Sciences.

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• The National Academies
• Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
• Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
• Acknowledgments
• 1. The Role of Veterinary Research in Human Society
• 2. Progress and Opportunities in Veterinary Research
• 3. Setting and Implementing an Agenda for Veterinary Research
• 4. Resources for Veterinary Research
• 5. An Assessment of Current and Projected Resource Needs for Research in Veterinary Science

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Research in Veterinary Science and Medicine

Review Latest Developments in the field of  veterinary medical sciences such as  Anaesthesiology, Animal behavior, Animal welfare, Birds, Bovine, Canine, Cardiology, Clinical Pathology, Clinical pharmacology.

E-ISSN: 2831-8951 | Year: 2024 (Volume – 4)

Frequency of publication : Continuous | Language of publication : English Starting year : 2021 | Format of publication : Online Only

The Research in Veterinary Science and Medicine (RVSM) is an open access peer-reviewed journal covering animal health science. The Journal covers scientific and technological aspects of major veterinary medical sciences such as Anaesthesiology, Animal behavior, Animal welfare, Birds, Bovine, Canine, Cardiology, Clinical Pathology, Clinical pharmacology.

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The Research in Veterinary Science and Medicine (RVSM) is an open-access peer-reviewed journal committed to publishing high-quality articles in the field of veterinary medical sciences such as Anaesthesiology, Animal behavior, Animal welfare, Birds, Bovine, Canine, Cardiology, Clinical Pathology, Clinical pharmacology. The journal is owned and published by the Scientific Scholar .

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How Science Went to the Dogs (and Cats)

Pets were once dismissed as trivial scientific subjects. Today, companion animal science is hot.

Max, a 2-year-old German shepherd, Belgian Malinois and husky mix, was photographed in Greenlake Park in Seattle this month. A stray who was rescued in an emaciated condition, Max is a participant in Darwin’s Ark, a community science initiative that investigates animal genetics and behavior. Credit... M. Scott Brauer for The New York Times

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By Emily Anthes

Emily Anthes, who has both a dog and a cat, has been writing about canine genetics since 2004.

• June 30, 2024

This article is part of our Pets special section on scientists’ growing interest in our animal companions.

Every dog has its day, and July 14, 2004, belonged to a boxer named Tasha. On that date, the National Institutes of Health announced that the barrel-chested, generously jowled canine had become the first dog to have her complete genome sequenced. “And everything has kind of exploded since then,” said Elaine Ostrander, a canine genomics expert at the National Human Genome Research Institute, who was part of the research team.

In the 20 years since, geneticists have fallen hard for our canine companions, sequencing thousands upon thousands of dogs, including pedigreed purebreds, mysterious mutts, highly trained working dogs, free-ranging village dogs and even ancient canine remains.

Research on canine cognition and behavior has taken off, too. “Now dog posters are taking up half of an animal behavior conference,” said Monique Udell, who directs the human-animal interaction lab at Oregon State University. “And we’re starting to see cat research following that same trend.”

Just a few decades ago, many researchers considered pets to be deeply unserious subjects. (“I didn’t want to study dogs,” said Alexandra Horowitz, who has since become a prominent researcher in the field of canine cognition.) Today, companion animals are absolutely in vogue. Scientists around the world are peering deep into the bodies and minds of cats and dogs, hoping to learn more about how they wriggled their way into our lives, how they experience the world and how to keep them living in it longer. It’s a shift that some experts say is long overdue.

“We have a responsibility to deeply understand these animals if we’re going to live with them,” Dr. Udell said. “We also have this great potential to learn a lot about them and a lot about ourselves in the process.”

Pet projects

For geneticists, dogs and cats are both rich subjects , given their long, close history with humans and their susceptibility to many of the same diseases, from cancer to diabetes.

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Advertisement

Which animals can recognize themselves in the mirror?

Research on whether animals can recognize themselves in the mirror began in 1970 1 and just a handful of species have since passed the test ever since.

While we are the only species to scrutinize our reflections in a mirror every day, we are not the only ones to recognize ourselves in reflective surfaces. 

Scientists have tested for mirror recognition in a wide array of species, starting with research on chimpanzees ( Pan troglodytes ) published in 1970 . Animals ranging from ants to manta rays to African gray parrots ( Psittacus erithacus ) have been scrutinized for signs of self-awareness when presented with a mirror. A small handful realize that they are looking at themselves. Many don't. And a number have displayed inconclusive behaviors. 

These mixed results have led researchers to debate the usefulness of the test and how it helps scientists understand animal cognition. 

Related: Which group of animals has the most species?

"Many animals don't pass," Frans de Waal , a primatologist at Emory University, told Live Science. De Waal has conducted self-awareness tests on capuchin monkeys — which failed. "They need to self-inspect a visual mark in front of a mirror without any training or rewards. It needs to be spontaneous. Most of the claims in the literature don't fit this description."

So which animals have passed the test?

In the 1970 chimp experiments, four chimpanzees were anesthetized and marked with red dye on their faces. When they awoke, they examined the areas that had been marked in the mirror, indicating an understanding that they were viewing themselves.

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The mark test is now considered the most conclusive proof of mirror self-awareness. 

Other great apes have also passed the test. Orangutans recognized themselves — and even identified marks on their bodies — in a 1973 study .

Bonobos were observed inspecting areas of their bodies they would not otherwise be able to see using a mirror in a 1994 study. The results for gorillas have been more inconclusive . 

Monkeys typically view their reflections as another animal — though a series of controversial studies showed that some species can identify themselves following extensive training regimens. 

This has been true of other animals as well, casting doubt on the implications of those studies. "Does that training process negate the outcomes of the mirror test for the species that require it?" wonders Ellen O'Donoghue , a cognitive psychologist at Cardiff University in the U.K., who has studied learning in pigeons. Critics of tests that use training exercises suggest that such learned behavior is not reliable evidence of self-awareness.

Until recently, the only other terrestrial mammal that has convincingly passed the test was an Asian elephant ( Elephas maximus ) at the Bronx Zoo .  However, a January, 2024 study in the journal Neuron suggested that mice, too, seem to recognize modifications to their own body in a mirror. 

Studies on dolphins suggest that they too can discern their own reflections. A 1995 study using video rather than mirrors and a 2001 study that used mirrors both indicated that dolphins use their images to examine marks made on their bodies. 

In 2008, researchers studying Eurasian magpies ( Pica pica ) found the first evidence that non-mammals were capable of mirror self-recognition. Pigeons have also passed the test — but only after a rigorous period of conditioning. And in 2022, wild Adélie penguins ( Pygoscelis adeliae ) showed signs of mirror self-awareness as well, though they did not react to colored bibs placed around their necks in lieu of marking their bodies.

— How many animals have ever existed on Earth?

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— Why do animals keep evolving into crabs?  

Tests on lower-order animals have proven particularly controversial. A 2015 study suggested that ants might possess some self-awareness because they attempted to remove blue paint from their heads when looking at their reflections. Two studies have suggested that fish may recognize themselves. One, from 2016, found that manta rays seemed to examine themselves and blow bubbles when shown a mirror. No mark test was conducted though. And a 2019 experiment on cleaner wrasses  ( Labroides dimidiatus ) found that they attempted to remove dye marks made on their undersides after spotting them in a mirror. And in the 2024 mouse study, researchers found mice removed marks from their body; those that could see the smudges removed them, while mice that couldn't see the smudges because they blended in with their fur color did not. The researchers also went a step further, scanning the brains of the mice as they removed the smudges. They found a subset of brain cells, called ventral hippocampal CA1 neurons, lit up during the mirror test. Whether a similar circuit plays a role in human self-recognition remains to be seen.

The fact that these supposedly more-primitive organisms pass the mirror test, while some of the most intelligent non-human animals, including African gray parrots , have failed it, has called its utility into question. It is unclear whether these investigations demonstrate a true sense of the self in the human sense or whether they simply indicate a sophisticated bodily awareness.

"The mirror test can index one aspect of self awareness," O'Donoghue told Live Science. "There's a tendency to look at self awareness as all or nothing. That's probably not true. It's probably more of a gradation."

Editor's Note: This story was updated on Friday, June 28 at 2:20 p.m. E.D.T. to note that mice pass the mirror test.

Richard Pallardy is a freelance science writer based in Chicago. He has written for such publications as  National Geographic ,  Science Magazine ,  New Scientist , and  Discover Magazine . 

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Genetic patterns of world's farmed, domesticated foxes revealed via historical deep-dive

Domesticated animals play a prominent role in our society, with two-thirds of American families enjoying the companionship of pets and many others relying on animal products for their nutritional needs. But the process of domestication remains a bit of a mystery. Convincing wild animals they are safe enough to coexist and mate in enclosures and in close proximity to humans and other animals is no small feat. What does it take behaviorally and genetically for that to happen?

For the most part, the animals we've domesticated have been docile for so long that there's no easy way to go back and study the transition from wild to tame. A notable exception is the domestication of red foxes -- raised in captivity for their fur -- starting in 1896 on Canada's Prince Edward Island. A team from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign traced the process from its beginnings on the island to captive fox populations around the world, including some still in operation today.

"We have the historical documents, we have genetic information about wild fox populations all over the world, and we obtained samples from foxes bred in North America and Eurasia. So we can really dig into the question of how foxes were domesticated and how their genetics were shaped by geography and time," said lead study author Halie Rando, an assistant professor at Smith College who completed her doctoral research in the Illinois Informatics Institute, now in the School of Information Sciences, at Illinois.

Rando, along with Illinois animal sciences professor Anna Kukekova and their collaborators, analyzed new and previously published mitochondrial DNA data from wild fox populations and from 10 captive populations in North America and Eurasia, including the site of the famous Russian fox domestication experiment. They then cross-referenced historical records related to the intercontinental trade of foxes, changing fur demand and farm sizes, and breeding practices. Together, the data allowed them to determine the geographical origins of farmed foxes worldwide and understand the role of genetic diversity in the domestication process.

"When we do population genetics research, we're able to uncover history forensically," Rando said. "Looking at signatures that are in present populations, we can make inferences about the past."

Early fox farmers were motivated by the demand for the silver variant of red foxes. Trying to trap rare silver foxes from the wild was unreliable and difficult, but breeding them in captivity had its own challenges.

"The foxes were very hard to breed on the farms because they would get really stressed out and die or kill their offspring. It took a long time for them to figure out how to set up the breeding enclosures to reduce stress. Along the way, they were selecting for individuals that were better suited to the farm environment," Rando said. "They also managed to select for the silver fur color. Even without knowing any genetics, they figured out how to crack the code."

After that, the industry boomed, with Canadian foxes being exported across the world. The genetic analysis showed that every captive population the researchers surveyed -- even those in Eurasia -- originated from wild North American foxes. In fact, there were no traces of genetic markers from Eurasian wild fox populations, suggesting any attempts at domesticating local populations were abandoned or overtaken by North American genetics.

"This study helps to answer questions researchers have asked for years about the geographic origin and genetic background of these fox populations," Kukekova said. "Furthermore, some farm foxes may have mixed with native foxes through release events over the years in different locations. Occasionally, unexpected gene signatures show up in native populations, so our study may help to explain where they're coming from."

World War II interrupted demand, and the industry never recovered in North America. In the USSR, however, fox farms quickly rebounded, aided by the government-supported fur industry.

Overall, the genetic pattern reflects the more stable history of breeding in Eurasia. Although all the farmed foxes in the study were found to originate from North American wild foxes, populations in Eurasia were more genetically diverse, with greater representation from Alaskan and western U.S. genotypes in addition to common genotypes from Eastern Canada.

"Some gene signatures were very rare and found only in certain Eurasian farm populations," Rando said. "The presence of these rare signatures, along with more diversity overall in Europe, could be due to more stable population sizes there after World War II, whereas those rare types may have been lost when North American farms collapsed."

The study also sheds light on the famous Russian Farm Fox experiment, started in 1959 at the Institute of Cytology and Genetics (ICG) in Novosibirsk. The study originated with the selection of farm-bred foxes that showed the least avoidant behaviors around humans. Through successive generations, scientists selectively bred foxes with tame behaviors, eventually resulting in foxes as friendly as the family dog.

The current study sampled that population and analyzed it along with the others, finding no unique genetic origins for the Russian foxes. To Rando, this suggests that farm-bred foxes may have the same underlying capacity to develop friendly behaviors.

"I'd say we pretty conclusively demonstrated that the foxes in Novosibirsk are not meaningfully different from other farm-bred foxes in terms of their genetic origins. We also found that the populations in Novosibirsk were among the most genetically diverse captive populations, likely due to their meticulous pedigree records and carefully planned breeding," she said.

Kukekova added, "It's informative to know that this one successful endeavor in Prince Edward Island really had a huge effect on modern populations that persists to this day. The model can help us study domestication broadly and find gene networks leading to tame behavior, which is something that humans have been interested in for a very long time."

Kukekova is also affiliated with the Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology.

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Story Source:

Materials provided by University of Illinois College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences . Original written by Lauren Quinn. Note: Content may be edited for style and length.

Journal Reference :

• Halie M Rando, Emmarie P Alexander, Sophie Preckler-Quisquater, Cate B Quinn, Jeremy T Stutchman, Jennifer L Johnson, Estelle R Bastounes, Beata Horecka, Kristina L Black, Michael P Robson, Darya V Shepeleva, Yury E Herbeck, Anastasiya V Kharlamova, Lyudmila N Trut, Jonathan N Pauli, Benjamin N Sacks, Anna V Kukekova. Missing history of a modern domesticate: Historical demographics and genetic diversity in farm-bred red fox populations . Journal of Heredity , 2024; DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esae022

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Strange & offbeat.

Insects as chicken feed: a natural and sustainable idea

Rearing insects on residue streams from the food industry can play an important role in making feed production more sustainable in the poultry sector. That is the main conclusion of the InsectFeed project which was led by Wageningen University & Research. The process proved to be safe, productive and sustainable. In addition, chicken welfare improves when insects are on the menu. However, further research into economic feasibility and the ethical aspects is needed to fulfil the potential.

Most agricultural land worldwide is used to grow animal feed. Soy is particularly important as a source of protein in animal feed, says Marcel Dicke, Professor of Entomology. “We mainly import soy from South America, but that creates a large climate footprint.” We can and need to change that, Dicke believes. He therefore advocates the use of insects as animal feed. "If we can develop insect farming in a good way, we can make agriculture less dependent on feed from abroad. Rearing insects requires a lot less space than growing crops. In the Netherlands, insect farming would work well on domestic residue streams. Moreover, insects contain a lot of high-quality protein, so you get the same output in meat with less feed."

Insects banned as feed

For a long time, using insects as animal feed was banned in Europe. After the BSE crisis at the end of the last century - the result of cows becoming infected after eating animal protein - EU legislation stipulated that farm animals could no longer be fed animal products. Dicke: "This included insects, although chickens and pigs are omnivores for whom eating insects is a natural behaviour. It was only after studies showed that consuming insects poses no food safety risks and even has important sustainability benefits that the legislation was amended. So using insects as animal feed is a relatively new agricultural activity about which much more information needs to be acquired."

Feeding insects to chickens

That knowledge was acquired among others in the InsectFeed project. This project involved a partnership consisting of WUR, the University of Groningen, HAS Den Bosch, the NVWA, the Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (LNV), Rabobank, ZLTO, the Dierenbescherming, GD Animal Health and insect breeders Protix and Amusca. Dicke: "The project focused on using insects as feed for chickens. Of all the types of meat production, poultry farming is the least harmful to the environment. By feeding insects to chickens, we could make this production even more sustainable. But before introducing this on a large scale, we need to know whether it can be done in a healthy, safe, animal-friendly - for both chickens and insects - and economically feasible way. We explored that in InsectFeed ."

Rearing fly larvae

The project studied the larvae of the housefly and the black soldier fly as possible insect food. According to Dicke, these species are already used as animal feed worldwide. "We wanted to find out how we could rear these larvae in such a way that they have a good life. That is reflected in their development, health and natural behaviour, for example. This was something we examined in detail. We already knew that larvae like to crawl towards each other and that did happen. Being close together raises the temperature. The larvae then grow faster and are better protected from diseases. When it gets too hot, they spread out again."

Residue stream as substrate

The fly larvae were reared on residue streams from the food industry. Dicke: “That might be residue from the production of chips, fruit juice and beer, for instance. Some residue streams are already used as animal feed, but that isn’t always permitted. For example, when they contain fungi, which produce toxins. But a residue stream with fungi could potentially be used for insect farming. In the project, we studied whether this could be done safely and efficiently. And that proved to be the case. Fly larvae grew just as fast as on a 'clean' substrate, did not get sick and did not accumulate toxins. In fact, larvae even caused toxin breakdown. Such insights are important for allowing residue streams with fungi."

Economic feasibility

Another focus in the project was economic feasibility. Is it profitable for the agricultural sector to rear insects for animal feed? Not yet, the researchers conclude. But that could soon change, says Dicke. "Insect farming is still a young industry. The cost price is currently still higher than soy, but technological innovations and economies of scale can lower the cost price. You can also make the price more interesting in other ways, such as by increasing the tax on soy or by EU subsidies on using a circular protein source. In addition, insect farming produces by-products. For example, you can reuse the substrate after use for sustainable, organic fertilisation of crops."

Ethical issues

According to Dicke, economic feasibility is one of the aspects that will need further investigation. The same applies to the ethical issues. Dicke: "We know that larvae on substrates from residue streams continue to exhibit natural behaviour, but there are other ethical issues. For example, which life is worth more, that of an insect or a chicken? In the research, we found that chickens behaved more naturally when they ate live insects and responded enthusiastically to being fed with them. That is something you can factor into the moral acceptability of using insects as animal feed. Such ethical dilemmas are not something we have encountered before."

Importance of scientific insights

Dicke describes the results of the project as very promising. According to the professor, scientific insights play a crucial role in making meat production more sustainable. "This knowledge is needed for sound political decision-making. Like allowing insects as a food source, for example. I’m glad that this is receiving more consideration. Obviously, much more research is needed to develop this further. And ultimately, you are also dependent on the agricultural sector. Which is why ZLTO is an important partner in this research. But if we can demonstrate that using insects as feed is animal-friendly, sustainable and economically interesting, I see excellent prospects."

Public event InsectFeed

On 28 September, the InsectFeed partnership is organising a public event at Theater Junushoff in Wageningen. Its main purpose is to show that insects can make a valuable contribution to food production. In the theatre, visitors can learn about the many possibilities of insects as food, both for animal and human consumption. During a cooking demonstration, a chef will prepare meals with insects. There will also be a quiz, scavenger hunt and craft table, and scientists will answer all your questions about eating insects. The event is free and open to everyone.

UC study: Brain organ plays key role in adult neurogenesis

Research published in the proceedings of the national academy of sciences.

University of Cincinnati researchers have pioneered an animal model that sheds light on the role an understudied organ in the brain has in repairing damage caused by stroke.

Agnes (Yu) Luo, PhD. Photo/Andrew Higley/UC Marketing + Brand.

The research was published July 2 online in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences and sought to learn more about how the adult brain generates new neurons to repair damaged tissue.

The research team focused on the choroid plexus, a small organ within brain ventricles that produces the brain’s cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). CSF circulates throughout the brain, carrying signaling molecules and other factors thought to be important for maintaining brain function. However, prior to this study, little was known about the roles the choroid plexus and CSF play in brain repair after injury due to a lack of available adult animal models.

“We have discovered a new use of an animal model to be able to allow us to manipulate the adult choroid plexus and CSF for the first time,” said Agnes (Yu) Luo, PhD, corresponding author on the study, and professor and vice chair in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences in UC’s College of Medicine. “Now that we’ve discovered it, this will be vitally applicable to allow researchers to manipulate the adult choroid plexus and CSF to study different disease models and biological processes.”

Luo and Taranov work together in a lab. Photo/Andrew Higley/UC Marketing + Brand.

UC graduate student and study coauthor Aleksandr Taranov explained that in a process called adult neurogenesis, the adult brain maintains a certain capacity to repair damage by regenerating newly born neurons.

“However, we still don’t know what actually regulates adult neurogenesis and how to redirect the neurons into the lesion site following a stroke,” Taranov said.

Using this new model, the researchers found that removing the choroid plexus — and the resulting loss of CSF in brain ventricles — led to a reduction of newly born immature neurons called neuroblasts. In a model of ischemic stroke, the team found the loss of the choroid plexus and CSF led to fewer neuroblasts migrating to the lesion site and repairing damage caused by a stroke.

“This suggests that the choroid plexus may be needed to retain these neuroblasts in the area where they usually reside,” Taranov said. “And the choroid plexus might actually be required to retain the neuroblasts so they can readily migrate into the stroke site whenever a stroke or other injury occurs.”

Luo and Taranov in the College of Medicine. Photo/Andrew HIgley/UC Marketing + Brand.

Essentially, Luo said, it appears the choroid plexus keeps a garrison of regenerative cells that are ready to be deployed to injured areas in the brain in animal models of stroke. Further research is needed to confirm whether this also occurs in human brains.

Moving forward, Taranov is studying how the loss of the choroid plexus and CSF affects the clearing of toxic proteins in a model of Alzheimer’s disease, and fellow graduate student Elliot Wegman is studying the same effects in a model of Parkinson’s disease.

Innovation Lives Here

The University of Cincinnati is leading public urban universities into a new era of innovation and impact. Our faculty, staff and students are saving lives, changing outcomes and bending the future in our city's direction.  Next Lives Here.

This study was supported by National Institutes of Health grants (R01AG083164 and R21NS127177). Other study coauthors include UC’s Alicia Bedolla, and Eri Iwasawa, Farrah Brown, Sarah Baumgartner, Elizabeth Fugate, Joel Levoy, Steven A. Crone and June Goto of Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center.

Featured photo at top: Fluorescent image of a healthy choroid plexus, the main producer of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain. Image provided by Agnes (Yu) Luo.

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Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science

National Research Council (US) Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science .

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The National Research Council's Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science—composed of specialists in pathology, laboratory animal medicine, infectious diseases, genomics, nutrition, food safety, biosecurity, and other subdisciplines of animal research—was charged to identify current needs and project future needs for research in three fields of veterinary science: public health and food safety; animal health; and comparative medicine. (The committee defines comparative medicine as the field of medicine that compares medical and scientific discoveries and knowledge of one or more animal species, including humans.) The committee was also asked to assess resources, infrastructure, and manpower available to meet those needs without making specific budgetary or organizational recommendations.

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• The National Academies
• Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
• Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources
• Acknowledgments
• CHALLENGES FOR VETERINARY RESEARCH
• RESEARCH AGENDA AND STRATEGIES
• CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
• THE STRUCTURE OF THIS REPORT
• PUBLIC HEALTH AND FOOD SAFETY
• ANIMAL HEALTH AND WELFARE
• COMPARATIVE MEDICINE
• EMERGING ISSUES IN VETERINARY SCIENCE
• OVERARCHING RESOURCES
• SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
• COLLEGES OF AGRICULTURE
• COLLEGES OF MEDICINE AND OTHER MEDICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTIONS
• WILDLIFE AND AQUATIC HEALTH INSTITUTIONS
• ZOOLOGICAL INSTITUTIONS
• NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH
• US DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
• CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION
• DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
• FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
• NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
• PRIVATE-SECTOR RESEARCH RESOURCES
• COLLABORATIVE AND INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH— A “ONE MEDICINE” APPROACH
• HUMAN RESOURCES
• EDUCATION AND TRAINING
• FACILITIES AND INFRASTRUCTURE
• FINANCIAL RESOURCES
• Appendix A Statement of Task
• Appendix B Committee Biographies
• Appendix C Workshop on National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science
• Appendix D Bioterrorism Agents
• Appendix E University Centers for Agricultural Biosecurity
• Appendix F Student Enrollment and Faculty Size in Colleges of Veterinary Medicine in the United States
• Appendix G Research Expenditures for 27 Colleges of Veterinary Medicine
• Appendix H Relationship Between Research Expenditures of Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Co-location with Relevant Research Facilities
• Appendix I Institutions or Organizations that Contribute Major Resources to Wildlife and Aquatic Health, Food Safety, and Well-Being
• Appendix J R29, R37, and T32 Grants Awarded to Colleges of Veterinary Medicine and Departments of Veterinary Sciences, FY 1993-FY 2003
• Appendix K Research Facilities of the USDA Agricultural Research Service and Its Partners
• Appendix L Issues and Concerns about Recruiting Students for Research Careers in Veterinary Science from the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges Symposium on Veterinary Graduate Education
• Appendix M Recommendations in the National Research Council Report National Needs and Priorities for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research that Apply Broadly to Veterinary Research
• Appendix N Examples of Funding Opportunities for Veterinary Research

This study was supported by the American Animal Hospital Association, the Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges, the American Veterinary Medical Association, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention under Contract No. 200-2000-00629 (Task Order No. 28), the National Association of Federal Veterinarians, and the National Center for Research Resources and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences of the National Institutes of Health under Contract No. N01-OD-4-2139 (Task Order No. 140).

Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations or agencies that provided support for the project.

NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for appropriate balance.

• Cite this Page National Research Council (US) Committee on the National Needs for Research in Veterinary Science . Critical Needs for Research in Veterinary Science. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 2005. doi: 10.17226/11366
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