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Assignment Operators in C

In C language, the assignment operator stores a certain value in an already declared variable. A variable in C can be assigned the value in the form of a literal, another variable, or an expression.

The value to be assigned forms the right-hand operand, whereas the variable to be assigned should be the operand to the left of the " = " symbol, which is defined as a simple assignment operator in C.

In addition, C has several augmented assignment operators.

The following table lists the assignment operators supported by the C language −

Operator	Description	Example
=	Simple assignment operator. Assigns values from right side operands to left side operand	C = A + B will assign the value of A + B to C
+=	Add AND assignment operator. It adds the right operand to the left operand and assign the result to the left operand.	C += A is equivalent to C = C + A
-=	Subtract AND assignment operator. It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C -= A is equivalent to C = C - A
*=	Multiply AND assignment operator. It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C = A is equivalent to C = C A
/=	Divide AND assignment operator. It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.	C /= A is equivalent to C = C / A
%=	Modulus AND assignment operator. It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.	C %= A is equivalent to C = C % A
<<=	Left shift AND assignment operator.	C <<= 2 is same as C = C << 2
>>=	Right shift AND assignment operator.	C >>= 2 is same as C = C >> 2
&=	Bitwise AND assignment operator.	C &= 2 is same as C = C & 2
^=	Bitwise exclusive OR and assignment operator.	C ^= 2 is same as C = C ^ 2
\|=	Bitwise inclusive OR and assignment operator.	C \|= 2 is same as C = C \| 2

Simple Assignment Operator (=)

The = operator is one of the most frequently used operators in C. As per the ANSI C standard, all the variables must be declared in the beginning. Variable declaration after the first processing statement is not allowed.

You can declare a variable to be assigned a value later in the code, or you can initialize it at the time of declaration.

You can use a literal, another variable, or an expression in the assignment statement.

Once a variable of a certain type is declared, it cannot be assigned a value of any other type. In such a case the C compiler reports a type mismatch error.

In C, the expressions that refer to a memory location are called "lvalue" expressions. A lvalue may appear as either the left-hand or right-hand side of an assignment.

On the other hand, the term rvalue refers to a data value that is stored at some address in memory. A rvalue is an expression that cannot have a value assigned to it which means an rvalue may appear on the right-hand side but not on the left-hand side of an assignment.

Variables are lvalues and so they may appear on the left-hand side of an assignment. Numeric literals are rvalues and so they may not be assigned and cannot appear on the left-hand side. Take a look at the following valid and invalid statements −

Augmented Assignment Operators

In addition to the = operator, C allows you to combine arithmetic and bitwise operators with the = symbol to form augmented or compound assignment operator. The augmented operators offer a convenient shortcut for combining arithmetic or bitwise operation with assignment.

For example, the expression "a += b" has the same effect of performing "a + b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Run the code and check its output −

Similarly, the expression "a <<= b" has the same effect of performing "a << b" first and then assigning the result back to the variable "a".

Here is a C program that demonstrates the use of assignment operators in C −

When you compile and execute the above program, it will produce the following result −

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Assignment operators.














(C11)









Miscellaneous

General




(C11)







(C99)

Assignment and compound assignment operators are binary operators that modify the variable to their left using the value to their right.

Operator	Operator name	Example	Description	Equivalent of
=	basic assignment	a = b	becomes equal to
+=	addition assignment	a += b	becomes equal to the addition of and	a = a + b
-=	subtraction assignment	a -= b	becomes equal to the subtraction of from	a = a - b
*=	multiplication assignment	a *= b	becomes equal to the product of and	a = a * b
/=	division assignment	a /= b	becomes equal to the division of by	a = a / b
%=	modulo assignment	a %= b	becomes equal to the remainder of divided by	a = a % b
&=	bitwise AND assignment	a &= b	becomes equal to the bitwise AND of and	a = a & b
\|=	bitwise OR assignment	a \|= b	becomes equal to the bitwise OR of and	a = a \| b
^=	bitwise XOR assignment	a ^= b	becomes equal to the bitwise XOR of and	a = a ^ b
<<=	bitwise left shift assignment	a <<= b	becomes equal to left shifted by	a = a << b
>>=	bitwise right shift assignment	a >>= b	becomes equal to right shifted by	a = a >> b

Simple assignment Notes Compound assignment References See Also See also

[ edit ] Simple assignment

The simple assignment operator expressions have the form


lhs rhs

lhs	-	expression of any complete object type
rhs	-	expression of any type to lhs or with lhs

Assignment performs implicit conversion from the value of rhs to the type of lhs and then replaces the value in the object designated by lhs with the converted value of rhs .

Assignment also returns the same value as what was stored in lhs (so that expressions such as a = b = c are possible). The value category of the assignment operator is non-lvalue (so that expressions such as ( a = b ) = c are invalid).

rhs and lhs must satisfy one of the following:

both lhs and rhs have compatible struct or union type, or..
rhs must be implicitly convertible to lhs , which implies
both lhs and rhs have arithmetic types , in which case lhs may be volatile -qualified or atomic (since C11)
both lhs and rhs have pointer to compatible (ignoring qualifiers) types, or one of the pointers is a pointer to void, and the conversion would not add qualifiers to the pointed-to type. lhs may be volatile or restrict (since C99) -qualified or atomic (since C11) .
lhs is a (possibly qualified or atomic (since C11) ) pointer and rhs is a null pointer constant such as NULL or a nullptr_t value (since C23)

has type (possibly qualified or atomic(since C11)) _Bool and rhs is a pointer or a value(since C23)

(since C99)

has type (possibly qualified or atomic) and rhs has type

(since C23)

[ edit ] Notes

If rhs and lhs overlap in memory (e.g. they are members of the same union), the behavior is undefined unless the overlap is exact and the types are compatible .

Although arrays are not assignable, an array wrapped in a struct is assignable to another object of the same (or compatible) struct type.

The side effect of updating lhs is sequenced after the value computations, but not the side effects of lhs and rhs themselves and the evaluations of the operands are, as usual, unsequenced relative to each other (so the expressions such as i = ++ i ; are undefined)

Assignment strips extra range and precision from floating-point expressions (see FLT_EVAL_METHOD ).

In C++, assignment operators are lvalue expressions, not so in C.

[ edit ] Compound assignment

The compound assignment operator expressions have the form


lhs op rhs

op	-	one of *=, /= %=, += -=, <<=, >>=, &=, ^=, \|=
lhs, rhs	-	expressions with (where lhs may be qualified or atomic), except when op is += or -=, which also accept pointer types with the same restrictions as + and -

The expression lhs @= rhs is exactly the same as lhs = lhs @ ( rhs ) , except that lhs is evaluated only once.

If lhs has type, the operation behaves as a single atomic read-modify-write operation with memory order .

For integer atomic types, the compound assignment @= is equivalent to:

addr = &lhs; T2 val = rhs; T1 old = *addr; T1 new; do { new = old @ val } while (! (addr, &old, new);

(since C11)

[ edit ] References

C17 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2018):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 72-73)
C11 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:2011):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 101-104)
C99 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1999):
6.5.16 Assignment operators (p: 91-93)
C89/C90 standard (ISO/IEC 9899:1990):
3.3.16 Assignment operators

[ edit ] See Also

Operator precedence

Common operators

a = b a += b a -= b a *= b a /= b a %= b a &= b a \|= b a ^= b a <<= b a >>= b	++a --a a++ a--	+a -a a + b a - b a * b a / b a % b ~a a & b a \| b a ^ b a << b a >> b	!a a && b a \|\| b	a == b a != b a < b a > b a <= b a >= b	a[b] *a &a a->b a.b	a(...) a, b (type) a a ? b : c sizeof _Alignof (since C11)

[ edit ] See also

for Assignment operators

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4.6: Assignment Operator

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Patrick McClanahan
San Joaquin Delta College

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Assignment Operator

The assignment operator allows us to change the value of a modifiable data object (for beginning programmers this typically means a variable). It is associated with the concept of moving a value into the storage location (again usually a variable). Within C++ programming language the symbol used is the equal symbol. But bite your tongue, when you see the = symbol you need to start thinking: assignment. The assignment operator has two operands. The one to the left of the operator is usually an identifier name for a variable. The one to the right of the operator is a value.

The value 21 is moved to the memory location for the variable named: age. Another way to say it: age is assigned the value 21.

The item to the right of the assignment operator is an expression. The expression will be evaluated and the answer is 14. The value 14 would assigned to the variable named: total_cousins.

The expression to the right of the assignment operator contains some identifier names. The program would fetch the values stored in those variables; add them together and get a value of 44; then assign the 44 to the total_students variable.

As we have seen, assignment operators are used to assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side otherwise the compiler will raise an error. Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

“=” : This is the simplest assignment operator, which was discussed above. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. For example: a = 10; b = 20; ch = 'y';

If initially the value 5 is stored in the variable a, then: (a += 6) is equal to 11. (the same as: a = a + 6)

If initially value 8 is stored in the variable a, then (a -= 6) is equal to 2. (the same as a = a - 6)

If initially value 5 is stored in the variable a,, then (a *= 6) is equal to 30. (the same as a = a * 6)

If initially value 6 is stored in the variable a, then (a /= 2) is equal to 3. (the same as a = a / 2)

Below example illustrates the various Assignment Operators:

Definitions

Adapted from: "Assignment Operator" by Kenneth Leroy Busbee , (Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/[email protected] ) is licensed under CC BY 4.0

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C functions, c dynamic memory, c structure union, c file handling, c preprocessor, c command line, c programming test, c interview.

There are different kinds of the operators, such as arithmetic, relational, bitwise, assignment, etc., in the C programming language. The assignment operator is used to assign the value, variable and function to another variable. Let's discuss the various types of the assignment operators such as =, +=, -=, /=, *= and %=.

It is the operator used to assign the right side operand or variable to the left side variable.

Let's create a program to use the simple assignment operator in C.

The operator is used to add the left side operand to the left operand and then assign results to the left operand.

Let's create a program to use the Plus and assign operator in C.

The operator is used to subtract the left operand with the right operand and then assigns the result to the left operand.

Let's create a program to use the Subtract and Assign (-=) operator in C.

The operator is used to multiply the left operand with the right operand and then assign result to the left operand.

Let's create a program to use the multiply and assign operator (*=) in C.

An operator is used between the left and right operands, which divides the first number by the second number to return the result in the left operand.

Let's create a program to use the divide and assign operator (/=) in C.

An operator used between the left operand and the right operand divides the first number (n1) by the second number (n2) and returns the remainder in the left operand.

Let's create a program to use the divide and assign operator (%=) in C.

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An operator is a symbol that operates on a value or a variable. For example: + is an operator to perform addition.

C has a wide range of operators to perform various operations.

C Arithmetic Operators

An arithmetic operator performs mathematical operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division etc on numerical values (constants and variables).

Operator	Meaning of Operator
+	addition or unary plus
-	subtraction or unary minus
*	multiplication
/	division
%	remainder after division (modulo division)

Example 1: Arithmetic Operators

The operators + , - and * computes addition, subtraction, and multiplication respectively as you might have expected.

In normal calculation, 9/4 = 2.25 . However, the output is 2 in the program.

It is because both the variables a and b are integers. Hence, the output is also an integer. The compiler neglects the term after the decimal point and shows answer 2 instead of 2.25 .

The modulo operator % computes the remainder. When a=9 is divided by b=4 , the remainder is 1 . The % operator can only be used with integers.

Suppose a = 5.0 , b = 2.0 , c = 5 and d = 2 . Then in C programming,

C Increment and Decrement Operators

C programming has two operators increment ++ and decrement -- to change the value of an operand (constant or variable) by 1.

Increment ++ increases the value by 1 whereas decrement -- decreases the value by 1. These two operators are unary operators, meaning they only operate on a single operand.

Example 2: Increment and Decrement Operators

Here, the operators ++ and -- are used as prefixes. These two operators can also be used as postfixes like a++ and a-- . Visit this page to learn more about how increment and decrement operators work when used as postfix .

C Assignment Operators

An assignment operator is used for assigning a value to a variable. The most common assignment operator is =

Operator	Example	Same as
=	a = b	a = b
+=	a += b	a = a+b
-=	a -= b	a = a-b
*=	a *= b	a = a*b
/=	a /= b	a = a/b
%=	a %= b	a = a%b

Example 3: Assignment Operators

C relational operators.

A relational operator checks the relationship between two operands. If the relation is true, it returns 1; if the relation is false, it returns value 0.

Relational operators are used in decision making and loops .

Operator	Meaning of Operator	Example
==	Equal to	is evaluated to 0
>	Greater than	is evaluated to 1
<	Less than	is evaluated to 0
!=	Not equal to	is evaluated to 1
>=	Greater than or equal to	is evaluated to 1
<=	Less than or equal to	is evaluated to 0

Example 4: Relational Operators

C logical operators.

An expression containing logical operator returns either 0 or 1 depending upon whether expression results true or false. Logical operators are commonly used in decision making in C programming .

Operator	Meaning	Example
&&	Logical AND. True only if all operands are true	If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression equals to 0.
\|\|	Logical OR. True only if either one operand is true	If c = 5 and d = 2 then, expression equals to 1.
!	Logical NOT. True only if the operand is 0	If c = 5 then, expression equals to 0.

Example 5: Logical Operators

Explanation of logical operator program

(a == b) && (c > 5) evaluates to 1 because both operands (a == b) and (c > b) is 1 (true).
(a == b) && (c < b) evaluates to 0 because operand (c < b) is 0 (false).
(a == b) || (c < b) evaluates to 1 because (a = b) is 1 (true).
(a != b) || (c < b) evaluates to 0 because both operand (a != b) and (c < b) are 0 (false).
!(a != b) evaluates to 1 because operand (a != b) is 0 (false). Hence, !(a != b) is 1 (true).
!(a == b) evaluates to 0 because (a == b) is 1 (true). Hence, !(a == b) is 0 (false).

During computation, mathematical operations like: addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc are converted to bit-level which makes processing faster and saves power.

Bitwise operators are used in C programming to perform bit-level operations.

Operators	Meaning of operators
&	Bitwise AND
\|	Bitwise OR
^	Bitwise exclusive OR
~	Bitwise complement
<<	Shift left
>>	Shift right

Visit bitwise operator in C to learn more.

Other Operators

Comma operator.

Comma operators are used to link related expressions together. For example:

The sizeof operator

The sizeof is a unary operator that returns the size of data (constants, variables, array, structure, etc).

Example 6: sizeof Operator

Other operators such as ternary operator ?: , reference operator & , dereference operator * and member selection operator -> will be discussed in later tutorials.

Arithmetic Operators
Increment and Decrement Operators
Assignment Operators
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
sizeof Operator

Video: Arithmetic Operators in C

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Js versions, js functions, js html dom, js browser bom, js web apis, js vs jquery, js graphics, js examples, js references, javascript assignment, javascript assignment operators.

Assignment operators assign values to JavaScript variables.

Operator	Example	Same As
=	x = y	x = y
+=	x += y	x = x + y
-=	x -= y	x = x - y
*=	x *= y	x = x * y
/=	x /= y	x = x / y
%=	x %= y	x = x % y
**=	x **= y	x = x ** y

Shift Assignment Operators

Operator	Example	Same As
<<=	x <<= y	x = x << y
>>=	x >>= y	x = x >> y
>>>=	x >>>= y	x = x >>> y

Bitwise Assignment Operators

Operator	Example	Same As
&=	x &= y	x = x & y
^=	x ^= y	x = x ^ y
\|=	x \|= y	x = x \| y

Logical Assignment Operators

Operator	Example	Same As
&&=	x &&= y	x = x && (x = y)
\|\|=	x \|\|= y	x = x \|\| (x = y)
??=	x ??= y	x = x ?? (x = y)

The = Operator

The Simple Assignment Operator assigns a value to a variable.

Simple Assignment Examples

The += operator.

The Addition Assignment Operator adds a value to a variable.

Addition Assignment Examples

The -= operator.

The Subtraction Assignment Operator subtracts a value from a variable.

Subtraction Assignment Example

The *= operator.

The Multiplication Assignment Operator multiplies a variable.

Multiplication Assignment Example

The **= operator.

The Exponentiation Assignment Operator raises a variable to the power of the operand.

Exponentiation Assignment Example

The /= operator.

The Division Assignment Operator divides a variable.

Division Assignment Example

The %= operator.

The Remainder Assignment Operator assigns a remainder to a variable.

Remainder Assignment Example

The <<= Operator

The Left Shift Assignment Operator left shifts a variable.

Left Shift Assignment Example

The >>= operator.

The Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (signed).

Right Shift Assignment Example

The >>>= operator.

The Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Operator right shifts a variable (unsigned).

Unsigned Right Shift Assignment Example

The &= operator.

The Bitwise AND Assignment Operator does a bitwise AND operation on two operands and assigns the result to the the variable.

Bitwise AND Assignment Example

The |= operator.

The Bitwise OR Assignment Operator does a bitwise OR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise OR Assignment Example

The ^= operator.

The Bitwise XOR Assignment Operator does a bitwise XOR operation on two operands and assigns the result to the variable.

Bitwise XOR Assignment Example

The &&= operator.

The Logical AND assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is true, the second value is assigned.

Logical AND Assignment Example

The &&= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ||= Operator

The Logical OR assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is false, the second value is assigned.

Logical OR Assignment Example

The ||= operator is an ES2020 feature .

The ??= Operator

The Nullish coalescing assignment operator is used between two values.

If the first value is undefined or null, the second value is assigned.

Nullish Coalescing Assignment Example

The ??= operator is an ES2020 feature .

Test Yourself With Exercises

Use the correct assignment operator that will result in x being 15 (same as x = x + y ).

Start the Exercise

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Class Assignment Operators

I made the following operator overloading test:

The assignment operator behaves as-expected, outputting the address of the other instance.

Now, how would I actually assign something from the other instance? For example, something like this:

operator-overloading
assignment-operator

You don't need either, but it still looks odd that you have an assignment operator and a destructor, but no copy constructor. As per the Rule of Three, if you need either, you'll likely need all three. – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:54
@sbi Of course. This is just some test code, though. – Maxpm Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 15:24
Still, reflexes kick in when I see that. I also noted that you pass a std::string object per copy instead of const reference. You might want to read this . – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 15:32

5 Answers 5

The code you've shown would do it. No one would consider it to be a particularly good implementation, though.

This conforms to what is expected of an assignment operator:

BTW, you talk about "other class", but you have only one class, and multiple instances of that class.

Ben, actually it would be better to provide a swap() member function and call that. Nevertheless, this is better than assigning. – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:21

The traditional canonical form of the assignment operator looks like this:

(you don't want to invoke the copy constructor for assignment, too) and it returns a reference to *this .

A naive implementation would assign each data member individually:

(Note that this is exactly what the compiler-generated assignment operator would do, so it's pretty useless to overload it. I take it that this is for exercising, though.)

A better approach would be to employ the Copy-And-Swap idiom . (If you find GMan's answer too overwhelming, try mine , which is less exhaustive. :) ) Note that C&S employs the copy constructor and destructor to do assignment and therefore requires the object to be passed per copy, as you had in your question:

I know you know about copy-and-swap, why did you declare the parameter as a reference? – Ben Voigt Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 13:51
@Ben: Thanks. I've added a note that, using c&s, the object should be copied. Old habits die hard, I guess. (Oh, and I'm not sure what's a "ninja edit", BTW.) – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 13:56
In this case, it was a ninja edit because you made the changes Ben was suggesting as he was suggesting them. – Bill Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 18:00

almost all said, a few notes:

check for self-assignment, i.e. if (&other != this) // assign
look here for an excellent guide on operator overloading

1 If your assignment operator needs a check for self-assignment, chances are there's a better implementation. Good implementations (like Copy-And-Swap) don't need that test (which puts the burden of checking for the rare case on every assignment). – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:06
2 <shameless_plug> We also have an operator overloading FAQ here on SO now: stackoverflow.com/questions/4421706/operator-overloading . </shameless_plug> – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:06
@sbi: thanks for the ref, I'll read it one day ;). The one I mention is short and easy for beginners, giving just bare essentials. I'll also read up the C&S one day, but as for self-test overhead - seems that C&S has an overhead of copying and in many cases memory allocation (if your class contains strings, vectors etc.), so it should have a "handle with care" label, isn't it? – davka Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:21
1 @davka: The one you linked to is questionable, though. Also, C&S has no overhead. I have explained why it doesn't. . In short: assignment is tearing down old state, and building up new state by copying data from another object. That's exactly what copy-constructor and destructor do, and C&S manages to employ them in the right order to be exception-safe. – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:26
1 @davka: When swapping, you allocate for the new data, copy the new data, swap old and new data, and deallocate the old data. When assigning, you deallocate the old data, allocate for the new data, and copy the data (and you pray allocation won't fail and catch you with your pants down). But swapping is supposed to be O(1) and non-throwing, so it doesn't factor into the runtime. (For example, with std::vector swapping will swap two pointers. Comparing to the O(N) of copying and the O(VeryLooong) of allocation, this is neglectable.) – sbi Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 16:30

Traditionnaly the assignment operator and the copy constructor are defined passing a const reference, and not with a copy by value mechanism.

EDIT: I corrected because I had put code that didnt return the TestClass& (c.f. @sbi 's answer)

1 The new common practice actually does pass the RHS by value. It's called the copy-and-swap idiom . – Ben Voigt Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 13:50
And just an instictive automatic repulsion about RHS by value... ( without having looked a single second at the thourough SO subject about copy and swap idiom)... RHS by value while using polymorphism has meant such a hundred of bugs in my career... it will take me hours to be convinced to using RHS by value ;-) – Stephane Rolland Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 14:12

You are correct about how to copy the contents from the other class. Simple objects can just be assigned using operator= .

However, be wary of cases where TestClass contains pointer members -- if you just assign the pointer using operator= , then both objects will have pointers pointing to the same memory, which may not be what you want. You may instead need to make sure you allocate some new memory and copy the pointed-to data into it so both objects have their own copy of the data. Remember you also need to properly deallocate the memory already pointed to by the assigned-to object before allocating a new block for the copied data.

By the way, you should probably declare your operator= like this:

This is the general convention used when overloading operator= . The return statement allows chaining of assignments (like a = b = c ) and passing the parameter by const reference avoids copying Other on its way into the function call.

1 The new common practice actually does pass the RHS by value. It's called the copy-and-swap idiom . – Ben Voigt Commented Dec 22, 2010 at 13:51

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Assignment operators

An assignment operator assigns a value to its left operand based on the value of its right operand.

The basic assignment operator is equal ( = ), which assigns the value of its right operand to its left operand. That is, x = y assigns the value of y to x . The other assignment operators are usually shorthand for standard operations, as shown in the following definitions and examples.

Name	Shorthand operator	Meaning

Simple assignment operator which assigns a value to a variable. The assignment operation evaluates to the assigned value. Chaining the assignment operator is possible in order to assign a single value to multiple variables. See the example.

Addition assignment

The addition assignment operator adds the value of the right operand to a variable and assigns the result to the variable. The types of the two operands determine the behavior of the addition assignment operator. Addition or concatenation is possible. See the addition operator for more details.

Subtraction assignment

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts the value of the right operand from a variable and assigns the result to the variable. See the subtraction operator for more details.

Multiplication assignment

The multiplication assignment operator multiplies a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the multiplication operator for more details.

Division assignment

The division assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the result to the variable. See the division operator for more details.

Remainder assignment

The remainder assignment operator divides a variable by the value of the right operand and assigns the remainder to the variable. See the remainder operator for more details.

Exponentiation assignment

This is an experimental technology, part of the ECMAScript 2016 (ES7) proposal. Because this technology's specification has not stabilized, check the compatibility table for usage in various browsers. Also note that the syntax and behavior of an experimental technology is subject to change in future version of browsers as the spec changes.

The exponentiation assignment operator evaluates to the result of raising first operand to the power second operand. See the exponentiation operator for more details.

Left shift assignment

The left shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the left and assigns the result to the variable. See the left shift operator for more details.

Right shift assignment

The right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the right shift operator for more details.

Unsigned right shift assignment

The unsigned right shift assignment operator moves the specified amount of bits to the right and assigns the result to the variable. See the unsigned right shift operator for more details.

Bitwise AND assignment

The bitwise AND assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise AND operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise AND operator for more details.

Bitwise XOR assignment

The bitwise XOR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise XOR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise XOR operator for more details.

Bitwise OR assignment

The bitwise OR assignment operator uses the binary representation of both operands, does a bitwise OR operation on them and assigns the result to the variable. See the bitwise OR operator for more details.

Left operand with another assignment operator

In unusual situations, the assignment operator (e.g. x += y ) is not identical to the meaning expression (here x = x + y ). When the left operand of an assignment operator itself contains an assignment operator, the left operand is evaluated only once. For example:

Specifications

Specification	Status	Comment
	Draft
	Standard
	Standard
	Standard	Initial definition.

Browser compatibility

Feature	Chrome	Edge	Firefox (Gecko)	Internet Explorer	Opera	Safari
Basic support	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)

Feature	Android	Chrome for Android	Edge	Firefox Mobile (Gecko)	IE Mobile	Opera Mobile	Safari Mobile
Basic support	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)	(Yes)

Arithmetic operators

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Assignment operators (C# reference)

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The assignment operator = assigns the value of its right-hand operand to a variable, a property , or an indexer element given by its left-hand operand. The result of an assignment expression is the value assigned to the left-hand operand. The type of the right-hand operand must be the same as the type of the left-hand operand or implicitly convertible to it.

The assignment operator = is right-associative, that is, an expression of the form

is evaluated as

The following example demonstrates the usage of the assignment operator with a local variable, a property, and an indexer element as its left-hand operand:

The left-hand operand of an assignment receives the value of the right-hand operand. When the operands are of value types , assignment copies the contents of the right-hand operand. When the operands are of reference types , assignment copies the reference to the object.

This is called value assignment : the value is assigned.

ref assignment

Ref assignment = ref makes its left-hand operand an alias to the right-hand operand, as the following example demonstrates:

In the preceding example, the local reference variable arrayElement is initialized as an alias to the first array element. Then, it's ref reassigned to refer to the last array element. As it's an alias, when you update its value with an ordinary assignment operator = , the corresponding array element is also updated.

The left-hand operand of ref assignment can be a local reference variable , a ref field , and a ref , out , or in method parameter. Both operands must be of the same type.

Compound assignment

For a binary operator op , a compound assignment expression of the form

is equivalent to

except that x is only evaluated once.

Compound assignment is supported by arithmetic , Boolean logical , and bitwise logical and shift operators.

Null-coalescing assignment

You can use the null-coalescing assignment operator ??= to assign the value of its right-hand operand to its left-hand operand only if the left-hand operand evaluates to null . For more information, see the ?? and ??= operators article.

Operator overloadability

A user-defined type can't overload the assignment operator. However, a user-defined type can define an implicit conversion to another type. That way, the value of a user-defined type can be assigned to a variable, a property, or an indexer element of another type. For more information, see User-defined conversion operators .

A user-defined type can't explicitly overload a compound assignment operator. However, if a user-defined type overloads a binary operator op , the op= operator, if it exists, is also implicitly overloaded.

C# language specification

For more information, see the Assignment operators section of the C# language specification .

C# operators and expressions
ref keyword
Use compound assignment (style rules IDE0054 and IDE0074)

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Additional resources

Introduction , assignment operator, addition assignment operator, subtraction assignment operator, multiplication assignment operator, division assignment operator, modulus assignment operator, floor division assignment operator, exponentiation assignment operator, bitwise and assignment operator, bitwise or assignment operator, bitwise xor assignment operator , bitwise right shift assignment operator, bitwise left shift assignment operator, walrus operator, conclusion , python assignment operator: tips and tricks to learn.

Assignment operators are vital in computer programming because they assign values to variables. Python stores and manipulates data with assignment operators like many other programming languages . First, let's review the fundamentals of Python assignment operators so you can understand the concept.

In Python, the following operators are often used for assignments:

Sign Type of Python Operators = Assignment Operator += Addition assignment -= Subtraction assignment *= Multiplication assignment /= Division assignment %= Modulus assignment //= Floor division assignment **= Exponentiation assignment &= Bitwise AND assignment |= Bitwise OR assignment ^= Bitwise XOR assignment >>= Bitwise right shift assignment <<= Bitwise left shift assignment := Walrus Operator

Python uses in-fix assignment operators to perform operations on variables or operands and assign values to the operand on the left side of the operator. It carries out calculations involving arithmetic, logical, and bitwise operations.

Python assignment operator provides a way to define assignment statements. This statement allows you to create, initialize, and update variables throughout your code, just like a software engineer. Variables are crucial in any code; assignment statements provide complete control over creating and modifying variables.

Understanding the Python assignment operator and how it is used in assignment statements can equip you with valuable tools to enhance the quality and reliability of your Python code.

In Python, the equals sign (=) is the primary assignment operator. It assigns the variable's value on the left side to the value on the right side of the operator.

Here's a sample to think about:

In this code snippet, the variable 'x' is given the value of 6. The assignment operator doesn't check for equality but assigns the value.

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The addition assignment operator (+=) adds the right-hand value to the left-hand variable.

The addition assignment operator syntax is variable += value.

The addition assignment operator increments a by 5. The console displays 14 as the result.

The subtraction assignment operator subtracts a value from a variable and stores it in the same variable.

The subtraction assignment operator syntax is variable-=-value.

Using the multiplication assignment operator (=), multiply the value on the right by the variable's existing value on the left.

The assignment operator for multiplication has the following syntax: variable *= value

In this situation, the multiplication assignment operator multiplies the value of a by 2. The output, 10, is shown on the console.

Using the division assignment operator (/=), divide the value of the left-hand variable by the value of the right-hand variable.

The assignment operator for division has the following syntax: variable /= value

Using the division assignment operator, divide a value by 3. The console displays 5.0.

The modulus assignment operator (% =) divides the left and right variable values by the modulus. The variable receives the remainder.

The modulus assignment operator syntax is variable %= value.

The modulus assignment operator divides a by 2. The console displays the following: 1.

Use "//" to divide and assign floors in one phrase. What "a//=b" means is "a=a//b". This operator cannot handle complicated numbers.

The floor division assignment operator syntax is variable == value.

The floor division assignment operator divides a by 2. The console displays 5.

The exponentiation assignment operator (=) elevates the left variable value to the right value's power.

Operator syntax for exponentiation assignment:

variable**=value

The exponentiation assignment operator raises a to 2. The console shows 9.

The bitwise AND assignment operator (&=) combines the left and right variable values using a bitwise AND operation. Results are assigned to variables.

The bitwise AND assignment operator syntax is variable &= value.

The bitwise AND assignment operator ANDes a with 2. The console displays 2 as the outcome.

The bitwise OR assignment operator (|=) bitwise ORs the left and right variable values.

The bitwise OR assignment operator syntax is variable == value.

A is ORed with 4 using the bitwise OR assignment operator. The console displays 6.

Use the bitwise XOR assignment operator (^=) to XOR the left and right values of a variable. Results are assigned to variables.

For bitwise XOR assignment, use the syntax: variable ^= value.

The bitwise XOR assignment operator XORs a with 4. The console displays 2 as the outcome.

The right shift assignment operator (>>=) shifts the variable's left value right by the number of places specified on the right.

The assignment operator for the bitwise right shift has the following syntax:

variable >>= value

The bitwise right shift assignment operator shifts 2 places to the right. The result is 1.

The variable value on the left moves left by the specified number of places on the right using the left shift assignment operator (<<=).

The bitwise left shift assignment operator syntax is variable <<= value.

When we execute a Bitwise right shift on 'a', we get 00011110, which is 30 in decimal.

Python gets new features with each update. Emily Morehouse added the walrus operator to Python 3.8's initial alpha. The most significant change in Python 3.8 is assignment expressions. The ":=" operator allows mid-expression variable assignment. This operator is called the walrus operator.

variable := expression

It was named for the operator symbol (:=), which resembled a sideways walrus' eyes and tusks.

Walrus operators simplify code authoring, which is its main benefit. Each user input was stored in a variable before being passed to the for loop to check its value or apply a condition. It is important to note that the walrus operator cannot be used alone.

With the walrus operator, you can simultaneously define a variable and return a value.

Above, we created two variables, myVar and value, with the phrase myVar = (value = 2346). The expression (value = 2346) defines the variable value using the walrus operator. It returns the value outside the parenthesis as if value = 2346 were a function.

The variable myVar is initialized using the return value from the expression (value = 2346).

The output shows that both variables have the same value.

Learn more about other Python operators by reading our detailed guide here .

Discover how Python assignment operators simplify and optimize programs. Python assignment operators are explained in length in this guide, along with examples, to help you understand them. Start this intriguing journey to improve your Python knowledge and programming skills with Simplilearn's Python training course .

1. What is the ":=" operator in Python?

Python's walrus operator ":" evaluates, assigns, and returns a value from a single sentence. Python 3.8 introduces it with this syntax (variable:=expression).

2. What does = mean in Python?

The most significant change in Python 3.8 is assignment expressions. The walrus operator allows mid-expression variable assignment.

3. What is def (:) Python?

The function definition in Python is (:). Functions are defined with def. A parameter or parameter(s) follows the function name. The function body begins with an indentation after the colon (:). The function body's return statement determines the value.

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Language Reference

Operator Precedence
Increment and Decrement
Error Control

An operator is something that takes one or more values (or expressions, in programming jargon) and yields another value (so that the construction itself becomes an expression).

Operators can be grouped according to the number of values they take. Unary operators take only one value, for example ! (the logical not operator ) or ++ (the increment operator ). Binary operators take two values, such as the familiar arithmetical operators + (plus) and - (minus), and the majority of PHP operators fall into this category. Finally, there is a single ternary operator , ? : , which takes three values; this is usually referred to simply as "the ternary operator" (although it could perhaps more properly be called the conditional operator).

A full list of PHP operators follows in the section Operator Precedence . The section also explains operator precedence and associativity, which govern exactly how expressions containing several different operators are evaluated.

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Break statement in Java
Usage of Break keyword in Java
return keyword in Java
Java Arithmetic Operators with Examples
Java Unary Operator with Examples

Java Assignment Operators with Examples

Java Relational Operators with Examples
Java Logical Operators with Examples
Java Ternary Operator with Examples
Bitwise Operators in Java
Strings in Java
String class in Java
Java.lang.String class in Java | Set 2
Why Java Strings are Immutable?
StringBuffer class in Java
StringBuilder Class in Java with Examples
String vs StringBuilder vs StringBuffer in Java
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Different Ways To Declare And Initialize 2-D Array in Java
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util.Arrays vs reflect.Array in Java with Examples

OOPS in Java

Object Oriented Programming (OOPs) Concept in Java
Why Java is not a purely Object-Oriented Language?
Classes and Objects in Java
Naming Conventions in Java
Java Methods

Access Modifiers in Java

Java Constructors
Four Main Object Oriented Programming Concepts of Java

Inheritance in Java

Abstraction in java, encapsulation in java, polymorphism in java, interfaces in java.

'this' reference in Java
Inheritance and Constructors in Java
Java and Multiple Inheritance
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Comparison of Inheritance in C++ and Java
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Need of Wrapper Classes in Java
Different Ways to Create the Instances of Wrapper Classes in Java
Character Class in Java
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Memory Allocation in Java

Java Memory Management
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Stack vs Heap Memory Allocation
How many types of memory areas are allocated by JVM?
Garbage Collection in Java
Types of JVM Garbage Collectors in Java with implementation details
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Classes of Java

Understanding Classes and Objects in Java
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Object Class in Java
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Throwable Class in Java with Examples

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Packages In Java
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JDBC - Java Database Connectivity

Introduction to JDBC (Java Database Connectivity)
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JDBC Tutorial
Java 8 Features - Complete Tutorial

Operators constitute the basic building block of any programming language. Java too provides many types of operators which can be used according to the need to perform various calculations and functions, be it logical, arithmetic, relational, etc. They are classified based on the functionality they provide.

Types of Operators:

Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators
Assignment Operator
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
Ternary Operator
Bitwise Operators
Shift Operators

This article explains all that one needs to know regarding Assignment Operators.

Assignment Operators

These operators are used to assign values to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable, and the right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data type of the operand on the left side. Otherwise, the compiler will raise an error. This means that the assignment operators have right to left associativity, i.e., the value given on the right-hand side of the operator is assigned to the variable on the left. Therefore, the right-hand side value must be declared before using it or should be a constant. The general format of the assignment operator is,

Types of Assignment Operators in Java

The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are:

1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the “=” sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.

2. Compound Assignment Operator: The Compound Operator is used where +,-,*, and / is used along with the = operator.

Let’s look at each of the assignment operators and how they operate:

1. (=) operator:

This is the most straightforward assignment operator, which is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. This is the basic definition of an assignment operator and how it functions.

Syntax:

Example:

2. (+=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by adding the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

Note: The compound assignment operator in Java performs implicit type casting. Let’s consider a scenario where x is an int variable with a value of 5. int x = 5; If you want to add the double value 4.5 to the integer variable x and print its value, there are two methods to achieve this: Method 1: x = x + 4.5 Method 2: x += 4.5 As per the previous example, you might think both of them are equal. But in reality, Method 1 will throw a runtime error stating the “i ncompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int “, Method 2 will run without any error and prints 9 as output.

Reason for the Above Calculation

Method 1 will result in a runtime error stating “incompatible types: possible lossy conversion from double to int.” The reason is that the addition of an int and a double results in a double value. Assigning this double value back to the int variable x requires an explicit type casting because it may result in a loss of precision. Without the explicit cast, the compiler throws an error. Method 2 will run without any error and print the value 9 as output. The compound assignment operator += performs an implicit type conversion, also known as an automatic narrowing primitive conversion from double to int . It is equivalent to x = (int) (x + 4.5) , where the result of the addition is explicitly cast to an int . The fractional part of the double value is truncated, and the resulting int value is assigned back to x . It is advisable to use Method 2 ( x += 4.5 ) to avoid runtime errors and to obtain the desired output.

Same automatic narrowing primitive conversion is applicable for other compound assignment operators as well, including -= , *= , /= , and %= .

3. (-=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by subtracting the variable’s value on the right from the current value of the variable on the left and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

4. (*=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by multiplying the current value of the variable on the left to the value on the right and then assigning the result to the operand on the left.

5. (/=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the quotient to the operand on the left.

6. (%=) operator:

This operator is a compound of ‘%’ and ‘=’ operators. It operates by dividing the current value of the variable on the left by the value on the right and then assigning the remainder to the operand on the left.

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variable operator value; Types of Assignment Operators in Java. The Assignment Operator is generally of two types. They are: 1. Simple Assignment Operator: The Simple Assignment Operator is used with the "=" sign where the left side consists of the operand and the right side consists of a value. The value of the right side must be of the same data type that has been defined on the left side.