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• 1. Framing of Objectives & Research Process, Research Outline Pre-Ph.D. Course Workshop For Faculties of Humanities Date: 08 Feb. 2024 Dr. Rakesh P. Chaudhari Principal, Loksevak Madhukarrao Chaudhari College of Social Work, Jalgaon Email- [email protected] Cell No. 9822768902
• 3. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Importance of Objectives ● Research is an organized investigation of a problem where an investigator attempts to gain solution to a problem. ● In order to get right solution a clearly defined objectives are very important. ● A clearly define objective directs a researcher In the right direction
• 4. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari ● Clearly defined objectives are important feature of good research study. ● Without a clear objective researcher is aimless and directionless In conducting a study. ● Without focused objectives, no replicable scientific findings can be expected
• 5. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Meaning ● Research objective is a clear, concise , declarative statement, Which provides direction to investigate the variables under the study. ● Research objectives focus on the ways to measure the variables such as to identify or describe the study ● The objectives of the research project summarise what is to be achieved by the study
• 6. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Characteristics ● Research objective is a concrete statement describing what the research is trying to achieve. ● The objective of research project summarise what is to be achieved by the study ● The objectives include obtaining answers to research questions or testing the research hypothesis
• 7. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari ● A well known object you will be SMART S- Specific M-Measurable A- Attainable /Actionable R- Realistic /Relevant T- Time -bound
• 8. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Need for objectives The formulation of research objectives will help the researcher as follows - ● Clearly define research objective will help the researcher to focus on the study ● The formulation of research objectives help in narrowing down the study to its Essentials ● It will avoid unnecessary findings which otherwise lead to wastage of resources
• 9. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 10. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari General objectives ● General objectives are broad goals to be achieved ● the general objectives of the study states what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms.
• 11. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Specific objectives ● Specific objectives are short-term and narrow in focus ● General objectives are broken into small logically connected parts to form specific objectives ● Specific objectives clearly specified what the researcher will do in the study where and for what purpose the study is done ● Research objectives should be clear achievable and verifiable as they directly assist in answering the research questions/ problems ● Objectives may be specified in the form of actions to answer the questions...
• 12. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Generally objectives becomes with To……...  Discover  Determine  Establish  Access  Identify  Compare  Analyse  Evaluate Etc…..
• 13. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari RESEARCH OUTLINE
• 14. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 15. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari The process of conducting research in humanities involves several steps aimed at ensuring the validity and reliability of research outcomes. Step 1: Developing Research Questions The first step in the research process in humanities is identifying research questions. Research questions should seek to answer the "why," "what," "how," or "who" questions related to the research topic. As all Basic research Question complied the Problem Formulation / Research Title is Finalization is completed.
• 16. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 2: Conducting Literature Review Once the research questions have been identified, the next step in the research process in humanities is conducting a literature review. A literature review involves reviewing existing literature related to the research questions. Researchers can access various sources, including books, journals, and online databases. The literature review aims to identify gaps in existing knowledge and provide a background for the study.
• 17. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 3: Framing of Research Objectives
• 18. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 4: Formation of Research Hypothesis Formulating A Hypothesis
• 19. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 20. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 5: Preparing the Research Design
• 21. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 6: Sample Design
• 22. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 7: Collecting Data Data collection methods in humanities may vary depending on the research questions and the nature of the research topic. Some popular data collection methods include interviews, surveys, observation, and document analysis, among others. Data collection should be conducted systematically, using appropriate data collection tools and techniques.
• 23. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 8: Analyzing Data Once the data has been collected, the next step in the research process is analyzing the data. The analysis may involve applying various statistical or qualitative methods, depending on the nature of the data and research questions. The analysis aims to draw conclusions from the data and answer the research questions. Data analysis should be conducted systematically, using appropriate data analysis tools and techniques.
• 24. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Step 9: Presenting Findings The final step in the research process is presenting the findings. The findings should be presented in a clear and concise manner, using appropriate formats such as tables, graphs, and charts, among others. The presentation should also provide a summary of the research questions, methodology, data analysis, and conclusions. The presentation should also provide recommendations for future research.
• 25. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 26. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 27. Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari
• 28. Research Orientation Programme for MSW Date: 05 Oct 2020 Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari Presented By… Dr. Rakesh Chaudhari (Principal, Loksevak Madhukarrao Chaudhari College of Social Work Jalgaon) [email protected] 9822768902

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The Research Problem and Objectives

Jun 14, 2012

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The Research Problem and Objectives. Lecture 6. Organization of this lecture. Research Problem & Objectives : Research and Decision/Action Problems Importance of Problem Specification Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation Problem Statements Use of Data Objectives

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The Research Problem and Objectives Lecture 6

Organization of this lecture Research Problem & Objectives: • Research and Decision/Action Problems • Importance of Problem Specification • Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation • Problem Statements • Use of Data • Objectives • Developing Problem and Objective Statements

A research problem (also “issue” or “question”) indicates the need or desire to know or to understand something. • Problem solving has three steps: • Obtaining relevant information about the problem and potential solutions – research component • Examine alternative approaches and chose among them – decision component • Determine how to implement the decision and take action – action component • This lecture deals mainly with the first of these three components, recognizing that they are all interconnected.

Research vs. Decision Problems • Research problems and decision problems may be closely related, especially in subject-matter or problem-solving research. • Also, decision (subject-matter) problems and action problems usually go together – we make a decision, then act on it. • Disciplinary research however, may not lead to a specific decision or action. Disciplinary problems are of interest within the discipline and are oriented to the generation of knowledge.

When research does lead to decision or action it is important to keep the research activity separated from the decision and implementation activities. • This helps to maintain as much neutrality as possible in the research process and helps the researcher remain objective. • A model of problem solving is presented in Figure 6.1 (developed by Glenn Johnson, 1976) for pragmatic problem-solving research.

Model of Problem Solving (Johnson, 1976)

This model of problem-solving is not relevant to disciplinary research, which is less likely to require decisions. • Problem solving for decision making: • is initiated with problem definition, • progresses to analysis, • then decision making and actions follow to implement the decision. • Normative and positivistic knowledge are used interdependently, impacting each step in the process.

The dashed line separates research (information generating) from the problem solving process RESEARCH PROBLEM-SOLVING

This separation of research from decision making is not considered useful, or even valid, by some economists. • They believe the decision process is part of the research process. • However, Johnson (and Ethridge) feel that “to mix the research and decision aspects may fragment the researcher’s attention, and it may subconsciously influence the outcome of the research.” (ie. The research is not objective.)

Research Problem Identification • This is the most critical and important part of all research projects. • The problem is the focus of both basic and applied research. It is the reason (justification) for the research. • The problem identification and explanation affect the quality, usefulness, effectiveness, and efficiency of the research, more than any other part of the research plan.

The research problem is the reason the research is being undertaken • The written problem description is the only credible evidence that a clear understanding of the issue has been achieved.

Researchable Problem vs. Problematic Situation • The researchable problem is the very specific problem at which the objectives of the research are directed. • It can be understood by contrasting it with the general problem, also called a problematic situation. • Problematic situations are very large in scope and have many dimensions. eg. World food (or hunger), Low incomes in developing countries, High birth rates, Low education levels, Restrictive trade policies, unemployment

Problematic situations are not researchable within an individual research project. • But, specific components of these problematic situations are researchable, when broken into distinct components. • The components must be: • confined in scope and complexity, and • support a set of research objectives that can be achieved with given resource constraints (time & money). • Research from many individual projects can be combined to address problematic situations.

The Problem Statement • Research problems are always linked to a more general set of problems, so it is useful to separate the problem statement into two parts: • The general problem(or problematic situation), • The specific problem (or the researchable problem). • Note that the specific problem is not necessarily “small”, but rather it must be precisely specified and capable of being addressed with available resources.

The general problem statement provides the background or setting for the researchable problem. • Usually, it helps to introduce the problem with very general statements, then progressively narrow the focus to more specific, precise issues. • However, if the reader of the proposal is already knowledgeable on the subject, the broad general discussion can be reduced. ie. The problem definition should be tailored for the expected audience.

For example, consider a situation where a student from a foreign country plans to conduct research about his home country. • The student’s research committee may not know much about the country, • so it is helpful to provide descriptions of the economic, social, political and institutional conditions in the country • Sample proposals are provided in Appendices A (government agency), B (master’s thesis), and C (PhD dissertation)

The general problem statement sets the stage for the specific, researchable problem. • The specific problem narrows the perspective to a set of issues on which knowledge or information is needed. • It must be clarified, • what knowledge is needed • the reasons the knowledge is needed • by whom the knowledge is needed • the potential purposes it could serve.

Five guidelines below provide a checklist in developing effective problem statements: The researchable problem must be sufficiently specific to be addressed with available resources(eg. time, research expertise, data, tools, financial support) The dimensions of the problem should be described in objective (neutral) rather than subjective terms eg. “Wheat producers in the European Economic Community are overpaid.” BETTER: “Wheat producers in the European Economic Community are subsidized”

The problem must be described sufficiently so that other people can comprehend it (This applies to both general and specific problem statements) The researcher’s perceptions of the problems may be intuitive, but must be developed logically The problem explanation must provide the reason (justification) for the research objective (at this point, it is helpful to read the general and specific problem statements in Appendix B, MS Thesis, pp 192-193)

Use of Data • Data can affect our awareness of a problem and how we perceive the problem. • It is usually advisable to examine relevant data in the process of developing the problem statements • In this process, large amounts of miscellaneous facts can be reduced to useful information (See the proposal in Appendix C, PhD dissertation, for the use of data to show changes in the pharmaceutical industry in relation to the impact of mergers)

Objectives • Objectives specify what the research project proposes to accomplish (do, achieve, estimate, determine, measure, evaluate, etc.) • The are usually best specified in general and specific parts. Often the shortest part of the proposal, but it is the centerpiece. • General objective – states the main purpose of the study. It should derive directly from the research problem statement. One sentence is best! • Specific objectives – a set or list of sub-objectives, each of which contributes to achieving the general objective

Developing Problem and Objective Statements • There are no constant rules or procedures to developing problem and objective statements. It may depend on how much you know about the subject of the research. • If your knowledge of the subject is limited, you may start with a broad consideration of the subject – then narrow the focus by segmenting problem areas into logical components (issues, questions, etc.)

If you know more about the research area and already have a good idea about the researchable problem, you may need to develop the general dimensions or context of the problem. (ie. Opposite from the previous example). • Once the problem has been defined and general objective identified, the specific objectives often naturally follow, by considering what are important components. • A logical and clearly written statement of problems and objectives is often the most difficult part of proposal writing.

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Research objectives

This document provides guidance on writing research objectives. It explains that objectives clearly describe what is to be achieved by a study. General objectives state broad goals in general terms, while specific objectives are narrower and specify what, where, and why something will be done. Good objectives are clear, logical, ethical, and outline the study's scope. They should be SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, Time-Bound). The document also discusses different measurement scales that can be used and provides examples of writing objectives for a sample research problem comparing teacher motivation in public and private schools. Read less

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• 1. Quantitative Research Methods How to write the objectives of research? Submiitted to: Dr. Ashiq Hussain Submitted by : Sahar Fatima M.Phil Education LPS (Evening) Session:2016-2018
• 2. What are Research objectives? 2
• 3. Research objectives  Research objectives are simply the descriptions of what is to be achieved by the study.  The research objective is a clear, concise declarative statement which provides direction to investigate the variables.  The research objectives are the accomplishments what the researcher hopes to achieve by study. 3
• 4. Importance/need of research objectives The research objectives enlighten the way in which researcher has to proceed. The research objectives will help to focus the study. It facilitates in development of methodology. It guides the information to be collected. The research objectives helps to identify and describes the variable of study 4
• 5. Cont…… The formulation of research objectives helps to organize the study into clearly defined parts or phases. It help to orient the collection,analysis, interpretation & utilization of data. The research objectives will help to identifying the relationship and differences of variable. They are closely related to the statement of problem. The objectives of research summarize what to be achieved by the study. 5
• 6. Characteristics of research objectives It should be in logical sequence. It should be clear and unambiguous; what is to be done? It should be ethical and do not cause physical or psychological injury to anyone or environment. It should outline the scope of research. It should give the clear picture of how to perform investigation. 6
• 7. The Research objectives should SMART S • Specific M • Measurable A • Attainable R • Relevant T • Time-Bound 7
• 8. Types of research objectives: There are two types of research objectives: 1. General objectives. 2. Specific Objectives. 8
• 9. General objectives General objectives are the broad goals to be achieved. The general objectives of study state what the researcher expects to achieve by the study in general terms. 9
• 10. Specific objectives  Specific objectives are short term and narrow in focus.  The specific objectives are the small logical connected parts to achieve general objectives.  They specify what the researcher will do in study, where and for what purpose. 10
• 11. How to determine your objectives?  While your problem formulation serves to describe the aim of your thesis, the objectives provide an accurate description of the specific actions you will take in order to reach this aim. As with the problem formulation, the overall objective should be framed in a single sentence. 11
• 12. Methods of writing the objectives of research The guidelines while writing the objectives of research are:  The objectives should be presented briefly and concisely.  They should cover the different aspects of problems & its contributing factors in logical sequence.  The objectives should clearly phrased in operational terms,specifying exactly what a researcher is going to do , where and for what purpose.  The objectives should be realistic and the researcher should considered local conditions while writing research objectives.  Use action words that are specified enough to be evaluated.  Example of action words are : to determine, to find out ,to access ,to identify, to verify, to calculate etc. 12
• 13. Activity Problem of statement: To compare the level of motivation of teachers of public and private sector Objectives: Find out which of the following objectives are general or specific? 1.To find out the factors that affects the level of motivation of teachers. 2.To investigate the difference in motivation level of teachers in public and private schools. 3.To compare the level of motivation of male and female teachers of the public and private sector. 13
• 14. Measurment Scale There are four types of measurement scales:  Nominal  Ordinal  Interval  Ratio 14
• 15. Nominal  A nominal scale is the simplest form of measurement use by researchers can use. Using nominal scale, researcher simply assign numbers to different categories in order to show difference. 15
• 16. Ordinal  A ordinal scale is one in which data may be ordered in some way-high to low or least to most. 16
• 17. Interval  A interval scale posessed all characteristics of an ordinal scale with one additional feature: The distance between the points on scale are equal with no real zero. 17
• 18. Ratio  A ratio scale posessed all characteristics of an interval scale with real zero 18
• 19. Example 19
• 20. Characteristics of all four scale 20
• 21. Activity 21
• 25. References  http://betterthesis.dk/getting-started/short- synopsis#sthash.RBjITt5Z.dpuf  https://prezi.com/bmtgak01vrru/defining-the-problem- and-determining-research-objectives/  https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Thomas11/p ublication/224029399_Chapter_3_from_Designing_and _managing_your_research_project_Core_skills_for_soc ial_and_health_research/links/00b7d520eee9676c7700 0000.pdf  http://nairobi.daad.de/imperia/md/content/aussenstellen /nairobi/introduction_to_phd_proposal_writing_natural_ sciences.pdf  http://www.slideshare.net/rishadrish/objectives-of- research 25

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