research questions about speaking skills

REVIEW article

Studies of teaching and learning english-speaking skills: a review and bibliometric analysis.

• School of Educational Studies, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia

This study conducted a comprehensive historical review and bibliometric analysis of the literature on English-speaking (ES) education and mapped the current state of the field, trends, and emerging topics, as well as identified gaps where further research is needed. We retrieved 361 sample documents on ES teaching and learning in Scopus (2010–2021) under certain conditions and analyzed the extracted data using Excel and VOSviewer 1.6.17 from the perspectives of the number of yearly publications, countries, authors, citation numbers, and keywords. The findings show that the number of publications on ES education increased from 2010 to 2021, but there was a lack of sustained engagement with this topic by researchers. Countries with an ESL or EFL context focused more on the subject of ES, although studies from native ES countries were more influential. The research topics showed a multidimensional trend, covering communicative skills, language knowledge, assessment, teaching or learning methods, ICT-related applications, and cognitive factors, of which ICT-related applications (such as flipped classrooms, blended learning, and e-learning) and cognitive factors (such as motivation, anxiety, and affect) were the areas of focus. Students in higher institutions, rather than children, became the main research subject of ES education over the period studied.

Introduction

A considerable amount of time and money has been invested in English language education (ELE) around the world, especially in countries where English is a Foreign (EFL) or Second Language (ESL). For example, ELE in East Asian countries such as China, South Korea, and Japan has been identified as a necessary skill, which has motivated the development of various approaches and policies ( Song, 2011 ; Hu and McKay, 2012 ). There have been at least three phases of English curriculum reforms by the Malaysian Ministry of Education directed toward improving students’ English proficiency and teachers’ professional development (TPD) ( Rashid et al., 2017 ; Kummin et al., 2020 ).

Despite unremitting efforts in many countries, ELE is still facing the problem of low average English skills. For example, students’ English skills in Turkey are not as good as expected ( Coskun, 2016 ; Özmen et al., 2016 ; Umunĉ and Raw, 2017 ). The survey by Wei and Su (2015) clearly showed that the subjects’ ES proficiency was generally low.

Many terms have been used to refer to the speaking aspects of the English language, e.g., “oral English,” “spoken English,” or “English speaking.” “English speaking” is the term used in this article. Speaking is different from writing, although both are productive skills, in that it is “transient, unplanned, context-dependent, oral/aural, and dynamic” ( Hughes, 2017 ). English-speaking (ES) has been treated as an indivisible language skill for learners in the language education fields of TESOL, EFL, and ESL.

How to improve ES ability, including teaching and learning approaches, influencing factors, and other related issues, have always been a focus of researchers. Thus, in view of the profound changes in society, politics, economics, and technologies, this article aims to give an overview of the current situation and trends regarding ES studies based on Scopus from 2010 to 2021. Moreover, it seeks to provide useful information for further ES teaching and learning research through visualized data analysis using VOSviewer 1.6.17 and Micro Excel.

Thus, the research questions (RQs) of this article are as follows:

RQ1. What is the bibliometric information regarding publications about ES teaching and learning in Scopus (2010–2021), including the number of yearly publications, authors, citations, country contributions, and keywords?

RQ2. What is the status of ES teaching and learning?

RQ3. What are the most influential authors in the field of ES teaching and learning?

RQ4. What are the trends in ES teaching and learning?

RQ5. What are the gaps in ES teaching and learning from the bibliometric information?

Materials and Methods

Bibliometric analysis refers to the cross-science of quantitative analysis of all carriers of knowledge by means of mathematics and statistics ( Broadus, 1987 ). The development of bibliometric software such as VOSviewer, Citespace, and Gephi, and the foundation of the big databases for academic documents such as Scopus, Web of Science, and Taylor and Francis make bibliometric analysis more feasible and practical ( Donthu et al., 2021 ). Meanwhile, according to Rogers et al. (2020) , the recommended minimum sample size for a bibliometric analysis is 200 entries.

Article Selection and Identification

Scopus was chosen as the database for this historical review and bibliometric analysis of ES education. This is because Scopus, as one of the world’s largest databases, covers a wide range of academic journals, conference proceedings, books, and other related publications with relatively high citation indexes and quality, much like the Web of Science ( Pham et al., 2018 ; Baas et al., 2020 ). Scopus is user-friendly in the sense that information can be conveniently retrieved through string retrieval. This study replicated the methodologies used by Lázaro (2022) and Kaya and Erbay (2020) . This article was conducted around RQs after the identification of some keywords as conditions for data mining.

Thus, 23,633 sample documents were first strictly extracted under the condition [TITLE-ABS-KEY (“English speaking” OR “English-speaking” OR “oral English” OR “spoken English”)] AND (“TESOL” OR “EFL” OR “ESL”). Then, the conditions of time span and document type were added for filtering from 2010 to 2021. Then, the articles, conference papers, reviews, book chapters, and books were chosen as the target document types. The detailed conditions can be seen in Table 1 .

Table 1. Retrieval conditions.

Finally, 1,893 documents were obtained. These were exported in the form of an Excel document with citation information, bibliographic information, abstract and keywords, funding details, and other information.

After strict data cleaning through thematic analysis of the abstracts by three researchers for more than three times, 361 sample documents remained, which were classified into four types of documents: journal articles (256; 70.91%), conference papers (79; 21.88%), book chapters (16; 4.43%), and reviews (10; 2.77%), covering more than 10 subject areas, such as social sciences, computer sciences, medicine, engineering, and arts and humanities.

Research Framework and Instruments

In the data selection step, sample documents were screened for information about authors, titles, years, citations, author keywords, index keywords, publishers, document types, countries, and author affiliations from Scopus under strict conditions. The sample documents were then uploaded to Excel and VOSviewer 1.6.17 during the data-processing step. Excel and VOSviewer 1.6.17 were used to perform the visualized bibliometric analysis of the number of publications per year, contributions of authors and countries, and keywords ( Chen, 2016 ; Van Eck and Waltman, 2017 ). Finally, the current situation, developing trends, research gaps, and lessons we can learn about ES teaching were sorted. Thus, the research framework is divided into four main steps, as shown in Figure 1 .

Figure 1. The conceptual framework.

Compared with studies on English writing and reading, studies on ES education are relatively very small in scale. Although only 361 sample documents conforming to the screening conditions were identified, it was still feasible to conduct a bibliometric analysis from the perspectives of the number of yearly publications, countries, authors, citations, and keywords.

Number of Publications by Year

According to the linear trend line in Figure 2 , the overall trend of the ES education literature in Scopus was on the rise from 2010 to 2021. The number of publications in 2021 was six times more than that in 2010, indicating that ES education was gradually beginning to be taken seriously by researchers.

Figure 2. Yearly publications on English-speaking teaching and learning (2010–2021).

However, there were some tortuous changes. In 2010, only 10 studies were identified, but the percentage of the high citation index occupied 50%. From 2011 to 2018, the number of documents published in this area presented an up-and-down curve. The number of publications was slightly lower in 2012 than in 2021. This might be due to the decreased demand for ES education as a result of the economic downturn in many emerging economies such as China, South Korea, and Brazil ( Reid, 2013 ). Yearly publications in this field increased from 2012 to 2013, but decreased again from 2013 to 2015, which was again in line with the global economic situation ( Mau and Ulyukaev, 2015 ). In 2015, the number of publications was more or less the same as in 2010. The reasons for this might be that world trade reduced during the global crisis from 2014 to 2015 ( Baber, 2015 ; Xu and Carey, 2015 ) or that no new research directions were explored during that time. After 2015, there was a continuous increase until 2017. After a subtle decrease in 2018, there was a significant accumulation in the number of publications from 2018 to 2021, showing a new growth trend. Especially in 2020 and 2021, when the COVID-19 pandemic brought disaster to the whole world, publications on ES education increased, reflecting the increasing requirement for ES communication during this time of global cooperation ( Sun and Lan, 2021 ). The influence of the date on the extraction of the sample documents was not very great, as it was 12 December 2021.

Contributions and Collaborations by Country/Region

The 361 sample records extracted in Scopus from 2010 to 2021 were associated with around 40 countries, showing the global distribution of interest by country in ES education.

Figure 3 shows the top 20 countries/regions publishing articles in this field, and they were responsible for 344 ES education publications (2010–2021) (accounting for 95.29% of the total). The countries with big and bright circles were the ones with the large number of the publications. Apart from the 75 publications contributed by the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Spain, and New Zealand, the remaining 269 publications were published by 10 Asian countries, accounting for 74.52% of the total sample documents, which implied the huge demand for the improvement of the learners’ ES skills in those countries. Mainland China contributed 128 publications, accounting for 40.44% of the total, followed by the United States, with 38 documents, accounting for 10.53%.

Figure 3. Density map of the top 10 countries.

Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand, countries in South-East Asia, occupied the third, fourth, and fifth positions, with 22, 22, and 18 publications, respectively. Thailand, Vietnam, the Philippines, and Bangladesh began to participate in country collaborations in recent years, in contrast to countries such as the United States, Australia, the United Kingdom, and Singapore where English is the native language or first language.

The citation network in Figure 4 shows only countries with more than five publications, which reflected the passive collaboration among the countries. As one of the native ES countries, home to many ELE approaches and English assessment tools such as TOFEL, the publications by the United States were cited 518 times (total link strength = 10). Meanwhile, the United Kingdom, home to IELTS, contributed 12 publications, which were cited 72 times (total link strength = 5). Malaysia, where ESL, contributed 22 publications, which were cited 90 times (total link strength = 17). Meanwhile, China, with an EFL context, ranked second with 128 publications, which were cited 395 times, and the total link strength achieved 24.

Figure 4. Country co-authorship in the field of English speaking teaching and learning.

The total citation number of the 361 sample publications was 1,828. Table 2 provides detailed information on the 15 countries that published the most cited articles. The publication and the corresponding citation rate of the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore showed huge contrasts, respectively, 12.92, 19.45, 19.5, and 13.83. The high citation rate may to a certain extent represent a high reference value, although it may also be influenced by some highly cited papers ( Schubert and Braun, 1986 ; Aksnes et al., 2012 ; Brika et al., 2021 ). Thus, it was concluded that the United States, Australia, New Zealand, and Singapore, where English was the official language, were the leading countries with high citation rates in the field of ES education studies. Similarly, native ES countries—the United Kingdom and Canada—showed relatively high citation rates of 5.83 and 6.14, respectively. Meanwhile, the citation rates of Asian countries such as China (4.73), Japan (6.35), South Korea (5.08), Vietnam (8.38), and Oman (6.75) indicated the progress and the relatively high reference value of publications on ES education studies in those countries. The non-ES European countries such as Spain received 4.57 in citation rates, which were much lower than those of the native ES countries.

Table 2. Description of the 15 countries that published the most cited articles in the field of English-speaking (ES) education studies in Scopus (2010–2021).

Co-authorship among the countries is shown in Figure 5 , which is a presentation of active collaborations. The co-authorship links among Malaysia, India, China, and the United States were linear. However, the collaboration in the map showed a tendency toward a partial focus. For instance, the United States was the main collaborating country for Indonesia, South Korea, Japan, Thailand, Canada, Australia, and Singapore. While China collaborated mainly with the United Kingdom, the Philippines, Turkey, Vietnam, and New Zealand. Thus, there was a need for an omnidirectional and multi-angle collaboration among the countries for ES teaching and learning research across the world for further studies.

Figure 5. The map of the co-authorship among the countries on English-speaking teaching and learning.

Author Contributions

Table 3 shows general information about the citations for the 361 sample documents in Scopus (2010–2021). As can be seen in Table 4 , the topics of the top 10 most frequently cited articles were concerned with the assessment of ES proficiency and fluency, teachers’ influence, lexical acquisition, and the facilitation of mobile social networks. The total citation number was 1,828. On average, each document was cited 5.06 times. An experimental study by Kang et al. (2010) that proposed suprasegmental measurement for pronunciation assessment from the perspective of accent and equipment use was the most frequently cited article, which was cited 134 times. A qualitative study by Ma (2012) was cited 66 times, ranking second among the top 10 most frequently cited. It focused on ES teaching methods and investigated the advantages and disadvantages of native and non-native ES teachers in practice. The third most frequently cited article, which analyzed the academic lexical demands and academic word list coverage for ES communications by means of corpus, was cited 61 times ( Dang and Webb, 2014 ). Obviously, most of the top 10 most frequently cited articles were published before 2016, except for the experimental studies by Sun and Lan (2021) on the application of e-learning to develop young learners’ ES competence, implying the emergence of new research topics after 2016 in ES teaching and learning studies.

Table 3. General citations of English-speaking (ES) education publications in Scopus (2010–2021).

Table 4. Top 10 frequently cited authors on English-speaking (ES) education in Scopus (2010–2021).

The top 10 authors with more than three articles in order, were Ismail, K. (6), Abdullah, M. Y. (5), Hussin, S. (5), Liu, M. (5), Habil, H. (4), Chen, Z. (3), Hasan, M. K. (3), Hwang, G. J. (3), Rao, Z. (3), and Seraj, P. M. I. (4), and the co-authorship relationships can be seen in Figure 6 . Seraj, P. M. I published four articles (one in 2020 and three in 2021) focusing on the topic of a flipped classroom. The other author with four publications was Liu M., studying the problem of Chinese EFL students’ anxiety, respectively, in 2013, 2018, 2018, and 2021. Rao Z. made three publications on the issues of native and non-native English teachers in China in 2010, 2016, and 2020.

Figure 6. Density map of the key words.

Keyword Analysis

There were 1,049 keywords among the 361 sample documents, and only 49 keywords (2.88%) appeared more than five times after merging synonyms and deleting extraneous words. This indicates that the number of high-frequency keywords was relatively small, which reflects the relatively extensive content of ES research in the field of language education. Table 5 lists the top 10 keywords ordered by the frequency of occurrence apart from the retrieval words, among which the frequency of “ES skill” was the highest, accounting for 3.43%. The remaining keywords with a frequency greater than 10 were “speech recognition” (32), “College English” (26), “e-learning” (22), “computer-aided instruction” (19), “learning system” (14), “native-English speaking teachers” (13), anxiety (13), “oral communication” (12), “virtual reality” (11), and “artificial intelligence” (10). Obviously, the gap in frequency among keywords is not very large.

Table 5. The top 10 most frequently occurring keywords on English-speaking (ES) education in Scopus (2010–2021).

The bibliometric co-occurrence analysis of keywords provided a convenient way to assess the state of the research field and spot hot issues ( Chen, 2016 ; Mutira et al., 2021 ; Sun and Lan, 2021 ). Meanwhile, importantly, keyword co-occurrence analysis can reflect the viewpoints of core academic articles and may be beneficial for researchers trying to keep up with research trends in a certain area ( Li et al., 2016 ; Shoaib et al., 2021 ). Figure 6 shows the density of keywords that appeared more than 10 times; the brightness of the color represents the heat color of the keyword studied. The more studies, the brighter the color ( Van Eck and Waltman, 2020 ). The colors of the keywords “English speaking skill,” “college English,” “computer-aided learning instruction,” and “speech recognition” were brighter than others. The other keywords, such as “speaking anxiety” and “e-learning,” were also brighter. To some extent, these brighter keywords reflected the research hotspots in the field of ES education from 2010 to 2021 in Scopus.

Keyword cluster analysis reflected the topics to some extent ( Yang et al., 2017 ). After combining synonyms (e.g., oral English and spoken English; computer-aided learning and computer-aided instruction; and native and non-native ES teacher) and the deletion of non-sense words (e.g., human, priority journal, and education), the keywords except the retrieval terms “English speaking,” “oral English,” “English-speaking,” “spoken English,” “EFL,” “TESOL,” and “ESL” were categorized into seven clusters with three main topics, as seen in Figure 7 . The keywords with red color dealt with the application of ICT in ES education, including items such as artificial intelligence, automatic speech recognition, computer-aided instruction, correlation methods, deep learning, information science, learning system, machine learning, quality control, correlation methods, corrective feedback, ES learning, oral communication, etc. Cluster 2 dealt with the cognitive factors influencing students’ ES skills or performance, such as attitude, EFL, English speaking performance, ES skill, the flipped classroom, motivation, speaking anxiety, and teaching methods, of which flipped classroom as a teaching method had the highest frequency of occurrence. Clusters 3 and 4 dealt with the application of ICT in college ES education, covering topics such as e-learning, engineering education, English speaking, learning, virtual reality, big data, college English, and educational computing. Cluster 7 dealt with the assessment of pronunciation or others.

Figure 7. The network visualization map of co-occurrence of keywords.

Keyword Changes and the Enlightenment to Research Topics

Figure 8 reveals a change in the time distribution of topics. It was obvious that most of the light-colored nodes were close to the keyword “college English,” while there were only a few around the keywords “child,” “preschool,” and “adolescent” after 2016. This shows that college students had become the main subjects of ES education studies instead of young learners.

Figure 8. The overlay visualization map of keywords according to year.

Meanwhile, studies with keywords related to the application of ICT, such as “big data,” “artificial intelligence,” “flipped classroom,” “speech recognition system,” and “virtual reality” in ES education, were emerging as a focus of research. Academic ES also began to attract researchers’ attention. Some researchers started to consider the development of twenty first-century skills during ES education. In addition, light-colored nodes of the keywords concerning teaching and learning modes (“continuous development,” “teaching method,” “EMI,” “error correction,” etc.), cognitive factors (“students’ interests,” “anxiety,” “motivation,” etc.), language skills (“ES performance,” “communicative skills,” “accuracy,” “fluency,” etc.), and language knowledge (“pronunciation,” “grammar,” etc.) remained the focus of research.

Limitations

The interpretation of the review should be very cautious due to some limitations. First, bibliometric analysis is a literature review method based on big data technology rather than synthesized thematic analysis. The data were collected and analyzed through the software. Thus, the accuracy of this analysis method is highly dependent on that of the software. The second limitation refers to the database. Though Scopus has covered the majority of the publications on ES teaching and learning worldwide, there are still some publications that were not included in the research.

This historical review and bibliometric analysis sought to better understand the current state of the research field, trends, and emerging research topics on ES education from 2010 to 2021. The results show that there was an increasing trend in the number of publications in this area from 2010 to 2021 in Scopus, indicating that ES education studies remained a necessary research topic, although the research population was not large. Countries with an ESL or EFL context, such as China, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Indonesia, and Saudi Arabia, paid more attention to the development of learners’ ES abilities and contributed more to ES education studies. However, the citation analysis revealed that native ES countries such as the United States, Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, and Canada, were the major authorities or origins of ES education studies, which can also be seen by author contributions. Country collaboration analysis showed that the United States, China, India, and Malaysia acted as hubs of contact, establishing overall relationships within the collaboration network. In addition, the analysis of author distribution and collaboration revealed that there were constantly new researchers entering this field, but the lack of authors focusing on ES education over the long term and sustained research was still a problem. Further exploration of keywords revealed that the hot research issues encompass communicative skills, language knowledge, assessment, teaching or learning methods, ICT-related applications, and cognitive factors. Rather than focusing on ES education for young and adolescent learners, researchers showed a preference for investigating ES education for college students, catering to the increasing requirements of oral international communication. Meanwhile, topics on ICT application, autonomous learning, academic ES ability, and twenty first-century learning skills are gradually becoming hot areas for the improvement of ES teaching and learning worldwide.

JW was the research designer and executor of this study, participated in and completed the data analysis, and wrote the first draft of the manuscript. RA and L-ML gave suggestions when necessary. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.

Publisher’s Note

All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article, or claim that may be made by its manufacturer, is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.

Acknowledgments

JW would like to express their gratitude to RA and L-ML who participated in this project.

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Keywords : English-speaking skills, bibliometric analysis, research trends, enlightenment, research state

Citation: Wang J, Abdullah R and Leong L-M (2022) Studies of Teaching and Learning English-Speaking Skills: A Review and Bibliometric Analysis. Front. Educ. 7:880990. doi: 10.3389/feduc.2022.880990

Received: 22 February 2022; Accepted: 01 June 2022; Published: 06 July 2022.

Reviewed by:

Copyright © 2022 Wang, Abdullah and Leong. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) . The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

*Correspondence: Rohaya Abdullah, [email protected]

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• > Journals
• > Annual Review of Applied Linguistics
• > Volume 24
• > 2. RESEARCH IN THE TEACHING OF SPEAKING

Article contents

2. research in the teaching of speaking.

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 June 2004

This chapter reviews research and practice in six main areas relevant to the teaching of speaking: (1) the growing influence of spoken corpora, (2) the debates concerning native speaker (NS) and nonnative speaker (NNS) models for spoken pedagogy,(3) the issue of authenticity in spoken materials, (4) approaches to understanding speaking in the classroom, (5) the selection of texts and aspects of spoken language for the teaching of speaking, and (6) developments in materials and methods for the teaching of speaking. Spoken corpora, whether NS corpora collected in “old” or “new” variety locations or NNS corpora based on learner data or expert/successful user data, have generated vigorous debate as to how spoken language should be modeled for teaching, and their influence is being seen in shifts in methodology toward language-awareness-based approaches as well as new materials based on lexicogrammatical and discoursal corpus evidence. Various approaches to understanding classroom speaking are also reviewed, including discourse analysis, conversation analysis, cognitive approaches, and the Vygotskian perspective. Applications of insights from these approaches are reviewed, especially how the approaches affect the selection of texts and language features to be taught. Finally, practical discussion on the teaching of specific spoken genres is reviewed and probable future directions are discussed.

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• Michael McCarthy and Anne O'Keeffe
• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/S0267190504000029

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A CLASSROOM ACTION RESEARCH: IMPROVING SPEAKING SKILLS THROUGH INFORMATION GAP ACTIVITIES

The research was based on a preliminary study on the causes of problems related to the students " inability to speak English. One of the research objectives is to describe the atmosphere in improving speaking by using activities in the Information Gap Technique (IGT). The researcher and the collaborator worked together in designing the lesson plans, implementing the actions, making observations and reflecting on the results. The subjects of this research study were second semester students from the English Department at Almuslim University. This study was conducted in three cycles following the procedures for action research, namely planning, implementing, observing and reflecting. To collect data, the researcher used instruments of observations, lists, tests and questionnaires. The data obtained was presented in two ways, qualitatively and quantitatively. The findings showed that IGT activities were effective in improving the speaking abilities of the student in class. This can be seen from the improvements after each cycle. This can be seen by the rise in the students " mean scores in the test results: 58.8 in the first cycle, 68 in the second cycle and 81.3 in the third cycle. Improvement was also seen based on the results from the observations that showed positivity, and good responses from the students. From the questionnaire results, it was found that the mean score for the students " perception was 3,616. This means that the students responded positively to the implementation of this technique.

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Speaking is the one of language skill that is used in communication to deliver the intention of utterances. speaking is an activity that can not be separated with teaching and learning process. speaking has become a skill that should be owned by teacher. Information gap activity is the activity that each student have different information that should be completed with exchanging the information with their friend because there is a gap between the information. The objective of the research is whether information gap activity effective to the students’ speaking ability. The writer used quantitative research design and for the method is pre-experimental method. The participants of the research is X IPA 2 of MAN 4 Karawang consist of thirty two students. The data conducted through pretest and posttest and computed using SPSS 24. The result of the test is effective. From the normality of distribution test, the result of the test is normal, significance value on Kolmogrov Smirnov is 0.078...

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100 Communication Research Topics

Table of contents

• 1 What Is Communication Research?
• 2.1 Top Research Topic Ideas
• 2.2 Research Topics for College Students
• 2.3 Business-Focused Research Topics
• 2.4 Social Media Research Topics
• 2.5 Mass Communication Research Topics
• 2.6 Interpersonal Communication Research Topics
• 2.7 Intercultural Communication Research Topics
• 2.8 Virtual Communication Research Topics
• 2.9 Health-Related Research Topics
• 2.10 Interesting Communication Research Topics
• 3 Coming up with a Thesis Statement
• 4.1 How to Create Strong Questions for Your Paper?
• 4.2 How to Find the Right Research Topics?
• 4.3 What Makes a Research Paper Topic Strong?
• 4.4 Tips for Structuring and Writing Your Paper
• 5 Conclusion

All fields of study have fresh and intriguing new research paper topics to explore. Within the subject of communication, there are loads of possibilities for research papers . This is thanks to the development of mass media and the growing popularity of various modern communication methods.

This article covers a broad range of effective research paper topics that are both interesting and relevant for this field. Any of them would make a suitable focal point for any research paper to do with how we interact with one another.

What Is Communication Research?

This is the study of how we interact with one another. It includes how the way we interact is affected by technology, culture, and individual differences. Researchers in this field use a variety of methods to study the way we converse and interact with each other, including surveys, interviews, focus groups, and experiments.

Research in this area can be used to improve communication skills in personal relationships, in the workplace, and in other settings.

Lists of Key Communication Research Topics

The range of research paper topics in this field is extensive, to say the least. Below are 100 relevant topics that are arranged in groups of 10.

They cover a broad selection of modern communication issues and debates, from corporate and computer mediated communication to effective interpersonal communication, communication strategies, and more.

Top Research Topic Ideas

The topics in this first group mostly focus on how different factors impact the way we interact with one another. These are some of the key issues in the communication discipline today.

• The role communication plays in organizations.
• How technology influences it.
• The way globalization affects it.
• How it’s influenced by broadcast media.
• Ways in which advertising impacts it.
• The influence propaganda has on it.
• How it’s impacted by public relations.
• The effects of international journalism and journalism ethics on it.
• How the use of social media influences it.
• How it’s affected by language.

Research Topics for College Students

These topics are ideal for college students. They focus on how communication processes can influence someone’s mental health and personality traits. Both of these are important since they can influence a student’s academic progress.

• How does communication shape our identities?
• How do we use it to build relationships?
• What role does it play in influencing our emotions?
• How is our thinking influenced by it?
• In what ways do we use it to manage conflict?
• How is our behavior influenced by it?
• What factors influence the effectiveness of communication?
• In what way is it impacted by technology?
• What influences do cultural differences have on it?
• How does it shape our physical and mental health?

Business-Focused Research Topics

Having effective business communication is necessary for any sort of commercial activity to improve its marketing value. Both business to business communication and interactions with the public have to get the right message across. Below are some potential areas to do with organizational communication and public relations.

• The impact of new communication technologies.
• The use of social media and external communication.
• What effects does globalization have?
• How organizational communication is used in virtual teams.
• The impact that intercultural communication has.
• The way humor is used.
• What are the effects of gender?
• How we use non-verbal communication.
• The effect that technology has on corporate communication etiquette.
• The way we use business communication in crisis situations.

Social Media Research Topics

The focus of these topics is on social media, and it affects the way we communicate with one another. Using social media and being exposed to social media marketing can both have significant effects on practical communication skills. These topics focus on the way modern digital platforms influence our interactions.

• The effect of social media on communication practices and patterns.
• How social media changes relationship development.
• What influence does social media have on how people interact with each other?
• The effect of social media on the way people share information.
• How social media impacts the way people interact with businesses.
• The effect of social media on the way people interact with governments through proper communication channels.
• What consequences does social media have on online interactions?
• The effect that social media has on the way people interact with each other offline.
• Social media’s influence on the way people interact with each other in different cultures.
• What effects does social media have on the way people interact with each other in different age groups?

Mass Communication Research Topics

Mass communication is when you share information with a large number of people at the same time. Topics to do with mass communication are very relevant, thanks to the internet, social media platforms, and other kinds of mass media. The purpose of mass media is simply to inform loads of people about something as quickly and conveniently as possible.

• What effect do social media platforms have on mass communication?
• How does new technology affect it?
• The impact that advertising has on it.
• How news media influences it.
• Ways in which propaganda impacts it.
• The influence that public relations have on it.
• How it’s impacted by digital media and print media.
• Globalization’s impact on it.
• How new forms of media affect it.
• The ways it’s influenced by social networking.

Interpersonal Communication Research Topics

This is a broad term that refers to the exchanging of information between people. It’s when you use effective communication skills to share thoughts, ideas, and facts with at least one other person. The topics in this section look at some of the latest interpersonal communication trends.

• The effect of technology on interpersonal communication.
• The effect of culture on it.
• How gender influences it.
• The effect of age on it.
• How someone’s interaction style may impact it.
• The way context may influence it.
• How relationships can influence it.
• How it can be influenced by social apprehension.
• The effect of social competence on it.
• How it’s impacted by satisfaction.

Intercultural Communication Research Topics

This is when people from different cultures exchange information. Things like different languages, traditions, and even artifacts affect intercultural communication. The topics below look at intercultural communication and how culture shapes the many ways we interact with one another.

• How culture influences the ways we interact with one another.
• The impact of intercultural communication styles on relationships.
• How culture impacts our perceptions of interaction.
• The effect that interaction has on business relationships.
• How culture influences the way we interpret nonverbal communication.
• The impact of culture on our way of interpreting speech.
• How culture influences our information processing.
• The way culture impacts our process of making decision.
• The impact of culture on how we solve problems.
• How culture influences our interactions with others.

Virtual Communication Research Topics

Are virtual communication skills essential? You have to be just as proficient at virtual dialogue as you are at spoken words. Mastering interactive online communication is key for anyone who wants to succeed, and the topics below delve into this further.

• The impact on the development of personal relationships.
• The use of virtual dialogue in the business world.
• How it influences the way we think and learn.
• The benefits of virtual communication for people with social anxiety.
• The way it’s used in education.
• How it impacts our mental health.
• Ways in which it influences family relationships.
• How it’s used in the workplace.
• The effect it has on relationships.
• The advantages and disadvantages of virtual communication.

Health-Related Research Topics

It’s essential to have effective communication strategies in any sort of healthcare setting. Having interpersonal communication competence is vital so that practitioners can speak with patients clearly and effectively. The topics below look at how internal and external communication in the healthcare industry affects and is affected by different factors.

• The effectiveness of health communication campaigns in changing health behaviors.
• The impact of social media on interactions in the health industry.
• How humor is used in it.
• How storytelling is used in it.
• What effects it has on reducing health disparities.
• What effects it has on increasing health literacy.
• How new media technologies are used in it.
• How it influences public health outcomes.
• The role it plays in health education.
• The impact it has on patient satisfaction.

Interesting Communication Research Topics

This last batch of topics looks at how both spoken words and non-verbal communication affect different things. Some of the topics are about how we interact with one another in different areas of life.

• The impact of new communication technology on social interactions.
• The way it is used in the workplace.
• How we use it in education.
• Ways in which it is used in marketing.
• How people use it in healthcare.
• The way it affects personal relationships.
• The effects it has on organizational cultures.
• How it impacts individual productivity.
• Its effects on consumer behavior.
• The influences it has on the environment.
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Coming up with a Thesis Statement

Once you have come up with a potential research topic, you should start writing. Your first step is to write an effective thesis statement .

Your thesis statement is the argument or main point you want to make about your topic. It’s a summary of what your paper is going to be about. The purpose of it is to show the reader what you will be discussing and invite them to read your work.

Once you have your thesis statement, start writing your paper. Make sure to include evidence from scholarly sources to support your work.

Topic Selection and Writing Tips

How to create strong questions for your paper.

This question doesn’t have a single answer, as the best way to create strong questions for your paper will vary depending on the specific research project and its goals.

However, some tips on how to create strong questions include:

• Start by thinking about the specific goals of your research project. What are you trying to learn or understand?
• Draft a few potential research questions that can help you answer your goals. Be sure to make them as specific as possible.
• Test your research questions by asking them to others to see if they are clear and understandable. Are they interesting to people outside of your field of study?
• Revise and refine your research questions as needed. Be sure to keep them concise and easy to understand.

How to Find the Right Research Topics?

When writing a communication research paper, first, you should decide what topic you want to learn more about.

• Do the effects of social media and mass media on communication interest you?
• What about the role of communication in a competitive global business environment?
• What is the impact of new technology on the ways we exchange information?
• Whether effective communication is necessary to ensure credible reporting?
• How do improved relations make broadcasting media laws effective?

Once you have a general topic in mind, you can begin to narrow it down by focusing on a specific aspect of this field that interests you.

For example, if you are interested in the communication importance in a business market, you might want to focus on the impact of effective business interactions on employee productivity or customer satisfaction.

Alternatively, you could look at how private media ownership is affecting mass media, bringing journalism ethics into the discussion, and how journalists are ensuring credible reporting.

What Makes a Research Paper Topic Strong?

There is no one answer to this question, as it depends on the individual and the specific research goals. However, some factors that could make a research topic strong include its relevance to current events or real-world issues, its potential to generate new and innovative ideas, and its ability to generate interesting and valuable research findings.

Additionally, a strong topic should be interesting and engaging to read and write about, and it should be something that the researcher can be passionate about.

Tips for Structuring and Writing Your Paper

When writing communication research papers, it is important to structure your argument in a manner that’s clear and concise. Your paper should have a clear research paper introduction , body, and conclusion. Within the body of your paper, there should be a strong thesis statement, evidence that supports your argument, and a conclusion summarizing your argument.

Additionally, throughout the research paper writing process, it is significant to use clear and concise language. Use communication tips to help you put your own points across more effectively.

Deciding what to focus your research paper doesn’t have to be daunting. There are a huge number of research topics available. Finding the right one is easy.

First, think about the ideas that interest you the most. Which part of communication studies are you most passionate about? Is it media ethics, mass media, or something else?

When you’ve settled on one of the research topic ideas , start the research paper writing process. Find key sources such as books and academic articles. Think about what needs addressing in your research paper.

Now, it’s time for you to produce an excellent communication research paper.

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178 Communication Research Topics For Your Paper

Imagine what the world would be without communication! How would we get along? I guess there would be no sense in existing after all. That is just a tiny snippet of how important communication is in everyday life. Exchanging information is a key component of coexistence as it creates order and a sense of satisfaction in the end.

However, communication as a discipline cuts across all other niches in the academic world. Students from an Engineering course would also take up communication as a unit of study. Students delve into the transmission, representation, reception, and decoding of information communicated to a greater extent.

Situations When You May Need To Write A Communication Paper

Various scenarios call for a communication paper either as an assignment or a research project in college. The communication papers needed for every situation vary in format and outline. Here are some of the cases when communication papers are necessary:

When writing a resume or cover letter In presentations and reports Internal or external communication in a company Writing a thesis statement

When writing communication papers in these different scenarios, students can develop the following aspects:

Understand the various communication phenomena Ability to direct communication messages towards accomplishing individual and organizational goals Understand various types of communication such as rhetoric, interpersonal or organizational

Such an assignment is peculiar because it deals with students’ communication processes. Therefore, the student can easily relate a communication assignment to the real-world environment.

You will have to conduct extensive digging before writing your paper like any other research project. In writing a communication research paper, you will benefit from the importance of communication in general, such as building better relationships and finding the right solutions to various problems.

It takes a lot of time to create a high-quality writing, so you have all the right to ask dissertation writers for hire to help.

Guidelines On Structure And Step By Step Tips On Writing

To have an award-winning communication paper, you need to understand that structure is always at the heart of it all. A great communication paper follows the structure below:

Solid intro : Begin by presenting a captivating introduction by highlighting the facts, questions, or problems that you will explore in the body. The reader should find more than a million reasons to proceed with your essay by reading the first two lines. A strong thesis statement is also necessary for the introduction. An insightful literature review : It shows the theoretical basis of your research project, thus giving it validity. An in-depth literature review will give room for exploration and further research. Main body : This is where we expect to find all your findings, methodological steps, concepts, analyses, and the outcome. Discussion and conclusion : Depending on your professor’s instructions, you can divide this into two parts or put it as one. In either case, this section will consist of the strengths and weaknesses of your research and any future development or improvements. You could also compare the results found in your research with what other authors have discovered.

Provided you have all your facts at hand, a communication research paper will be the easiest you will ever handle in college. Nonetheless, you can order a custom paper from various online writing experts.

If you want to make an impression with your communication research paper, here are some tips to consider:

Select a thought-provoking and captivating research topic Have a working outline with all the arguments and examples/evidence in place Ensure that you exhaust reading all the possible research materials on your topic Such papers are always in the first person except in unique cases

You can review some of the samples on our essay writer to familiarize yourself with the structure and outline of a communication research paper.

Let’s now explore 178 of the hottest communication research topics to ace your project:

Top Interpersonal Communication Research Topics

• Evaluate the different relational patterns of interaction theory
• How to achieve coordinated management of meaning
• Discuss the fundamentals of pedagogical communication
• How does technology relate to interpersonal communication?
• Key constructs of openness and closeness
• Establishing identities in the identity management theory
• Evaluate the contribution of interpersonal communication scholars
• How mental representations influence how people interpret information
• Conceptualizing the process of social interaction
• Discuss the various behavioral interaction patterns among siblings
• Why do individuals modify their communicative behavior?
• Describe why new environments present a challenge for most people to communicate effectively
• The role of eye contact and gestures in interpersonal communication
• Varying effects of nonverbal and verbal acts of interpersonal communication
• Effects of different cultures on interpersonal communication strategies

World-Class Communication Research Topics For College Students

• Understanding the historical research methods in communication
• Discuss the relationship between technology, media, and culture
• Evaluate the various revolutions in human communication
• Discuss the developments made in the invention of human speech and language
• The role of image-making, cinema, and media entertainment in communication
• How to overcome communication barriers among students
• Steps in encouraging participation in meetings
• How employees contribute to the information flow in organizations
• How to evaluate a report based on its findings
• Sources of error during nonverbal communication
• How the media can match the channels of communication to their audience
• Ensuring audience attention during a presentation
• The impact of graphics in communication strategies
• How to interpret non-verbal signals
• Developing communication methods that match a given purpose

Possible Topics For Communication Research

• How to develop realistic communication strategies
• Discuss the economics of finance in communication processes
• How exposure to radio and TV impacts communication
• How to manage controversial issues in communication
• Why speaking with confidence is still difficult for many people
• The effectiveness of communicating with words and body language
• Why defining your purpose is key in any communication process
• Why explanatory communication is more difficult than informative communication
• The place of communication in long-distance relationships
• Communication strategies that influence people
• How to use communication effectively for conflict resolution
• Developing your self-esteem for effective communication
• Effects of redundancy in communication processes
• The place of responsibility in developing communication messages
• How to acquire effective communication skills in college

Latest Communication Topic For Research

• The role of persuasive dialogue in negotiations
• Why everyone must learn proper expression strategies
• Effects of emoji and other characters in enhancing textual conversations
• The role of propaganda in shaping communication tones
• Evaluate the unique political language used in America versus Africa
• The continuing impact of the internet on interpersonal communication
• How images are enhancing communication
• Discuss the effects of gender victimization on communication
• Evaluate the development of modern digital communication
• How to effectively communicate during a war or crisis
• How hacking is transforming communication of encrypted messages
• Effects of stereotyping in developing communication messages
• Is virtual reality ruining effective communication?
• Evaluate language as a barrier in communicating messages
• The role of empathy in communicating to victims of a disaster

Top-Notch Communication Research Paper Topics

• The role of diplomacy in fostering better relations among countries
• Why aided communication may not achieve the intended purpose
• Effects of using a translator in the communication of critical messages
• Evaluate the development of audio-visual devices for communication
• The dangers of failing to notice barriers to communication
• How stigma and prejudice impact effective communication
• Discuss the impact of having a common language in a country
• How social classes affect communication messages
• Factors that hinder communication between fighting political sides
• How to develop strong communication skills in a marketplace
• Why opinions may prevent one from seeing the true picture
• Discuss the role of fantasy and exaggeration in communication
• Differences between oral and verbal messages in conveying information
• The role of attitude and mood in enhancing effective message delivery
• How the media sets the communication pattern of a given society

Highly Rated Mass Communication Research Topics

• Discuss the essence of social media among PR practitioners
• The role of mass media in rebranding a nation
• Challenges to media freedom and their impact on proper communication
• Discuss the effects of news commercialization and their credibility
• How TV advertisements impact children and their development
• Compare and contrast between animation and real-people adverts in mass media
• How the internet affects professionalization in news media
• How mass media messages contribute to the development of religion in Africa
• Evaluate the radio listenership patterns between men and women
• How does mass media contribute to an emerging democracy
• Discuss how the media enlightens the public on issues of concern
• The role of mass media in communicating development messages
• Why mass media is critical before, during, and after elections
• Assess the influence of community radio in remote areas
• How mass media contributes to national integration

Good Communication Research Topics

• What determines consumer preference patterns in the 21 st century?
• Effective communication strategies for creating awareness against drug abuse
• Prospects and challenges of local dialects in communication
• Evaluate the influence of television on public opinion
• Discuss the growing cyberactivism in the digital age
• How social media is contributing to misleading information
• Challenges facing teachers when communicating to pre-school students
• Discuss the impact of information overload on the credibility of information
• Evaluate communication patterns among the youth in the US
• Assess the effects of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on communication patterns
• How public perception influences communication strategies
• Explain how mothers learn to communicate with and understand their babies at such a tender age
• The role of music in shaping communication models
• How to overcome the challenge of top-down communication in companies
• Management of information on online media for effective use

Business Communication Research Paper Topics

• Discuss the increasing role of influencers on brand marketing
• Why company blogs are essential in attracting new clients
• Evaluate the differences between face to face and virtual business meetings
• The growing popularity of social media in business marketing
• Why every company should have a partner relations department
• Dealing with complaints in a relaxed and useful manner
• Why online project management is the future of business
• Discuss why it is necessary to have company retreats
• Explore the role of digital document sharing in speeding up business communication
• Effects of relying on online communication at the expense of physical meetings
• The role of effective business management in the performance of an organization
• How staff motivation improve the overall working environment
• Discuss the place of corporate social responsibility in a company
• Effective ways of handling crisis in a large company
• Explain why trust is important in any business partnerships

Intercultural Communication Research Topics

• Discuss how Muslims interact with Christians at a social level
• Evaluate the reception of instructions from a man to a woman
• How Americans interact with Africans at the basic level
• Discuss how an American Democrat would associate with a Chinese politician
• Discuss the impact of marginalization in developing communication messages
• How migration and immigration affect communication patterns
• Effects of social stereotyping in communication
• How do Western communication models differ from those of Africa?
• Impact of discriminatory communication messages
• How to organize an effective intergroup come-together
• How the media represents various groups in its communication
• Effects of the growing intercultural norms
• The role of language attitudes in inhibiting effective communication
• Evaluate how ethnographic perspectives affect communication messages
• Why it is difficult to solve intercultural conflicts

Additional Interpersonal Communication Topics For Research Paper

• The role of interpersonal communication in team member satisfaction
• How collaboration and teamwork enhances business success
• Discuss how interpersonal communication enhances problem-solving skills
• The role of trust in interpersonal communication
• Effects of confusion, negativity, and conflicts on interpersonal communication
• How to deal with workplace miscommunication effectively
• The role of personalizing information
• How to improve internal communication channels in a company
• Discuss the role of interests in communication patterns
• Challenges when implementing modern communication solutions
• Evaluate how jargon and inattention make internal communication difficult
• The role of feedback in interpreting messages correctly
• Discuss the influence of environmental factors in communication
• Why miscommunication may result in a disconnect among a group of people
• Discuss the role of skills and knowledge in effective communication among leaders

Interesting Communication Research Topics

• How can effective interpersonal communication be a catalyst for action
• Why a focused and intentional approach is necessary for effective communication
• Discuss why online dating is not successful in most cases
• Evaluate the role of non-verbal communication and customer satisfaction
• Why is it important to have a list of communication networks?
• Effects of lack of personal contact when it comes to communication
• Discuss the various forms of human interactions and their influence on communication
• The role of clear communication during an organizational change process
• Why online communication is not as effective as physical meetings
• Evaluate the roles and issues involved in a nurse-patient communication
• The role of TV shows in determining how people relate to each other in the society
• Effects of the digital divide in communication paradigms
• The relationship between quality leadership and effective communication
• Why is email still not yet an effective communication medium?
• Effects of integrating marketing communication

General Communication Studies Research Topics

• Discuss the differences in body language between male and female
• The role of communication in familiarizing with someone
• How online gaming communication affects one’s interpersonal communication
• Why a leader without proper communication skills may not succeed
• The role of communication in achieving an organization’s vision
• How mobile phone conversations are turning around interpersonal communication
• Discuss the role of different personality types in communication
• Is there a difference between language and communication?
• Discuss how communication in the military is different from that in a normal setting
• Compare and contrast between written and spoken forms of communication
• Why family communication is critical for a peaceful coexistence
• Shortcomings to understanding foreign languages
• Discuss the effectiveness of web-based communication

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14 Tips On How To Improve Speaking Skills (Speak Like A Pro!)

If you feel nervous or flustered when it’s your time to talk, use these actionable practices to be more articulate and well-spoken in the workplace and beyond.

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Whether you’re chatting with coworkers at lunch, having an important conversation with your boss, or giving a big presentation, speaking with confidence and charisma can transform your daily life.

Research shows that communication skills are strong predictors of your success in the workplace and relationships . Yet, so many people still struggle with verbally expressing themselves. Excellent speakers benefit from:

• Improved communication
• Getting their ideas heard
• Earning more respect
• Being interrupted less
• Having more loyal and deep connections
• Not being underestimated or overlooked

If you are hesitating or flustered when it’s your turn to talk, here are 14 actionable tips for improving your speaking skills.

Watch our video below to learn powerful presentation skills in person, on video, and in meetings:

How to Improve Speaking Skills at Work and Beyond: 14 Action-Packed Tips

Most kids learn to talk around 1 to 2 years old, but learning to express yourself verbally is a lifelong learning experience. You can excel in your career and get what you want by mastering the art of talking. 

Many tools are available to improve your speech, whether you’re a native speaker or an English learner. Here are the top 14 science-backed ways to speak better: 

#1 Stay in your zone of genius (only talk about what you know)

You may notice that the most professional-sounding people tend to stay in their zone of genius when speaking publicly. You won’t hear Oprah pretending she’s an expert in electric cars. Nor will you hear Elon Musk advising about spirituality and personal development.

They both stay in their realms of expertise, which naturally makes them sound confident when they speak. They’re not faking it— they know what they’re talking about!

If you struggle to speak with conviction, you may inadvertently talk about topics you don’t know much about. Instead, focus on your zone of genius.

Your zone of genius is the mental space where your skills and interests converge .

It includes the subjects, facts, and stories you know the most about. These things are easy for you to talk about with others because you’re knowledgeable and passionate about them. 

Avoid talking off the cuff about topics you’re not familiar with. Not only does this make you sound uninformed or untrustworthy, but it can send off the message that you are a “know-it-all.” 

Masterful conversationalists are usually not afraid to say, “I don’t know.” Similarly, a public speaker won’t add random facts or opinions that they can’t back up with authentic knowledge on the topic.

Pro tip: Not a master in your subject? No worries! Most people have limited knowledge in a particular field. Try learning from the Three Book Rule, which states that if you read 3 books on a specific topic (for example, tennis), you’ll be more knowledgeable than 99% of the population.

#2 Read books or articles out loud

Reading is one of the most underrated tools for becoming a great speaker. It can make you sound more articulate and smooth in your speech. Plus, you learn new vocabulary and better comprehend the book in the process. 

Unlike conversations or spoken speeches, written text tends to have a better structure for learning, as authors and editors have worked together to keep the text free of grammatical errors or awkward sentences. Reading books aloud helps you learn to speak more smoothly in day-to-day conversations. 

Repeat this exercise at least once per week (or every night before bed if you’re determined):

• Find a quiet place where you won’t be interrupted.
• Choose a book you enjoy, flip to a random page, or continue reading where you left off.
• Read the page out loud from start to end.
• Take note of words you had trouble pronouncing or sentences that sounded awkward out loud. Notice how fast or slow you read and the tone of your voice. Depending on the character’s speaking, you can also practice changing your voice if you’re reading fiction. This can help you practice vocal variety.
• Look up the pronunciation of specific words if needed. 
• Now read the page or passage out loud again. Change your performance based on what you noticed in the first round. Emphasize important points with a shift in volume or inflection (highness or lowness of your voice)  
• Optionally, use voice memos on your phone to record yourself reading.
• Listen back to your recordings and find places where your inflection, cadence (the rhythm of speech), and volume change. Do these align with the overall message of the piece? 

If you feel unsure about reading aloud, try listening to audiobook samples to hear how different speakers recite written words. You can also use a free resource like Librivox to listen to free audiobooks.

#3 Use tongue twisters to practice enunciation

Mumbling speech can make it challenging to understand what you’re saying. When people mumble, it sends the message that they don’t want to be heard or feel embarrassed by their speech. On the other hand, people who enunciate their words are seen as more intelligent. 

Eloquent speaking is undoubtedly an art, but it starts with the simple act of training your mouth to move in a certain way. Those silly tongue twisters from your childhood can be surprisingly useful. Repeating related sounds can improve your English speaking skills and articulation of specific words. 

Repeat these 10 times each or until you can say them over and over without fumbling: 

• Red leather, yellow leather, red leather, yellow leather.
• Sally sells shells by the seashore.
• Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. A peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked. If Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers, where’s the peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked?
• How much wood would a woodchuck chuck if a woodchuck could chuck wood?
• You know New York, you need New York, you know you need unique New York. 
• I saw a kitten eating chicken in the kitchen. 

Use tongue twisters regularly and as a vocal warm-up before you do a lot of talking. 

Bonus Tip: Learn the Art of Stage Presence

Did you know that public speaking is actually a skill? Many people struggle with stage anxiety because they feel they ‘missed the memo’ on public speaking or they are lacking because they do not have a natural stage presence. Not true!

Stage presence and public speaking are skills you need to be taught—very few people have them naturally. 

Watch our video below to learn the 7 steps to overcome stage fright and beat performance anxiety:

Here are all the aspects of public speaking you can master.

• How to make a first impression with an audience
• How to have stage presence
• Powerful body language
• How to speak with a commanding voice
• What to do with your hands while speaking

For every speaking skill you add to your toolbox, the less speaking anxiety you will feel.

If you want help really diving into your presentation skills, be sure to sign-up for our course…

Master Your People Skills

• Create a Memorable Presence
• Communicate with Confidence
• Achieve Your Goals

Have a question about the presentation or People School? Email Science of People support .

#4 Talk to yourself

One of the easiest ways to step into your power as a speaker is to start talking to yourself. People often dismiss those who talk to themselves as crazy when, in reality, talking to yourself is entirely normal. 

Scientists have found that talking to yourself is beneficial for enhancing your performance in sports, finding things you lost, and solving problems. A practice called mirror meditation combines neuroscience and self-reflection to overcome insecurities like physical appearance and public speaking. 

You can use self-talk with or without a mirror to achieve two primary goals:

• Build your confidence : Psychologists say that talking to yourself in a mirror can help externalize your inner dialogue and sort through your thoughts. Speaking positive things to your reflection is a form of positive affirmation. For example, you can calm your nerves before talking to someone important by telling your reflection, “You’ve got this! You are well-spoken, eloquent, and powerful with your words. You’re going to rock this conversation. I love you.” You don’t necessarily have to say these things out loud, but you want to signal to your mind that you are your number one fan (and you should be!).
• Rehearse before big moments (and sort through your thoughts) : For example, you can rehearse what you’ll say to your boss while you’re driving in the car on your way to work. Don’t worry about acting looking weird—nobody will be able to hear you. Use verbal recitation to gather your thoughts, so you can repeat the key points you want to discuss in the meeting. Similarly, before a big speech, you may want to walk around your room and go over a speech script in your head or out loud. 

Both methods can work synergistically to improve your speaking skills drastically. But the most important thing to remember about self-talk is: Avoid talking to yourself negatively whenever possible , especially before a critical communication event like a meeting, presentation, or important lunch. 

Listen to your internal voice and avoid internal statements like:

• “You sound stupid.”
• “I am horrible at public speaking.”
• “Your voice sounds embarrassing.”
• “You idiot, get it out already.” 

Replacing negative self-talk takes practice. Replace critical self-talk with positive affirmations ( here are 120 great ones ) and learn more about silencing your inner critic so you can feel more confident in your speech.   

#5 Learn from the best (& mimic them)

Humans are psychologically programmed to mimic each other. Mirror neurons are primal “monkey see, monkey do” parts of our brain that imitate the actions we see in other people. They explain why babies naturally smile when you smile or why you can learn to swim by watching others move in the water. 

Recent research has also revealed how these neurons are critical for learning language and communicating with others. You can even “hack” your mirror neurons to help you become a better speaker. Think about the best speakers you know and try a few of these simple practices to pick up on their best qualities:

• Watch a video of your favorite speaker three times in a row. Notice their tone of voice, stature, and vocal quirks. Learn a few sentences from the speech and try to re-enact them in a mirror. For example, if you want to mimic the conversational yet profound tone of Denzel Washington, watch this video of his speech at a graduation:

• Pretend you’re an actor and recite lines from a movie character you like. You can find specific scenes from movies on YouTube. Analyze how the script structure impacts your feelings about that character’s confidence and self-expression.
• Listen to a podcast of someone you admire and repeat things they say out loud. Podcasters are great speakers because they only have their voice to capture your attention. For example, Rob Dial of The Mindset Mentor is authentic, empowering, and energizing podcaster who speaks directly to the audience’s needs. 

Pro Tip : Speech mimicry helps you learn to speak more confidently in public or on stage, but remember to stay true to your unique qualities. You don’t want to copy other people’s words, or you will be inauthentic. Instead, take note of the specific qualities you want to adopt—such as a deeper voice, a slower pace of speaking, or a particular type of vocabulary—and integrate these into your existing communication style. 

#6 Always remember your MVP

An MVP isn’t just the star of a sports team. It’s the Most Valuable Point you need to make in any communication setting. If everything else you say was forgotten, what is one sentence that gets your point across?

Before you go into a meeting with your team, give a speech, or check in with your boss, think about your MVP. For example,

• I’m going into this check-in with my boss to ask for a raise of X dollars. 
• I want to sit down with my significant other tonight and resolve our miscommunication about X. 
• My main goal for today’s work lunch is to get to know 3 new things about each of my colleagues. 
• The key purpose of this article is to help people improve their speaking skills in various settings.  

Regardless of the communication setting, an MVP gives purpose to your words. 

Bonus: If you want to sound really convincing, practice turning your MVP into a specific sentence or two. Something like:

• “My performance in the past 6 months has doubled the company’s revenue, and, as a result, I believe I deserve a higher raise.”
• “There was a miscommunication earlier, but after some deep thinking, I realize it was my fault, and I am truly sorry.”

Having a concrete sentence or two memorized can help deliver your speech powerfully and convincingly.

#7 Sound more confident by speaking louder and lower

Speaking isn’t only about what you say but how you say it. A 2017 Yale study found that the sound of your voice is what makes people:

• Believe what you’re saying
• Feel certain emotions 

Think about it: How do you feel when you hear someone using filler words like “um” or “like” in every sentence? What about someone who talks softly? Or someone who raises their voice at the end of a statement to make it sound like a question?

You probably won’t perceive them as confident in what they’re saying. You may even be less likely to do business with them, believe their story, or give them what they’re asking for. 

There are three keys to sounding more confident when you talk:

• Speak louder (but don’t yell) : When you feel nervous, you may naturally talk more softly. But this can create a negative feedback loop that makes you sound (and feel) less confident. Instead, make your voice sound stronger by speaking at a moderate volume that you adjust based on the room and audience size. 
• Speak lower : Research shows that people who speak louder and lower are perceived as more dominant and authoritative. This is particularly important for women who talk in soft, high tones. You don’t need to change your natural voice completely; instead, practice speaking in the lower end of your range. 
• Talk at a moderately fast pace : If you speak too slowly, you could sound boring. People who drone on in a monotone don’t tend to keep our attention for long. On the other hand, if you speak too fast, you could sound annoying or difficult to understand. Studies have found that people who talk at a moderately fast pace (about 195 words per minute) seem more intelligent, persuasive, and attractive. Measure your voice with a Metronome app for Android or iOS and try to land in the 110-160 word per minute range.

Remember that your optimal vocal volume and pitch may change depending on your audience. Learn more tips about How to Speak with Confidence and Sound Better .  

Watch our video below to learn how to sound confident on the phone with 5 simple steps:

#8 Prepare your voice

Have you noticed your voice sounds groggy in the morning or strained after singing too loud on the drive to work? It’s not the best vocal state for negotiating a business deal or asking for a raise. 

Vocal care isn’t just for singers or public speakers. Proper preparation ensures your voice doesn’t crack when it comes time to speak up in a meeting. To sound better when talking, remember to:

• Use deep breathing : Shallow chest breathing can make you sound more jittery or nervous when talking. Deep belly breathing exercises can help improve your oxygen levels while simultaneously calming your body. 
• Exhale first : When it comes time to speak, most people breathe and start their sentences with an inhale. Instead, remember to exhale first. Blow out a strong breath just before you start talking.
• Stay hydrated : Your voice is directly affected by your level of hydration. Research even finds that hydrated voices sound better . If you are about to speak for an extended period in a speech or meeting, drink plenty of water in the hours leading up to the event.
• Use our 5 vocal warm-ups in our article and video below:

5 Vocal Warm-Ups Before Meetings, Speeches and Presentations

#9 Start and end with the best points

The serial-position effect explains why people remember the first and last things you say the most clearly. Whether talking to your coworkers about a project or giving a big pitch to a client, you should emphasize the best points at the beginning and the end.  

This is particularly important for presentations, but you can apply it to daily conversations. When preparing to speak, the first thing to do is brainstorm all your key points and ideas. It helps to jot them down on flashcards or digital slides. Arrange them so that the juiciest or most essential points come first. Then, reiterate them at the end as well.

For example, if you’re selling your marketing services to a client, the very first lines of the presentation may emphasize why your agency’s package is the best one available. This is sort of like a thesis. You might start with: “Top Level Agency is a one-stop shop for your marketing needs because we do all web design and digital production in-house (no freelancers or contractors!), offer 24-hour emergency technical support, and monthly payment plans.” 

Then, you can introduce yourself, explain the package offerings, and dig into more details. At the end of the presentation, repeat the key benefits they’ll get from working with your company. 

People remember the beginning and the end ! Avoiding burying your important points in the middle! Many people tell stories chronologically and accidentally bore their audience with background stories and foundational info that leaves a bad first impression. 

Pro Tip: Practice your opening and closing line the most. If you have these, you know you will start and end on a high.

#10 Master the art of presentations with 4 quick tips

From job interviews to congratulatory speeches to workplace meeting presentations, speaking in front of a group of people is a life skill that we all must practice at some point. It’s how you sell yourself, your ideas, or your products and services. Yet over 30% of Americans list public speaking (glossophobia) as one of their biggest fears. Fortunately, overcoming glossophobia can be as simple as preparation and practice. 

Here are four quick tips to transform your presentation skills:  

• Start with a hook : First impressions are everything! A sparkling one-liner, a fascinating story, or an intriguing question are the easiest ways to capture your audience’s attention before you dig into the details. Notice how Vanessa Van Edwards’ Tedx Talk starts with a funny phrase about her awkwardness: 

• Cut out excess info : A short presentation packed with information is far better than a long, boring drone full of fluff. Cut down your speech to the basics so that everything supports your main point. Avoid irrelevant facts or boring anecdotes. 
• Don’t just talk : The most captivating presentations use multiple modalities. Instead of just standing and talking, an engaging presenter will layer on the graphics, charts, videos, and visual demonstrations. 
• Pretend you’re a performer : In his book, Steal the Show , actor, and coach Michael Port says the quickest way to boost your confidence is to simply act like you’re giving a performance and you don’t have any stage fright. Transform your negative inner talk to something positive by tricking your mind into thinking you’re capable and confident in your speaking skills. 

Pro Tip : If you are planning for a big presentation and fear losing the audience’s attention, consider making your presentation more interactive by inviting the audience to participate. You can use non-awkward icebreakers , “raise your hand” questions or a social media poll on a related topic. 

Some presenters even invite an audience member to the stage for role-playing or a mini-case study. For example, in a meeting presentation about how you plan to improve upselling techniques in your stores, you may invite a coworker to act out a customer-salesperson scenario. 

Want more tips? Take your presentations to the next level with these 10 Presentation Ideas That Will Radically Improve Your Presentation Skills . 

#11 Use meaningful hand gestures

People who “talk with their hands” are naturally more magnetic. Studies show that gestures increase the value of spoken words by up to 60%! But you don’t just want to flail your hands around without purpose. Our analysis of the top TED Talks of all time found that there are specific movements that portray confidence.

These 7 powerful hand gestures include:

• Show the number : Any time you mention a number, use your fingers to add a visual element of that amount. 
• Increase or decrease : Spread your hands closer or farther away to demonstrate the intensity of a conversation point. For example, if you say, “this is a small problem,” you may close your hands together to show a small space. 
• Feel it in the heart : When discussing something emotional, gesture toward your heart or chest region. You may naturally put your hand over your heart when you say, “this means so much to me.”
• Guide your explanations : Use your hands to give a visual guide to a complex explanation. For example, suppose you’re discussing two opposing viewpoints. In that case, you might gesture to the right for Point 1 and to the left for Point 2.
• Bring things together : When you discuss the convergence of points or groups, bring your palms together in the center to demonstrate these two things merging. 
• Emblems : Cultural hand motions like thumbs up, A-OK, or pointing with an open hand can be used to highlight specific talking points. 
• You-me-we : Bring people into what you’re saying by gesturing towards them, yourself, and then between you. 

Watch this video with Vanessa Van Edwards to see how each gesture works:

Here are another 60 Hand Gestures You Should Be Using and Their Meaning . 

#12 Learn to decode body language (and use it to your advantage)

Have you ever wished you could tell what people are thinking? Decoding body language is an underrated social superpower. If you understand how to tell if your boss is being confrontational or your colleague is withholding information from you, you can have a major communication advantage. 

You’ve probably heard the statistic that 65 to 90% of communication is nonverbal. Unspoken cues often give us more insights into people than what they say out loud. Some of the most notable body language cues to look for include: 

• Lip pursing : People may be subconsciously holding something back. If you accidentally purse your lips during a speech, it may make you seem to withhold something from the audience. 
• Raised eyebrows: When someone is guilty, they might subtly raise their eyebrows to show fear. On the other hand, eyebrow raises can also indicate amusement or surprise. Take notice of your eyebrows while talking in the mirror and use them to emphasize your points.
• Touch : A light touch on the arm can be a thoughtful way to get someone’s attention or help. Combined with speaking in a soft or friendly tone, this can help you appear more kind and more compassionate.
• Firm handshake : A nice firm handshake can portray you as confident but not domineering. Deliver your handshakes with a well-rehearsed introduction like “I’m Joe. It is a pleasure to meet you.” 
• Laughing : In awkward situations, subordinates might laugh to appease the person in power, while superiors may refrain from laughing to uphold their status. As you speak, notice when you awkwardly laugh out of nervousness versus when you laugh because something is actually funny.  
• Sitting versus standing : A sitting person is physically lower than a standing person, making them potentially seem inferior or easier to reprimand. You almost always want to be standing when you are giving a speech or a presentation. On the other hand, sitting while having a tough conversation with your significant other can help create a level playing field for open-hearted discussion. 

Note how you use body language as you talk to others daily. There are so many ways you can combine speaking skills with a specific position or nonverbal cue to portray more confidence, kindness, or influence. Learn more about understanding Body Language In the Workplace: 15 Cues You Must Know . 

#13 Work on pronunciation with this app

Whether you are a native English speaker or learning the English language, countless words in the dictionary aren’t pronounced the way they are spelled. But proper pronunciation can make you sound more knowledgeable and well-spoken. 

The most commonly mispronounced words include:

• Desert vs. Dessert 
• Comfortable

Do you think you’re guilty of mispronunciations? Use the free app, Say It ( Android ) ( iOS ) to check your speech. Oxford University Press developed it to help practice sounds, words, and sentence pronunciation. 

Pro Tip : If you accidentally mispronounce a word in conversation or a presentation, don’t be afraid to correct yourself. It happens to everybody, and there is no shame in saying “excuse me” and repeating it. If you have an accent, embrace it! As long as people understand your words, pronunciation shouldn’t be an argument of tomAYto versus tomAHto. 

#14 Improve your listening skills

Paradoxically, the best speakers tend to be the best listeners. After all, communication is a two-way street. Listening is one of the most valuable social skills because it helps you:

• Understand other people
• Make deeper connections
• Demonstrate that you’re interested in what others have to say 
• Avoid dominating a conversation
• Learn how to speak better

Listening is particularly important if you feel shy or socially awkward . Next time you’re having a conversation, practice active listening with:

• Loud listening : When someone else is speaking, strategically use sounds like “oh,” “ah,” or “wow” to show you are engaged.
• Eye contact : Avoid using your phone or diverting eye contact when someone is talking. Instead, casually hold their gaze for 3-5 seconds to show that you care. But don’t be overbearing with eye contact , or you might appear weird.
• Asking questions : Show that you were paying attention to another person’s story or presentation by asking questions about what was said. Just be sure you don’t interrupt them or cut anyone off while inquiring.
• Wait for your turn to talk : A great conversationalist’s most obvious skill is knowing when to talk. Your decision to speak while someone else is still talking could send the message that you think your opinion is more important than theirs. Politely wait your turn and even leave a few seconds of pause after someone else finishes their thoughts. 

Stuttering and Language Processing Resources:

Do you struggle with stuttering or other language processing issues? You definitely can get help! Here are some great resources to check out:

• The Stuttering Foundation
• Find a Speech Therapist

Key Takeaways: Speak Better with Planning and Practicing

Nobody is born a masterful speaker, but the most charismatic people have cracked some communication code. Fortunately, the secrets to their verbal success are accessible to everyone. Start speaking better with these simple practices:

• Talk louder, lower, and at a moderate pace : If you find yourself speaking soft and slow, it can help to increase the volume, lower the tone, and speed up the rate of your words. This will help you sound and feel more confident while talking. 
• Mimic speakers you admire : Find people you want to sound like and listen to them regularly. Identify the characteristics you want to mimic, like their cheeriness, articulation, or authority. Learn lines from their videos and recite them as you watch.  
• Read out loud : Written words tend to be more edited than spoken ones. Practice reading your favorite books out loud so you can 
• Master pronunciation and enunciation : Avoid mispronunciations and mumbling. Instead, use the internet to learn how to pronounce words you’re unsure about and train your mouth to enunciate specific words with tongue twister exercises. 
• Use hand gestures: Your hands are among the most underrated tools for speaking. Use them to your advantage by emphasizing essential points. 

Whether you’re talking to an audience of 2 or 2,000, public speaking can catapult you to higher levels of self-development and professional success. To take your speaking skills to the next level, learn these 15 Science-Based Public Speaking Tips to Be a Master Speaker . 

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Evaluating the Effects of Picture Exchange Communication System® Mediator Training via Telehealth Using Behavioral Skills Training and General Case Training

• Autism Research & Treatment
• Evaluating the Effects of Picture…

Treszl, A. T., Koudys, J., & O’Neill, P. (2022). Evaluating the effects of Picture Exchange Communication System® mediator training via telehealth using behavioral skills training and general case training. Behavioral Interventions, 37 (2), 290-305. https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1835

Reviewed by: Kate McKenna, MEd, MSEd, MS, BCBA and Seirra Mitchell, BS, RBT, SLC Association for Science in Autism Treatment

Why research this topic?

What did the researchers do?

The researchers examined the efficacy of BST and GCT through telehealth to teach parents to use PECS with their child in their home. The study focused on a 4-year-old boy named Noah, his father (Jeffery) and his mother (Kate). Noah has an autism diagnosis and was in the initial stages of using PECS as a mode of communication. Because Noah was making errors in differentiating between picture icons to ask for preferred items, it was recommended that Noah’s parents learn how to implement PECS at home as Noah would benefit from the additional picture discrimination training to help him become more accurate in his requests. In this study, the researchers trained the parents on successful implementation of discrimination training with Noah. Jeffery and Kate participated in training sessions where Jeffrey received direct training and Kate served as the confederate parent who acted as the child. The researchers targeted three key skills: Skill 1 was to set up opportunities for the child to communicate, such as presenting preferred items and activities that the child must use communication to gain access. Skill 2 was to conduct a correspondence check which ensures that the correct picture is being used to request the preferred item. Skill 3 was to implement the PECS four step error correction procedure (i.e., model, practice, switch, and repeat) to correct a potential picture discrimination error (i.e., when child exchanged an icon for juice but reached for a cookie).

A web video application called Life Size was used and sessions took place virtually with participants at the kitchen table or in the basement recreation room. The intervention package included BST and GCT. BST involved providing instructions, modeling of the target skills, opportunities for practice, and feedback on the practice sessions. GCT involved a process of general case analysis to identify variations in steps in parent responses for each of the three skills, possible responses by Noah that could be influenced by lack of interest or change in motivation, variations in the type, size, and magnitude of reinforcers, and potential variations in the location of the binder and response effort needed to locate and use the icons. Possible scenarios were created to be used in training.

During training, written instructions and video models were provided for the parents to follow to ensure correct PECS implementation and data were collected on their ability to follow those procedures. The parents viewed short videos (1 – 2 minutes) of the skills being performed. Additionally, researchers demonstrated the skills through telehealth so Noah’s parents could watch them. Jeffery then performed the skills with Kate acting as Noah. Jeffrey was provided with corrective feedback. Kate’s performance was monitored, and feedback was provided to ensure correct implementation. Data collection of Kate’s performance was important because it assisted the researchers in determining if she could implement PECS with Noah at home in the absence of direct training.

What did the researchers find?

Data collected on Jeffrey’s performance indicated that BST and GCT training resulted mastery of Skill 1 (creating opportunities) and Skill 2 (correspondence check). Jeffrey was not observed to meet criteria for mastery for Skill 3 (error correction). This may have been because there were limited opportunities to practice due to Noah’s high level of PECS accuracy. Through indirect training, Kate was also observed to master Skills 1 and 2 but did not meet criterion for Skill 3. Data taken on Noah’s use of PECS showed a high level of PECS accuracy. Before training began Noah demonstrated consistent errors in picture with a mean correct of 85%. That score did not change after parent training. During follow-up, Noah’s accuracy was variable, with a 76% accuracy at 2-weeks and 85% at 6-weeks. Additional research would need to be conducted to explore the relationship of PECS acceptance and use by individuals with autism and the PECS implementation skill level of caregivers. Social validity data were collected from Jeffrey only, who reported that the training had improved his PECS skills. The use of Kate as the confederate parent was beneficial.

What are the strengths and limitations of the study?

This study adds to the research base in its use of telehealth to teach the implementation of PECS using both BST and GCT in the child’s home. This study also examined the effectiveness of training one parent while the other participated as a confederate who did not receive direct training. Development of an effective teaching procedure in which one participant receives direct training and the other learns through observation is worthy of further study as it would reduce teaching time and could possibly increase the number of caregivers who could participate as observers. Further research would be needed on the efficaciousness of participants observing teaching sessions remotely.

There are a few limitations in this study that must be mentioned and suggest caution when interpreting its results. This study used one family, which makes it difficult to generalize results to other families that do not match the age, educational background, proficiency in English, and economic status of the participant family. The authors note also that Noah’s parents were aware they were being observed using PECS with him which may have influenced their behavior. Noah already possessed prerequisite skills using PECS. Additional research with participants with limited or no previous PECS experience is necessary before generalizing these results to the other PECS levels. Additionally, social validity measures were only completed with Jeffrey and not with Kate. More information about Kate’s experience could have been gleaned through social validity measurement or a survey which captured details of her perspective of the training procedures.

What do the results mean?

Results indicate that the combination of BST and GCT was effective when teaching parents to implement the PECS discrimination training with their child. Skill improvement was seen in the kitchen and the basement playroom, two places in which Noah was likely to want to request items. This shows that skills Noah learned in a clinical setting can transfer to the home environment when parents gain competency in the PECS protocol. Kate’s implementation of PECS improved even though she did not receive direct training. These results show promise, and further research is needed on the variables that effect observational learning. This study also demonstrates the strength of telehealth as a teaching medium. Parents observed both videos and live modeling of the skills. More research is needed to investigate the benefits of video and live models used in combination and separately.

Frost, L., & Bondy, A. (2006). The Picture Exchange Communication System training manual (2nd ed.). Pyramid Educational Products Inc. https://pecsusa.com/shop/pecs-training-manual-second-edition/#tab-description

Moorcroft, A., Scarinci, N., & Meyer, C. (2018). A systematic review of the barriers and facilitators to the provision and use of low-tech and unaided AAC systems for people with complex communication needs and their families. Disability and Rehabilitation: Assistive Technology , 14 (7), 710-731. https://doi.org/10.1080/17483107.2018.1499135

National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders. (2020). Autism Spectrum Disorder: Communication Problems in Children . NIDCD. https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/autism-spectrum-disorder-communication-problems-children

Parsons, M. B., Rollyson, J. H., & Reid, D. H. (2012). Evidence-based staff training: A guide for practitioners. Behavior Analysis in Practice , 5 (2), 2-11. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf03391819

Steere, D. E., Pancsofar, E. L., Powell, T. H., & Butterworth, J. (1989). Enhancing Instruction through General Case Programming. TEACHING Exceptional Children , 22 (1), 22-24. https://doi.org/10.1177/004005998902200105

Treszl, A., Koudys, J., & O’Neill, P. (2021). Evaluating the effects of Picture Exchange Communication System ® mediator training via telehealth using behavioral skills training and general case training. Behavioral Interventions , 37 (2). https://doi.org/10.1002/bin.1835

Citation for this article:

McKenna, K. & Mitchell, S. (2024). Research Synopsis: Evaluating the effects of Picture Exchange Communication System® mediator training via telehealth using behavioral skills training and general case training.  Science in Autism Treatment,   21 (10).

Other related Research Synopses:

• Research Synopsis: The effectiveness of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on communication and speech for children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis
• Research Synopsis: Assessing generalization of the Picture Exchange Communication System in children with autism
• Research Synopsis : Comparison of verbal and pictorial naturalistic communication strategies on spoken language
• Research Synopsis: The role of treatment fidelity on outcomes during a randomized field trial of an autism intervention

Related ASAT Articles:

• Treatment Summary: Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
• The Picture Exchange Communication System: Is there science behind that?
• Clinical Corner: When should parents be included in the implementation of a behavior intervention plan?
• Clinical Corner: What is functional communication training (FCT)?
• Clinical Corner: Building rapport with students using specific strategies to promote pairing
• Clinical Corner: What are some essential skills in a COVID-19 era?
• Clinical Corner: Evidence-based telehealth practice in the time of COVID-19
• Treatment Integrity: Why it is important regardless of discipline
• A compilation of ASAT articles of interest to parents of newly diagnosed children
• A compilation of ASAT articles of interest to behavior analysts
• How ASAT supports special education and general education teachers

Related ASAT Reviews:

• Book Review: Promoting functional communication within the home
• Book Review: The Function Wheels

Procedures to Teach Specific Skills for Individuals with Autism Joint Attention Caregiver-mediated intervention for low-resourced preschoolers with autism Preschool based JASPER intervention in minimally verbal children with autism: Pilot RCT Multiple effects of joint attention intervention for children with autism Communication Skills An intervention for sensory difficulties in children with autism: a randomized trial. Communication Interventions for Minimally Verbal Children with Autism: A Sequential Multiple Assignment Randomized Trial Preschool-based social-communication treatment for children with autism: 12- month follow-up of a randomized trial Social Skills RCT of a manualized social treatment for high-functioning autism spectrum disorders Making the connection: Randomized controlled trial of social skills at school for children with autism spectrum disorders Brief report: Effect of a focused imitation intervention on social functioning in children with autism Reading Skills Teaching children with autism to read for meaning: Challenges and possibilities  

7 Practical Tips to Talk in Public Confidently

• The Speaker Lab
• September 10, 2024

Table of Contents

Public speaking can be daunting, but it’s a crucial skill in many professions. Whether you’re presenting to colleagues, pitching to clients, or addressing a large audience, mastering these tips can boost your confidence and effectiveness. Let’s explore practical speaking tips to help you become a more polished and persuasive speaker.

Many people feel nervous about speaking in front of others. In fact, research shows that one in five people experience public speaking anxiety – this is something that might even affect a seasoned public speaker. But here’s the good news: with the right techniques and practice, anyone can gain strong public speaking skills.

Understanding Your Audience

Before getting into specific public speaking tips , it’s crucial to understand who you’re speaking to and put yourself in the shoes of an audience member. Your audience’s background, interests, and expectations should shape your presentation so you can fully capture your audience’s attention with your communication skills.

Researching Your Listeners

Take time to learn about your audience. What’s their level of knowledge on your topic? What are their potential concerns or questions? This information will help you modify your content and delivery to fit with your audience.

Adapting Your Message

Once you know your audience, adjust your message accordingly. For example, a presentation to executives might focus on high-level strategy, while one for a technical team could delve into specific details.

Crafting Your Message

A clear, well-structured message is foundational to effective public speaking. Here’s how to create one:

Start with a Strong Core Message

As communication expert Dianna Booher says, “If you can’t write your message in a sentence, you can’t say it in an hour.” Distill your main point into a concise statement. This will be your north star throughout the presentation.

Organize Your Thoughts

Structure your talk with a clear beginning, middle, and end. Use a logical flow to guide your audience through your ideas. Consider using the three-act structure common in storytelling:

• Set up the situation or problem.
• Explore the challenges or conflicts.
• Present the resolution or call to action.

Use Compelling Stories and Examples

Stories make your points memorable and relatable. Include relevant anecdotes, case studies, or analogies to illustrate your ideas. Personal stories can be particularly effective, as they create an emotional connection with your audience.

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Preparing Your Delivery

How you deliver your message is just as important as the content itself. Here are some tips to talk live more effectively:

Practice, Practice, Practice

Rehearse your presentation multiple times. Practice public speaking in front of a mirror, record yourself, or practice in front of friends or family. This helps you become more comfortable with the material and identify areas for improvement.

Master Your Body Language

Your nonverbal communication speaks volumes. Stand tall, make eye contact, and use natural hand gestures to emphasize points. Avoid fidgeting or crossing your arms, which can make you appear nervous or closed off.

Use Your Voice Effectively

Vary your tone, pace, and volume to keep your audience engaged. Speak clearly and at a moderate pace. Pause after important points to let them sink in. As Nancy Duarte , a communication expert, notes, “Pauses are the punctuation marks of spoken word.”

Engaging Your Audience

Keeping your audience’s attention is crucial for a successful presentation.

Start Strong

Grab attention from the beginning with a provocative question, a surprising statistic, or a compelling story. This sets the tone for your entire talk.

Use Visual Aids Wisely

Visual elements can enhance your presentation, but don’t let them overshadow you. Use images, charts, or props to illustrate complex ideas, not to replace your spoken words. Remember, you’re the presenter, not your slides.

Encourage Interaction

Engage your audience by asking questions, soliciting feedback, or even incorporating a brief activity if it makes sense. This keeps listeners attentive and makes your presentation more memorable.

Handling Nerves and Challenges

Even experienced public speakers get nervous. Here are some public speaking tips to feel confident:

Reframe Your Nervousness

Instead of viewing nervousness as a weakness, reframe it as excitement. Your body’s response to nervousness and enthusiasm is similar – increased heart rate, sweaty palms. Tell yourself you’re excited to share your message.

Prepare for the Unexpected

Have a plan for potential issues. What if your technology fails? What if you lose your place? Preparing for these scenarios can help you stay calm if they do happen.

Focus on Your Message, Not Yourself

Remember, your audience is there to hear your ideas, not to judge you. Focus on delivering value to them rather than worrying about your performance.

Advanced Techniques for Impactful Speaking

Once you’ve mastered the basics, consider these advanced public speaking tips to speak more effectively:

Use Rhetorical Devices

Incorporate techniques like repetition, alliteration, or metaphors to make your speech more powerful and memorable. For example, Martin Luther King Jr.’s “I Have a Dream” speech effectively uses repetition to drive home its message.

Harness the Power of Silence

Strategic pauses can be incredibly powerful. They give your audience time to absorb important points and can create more emphasis. Don’t be afraid of brief moments of silence.

Develop a Signature Style

As you gain experience, develop elements that make your speaking style unique. This could be a particular way of opening your talks, a recurring theme, or a specific type of visual aid you’re known for using effectively.

Continuous Improvement

Becoming a great public speaker is an ongoing process. Here are some ways to keep improving:

Seek Feedback

After presentations, ask trusted colleagues or mentors for honest feedback. What worked well? What could be improved? Use this input to hone your speaking skills.

Watch and Learn from Others

Study speeches and presentations by effective communicators. TED Talks online are an excellent resource for this. Analyze what makes these speakers compelling and try to incorporate those elements into your own style.

Join a Speaking Club

Public speaking classes like Toastmasters International provide a supportive environment to practice public speaking and receive feedback on your public speaking skills.

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FAQs About Tips to Talk in Public

How can i get better at talking in public.

To improve your public speaking skills, start by practicing regularly. Prepare your content thoroughly, rehearse your delivery, and seek opportunities to talk live in front of others. Join a public speaking club, record yourself speaking, and ask for feedback from trusted sources. Remember, improvement comes with consistent practice and a willingness to learn from each experience.

How can I speak so well in public?

Speaking well in public involves several elements: clear articulation, appropriate pacing, effective use of pauses, and engaging body language . Focus on your message and connect with your audience. Use stories and examples to make your main points relatable. Practice your delivery to sound natural and confident. Remember to breathe deeply and speak from your diaphragm for a stronger, more resonant voice.

How do I train myself to speak in public?

Training yourself to speak in public involves consistent practice and gradual exposure. Start by speaking in front of a mirror, then progress to small groups of friends or family. Join a public speaking club or take a class to get structured training. Record your speeches and analyze them for areas for improvement. Set specific goals for each practice session, such as maintaining eye contact or eliminating filler words.

How can I make my public speaking good?

To make your public speaking good, focus on content, delivery, and audience engagement. Craft a clear, well-structured message with a strong opening and conclusion. Practice public speaking to sound natural and confident. Use eye contact, relevant stories, and interactive elements when appropriate to engage your audience. Continuously seek feedback and be willing to adapt and improve your techniques based on your experiences and audience reactions.xConclusion

Mastering public speaking tips is a journey, not a destination. Each presentation is an opportunity to refine your skills and connect with your audience more effectively. Remember, great public speakers aren’t born – they’re made through practice, preparation, and perseverance.

As you apply these tips, you’ll likely find your confidence growing. Whether you’re speaking to a small team or a large auditorium, the ability to communicate clearly and persuasively is an incredibly valuable skill in both personal and professional life.

Keep challenging yourself, seeking feedback, and refining your technique. With time and effort, you can transform from someone who dreads public speaking to someone who embraces it as an opportunity to share ideas and inspire others. Your voice matters – use these strategies to gauge reactions and ensure it’s heard.

• Last Updated: September 11, 2024

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If you’re ready to control your schedule, grow your income, and make an impact in the world – it’s time to take the first step. Book a FREE consulting call and let’s get you Booked and Paid to Speak ® .

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Breaking Cognitive Boundaries: Groundbreaking Study Finds Monkeys Use “Names” To Communicate

Marmoset monkeys have been observed using specific calls to address individual members of their group, suggesting advanced social communication skills that parallel human language development.

The ability to name others is a highly advanced cognitive function observed in social animals. Previously, this behavior was only known to exist in humans, dolphins, and elephants. Our closest evolutionary relatives, nonhuman primates, appeared to lack this ability altogether.

Now, a team of researchers from the Hebrew University has discovered that marmoset monkeys use specific vocal calls, called “phee-calls,” to name each other. This groundbreaking research, recently published in Science , suggests marmosets have advanced social communication skills akin to those seen in humans, potentially offering insights into the evolutionary development of human language.

Discovery of Vocal Naming in Marmosets

To uncover this, the researchers, led by graduate student Guy Oren, recorded natural conversations between pairs of marmosets, as well as interactions between monkeys and a computer system. They found that these monkeys use their “phee-calls” to address specific individuals. Additionally, they found that the marmosets could discern when a call was directed at them and responded more accurately when it was.

“This discovery highlight the complexity of social communication among marmosets,” explains Dr. David Omer from the Safra Center for Brain Sciences (ELSC), who supervised the research. “These calls are not just used for self-localization, as previously thought— marmosets use these specific calls to label and address specific individuals.”

Marmosets in conversation. Credit: David Omer’s Lab

Vocal Labeling and Social Dynamics

The study also revealed that family members within a marmoset group use similar vocal labels to address different individuals and employ similar sound features to code different names, resembling the use of names and dialects in humans. This learning appears to occur even among adult marmosets who are not related by blood, suggesting that they learn both vocal labels and dialect from other members of their family group.

The researchers believe that this vocal labeling may have evolved to help marmosets stay connected in their dense rainforest habitat, where visibility is often limited. By using these calls, they can maintain their social bonds and keep the group cohesive.

Evolutionary Insights and Future Research

“Marmosets live in small monogamous family groups and take care of their young together, much like humans do,” says Omer. “These similarities suggest that they faced comparable evolutionary social challenges to our early pre-linguistic ancestors, which might have led them to develop similar communicating methods.”

This research provides new insights into how social communication and human language might have evolved. The ability of marmosets to label each other with specific calls suggests they have developed complex brain mechanisms, potentially analogous to those that eventually gave rise to language in humans.

The study opens up exciting avenues for further research into how our own communication abilities may have evolved and what we can learn from these social nonhuman primates.

Reference: “Vocal labeling of others by nonhuman primates” by Guy Oren, Aner Shapira, Reuven Lifshitz, Ehud Vinepinsky, Roni Cohen, Tomer Fried, Guy P. Hadad and David Omer, 29 August 2024, Science . DOI: 10.1126/science.adp3757

Related Articles

Smarter than you think: humpback whales create and control their own hunting tools, study finds elephants communicate using names, just like humans, nature’s oddity: scientists discover unusual frog that breeds upside-down, new research deciphers the complex diet of desert isopods, breaking barriers in biology: universal equation links wingbeats of whales to mosquitoes, how meerkats communicate: decoding the sounds of survival, challenging our views of cognition – new johns hopkins test reveals that mice think like babies, not science fiction – this bizarre worm-lizard is like the dune sandworm but weirder, challenging long-held assumptions: new research reveals how nuclear spin impacts biological processes.

And they call each other “you, monkey!”.

And we spend good tax payer dollars to learn how animals communicate? Man was created superior to all animals. Learning how animals communicate does nothing for solutions for man’s Failing family relationships and poor communications.

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17 Communication Interview Questions

In a recent article by The Muse, they addressed the importance of communication skills during the hiring process. Communication skills are more than the ability to speak clearly, being competent in written, nonverbal, and interpersonal communication are key to nailing the interview and landing your dream job!

There are a handful of good ways to answer interview questions to show your communications skills, however, the best method to use is the STAR method. The STAR method is an easy layout to describe a past experience and communicate all attributes of that experience effectively.

Situation: Describe the place and time of this experience, highlighting key details about the situation you were in.

Task: Explain your responsibilities and what needed to be done in order to successfully complete the task.

Action: Give details about exactly what you did and how you did it, this should be the bulk of your response.

Response: Share the outcome of the experience. Whether it was successful or not does not matter, the interviewer wants to know how you approached the problem and what you could have done differently looking back on it.

The article provides 17 examples of interview questions and sample answers that highlight communication skills. You can find these and more about how to show off your communication skills in the full article here . If you want some extra practice before the interview, make an appointment with the career services office for a mock interview.

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What Does a Data Analyst Do? Skills, Tools & Tips

In our increasingly data-driven world, a data analyst has become essential to businesses in every industry. Like modern-day detectives, they delve into vast datasets to extract insights that guide vital strategic decisions.

They transform raw data into valuable intelligence, enabling companies to identify trends, address challenges, and make informed, impactful choices. Whether it’s optimizing marketing strategies, improving customer experiences, or enhancing operational efficiency, data analysts are at the forefront of these initiatives.

What is Data Analytics?

Data analytics encompasses a broader scope, including the entire data lifecycle from collection to interpretation. It involves analyzing data and applying algorithms, data mining , predictive models , and other advanced techniques to forecast future outcomes and make proactive, data-driven decisions .

Data analytics can be descriptive, diagnostic, predictive, or prescriptive:

• Descriptive Analytics: What happened?
• Diagnostic Analytics: Why did it happen?
• Predictive Analytics: What will happen?
• Prescriptive Analytics: What should we do about it?

While data analysis is often a component of data analytics, data analytics goes further by using data to anticipate trends and make recommendations for future actions.

What Does a Data Analyst Do?

A data analyst is a professional who specializes in examining, interpreting, and transforming data to provide insights and support decision-making. Their role involves working with data to uncover trends, patterns, and anomalies that can report business intelligence strategies and operations.

Data analysts play a vital role in transforming raw data into actionable insights. Here’s a breakdown of their primary responsibilities:

Data Collection

Gather data from various sources, such as databases, spreadsheets, or external data providers. It involves collecting data from different platforms and ensuring that the organization’s data is comprehensive and relevant for analysis.

Data Cleaning

Provide accurate and consistent data by identifying and correcting errors, removing duplicates, and handling missing values to a data analyst. Proper data cleaning is essential to prepare the data for precise interpretation and to avoid misleading results.

Data Transformation

Prepare the data for analysis by structuring and organizing it. This may involve converting data into different formats or aggregating data from multiple sources. Effective data transformation helps make the data suitable for detailed analysis and interpretation.

Data Visualization

Create visual data presentations, such as charts, graphs, and dashboards, to make complex relevant information more accessible and understandable. Data visualization helps in communicating insights effectively and enables stakeholders to interpret data easily.

Data Analysis

Apply statistical methods and analytical techniques to explore and interpret the data. It includes creating descriptive statistics, identifying trends, and performing exploratory data analytics. Analyzing data allows data scientists and analysts to extract meaningful insights and address specific business questions.

Compile findings into reports or presentations for stakeholders, highlighting key insights and recommendations based on the analysis. Effective reporting translates data analysis into actionable recommendations, aiding critical business decisions.

Problem Solving

Use data to address specific business questions or challenges, providing actionable insights to drive critical business decisions. Data analysts and scientists solve problems by leveraging data to uncover solutions and support strategic planning.

Tool Utilization

Utilize various data analysis tools and software (e.g., Microsoft Excel, SQL, Python, R, Tableau) to analyze data and create data visualizations. Mastery of these tools is essential for analyzing and interpreting data efficiently and effectively.

Data analysts use various tools and technologies, such as Microsoft Excel, SQL, Python, R, and data visualization software (e.g., Tableau), to perform their tasks effectively. Their work is crucial in supporting organizations in making data-driven decisions and improving overall performance.

Must Need Skills to Be A Data Analyst

To be an effective data analyst, there are several essential skills you should develop:

• Statistical Analysis: Understanding statistical methods and techniques is crucial for interpreting data and identifying trends.
• Data Manipulation: Proficiency in cleaning and preparing data using tools like Excel or programming languages such as Python and R.
• Data Visualization: Ability to create clear and informative visualizations using tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Matplotlib to present data insights effective ly.
• Programming Skills: Knowledge of programming languages such as Python or R for data manipulation, analysis, and automation.
• Database Management: Familiarity with SQL for querying and managing data in relational databases.
• Excel Proficiency: Advanced skills in Excel for data analytics, including functions, pivot tables, and macros.
• Problem-Solving: Strong analytical and problem-solving skills to address complex business questions and challenges.
• Attention to Detail: Careful attention to data accuracy and integrity to ensure reliable analysis results.

Developing these skills will help you excel as a data analyst and contribute valuable insights to your organization.

What are Necessary Tools for Data Analysts?

For data analysts, several tools are essential to effectively perform various aspects of data analysis. Here are some basic tools:

1. Data Analysis and Manipulation

• Excel: Excel is widely used for its ease of use in data manipulation, analysis, and visualization through formulas, pivot tables, and charts.
• SQL: Essential for querying and managing relational databases to extract and manipulate data.
• Python: A universal programming language with libraries like Pandas, NumPy, and SciPy for data analysis and manipulation.

2. Data Visualization

• Tableau: An essential tool for creating interactive and shareable dashboards and visualizations for data analyst works.
• Power BI: Microsoft’s tool for data visualization and business intelligence that integrates with other Microsoft products.
• Matplotlib and Seaborn: Python libraries create static, animated, and interactive visualizations.

3. Data Management and Storage

• SQL Databases: MySQL, PostgreSQL, and Microsoft SQL Server for managing and querying large datasets.
• NoSQL Databases: Like MongoDB or Cassandra for handling unstructured or semi-structured data.

4. Statistical Analysis

• SPSS: A statistical software used for data management and advanced statistical analysis.
• SAS: A software used for advanced analytics, multivariate analysis, business intelligence, and data management.

5. Business Intelligence (BI)

• Looker: A BI tool for data exploration and visualization.
• QlikView/Qlik Sense: BI tools for interactive data exploration and visualization.

6. Other Useful Tools

• Git/GitHub: This is for version control and collaboration on code and analysis projects.
• Apache Hadoop: This is used to handle large-scale data processing.
• QuestionPro Research Suite: A comprehensive tool for survey creation, data collection, and analysis, providing insights into customer feedback and market research.

Familiarity with these tools will help you efficiently manage, analyze, and visualize data, making it easier to derive actionable insights and support decision-making.

How to Become a Data Analyst With Leadership Skills

Becoming a data analyst involves a combination of education, skill development, and practical experience. Here’s a step-by-step guide to help you get started:

• Education: Obtain a relevant bachelor’s degree (e.g., Data Science, Statistics) and consider certifications like Microsoft Certified: Data Analyst Associate or Google Data Analytics Professional Certificate.
• Skills Development: Learn statistical analysis, programming (Python or R), data manipulation (Excel, SQL), and data visualization (Tableau, Power BI).
• Practical Experience: Gain hands-on experience through internships, personal projects, or freelancing.
• Portfolio Building: Create a portfolio showcasing your projects and use GitHub to share your work.
• Networking: Join professional groups, attend industry events, and connect with other professionals.
• Job Application: Customize your resume and prepare for interviews by highlighting relevant skills and experience.
• Continual Learning: Stay updated with new tools and consider advanced courses or degrees to deepen your expertise.

By following these steps, you can build a solid foundation and position yourself for a successful career as a data analyst.

Tips to Become a Data Analyst

Here are some practical tips to help you become a successful data analyst:

1. Gain Practical Experience

Work on Real Projects: Engage in projects that involve real-world data to apply what you’ve learned and build a portfolio. Look for internships, freelance work, or volunteer opportunities.

Create a Portfolio: Showcase your work through a portfolio highlighting your projects, methodologies, and results. It can be a powerful tool for data analysts when applying for jobs.

2. Use the Right Tools

Familiarize Yourself with Tools: Learn how to perform data analysis tools and software, such as Excel, SQL, Tableau, Power BI, and others relevant to the industry.

Stay Updated: Technology and tools evolve rapidly, so keep your skills current by exploring new tools and updates in the field.

3. Develop Analytical Thinking

Practice Problem-Solving: Work on developing your analytical and critical thinking skills. Practice solving different types of data problems and interpreting results.

Question Assumptions: Be curious and question assumptions to ensure the validity and reliability of your analysis.

4. Enhance Communication Skills

Communicate Insights Clearly: Learn how to present your findings in a clear and concise manner, both verbally and through visualizations.

Customize Your Reports: Adapt your reports and presentations to the needs and understanding of your audience, whether technical or non-technical stakeholders.

5. Network and Seek Mentorship

Connect with Professionals: Join data science and analytics communities, attend industry events, and network with professionals to gain insights and advice.

Find a Mentor: A mentor can provide guidance, feedback, and support as you navigate your career path.

6. Stay Curious and Keep Learning

Pursue Continuous Education: Take online courses, attend workshops, or pursue additional certifications to keep your technical skills sharp and stay ahead of industry trends.

Read and Research: Stay informed about the latest trends, research, and best practices in data analysis.

By following these tips, you can build a strong foundation, gain valuable experience, and position yourself for success as a data analyst.

Data Analyst vs. Data Scientist

While related, the roles of a data analyst and data scientist have distinct focuses and responsibilities. Here’s a comparison to highlight their differences and similarities:

Both data analysts and data scientists are crucial in the data ecosystem, with data analysts providing actionable insights from historical data and data scientists creating models to predict future trends and guide strategic business decisions.

How QuestionPro Research Suite Can Help a Data Analyst

The QuestionPro Research Suite offers significant advantages for data analysts through its comprehensive features:

1. Comprehensive Data Collection

It simplifies survey creation, allowing data analysts to design and deploy surveys with various question types and customization options. The platform supports data collection from multiple sources, including online, mobile, and offline methods, all integrated into one system.

2. Advanced-Data Analysis

• Real-Time Analytics: Analyze survey responses in real-time to gain immediate insights and track trends as they emerge.
• Statistical Analysis: Utilize built-in statistical tools to perform advanced analyses, such as cross-tabulations, correlation, and regression analysis.

3. Enhanced Data Quality

The software integrates with different tools and systems, such as CRM and data management platforms, streamlining workflows and enhancing analysis. API access further allows for programmatic management of surveys and data.

4. Powerful Data Visualization

• Dynamic Dashboards: Create interactive dashboards to visualize data trends, patterns, and key metrics, making it easier to interpret complex datasets.
• Custom Reports: Generate customizable reports with charts, graphs, and tables to communicate findings to stakeholders effectively.

5. Collaboration and Sharing

It supports team collaboration by sharing data and reports with colleagues and stakeholders. It ensures that everyone involved can access and discuss relevant insights.

By leveraging the features of QuestionPro Research Suite, data analysts can streamline their data collection processes, enhance their analysis capabilities, and communicate insights more effectively, leading to better-informed decisions and strategic outcomes.

A data analyst helps organizations make informed decisions, optimize processes, and drive strategic initiatives by transforming raw data into actionable insights. A successful data analyst combines technical skills, such as statistical and predictive analysis and programming, with strong problem-solving abilities and effective communication.

Embracing essential tools and technologies and continually developing technical skills through practical experience and education further enhances their ability to deliver valuable insights. As businesses increasingly depend on data to navigate complex challenges and opportunities, the high demand for skilled data analysts is set to grow, making it a dynamic and rewarding career path.

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Working together, we can reimagine medicine to improve and extend people’s lives.

Principal Scientist II, Cell & Gene Therapy Delivery

About the role.

Your responsibilities will include, but are not limited to:

• Lead, oversee and/or participate in next generation CGT delivery improvement projects across multiple Novartis sites to enable pipeline and platform advances and novel therapeutic capabilities in close collaboration with disease area leaders and global project teams.
• Undertake and lead efforts to develop more potent, safer and tolerable LVV and AAV vectors. The mechanisms in scope include, but are not limited to, improving tropism/targeting, reduction of immune response, spatial/temporal regulated expression control strategies, circuit engineering, transcriptional/post-transcriptional aspects and strategies for high throughput optimization of vector components.
• Enable translation from in vitro/in vivo mouse and nonhuman primate POC studies to therapeutic disease programs for preclinical development.
• Initiate, lead and contribute to interdisciplinary research programs in a highly collaborative and matrixed manner across internal groups and with external partners.
• Experience and familiarity with neuromuscular, cardiovascular, liver, and/or kidney diseases are a plus.
• Prepare reports, manuscripts and protocols, adhering to the good research practices and quality culture across NIBR. Present results at appropriate internal and external meetings and conferences.
• Other related duties as assigned.

What you’ll bring to the role:

Requirements:

• Bachelor's degree in cell and gene therapy, bioinformatics, molecular/cell biology, bioengineering, or related scientific field with 12 years industry or equivalent experience or Master's with degree in cell and gene therapy, bioinformatics, molecular/cell biology, bioengineering, or related scientific field with 10 years industry or equivalent experience  or PhD with 6 years of industry or equivalent experience.
• Successful track-record in directly and in a matrix manner leading scientists and project team members with diverse background is required
• Demonstrated expertise in LVV and AAV biology, virology, viral tropism engineering transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms and analytical/process development for LVV/AAV production is required
• The position requires ability to work collaboratively across a dynamic and collaborative scientific and development environment. Therefore adaptability to emerging project/group needs, excellent communication skills, both written and verbal, and strong interpersonal skills are required.
• Strong publication, patent and/or external presentation record.
• Genetic/epigenomic/transcriptomic profiling technologies, genome engineering (e.g. CRISPR), nonviral gene therapy, sh/miRNA biology, and or analytical/process development for LVV/AAV production are highly desired.

Please note this job description is not designed to cover or contain a comprehensive listing of activities, duties or responsibilities that are required of the employee for this job. Duties, responsibilities and activities may change at any time with or without notice.

Why Novartis: Helping people with disease and their families takes more than innovative science. It takes a community of smart, passionate people like you. Collaborating, supporting and inspiring each other. Combining

to achieve breakthroughs that change patients’ lives. Ready to create a brighter future together? https://www.novartis.com/about/strategy/people-and-culture

Benefits and Rewards: Read our handbook to learn about all the ways we’ll help you thrive personally and professionally: https://www.novartis.com/careers/benefits-rewards

Commitment to Diversity & Inclusion: The Novartis Group of Companies are Equal Opportunity Employers and take pride in maintaining a diverse environment. We do not discriminate in recruitment, hiring, training, promotion or other employment practices for reasons of race, color, religion, gender, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital or veteran status, disability, or any other legally protected status. We are committed to building diverse teams, representative of the patients and communities we serve, and we strive to create an inclusive workplace that cultivates bold innovation through collaboration and empowers our people to unleash their full potential.

Novartis Compensation and Benefit Summary: The pay range for this position at commencement of employment is expected to be between $124,000-$186,000/year ; however, while salary ranges are effective from 1/1/24 through 12/31/24, fluctuations in the job market may necessitate adjustments to pay ranges during this period.  Further, final pay determinations will depend on various factors, including, but not limited to geographical location, experience level, knowledge, skills, and abilities. The total compensation package for this position may also include other elements, including a sign-on bonus, restricted stock units, and discretionary awards in addition to a full range of medical, financial, and/or other benefits (including 401(k) eligibility and various paid time off benefits, such as vacation, sick time, and parental leave), dependent on the position offered. Details of participation in these benefit plans will be provided if an employee receives an offer of employment. If hired, employee will be in an “at-will position” and the Company reserves the right to modify base salary (as well as any other discretionary payment or compensation program) at any time, including for reasons related to individual performance, Company or individual department/team performance, and market factors. Join our Novartis Network: Not the right Novartis role for you? Sign up to our talent community to stay connected and learn about

suitable career opportunities as soon as they come up: https://talentnetwork.novartis.com/network

Why Novartis: Helping people with disease and their families takes more than innovative science. It takes a community of smart, passionate people like you. Collaborating, supporting and inspiring each other. Combining to achieve breakthroughs that change patients’ lives. Ready to create a brighter future together? https://www.novartis.com/about/strategy/people-and-culture

Join our Novartis Network: Not the right Novartis role for you? Sign up to our talent community to stay connected and learn about suitable career opportunities as soon as they come up: https://talentnetwork.novartis.com/network

EEO Statement:

The Novartis Group of Companies are Equal Opportunity Employers who are focused on building and advancing a culture of inclusion that values and celebrates individual differences, uniqueness, backgrounds and perspectives. We do not discriminate in recruitment, hiring, training, promotion or other employment practices for reasons of race, color, religion, sex, national origin, age, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, marital or veteran status, disability, or any other legally protected status. We are committed to fostering a diverse and inclusive workplace that reflects the world around us and connects us to the patients, customers and communities we serve.

Accessibility & Reasonable Accommodations

The Novartis Group of Companies are committed to working with and providing reasonable accommodation to individuals with disabilities. If, because of a medical condition or disability, you need a reasonable accommodation for any part of the application process, or to perform the essential functions of a position, please send an e-mail to [email protected] or call +1(877)395-2339 and let us know the nature of your request and your contact information. Please include the job requisition number in your message.