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• Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates

Published on June 7, 2022 by Tegan George . Revised on November 21, 2023.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical early steps in your writing process . It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding the specifics of your dissertation topic and showcasing its relevance to your field.

Generally, an outline contains information on the different sections included in your thesis or dissertation , such as:

• Your anticipated title
• Your abstract
• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review, research methods, avenues for future research, etc.)

In the final product, you can also provide a chapter outline for your readers. This is a short paragraph at the end of your introduction to inform readers about the organizational structure of your thesis or dissertation. This chapter outline is also known as a reading guide or summary outline.

Table of contents

How to outline your thesis or dissertation, dissertation and thesis outline templates, chapter outline example, sample sentences for your chapter outline, sample verbs for variation in your chapter outline, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about thesis and dissertation outlines.

While there are some inter-institutional differences, many outlines proceed in a fairly similar fashion.

• Working Title
• “Elevator pitch” of your work (often written last).
• Introduce your area of study, sharing details about your research question, problem statement , and hypotheses . Situate your research within an existing paradigm or conceptual or theoretical framework .
• Subdivide as you see fit into main topics and sub-topics.
• Describe your research methods (e.g., your scope , population , and data collection ).
• Present your research findings and share about your data analysis methods.
• Answer the research question in a concise way.
• Interpret your findings, discuss potential limitations of your own research and speculate about future implications or related opportunities.

For a more detailed overview of chapters and other elements, be sure to check out our article on the structure of a dissertation or download our template .

To help you get started, we’ve created a full thesis or dissertation template in Word or Google Docs format. It’s easy adapt it to your own requirements.

 Download Word template    Download Google Docs template

It can be easy to fall into a pattern of overusing the same words or sentence constructions, which can make your work monotonous and repetitive for your readers. Consider utilizing some of the alternative constructions presented below.

Example 1: Passive construction

The passive voice is a common choice for outlines and overviews because the context makes it clear who is carrying out the action (e.g., you are conducting the research ). However, overuse of the passive voice can make your text vague and imprecise.

Example 2: IS-AV construction

You can also present your information using the “IS-AV” (inanimate subject with an active verb ) construction.

A chapter is an inanimate object, so it is not capable of taking an action itself (e.g., presenting or discussing). However, the meaning of the sentence is still easily understandable, so the IS-AV construction can be a good way to add variety to your text.

Example 3: The “I” construction

Another option is to use the “I” construction, which is often recommended by style manuals (e.g., APA Style and Chicago style ). However, depending on your field of study, this construction is not always considered professional or academic. Ask your supervisor if you’re not sure.

Example 4: Mix-and-match

To truly make the most of these options, consider mixing and matching the passive voice , IS-AV construction , and “I” construction .This can help the flow of your argument and improve the readability of your text.

As you draft the chapter outline, you may also find yourself frequently repeating the same words, such as “discuss,” “present,” “prove,” or “show.” Consider branching out to add richness and nuance to your writing. Here are some examples of synonyms you can use.

If you want to know more about AI for academic writing, AI tools, or research bias, make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples or go directly to our tools!

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When you mention different chapters within your text, it’s considered best to use Roman numerals for most citation styles. However, the most important thing here is to remain consistent whenever using numbers in your dissertation .

The title page of your thesis or dissertation goes first, before all other content or lists that you may choose to include.

A thesis or dissertation outline is one of the most critical first steps in your writing process. It helps you to lay out and organize your ideas and can provide you with a roadmap for deciding what kind of research you’d like to undertake.

• Your chapters (sometimes subdivided into further topics like literature review , research methods , avenues for future research, etc.)

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If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

George, T. (2023, November 21). Dissertation & Thesis Outline | Example & Free Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved June 19, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/dissertation-thesis-outline/

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How to Write Chapter Two of a Thesis

In “ how to write chapter one; the introduction of thesis ” post, the way of writing the Introduction and its components were discussed.

In chapter 2 of a thesis or dissertation – a literature review or a review of the literature – generally, you need to write a background on the subject and make the conclusion that there is a gap in previous studies and you are going to fill it in your research.

In addition to the gap, the research questions and hypotheses as well as the theories that support your study should be discussed. You have to cover the purpose of your study, too.

How to start a literature review chapter?

This chapter is a component of the whole thesis, so it needs to be related to the previous and next chapters.

Start with stating the most important theories supporting your study. You may write them in Chronological order. Use the theories to emphasize the gap.

How to write subtitles of chapter two?

Your writing in chapter two and other chapters need some headings to organize your writing which are to be H3.

You can organize your thesis’s literature review based on each of these two factors:

Chronological order

It is your choice. You can organize your writing in chronological order, meaning, the timeline in which the theories were proposed. You may also choose to arrange it based on different subjects or variables.

Subjective arrangement

In this kind of arrangement, subtitles are chosen based on different subjects related to the title of your thesis. The content of each will be the theories and discussions on that specific subject.

In this case, the theories discussing in headings can be stated chronologically too.

Tips on writing the literature review chapter

Criticize the theories.

A literature review is not just a collection of previous studies or writing a brief history of them. You need to critic the theories and states made by other researchers. You can also use them in a way that shows the gap.

Support the gap

In conclusion chapter (chapter 5), some researchers propose some topics as further researches needed. Look for the gap of your study in this part and if there is one do not forget to mention it.

Emphasize the importance of the study

Everything you write in chapter two of the thesis (dissertation), should emphasize the existence of the gap as well as the importance of your study. Try to raise the research questions in the readers’ minds so that your research questions become theirs.

Write about everything

Do not forget to write on every component of your research especially the variables. Read the papers which are related to your thesis and write other researchers ideas about them. Then write your own idea (you can criticize them as it was said).

When is writing the literature review chapter done?

It is done when you have written on every topic which is discussed in your thesis. Do not leave a question in the readers’ minds.

While you are searching of some topics, it is possible that some new ideas and subtopics related to your dissertation title come up. In these cases, start a new search, read the related papers, and write about them in chapter two of your thesis too.

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Home » Thesis – Structure, Example and Writing Guide

Thesis – Structure, Example and Writing Guide

Table of contents.

Definition:

Thesis is a scholarly document that presents a student’s original research and findings on a particular topic or question. It is usually written as a requirement for a graduate degree program and is intended to demonstrate the student’s mastery of the subject matter and their ability to conduct independent research.

History of Thesis

The concept of a thesis can be traced back to ancient Greece, where it was used as a way for students to demonstrate their knowledge of a particular subject. However, the modern form of the thesis as a scholarly document used to earn a degree is a relatively recent development.

The origin of the modern thesis can be traced back to medieval universities in Europe. During this time, students were required to present a “disputation” in which they would defend a particular thesis in front of their peers and faculty members. These disputations served as a way to demonstrate the student’s mastery of the subject matter and were often the final requirement for earning a degree.

In the 17th century, the concept of the thesis was formalized further with the creation of the modern research university. Students were now required to complete a research project and present their findings in a written document, which would serve as the basis for their degree.

The modern thesis as we know it today has evolved over time, with different disciplines and institutions adopting their own standards and formats. However, the basic elements of a thesis – original research, a clear research question, a thorough review of the literature, and a well-argued conclusion – remain the same.

Structure of Thesis

The structure of a thesis may vary slightly depending on the specific requirements of the institution, department, or field of study, but generally, it follows a specific format.

Here’s a breakdown of the structure of a thesis:

This is the first page of the thesis that includes the title of the thesis, the name of the author, the name of the institution, the department, the date, and any other relevant information required by the institution.

This is a brief summary of the thesis that provides an overview of the research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions.

This page provides a list of all the chapters and sections in the thesis and their page numbers.

Introduction

This chapter provides an overview of the research question, the context of the research, and the purpose of the study. The introduction should also outline the methodology and the scope of the research.

Literature Review

This chapter provides a critical analysis of the relevant literature on the research topic. It should demonstrate the gap in the existing knowledge and justify the need for the research.

Methodology

This chapter provides a detailed description of the research methods used to gather and analyze data. It should explain the research design, the sampling method, data collection techniques, and data analysis procedures.

This chapter presents the findings of the research. It should include tables, graphs, and charts to illustrate the results.

This chapter interprets the results and relates them to the research question. It should explain the significance of the findings and their implications for the research topic.

This chapter summarizes the key findings and the main conclusions of the research. It should also provide recommendations for future research.

This section provides a list of all the sources cited in the thesis. The citation style may vary depending on the requirements of the institution or the field of study.

This section includes any additional material that supports the research, such as raw data, survey questionnaires, or other relevant documents.

How to write Thesis

Here are some steps to help you write a thesis:

• Choose a Topic: The first step in writing a thesis is to choose a topic that interests you and is relevant to your field of study. You should also consider the scope of the topic and the availability of resources for research.
• Develop a Research Question: Once you have chosen a topic, you need to develop a research question that you will answer in your thesis. The research question should be specific, clear, and feasible.
• Conduct a Literature Review: Before you start your research, you need to conduct a literature review to identify the existing knowledge and gaps in the field. This will help you refine your research question and develop a research methodology.
• Develop a Research Methodology: Once you have refined your research question, you need to develop a research methodology that includes the research design, data collection methods, and data analysis procedures.
• Collect and Analyze Data: After developing your research methodology, you need to collect and analyze data. This may involve conducting surveys, interviews, experiments, or analyzing existing data.
• Write the Thesis: Once you have analyzed the data, you need to write the thesis. The thesis should follow a specific structure that includes an introduction, literature review, methodology, results, discussion, conclusion, and references.
• Edit and Proofread: After completing the thesis, you need to edit and proofread it carefully. You should also have someone else review it to ensure that it is clear, concise, and free of errors.
• Submit the Thesis: Finally, you need to submit the thesis to your academic advisor or committee for review and evaluation.

Example of Thesis

Example of Thesis template for Students:

Title of Thesis

Table of Contents:

Chapter 1: Introduction

Chapter 2: Literature Review

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

Chapter 4: Results

Chapter 5: Discussion

Chapter 6: Conclusion

References:

Appendices:

Note: That’s just a basic template, but it should give you an idea of the structure and content that a typical thesis might include. Be sure to consult with your department or supervisor for any specific formatting requirements they may have. Good luck with your thesis!

Application of Thesis

Thesis is an important academic document that serves several purposes. Here are some of the applications of thesis:

• Academic Requirement: A thesis is a requirement for many academic programs, especially at the graduate level. It is an essential component of the evaluation process and demonstrates the student’s ability to conduct original research and contribute to the knowledge in their field.
• Career Advancement: A thesis can also help in career advancement. Employers often value candidates who have completed a thesis as it demonstrates their research skills, critical thinking abilities, and their dedication to their field of study.
• Publication : A thesis can serve as a basis for future publications in academic journals, books, or conference proceedings. It provides the researcher with an opportunity to present their research to a wider audience and contribute to the body of knowledge in their field.
• Personal Development: Writing a thesis is a challenging task that requires time, dedication, and perseverance. It provides the student with an opportunity to develop critical thinking, research, and writing skills that are essential for their personal and professional development.
• Impact on Society: The findings of a thesis can have an impact on society by addressing important issues, providing insights into complex problems, and contributing to the development of policies and practices.

Purpose of Thesis

The purpose of a thesis is to present original research findings in a clear and organized manner. It is a formal document that demonstrates a student’s ability to conduct independent research and contribute to the knowledge in their field of study. The primary purposes of a thesis are:

• To Contribute to Knowledge: The main purpose of a thesis is to contribute to the knowledge in a particular field of study. By conducting original research and presenting their findings, the student adds new insights and perspectives to the existing body of knowledge.
• To Demonstrate Research Skills: A thesis is an opportunity for the student to demonstrate their research skills. This includes the ability to formulate a research question, design a research methodology, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• To Develop Critical Thinking: Writing a thesis requires critical thinking and analysis. The student must evaluate existing literature and identify gaps in the field, as well as develop and defend their own ideas.
• To Provide Evidence of Competence : A thesis provides evidence of the student’s competence in their field of study. It demonstrates their ability to apply theoretical concepts to real-world problems, and their ability to communicate their ideas effectively.
• To Facilitate Career Advancement : Completing a thesis can help the student advance their career by demonstrating their research skills and dedication to their field of study. It can also provide a basis for future publications, presentations, or research projects.

When to Write Thesis

The timing for writing a thesis depends on the specific requirements of the academic program or institution. In most cases, the opportunity to write a thesis is typically offered at the graduate level, but there may be exceptions.

Generally, students should plan to write their thesis during the final year of their graduate program. This allows sufficient time for conducting research, analyzing data, and writing the thesis. It is important to start planning the thesis early and to identify a research topic and research advisor as soon as possible.

In some cases, students may be able to write a thesis as part of an undergraduate program or as an independent research project outside of an academic program. In such cases, it is important to consult with faculty advisors or mentors to ensure that the research is appropriately designed and executed.

It is important to note that the process of writing a thesis can be time-consuming and requires a significant amount of effort and dedication. It is important to plan accordingly and to allocate sufficient time for conducting research, analyzing data, and writing the thesis.

Characteristics of Thesis

The characteristics of a thesis vary depending on the specific academic program or institution. However, some general characteristics of a thesis include:

• Originality : A thesis should present original research findings or insights. It should demonstrate the student’s ability to conduct independent research and contribute to the knowledge in their field of study.
• Clarity : A thesis should be clear and concise. It should present the research question, methodology, findings, and conclusions in a logical and organized manner. It should also be well-written, with proper grammar, spelling, and punctuation.
• Research-Based: A thesis should be based on rigorous research, which involves collecting and analyzing data from various sources. The research should be well-designed, with appropriate research methods and techniques.
• Evidence-Based : A thesis should be based on evidence, which means that all claims made in the thesis should be supported by data or literature. The evidence should be properly cited using appropriate citation styles.
• Critical Thinking: A thesis should demonstrate the student’s ability to critically analyze and evaluate information. It should present the student’s own ideas and arguments, and engage with existing literature in the field.
• Academic Style : A thesis should adhere to the conventions of academic writing. It should be well-structured, with clear headings and subheadings, and should use appropriate academic language.

Advantages of Thesis

There are several advantages to writing a thesis, including:

• Development of Research Skills: Writing a thesis requires extensive research and analytical skills. It helps to develop the student’s research skills, including the ability to formulate research questions, design and execute research methodologies, collect and analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• Contribution to Knowledge: Writing a thesis provides an opportunity for the student to contribute to the knowledge in their field of study. By conducting original research, they can add new insights and perspectives to the existing body of knowledge.
• Preparation for Future Research: Completing a thesis prepares the student for future research projects. It provides them with the necessary skills to design and execute research methodologies, analyze data, and draw conclusions based on their findings.
• Career Advancement: Writing a thesis can help to advance the student’s career. It demonstrates their research skills and dedication to their field of study, and provides a basis for future publications, presentations, or research projects.
• Personal Growth: Completing a thesis can be a challenging and rewarding experience. It requires dedication, hard work, and perseverance. It can help the student to develop self-confidence, independence, and a sense of accomplishment.

Limitations of Thesis

There are also some limitations to writing a thesis, including:

• Time and Resources: Writing a thesis requires a significant amount of time and resources. It can be a time-consuming and expensive process, as it may involve conducting original research, analyzing data, and producing a lengthy document.
• Narrow Focus: A thesis is typically focused on a specific research question or topic, which may limit the student’s exposure to other areas within their field of study.
• Limited Audience: A thesis is usually only read by a small number of people, such as the student’s thesis advisor and committee members. This limits the potential impact of the research findings.
• Lack of Real-World Application : Some thesis topics may be highly theoretical or academic in nature, which may limit their practical application in the real world.
• Pressure and Stress : Writing a thesis can be a stressful and pressure-filled experience, as it may involve meeting strict deadlines, conducting original research, and producing a high-quality document.
• Potential for Isolation: Writing a thesis can be a solitary experience, as the student may spend a significant amount of time working independently on their research and writing.

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What D oes Synthesis and Analysis Mean?

Synthesis: the combination of ideas to

• show commonalities or patterns

Analysis: a detailed examination

• of elements, ideas, or the structure of something
• can be a basis for discussion or interpretation

Synthesis and Analysis: combine and examine ideas to

• show how commonalities, patterns, and elements fit together
• form a unified point for a theory, discussion, or interpretation
• develop an informed evaluation of the idea by presenting several different viewpoints and/or ideas
• Article Spreadsheet Example (Article Organization Matrix) Use this spreadsheet to help you organize your articles as you research your topic.

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How to structure a thesis

A typical thesis structure

1. abstract, 2. introduction, 3. literature review, 6. discussion, 7. conclusion, 8. reference list, frequently asked questions about structuring a thesis, related articles.

Starting a thesis can be daunting. There are so many questions in the beginning:

• How do you actually start your thesis?
• How do you structure it?
• What information should the individual chapters contain?

Each educational program has different demands on your thesis structure, which is why asking directly for the requirements of your program should be a first step. However, there is not much flexibility when it comes to structuring your thesis.

Abstract : a brief overview of your entire thesis.

Literature review : an evaluation of previous research on your topic that includes a discussion of gaps in the research and how your work may fill them.

Methods : outlines the methodology that you are using in your research.

Thesis : a large paper, or multi-chapter work, based on a topic relating to your field of study.

The abstract is the overview of your thesis and generally very short. This section should highlight the main contents of your thesis “at a glance” so that someone who is curious about your work can get the gist quickly. Take a look at our guide on how to write an abstract for more info.

Tip: Consider writing your abstract last, after you’ve written everything else.

The introduction to your thesis gives an overview of its basics or main points. It should answer the following questions:

• Why is the topic being studied?
• How is the topic being studied?
• What is being studied?

In answering the first question, you should know what your personal interest in this topic is and why it is relevant. Why does it matter?

To answer the "how", you should briefly explain how you are going to reach your research goal. Some prefer to answer that question in the methods chapter, but you can give a quick overview here.

And finally, you should explain "what" you are studying. You can also give background information here.

You should rewrite the introduction one last time when the writing is done to make sure it connects with your conclusion. Learn more about how to write a good thesis introduction in our thesis introduction guide .

A literature review is often part of the introduction, but it can be a separate section. It is an evaluation of previous research on the topic showing that there are gaps that your research will attempt to fill. A few tips for your literature review:

• Use a wide array of sources
• Show both sides of the coin
• Make sure to cover the classics in your field
• Present everything in a clear and structured manner

For more insights on lit reviews, take a look at our guide on how to write a literature review .

The methodology chapter outlines which methods you choose to gather data, how the data is analyzed and justifies why you chose that methodology . It shows how your choice of design and research methods is suited to answering your research question.

Make sure to also explain what the pitfalls of your approach are and how you have tried to mitigate them. Discussing where your study might come up short can give you more credibility, since it shows the reader that you are aware of its limitations.

Tip: Use graphs and tables, where appropriate, to visualize your results.

The results chapter outlines what you found out in relation to your research questions or hypotheses. It generally contains the facts of your research and does not include a lot of analysis, because that happens mostly in the discussion chapter.

Clearly visualize your results, using tables and graphs, especially when summarizing, and be consistent in your way of reporting. This means sticking to one format to help the reader evaluate and compare the data.

The discussion chapter includes your own analysis and interpretation of the data you gathered , comments on your results and explains what they mean. This is your opportunity to show that you have understood your findings and their significance.

Point out the limitations of your study, provide explanations for unexpected results, and note any questions that remain unanswered.

This is probably your most important chapter. This is where you highlight that your research objectives have been achieved. You can also reiterate any limitations to your study and make suggestions for future research.

Remember to check if you have really answered all your research questions and hypotheses in this chapter. Your thesis should be tied up nicely in the conclusion and show clearly what you did, what results you got, and what you learned. Discover how to write a good conclusion in our thesis conclusion guide .

At the end of your thesis, you’ll have to compile a list of references for everything you’ve cited above. Ideally, you should keep track of everything from the beginning. Otherwise, this could be a mammoth and pretty laborious task to do.

Consider using a reference manager like Paperpile to format and organize your citations. Paperpile allows you to organize and save your citations for later use and cite them in thousands of citation styles directly in Google Docs, Microsoft Word, or LaTeX:

🔲 Introduction

🔲 Literature review

🔲 Discussion

🔲 Conclusion

🔲 Reference list

The basic elements of a thesis are: Abstract, Introduction, Literature Review, Methods, Results, Discussion, Conclusion, and Reference List.

It's recommended to start a thesis by writing the literature review first. This way you learn more about the sources, before jumping to the discussion or any other element.

It's recommended to write the abstract of a thesis last, once everything else is done. This way you will be able to provide a complete overview of your work.

Usually, the discussion is the longest part of a thesis. In this part you are supposed to point out the limitations of your study, provide explanations for unexpected results, and note any questions that remain unanswered.

The order of the basic elements of a thesis are: 1. Abstract, 2. Introduction, 3. Literature Review, 4. Methods, 5. Results, 6. Discussion, 7. Conclusion, and 8. Reference List.

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Writing thesis sections - Part 2

Shaping the research question and hypothesis.

This resource introduces approaches to writing the core parts of your thesis. It includes activities to help you apply tips and reflect on your own learning, and should take you 15-20 minutes to read and complete. Check out the further resources at the bottom of each section and references on the last page for more information on this topic.

The core part of your thesis starts with your research question or hypothesis and proceeds through your explanation of methods and results, or data analysis, and ends with a discussion of your findings.

The research question and hypothesis mark your own disciplinary territory and drive your research.

Whether you have both a research question and a hypothesis, and whether they are broken down into several sub-areas, will depend on your discipline and topic; but however they appear, it is important that they are clearly formulated.

Research question

A research question should:

• Focus on a clear, specific and significant problem or puzzle
• Be shaped in a way that allows it to be answered with different research results
• Be revisited frequently in the research process.

You can use the FINER criteria when developing a research question:

• F easible – is the research practical and achievable given time and resources?
• I nteresting – is the research intriguing, compelling and able to contribute to the field?
• N ovel – is the research original?
• E thical – are there any concerns about the impact of the research on participants or wider community?
• R elevant – is the research important or meaningful for those in the field?

Example research questions:

• What impact will climate change have on production systems in the Tasmanian dairy industry?
• What are the unique challenges and opportunities for higher education institutions that allow first-year undergraduate students to use Generative AI tools in written assessments?

A hypothesis is a well-reasoned proposition in response to a research question that you will test to confirm or disprove in your research. Not all research has a hypothesis. A hypothesis should:

• Be in the form of a statement
• Be disprovable
• Be clear and specific in scope.

Example hypothesis:

• Undergraduate students who participate in a stress-reduction seminar will report an increase in their well-being after six weeks This is a statement that argues for a relationship between two clear and specific variables that can be tested and thus disproven.

Types of research questions

In order to help you frame a research question, keep in mind that there are four basic types of research (adapted from Fahnestock & Secor, 2004).

Four general research types and their corresponding  questions:

Note: almost all graduate research will involve elements of each of these types. However, it is useful to focus primarily on one of these questions.

Contextualise the research question or hypothesis

The research question or hypothesis is part of your thesis core as it guides your own research, but it is usually stated in a lead-in section, such as the thesis introduction.

Complete the activity below to learn how a research question or hypothesis can be contextualised.

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Note that some disciplines require hypotheses rather than research questions and vice versa. However, the question implied in this example seems to be ‘What role does fast food play in the childhood obesity problem in the province?’

FINER: A research framework

What is and how to write a good hypothesis in research?

Use the side menu to go the next section: Choosing and justifying your methods , where we look at ways to present your research design.

Choosing and justifying your methods

Demonstrating that your methods are sound and appropriate for your question will help your reader see that the results and conclusions you reach are valid and reliable.

You can present your overarching research approach or methods in a central methods chapter in your thesis. If you use different methods for different parts of the thesis, these methods can be integrated into the parts.

Choosing your methods

To help you in this process:

• Are you an observer, experimenter or involved agent?
• How would this affect your data collection and/or analysis
• Align your methods to your research aim For example, if your question asks about a quantifiable variable, consider a quantitative method for measuring it.
• Compare your methods to alternative methods Demonstrate that your choice best suits your investigation.
• Show awareness of potential confounding factors What are the biases or pitfalls? Show how you’re accounting for or guarding against them.
• Show awareness of your own assumptions For example, show how a chosen method assumes a relationship between variables, and why that is reasonable.
• How will it allow you to answer your research question or test your hypothesis?
• What criteria and thresholds have you established for data collection and analysis?
• What type of answer will you be able to generate if these criteria and thresholds are satisfied?

Asking these questions will help you design your methods to be part of a consistent line of reasoning that will take you from raw data to conclusions.

Presenting your methods

This activity provides two examples of presenting research methods in a thesis. The first one shows how the methods are being aligned and justified with the research aim. The second shows how clear measurements, criteria and thresholds are being established.

Drag and drop the main writing moves in each example, such as ‘defining the method’ and ‘establishing the threshold’ into their corresponding places.

Sage Project Planner – Research Design (UoM login required)

Use the side menu to go the next section: Analysing data and reporting results , where we examine how to maximise the impact of your data.

Analysing data and reporting results

In this stage, you educate your reader on what you’ve found and take them through how you’ve turned data into knowledge, which involves making reasoned connections between variables or different parts of the data. Reporting your results and analysis requires summarising key points or patterns in the data and how they’ve emerged.

Choose representative information

• Use only representative data and analyses to demonstrate the validity of your results.
• What qualifies as representative data and why?
• What does it represent?
• How do I know if the representation is complete and correct?

Organise the information

• Capture categories or themes in the data that relate to your research question or hypothesis.
• Add informative headings and subheadings to help the reader navigate your results.

Illustrate your results

• Design any tables and figures to be understandable on their own and complementary to your writing, with clear, informative titles. These should illustrate the key evidence to support your results and make them easier for readers to process.
• whether they are necessary, and
• which type of illustration best suits the information. For example, if some qualitative information is best explained in a paragraph with a subheading, you may not need a table or figure at all. On the other hand, to compare the trends of two variables over time, a line graph will be useful.

State the new knowledge

• Begin every data chapter with a statement of purpose.
• End it with a statement of how the purpose has been addressed, highlighting the new knowledge generated by the chapter.

Example statement of purpose - chapter introduction

The aim of this study was to understand the role of group singing in inpatient and community mental health settings in regard to the contextual and conditional factors apparent within these settings which contribute to mental health recovery. (Bibb, 2016, p. 139)

Example statement of new knowledge - chapter conclusion

Findings were presented as a grounded theory of group singing which was described as the way consumers can experience triggering encounters with music in their singing group and use the group conditions as coping resources to regain musical, emotional and social health. (Bibb, 2016, p. 211)

Start early and revise regularly

• Evolve your analytical categories or themes
• Reflect on the new knowledge these chapters produce
• Recognise, rectify or acknowledge limitations in your data or results.
• Assess the validity and reliability of this knowledge: is it warranted by the nature of the data? Does it align with the aim and methods? Is the analytical process rigorous enough?

Activity: Examples of presenting results

The two examples below demonstrate high-level presentation of results and evidence, with strategic use of tables or headings. These are connected to a cohesive narrative that directly addresses the aim of the data chapter.

Drag and drop the elements of each example into their corresponding places. Some key language has been bolded to help you.

Statistical Consulting Centre resources

Use the side menu to go the next section: Synthesising and discussing findings , where we explore approaches to putting your results together.

Synthesising and discussing findings

The discussion section shows your arrival at new understandings, insights, solutions or theories emerging from your data analysis, which requires high levels of synthesis and conceptualisation.

To write an effective discussion:

• Connect all your findings and key evidence and put these in the bigger context of your inquiry
• Answer the research question or hypothesis
• Position your research in the field and state your original contribution
• Acknowledge limitations of your findings to show your self-awareness and critical thinking as a researcher.

Examples of discussing original contributions

Read the following discussion examples showing statements of original contributions. Notice the type of language that carries these statements, some of which we’ve bolded to highlight the writers’ authority and relationship to their field.

Thesis titled ‘Foreign direct investment in Australia: Determinants and consequences’ (Faeth, 2005, p. 308)

Comparing these results with previous econometric studies analysing the consequences of FDI [foreign direct investment] in Australia shows that FDI has a wider range of consequences than previously assumed . It has been shown in this study that employment growth, wage growth, labour productivity growth and industry concentration were affected by Australian FDI.

Thesis titled ‘Doctors down under: European medical migrants in Victoria (Australia), 1930-60’ (Mody, 2018, p. 231)

This thesis begins to redress the silence that characterises the historiography on twentieth-century medical migration to Australia. In doing so, I have demonstrated that medical migrants today represent part of an unbroken and sometimes hard-won legacy of refuge, second chances and fresh starts inherited from the medical migrants who arrived before them.

Approaches to the discussion

To arrive at a synthesis of your thesis and be able to state your original contribution, consider what processes to use for handling data.

Watch this video to learn about two approaches: tracking and mapping your findings and using a creative-rational approach .

Activity: Write a tiny discussion

Step 1: Free-write in response to the following prompt. Try 5-10 minutes of no-pause, no-edit writing:

• “What do you know now about your research problem that you didn’t know before starting your research?”

Step 2: Follow this up with the rational tasks of sorting and linking conclusions, as explained in the video.

Step 3: Write a brief introduction to your discussion. Start with what you’ve achieved in the previous chapters and quickly proceed to how you will put these findings together.

Use the side menu to go the next section: Using disciplinary conventions , where we look at a checklist for reflecting on the thesis core.

Using disciplinary conventions

Although academic writing conventions are common to most disciplines, the way they are applied may differ. For example, some social sciences may require a full disclosure of a researcher’s paradigmatic alignment and its implications for their research, while other disciplines may put more emphasis on detailing the research procedure. Look at examples from your discipline and check with your supervisors if you have questions.

Reflect on the thesis core

Study an example thesis to observe how the author framed the research question or hypothesis, justified the research methods, analysed data, reported results and synthesised and discussed findings. Then, look at your own writing or plan for these parts.

Answer the following questions for both the example thesis and your own to help you reflect on how you are using disciplinary conventions in shaping your own thesis narrative.

1. Is the research question feasible, interesting, novel, ethical and relevant (the FINER criteria)?

2. Is the hypothesis disprovable, clear and specific? Can you identify the key variables in the hypothesis?

3. Is the question or hypothesis properly contextualised and justified?

4. What research methods does the thesis use? Are they conventional or novel in the discipline? How are they justified?

5. What measurements and/or thresholds have been established for the data collection and/or analysis? What are these measurements and thresholds based on?

6. Has a clear trail of methods been laid out to allow a reader to follow and/or replicate the research?

7. What new knowledge does each of the data/results chapters add?

8. What new insight, theory or solution does the discussion section of the thesis present? What’s the key argument and evidence for this claim to knowledge? Is this argument valid?

9. Is there a clear line of reasoning that leads from the research question/hypothesis to the methods, data analysis/results and discussion? How is the research question being answered?

10. How could you improve this thesis in the above aspects?

Together with your research question or hypothesis, your research methods, results, discussion, analysis and synthesis show the reader your own work, which shapes your original contribution. These parts should constitute the bulk of your writing effort throughout your candidature. Use your disciplinary expertise to promote your own innovation, whether in ideas or expression.

For more information and support in your writing, Explore: Academic Skills Graduate Research services

Bibb, J. (2016). Musical recovery: The role of group singing in regaining healthy relationships with music to promote mental health recovery [PhD thesis, University of Melbourne]. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/124271

Bitar, H. (2004). Public aesthetic preferences and efficient water use in urban parks [PhD thesis, University of Melbourne]. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/38880

Brown, T. (2022). Exploring the indirect effects of climate change on fire activity in Australian wet Eucalypt forests [PhD thesis, University of Melbourne]. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/311844

Evans, D., Gruba, P., & Zobel, J. (2014). How to write a better thesis . Springer.

Faeth, I. (2005). Foreign direct investment in Australia: Determinants and consequences [PhD thesis, University of Melbourne]. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/39043

Fahnestock, J., & Secor, M. (2004). A rhetoric of argument (3rd edition). McGraw-Hill.

Lindsay, D. (2020). Scientific writing = thinking in words . CSIRO.

Mody, F. (2018). Doctors down under: European medical migrants in Victoria (Australia), 1930-60 [PhD thesis, University of Melbourne]. http://hdl.handle.net/11343/221550

Graduate Research Hub

• Preparing my thesis
• Incorporating your published work in your thesis
• Examples of thesis and chapter formats when including publications

The following examples are acceptable ways of formatting your thesis and chapters when including one or more publications.

Essential requirements

All theses with publications must have the following:

• Declaration
• Preface – noting collaborations, and contributions to authorship
• Acknowledgements
• Table of contents
• List of tables, figures & illustrations
• Main text/chapters
• Bibliography or list of references

Main text examples

• Chapter 1: Introduction
• Chapter 2: Literature review
• Chapter 3: Methods
• Chapter 4: Paper 1 & general discussion
• Chapter 5: Paper 2
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter – results
• Chapter 7 : Regular thesis chapter/general discussion tying in published and unpublished work
• Chapter 8: Conclusion
• Appendices - May include CD, DVD or other material, also reviews & methods papers
• Chapter 2: Methods
• Chapter 3: Paper 1
• Chapter 4: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 7: General discussion
• Chapter 5: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 6: Regular thesis chapter
• Chapter 7: Regular thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 8: General discussion
• Chapter 4: Paper 2 - e.g. data paper, including meta analyses
• Chapter 5: Paper 3
• Chapter 6: Paper 4
• Chapter 7: Paper 5
• Chapter 3: Major paper
• Chapter 4: Normal thesis chapter, final preliminary study
• Chapter 5: General discussion

Chapter examples

• Introduction – including specific aims and hypotheses
• Introduction – including specific aims, hypotheses
• Methods – results (including validation, preliminary) not included in the paper
• Results (including validation, preliminary) not included in paper
• Discussion – expansion of paper discussion, further method development
• Resources for candidates
• Orientation and induction
• Mapping my degree
• Principles for infrastructure support
• Peer activities
• Change my commencement date
• Meeting expectations
• Working with my supervisors
• Responsible Research & Research Integrity
• Guidelines for external supervisors
• Pre-confirmation
• Confirmation
• At risk of unsatisfactory progress
• Unsatisfactory progress
• Add or drop coursework subjects
• Apply for leave
• Return from leave
• Apply for Study Away
• Return from Study Away
• Change my study rate
• Check my candidature status
• Change my current supervisors
• Request an evidence of enrolment or evidence of qualification statement
• Change my project details
• Change department
• Transfer to another graduate research degree
• Late submission
• Withdraw from my research degree
• Check the status of a request
• Re-enrolment
• Advice on requesting changes
• Extension of candidature
• Lapse candidature
• How to cancel a form in my.unimelb
• Resolving issues
• Taking leave
• About Study Away
• Finishing on time
• Accepting an offer for a joint PhD online
• Tenured Study Spaces (TSS) Usage Guidelines
• Tenured Study Spaces Procedures
• Research skills
• Academic writing and communication skills
• Building professional and academic networks
• Research internships
• Commercialising my research
• Supplementary PhD Programs
• Writing my thesis
• Thesis with creative works
• Research Integrity in my Thesis
• Graduate researchers and digital assistance tools
• TES Statuses
• Submitting my thesis
• Depositing multiple components for your final thesis record
• The Chancellor's Prize
• TES Graduate Researcher FAQs
• Career planning
• Publishing my research
• Getting support
• Key graduate research contacts
• Melbourne Research Experience Survey
• Quality Indicators for Learning and Teaching (QILT)
• Current Students

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CHAPTER-2-Thesis

Related Papers

Ruban david Raj

 Abstract— The objective of voting is to allow voters to exercise their right to express their choices regarding specific issues, pieces of legislation, citizen initiatives, constitutional amendments, recalls and/or to choose their government and political representatives. It has always been an onerous task for the election commission to conduct free and fair polls in our country, the largest democracy in the world. A lot of money have been spent on this to make sure that the elections are rampage free. But, now-a-days it has become very usual for some forces to indulge in rigging which may eventually lead to a result contrary to the actual verdict given by the people. In order to provide inexpensive solutions to the above, this project will be implemented with biometric system i.e. finger print scanning. This is used to ensure the security to avoid fake, repeated voting etc. It also enhances the accuracy and speed of the process. The system uses thumb impression for voter identification as we know that the thumb impression of every human being has a unique pattern. Thus it would have an edge over the present day voting systems. The purpose of such system is to ensure that the voting rights are accessed only by a legitimate user and no one else. In this, creation of a database consisting of the thumb impressions of all the eligible voters in a constituency is done as a pre-poll procedure. During elections, the thumb impression of a voter is entered as input to the system. This is then compared with the available records in the database. If the particular pattern matches with any one in the available record, access to cast a vote is granted. But in case the pattern doesn't match with the records of the database or in case of repetition, access to cast a vote is denied or the vote gets rejected. The result is instantaneous and counting is done. The overall cost for conducting elections gets reduced and so does the maintenance cost of the systems.

IRJET Journal

International Journal of Engineering Research and

Shanta Reddy

International Journal of Engineering Research and Technology (IJERT)

IJERT Journal

https://www.ijert.org/a-finger-print-based-voting-system https://www.ijert.org/research/a-finger-print-based-voting-system-IJERTV4IS050948.pdf Biometric Finger print devices are used in the Electronic Voting machine for voter verification. We have designed a finger print based voting machine where there is no need for the user to carry his ID which contains his required details. The person at the polling booth needs only to place his Finger on the device, thus allowing the acquisition of an on-spot fingerprint from the voter which serves as an identification. This Finger print reader reads the details from the tag. This data is passed onto the controlling unit for the verification. The controller fetches the data from the reader and compares this data with the already existing data stored during the registration of the voters. If the data matches with the pre-stored information of the registered fingerprint, the person is allowed to cast his vote. If not, a warning message is displayed on LCD and the person is barred from polling his vote. The vote casting mechanism is carried out manually using the push buttons. LCD is used to display the related messages, warnings and ensuing results.

Farizul Azli

Mpp voting system based fingerprint..

This project deals with the design and development of a Biometric Electronic Voting System. The suggested fingerprint voting system allows the user to scan his fingerprint, in order to check his eligibility by comparing his current fingerprint with the one already stored in the system’s database, by the use of Digital Persona Fingerprint Recognition Algorithm shows better result if it compared with other algorithms that depend on Minutiae technique because it combines both local and global features. A friendly graphical interface developed from VB.net programming language and linked with Microsoft Sql server database for data manipulations. Once the voters complete the identification process, they will be allowed to cast their vote using friendly user interface developed using visual basic programming language. The counting of the votes will be automatically and that makes the voting process efficient, fast, and secure.

Sadhique Loufer

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET

IJRASET Publication

An Online Voting System is a safe and secure way to do the voting online. Those who do not have time or facility to go to the region to vote, it provides a very great opportunity to them to give their vote while sitting at home. It not only allows to vote at a specific voting day, we can even have the voting days to be extended as per the workload. It even also allows to cast their vote on the different occasions. The System Makes the utilization of Firebase as backend, for login, enlistment and for capacity reason which make our framework profoundly made sure about and solid. It also utilizes Firebase ML unit for fingerprint recognition which allows to cast the vote easily and individually. It also uses a unique sensor (unique mark sensor) for the fingerprint recognition. Words to be acknowledged: It is an alternate way to cast the vote safely and securely which is provided by the internet. Though it is completely ones choice to go to different assigned places to cast their vote.

https://www.ijert.org/online-security-and-optimization-powered-by-fingerprint-in-online-voting-system https://www.ijert.org/research/online-security-and-optimization-powered-by-fingerprint-in-online-voting-system-IJERTV1IS6334.pdf Election is a process in which voters choose their representatives and express their preferences for the way that they will be governed. Using the decade old voting system to collect votes is no longer considered efficient due to the various recurring errors. The advancement of information and telecommunications technologies allow for a fully automated online computerized election process. An electronic voting system defines rules for valid voting and gives an efficient method of counting votes, which are aggregated to yield a final result. Correctness, robustness to fraudulent behaviors, coherence, consistency, security, and transparency of voting are all key requirements for the integrity of an election process. Moreover, electronic voting systems can improve voter identification process by utilizing biometric recognition which provides more security. Biometrics is becoming an essential component of personal identification solutions, since biometric identifiers cannot be shared or misplaced, and they represent any individual's identity. Fingerprint matching is a significant part of this process. The value of democracy is voting. The importance of voting is trust that each vote is recorded and tallied with an accuracy and impartiality. Online voting process is live and easier approach and it secure through fingerprints which have been used for identification over the time. However, because of the complex distortions among the different impression of the same finger in real life, fingerprint recognition is still a challenging problem for this. Hence study says, the authors and researcher are interested in designing and analyzing the Online Voting System based on the fingerprint minutiae which is the core in current modern approach for fingerprint analysis. The advancement of information and telecommunications technologies should allow for a fully automated online computerized for the election process the new design is analyzed by conducting short election among the polling for any person for selecting their representative among them. Various analysis predicted that the proposed online voting system resolves many issues of the current system with the help of biometric technology. Taking ovs as consideration

JOIV : International Journal on Informatics Visualization

Nahida Nigar

The objective of this project is to improve the existing voting system that will be accurate, transparent, and faster and will ensure a single vote for a single person. Our proposed system has covered all of these issues successfully. This product is affordable by many organizations where preferential elections conducted. The product is a prototype and can be implemented for vast use. Voting is an onerous task for the election commission to conduct free and fair polls in our country, the largest democracy in the world. A lot of money has been spent on this to make sure that the elections are rampage free. But, now- a -days it has become very usual for some forces to indulge in rigging which may eventually lead to a result contrary to the actual verdict given by the people. In order to provide inexpensive solutions to the above, this project is implemented with the biometric system i.e. fingerprint scanning. This is used to ensure the security to avoid fake, repeated voting, etc. It ...

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• _A Depressed Kendo Player Possessed by a Bastard Aristocrat
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Chapter 86 Part 2 - A Depressed Kendo Player Possesses a Bastard Aristocrat

“Hmm… I wonder if our little maniac is awake by now~?”

The rooftop of the Academy’s main building.

Golden Boy, who was lying down there, let out a sudden yawn and muttered to himself.

Perhaps because he had been taking a nap, his golden hair was sticking out in all directions, forming a bird's nest.

He brushed his bangs back nonchalantly.

“Our maniac better find that letter soon… It’s not like he won’t see it just because it’s on the floor, right?”

Right after moving Raiden to the dorm.

Golden Boy had left a short letter behind.

In it, he had written about things like the outcome of the defense battle and the current situation at the Academy.

“Man~ there’s no helper quite like me. Even taking care of the situation report so kindly.”

Golden Boy stretched with a chuckle.

As he was about to get up from his spot.

A sudden stream of red blood trickled out from the nose of the boy who was humming a relaxed tune.

“Ah, dammit.”

At the sudden nosebleed, Golden Boy cursed under his breath and brought a hand up.

A bitter smile played around his lips.

“…Did I overdo it?”

Well, it had been a while since I’d used up my lifespan in 100-year increments.

It would’ve been weirder if there wasn’t any backlash.

“I used to be fine even after using this much… Did I get too lax?”

Golden Boy raised his head.

The clear winter sky was reflected in his blue eyes.

Just two days ago.

It had only been two days since the entire Academy was in chaos due to the Demon King’s army’s invasion.

But the radiant sun shone peacefully, as if denying that such a thing had ever happened.

Golden Boy moved his feet, suppressing a wry smile.

“What a damn fine day it is~!”

Come to think of it, it was a clear day like this when my mom died.

Golden Boy muttered to himself, his words a mystery even to him, and turned around.

On the ground where the boy had been, only a few drops of bloodstains remained, having already gone cold.

“…”

The letter I found lying on the floor contained a lot of information.

Information that I desperately needed right now.

The letter was an important clue to understanding the current situation.

I devoured its contents.

Since most of what it said matched up with the messages from my status window, it didn’t seem like there were any lies mixed in.

‘Just what is this letter…? Who wrote it, and how did they know all this…’

I checked the sender section with a questioning mind, but.

The only thing written there was the strange phrase, ‘From your awesome helper.’

‘Damn it…’

There were too many things that didn’t sit right with me.

The identity of this ‘helper,’ how they managed to single-handedly defeat thousands of monsters.

And lastly, the reason why they helped me.

I fell into thought with a groan.

Was it because I was overworking my still-recovering mind? My head throbbed, and my vision spun.

The thread of thought that I had been barely holding onto snapped in my swaying focus.

And in its wake, the pain I had been trying so hard to ignore came rushing back in.

“…Ugh.”

My entire body felt like it was on fire.

Dark red blood was oozing out from the wounds I had sustained from being slashed by the spear.

“Haah… haah…”

My white shirt was already soaked in blood.

Pulling myself together with my crumbling willpower, I got up.

{Oh, and you better treat those wounds quickly, buddy.}

{You might actually die, you know?}

Right, I might actually die at this rate.

Clenching my jaw, I recalled the sentence written in the last paragraph.

“Status… window… buy… recovery… potion… from the shop….”

[%!$Purchase complete#%&*!%^]

[Total Points Spent: 400P]

“Sh… Shit…”

A curse left my lips at the outrageous price of the potion.

This was why I didn’t normally use potions from the shop…

Despite my inner complaints, I had no choice but to grab the two bottles that materialized out of thin air.

I couldn’t afford to be picky about such things when my life was on the line.

With a shaky hand, I popped the caps off the bottles.

And then I immediately poured their contents onto my wounds.

*Glug, glug, glug…*

The sound of liquid escaping the bottles rang out, and my vision blurred slightly.

I had to momentarily shudder at the cool sensation provided by the mana’s energy.

And then, just as the bottles were about to be emptied.

I suddenly noticed something strange.

“…?”

Why… weren’t my wounds closing up at all?

An unknown anxiety licked at my spine.

With trembling hands, I slowly removed the clothes I was wearing.

The sound of rustling fabric filled the air as the bloodstained pieces of cloth were torn away.

“Ah.”

The moment I saw the state of my body.

A dumbfounded sound escaped my lips without me realizing it.

On my arms and legs, deep cuts remained clearly visible, and on my abdomen, the spot where I had been pierced by the spear.

Inside those wounds, something black was writhing.

Exuding an ominous aura, it was slowly but surely eating away at my flesh.

I stared blankly at it before muttering under my breath.

“…I’m so fucked.”

I was in a much more serious condition than I had thought.

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First Look At ‘The Strangers: Chapter 2’ Revealed

Fans had the opportunity to see The Strangers: Chapter 1 in theaters, with the film now hitting digital platforms to view at home. The movie is the first part in an all-new trilogy that acts as a reboot to the hit film The Strangers and its original follow-up, The Strangers: Prey at Night . Now the first look at The Strangers: Chapter 2 has been released.

Reactions to the first film have been mixed. Some viewers appreciated the return to basics , while others felt it was a little too close to the original. However, the next two films are intended to take viewers even further into the world of The Strangers , with an expanding storyline that will presumably shake things up more than the first chapter of this trilogy.

Now the below image gives our first glimpse as to how that will happen. As viewers of the first film know, it ends with star Madelaine Petsch’s character in the hospital. She was followed by the Strangers, however, and it seems as though the next film will follow that setup.

Here’s the first look at The Strangers: Chapter 2 :

First look at ‘THE STRANGERS: CHAPTER 2’ starring Madelaine Petsch. In theaters this fall. pic.twitter.com/jGVPS1wsdB — Film Updates (@FilmUpdates) June 6, 2024

Hopefully we’ll have more glimpses soon, as the film is expected to be released later this year . It’s definitely going to be interesting seeing how the story continues from this point and whether or not it will be something more fans can enjoy or if those unhappy viewers will continue to feel alienated by this new trilogy.

Stay tuned to ScreenGeek for any additional updates regarding The Strangers: Chapter 2 and any other news regarding the ambitious horror trilogy as we have them. It’s certainly risky to release an entire trilogy of Stranger films like this, but hopefully by the end of the third film, fans will feel as though the risk paid off. In the meantime, we’ll have to see how The Strangers: Chapter 2 performs.

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‘Bridgerton’ Season 3 Part 2 Is the Most Fascinating Chapter of the Franchise Yet: TV Review

By Aramide Tinubu

Aramide Tinubu

• ‘Bridgerton’ Season 3 Part 2 Is the Most Fascinating Chapter of the Franchise Yet: TV Review 1 week ago
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“ Bridgerton ” Season 3 is no fairytale. Instead, the second half of the season, arguably some of the most vital chapters in the franchise, is about taking up space and having the courage to face the consequences of your actions. As Penelope Featherington ( Nicola Coughlan ) and Colin Bridgerton ( Luke Newton ) transition from friends to lovers, the pair realize if their union is going to work, they must foster an environment of openness and honesty, even if it requires standing in opposition to societal expectations. 

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After three years on the marriage market and no proposal in sight, Cressida’s father arranges her engagement to a vile old man. Desperate for a way out, the self-assured mean girl does everything she can to break free, including attempting to claim the Lady Whistledown name for herself.

VIP+ Analysis: Is Netflix About to Turn Into a Franchise Factory?

Though the villainous blonde certainly isn’t moral in her choices, which include everything from blackmail to forgery, she is a product of her environment. Having been raised by her mother, Lady Araminta Cowper (Joanna Bobin), to be suspicious and competitive with other women, her plight feels devastatingly unjust. Cressida is no walk in the park, but hopefully, this isn’t the last we will see of the conniving socialite who deserves, despite her bad behavior, the opportunity to forge a life on her own terms. 

Season 1 of “Bridgerton” saw Daphne (Phoebe Dynevor) and Simon, the Duke of Hastings (Regé-Jean Page), having frenzied sexual encounters in every corner of their estate. In Season 2, Kate (Simone Ashley) and Anthony (Jonathan Bailey) led a relatively sexless existence  – though they are making up for it now. Season 3 falls somewhere in the middle. While the drama is present in spades, there admittedly aren’t a ton of sex scenes ,  except for Benedict Bridgerton’s (Luke Thompson) sultry escapades with the titillating Lady Tilley Arnold (Hannah New). However, the primary sex scene between Polin involving a full-length mirror and a chaise lounge is one of the sexiest things seen on television since “Bridgerton” Season 1. As an instrumental of Ariana Grande’s “pov” hums in the background, the segment encompasses all of the lush vulnerability that comes with love, lust and acceptance. A wallflower no more, it’s also the first time Pen asserts herself romantically as an active participant in her newfound intimacy with Colin. Fans may still gripe at the lack of sensual activity on screen, but this mirror section is absolutely intoxicating and beautifully done. 

Though the explicit sex scenes are sparse, the tension circling Polin as they move into a new chapter can’t be understated. Coughlan and Newton are entirely convincing as a new couple determined to hold on to their individual needs and desires while struggling to relinquish their egos. For Colin, it’s learning how to protect Pen in ways that make her feel safe and seen. For Pen, it’s reconciling the harm she’s caused (however unintentionally) amid the power she’s wielded as Whistledown. Long-term relationships are about reconciling the partner you once knew (or at least thought you knew) with the person who is actually standing before you. Providing your partner the freedom to be themselves is the only way to move forward, and it’s a lesson that makes “Bridgerton” Season 3 a gem in the franchise. 

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Horizon: An American Saga - Chapter 1

Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west. Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west. Chronicles a multi-faceted, 15-year span of pre-and post-Civil War expansion and settlement of the American west.

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• May 18, 2024

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Fisker files for bankruptcy protection, the second electric vehicle maker to do so in the past year

FILE - Fisker Automotive’s Fisker Karma, a sports luxury plug-in hybrid car, is displayed at the 2010 Los Angeles Auto Show in Los Angeles, Nov. 18, 2010. Electric vehicle maker Fisker has filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in a period when even the top manufacturers in the industry are struggling. Its operating subsidiary, Fisker Group Inc., said in its filing that its estimated assets were between $500 million and $1 billion. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes, File)

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Electric vehicle maker Fisker filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, the second electric startup to do so in the last year as even industry leaders struggle to lure more buyers beyond the early adapters of the technology.

Fisker Group Inc. said in a filing with the U.S. Bankruptcy Court in Delaware that its estimated assets are between $500 million and $1 billion. It estimated liabilities are between $100 million and $500 million, with between 200 and 999 creditors.

“Like other companies in the electric vehicle industry, we have faced various market and macroeconomic headwinds that have impacted our ability to operate efficiently,” the company said in a prepared statement late Monday. “After evaluating all options for our business, we determined that proceeding with a sale of our assets under Chapter 11 is the most viable path forward for the company.”

The 7-year-old electric car company was founded by designer Henrik Fisker, who has been its chairman and CEO. He designed the company’s 2022 Ocean all electric SUV as well as the luxury plug-in hybrid Karma that was launched in 2011. Fisker is also known for leading the development of the BMW Z8 sports car.

It is the second automotive venture led by Henrik Fisker to fail.

Fisker, based in Manhattan Beach, California, and other startups like Lordstown Motors Corp., sought to take on industry leaders like Tesla, and big automakers in Detroit, which have entered the market aggressively.

However, EV sales have slowed as manufacturers have attempted to push electric vehicles into the mainstream. Those sales have been curbed both by a lack of infrastructure , as well as rising inflation that have made taking on car loans more expensive .

Electric vehicles grew only 3.3% to nearly 270,000 during the first three months of this year, far below the 47% growth that fueled record sales and a 7.6% market share last year, according to J.D. Power. The slowdown, led by Tesla, confirms automakers’ fears that they moved too quickly to pursue EV buyers. The EV share of total U.S. sales fell to 7.15% in the first quarter.

That has led to huge price cuts and job cuts at leading companies like Tesla.

Another electric startup, Rivian, said this year that it was pausing construction of its $5 billion manufacturing plant in Georgia to speed production and save money.

Lordstown sought bankruptcy protection last summer, as it dealt with funding difficulties.

The Fisker bankruptcy filing comes as the Biden administration pushes to dramatically raise EV sales as part of President Joe Biden’s agenda to slow climate change. Republicans led by presumptive nominee Donald Trump are turning EVs into a campaign issue , deriding Biden’s efforts to promote electric vehicles as a “radical plan” that is unfair for consumers and amounts to government overreach.

Auto companies are investing billions in factories and battery technology to speed up the switch to EVs to cut pollution, fight climate change — and meet an Environmental Protection Agency requirement that 56% of all new vehicle sales be electric by 2032.

Henrik Fisker’s first attempt to start an electric car company also ended in 2013. That 2013 collapse culminated a long downward spiral that began after Fisker received a $529 million loan commitment from the U.S. Department of Energy.

It was later learned that the U.S. Energy Department did not realize for four months that the flailing company, called Fisker Automotive Inc., had missed a crucial production target that was required as part of a half-billion dollar government loan. The mistake allowed Fisker to obtain an additional $32 million in government funding before the loan was suspended in June 2011.

Fisker Inc. and other U.S. subsidiaries, along with subsidiaries outside the U.S., are not currently included in the bankruptcy filing. Fisker says that it’s in advanced talks with financial stakeholders about debtor-in-possession financing and selling its assets.

AP Writer Matthew Daly in Washington, D.C., contributed to this report