definition of hypothesis in punjabi

Translation of "hypothesis" into Panjabi

ਮਨੌਤ is the translation of "hypothesis" into Panjabi. Sample translated sentence: These findings led psychologist Carol Tavris to write: “It is time to put a bullet, once and for all, through [the] heart of the catharsis hypothesis. ↔ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਖੋਜਾਂ ਕਰਕੇ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਕੈਰਲ ਟੈਵਰਸ ਨੇ ਲਿਖਿਆ: “ਹੁਣ ਸਾਨੂੰ ਕਥਾਰਸਿਸ ਦੀ ਥਿਊਰੀ ਨੂੰ ਗੋਲੀ ਮਾਰ ਦੇਣੀ ਚਾਹੀਦੀ ਹੈ।

(sciences) A tentative conjecture explaining an observation, phenomenon or scientific problem that can be tested by further observation, investigation and/or experimentation. [..]

English-Panjabi dictionary

proposed explanation for a phenomenon

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Automatic translations of " hypothesis " into Panjabi

Translations of "hypothesis" into panjabi in sentences, translation memory.

Hypothesis Meaning In Punjabi

ਸਧਾਰਨ ਉਦਾਹਰਣਾਂ ਅਤੇ ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ ਦੇ ਨਾਲ hypothesis ਦਾ ਅਸਲ ਅਰਥ ਜਾਣੋ।., ਪਰਿਭਾਸ਼ਾਵਾਂ, definitions of hypothesis.

1 . ਅੱਗੇ ਦੀ ਜਾਂਚ ਲਈ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਬਿੰਦੂ ਵਜੋਂ ਸੀਮਤ ਸਬੂਤਾਂ ਦੇ ਆਧਾਰ 'ਤੇ ਪੇਸ਼ ਕੀਤੀ ਗਈ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਜਾਂ ਸਪੱਸ਼ਟੀਕਰਨ।

1 . a supposition or proposed explanation made on the basis of limited evidence as a starting point for further investigation.

ਸਮਾਨਾਰਥੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ

Examples of hypothesis :.

1 . ਪੈਨਸਪਰਮੀਆ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਵਿਕਲਪਿਕ ਤੌਰ 'ਤੇ ਸੁਝਾਅ ਦਿੰਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਮਾਈਕ੍ਰੋਸਕੋਪਿਕ ਜੀਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਧਰਤੀ 'ਤੇ meteorites, asteroids ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਛੋਟੇ ਸੂਰਜੀ ਸਿਸਟਮ ਦੇ ਸਰੀਰ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਜੀਵਨ ਪੂਰੇ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।

1 . the panspermia hypothesis alternatively suggests that microscopic life was distributed to the early earth by meteoroids, asteroids and other small solar system bodies and that life may exist throughout the universe.

2 . ਨਲ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਟੈਸਟਿੰਗ ਮਹੱਤਵਪੂਰਨ ਹੈ.

2 . Null hypothesis testing is important.

3 . ਨਿਰੰਤਰ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ

3 . the continuum hypothesis .

4 . ਇੱਕ ਅਪ੍ਰਮਾਣਿਤ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ

4 . an unverifiable hypothesis

5 . ਹਰੇਕ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ, ਜੋ ਕਿਸੇ ਇੱਕ ਓਨਟੋਲੋਜੀਕਲ ਸਿਧਾਂਤਾਂ ਦਾ ਖੰਡਨ ਕਰਦੀ ਹੈ, ਗਲਤ ਹੈ।

5 . Each hypothesis , which contradicts one of the ontological principles, is wrong.

6 . ਪੈਨਸਪਰਮੀਆ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਇਹ ਦਰਸਾਉਂਦੀ ਹੈ ਕਿ ਸੂਖਮ ਜੀਵਨ ਨੂੰ ਸ਼ੁਰੂਆਤੀ ਧਰਤੀ 'ਤੇ ਪੁਲਾੜ ਦੀ ਧੂੜ, ਮੀਟੋਰਾਈਟਸ, ਐਸਟੋਰਾਇਡਜ਼ ਅਤੇ ਹੋਰ ਛੋਟੇ ਸੂਰਜੀ ਸਿਸਟਮਾਂ ਦੁਆਰਾ ਵੰਡਿਆ ਗਿਆ ਸੀ ਅਤੇ ਇਹ ਜੀਵਨ ਪੂਰੇ ਬ੍ਰਹਿਮੰਡ ਵਿੱਚ ਮੌਜੂਦ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ।

6 . the panspermia hypothesis suggests that microscopic life was distributed to the early earth by space dust, meteoroids, asteroids and other small solar system bodies and that life may exist throughout the universe.

7 . ਇੱਕ ਪਰੀਖਣਯੋਗ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ

7 . a testable hypothesis

8 . ਫੈਂਟਮ ਟਾਈਮ ਕਲਪਨਾ.

8 . phantom time hypothesis .

9 . ਇਸ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਪਰਖਣ ਲਈ, ਡਾ.

9 . to test this hypothesis , dr.

10 . ਮੈਂ ਆਪਣੀ ਧਾਰਨਾ ਵਿੱਚ ਸਹੀ ਸੀ।

10 . i was correct in my hypothesis .

11 . ਖੁਸ਼ੀ ਦੀ ਕਲਪਨਾ" ਹੈਡਟ.

11 . the happiness hypothesis " haidt.

12 . ਇਹ ਢਲਾਨ ਇੱਕ ਨਵੀਂ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਉਭਾਰਦਾ ਹੈ।

12 . this slope raises a new hypothesis .

13 . ਹਾਈਪੋਥੀਸਿਸ ਬੀ: ਇਤਿਹਾਸ ਦਾ ਇੱਕ ਅਰਥ ਹੁੰਦਾ ਹੈ।

13 . Hypothesis B: history has a meaning.

14 . ਇਹ sapir-whorf ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਨਾਲ ਮੇਲ ਖਾਂਦਾ ਹੈ।

14 . this corresponds to the sapir-whorf hypothesis .

15 . ਮੇਰੇ ਕੋਲ ਇੱਕ ਅਨੁਮਾਨ ਹੈ ਜੋ ਸਹੀ ਹੋ ਸਕਦਾ ਹੈ ਜਾਂ ਨਹੀਂ।

15 . i have a hypothesis that may or may not be right.

16 . ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਸਿਰਫ਼ ਅਪ੍ਰਵਾਨਯੋਗ ਨਹੀਂ ਹੈ, ਪਰ ਝੂਠੀ ਹੈ

16 . the hypothesis is not merely unprovable, but false

17 . ਉਸਨੇ ਸਾਰਿਆਂ ਨੂੰ ਸਹੁੰ ਖਾਧੀ ਕਿ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਕੰਮ ਕਰੇਗੀ।

17 . She swore to everyone that the hypothesis would work.

18 . … ਜਾਂ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ਇੱਕ "ਬੇਨਤੀ"?

18 . … or a “Requiem” for the rejection of the hypothesis ?

19 . ਤੁਸੀਂ ਇੱਕ ਨਲ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਨੂੰ ਰੱਦ ਕਰਨ ਲਈ ANOVA ਦੀ ਵਰਤੋਂ ਕਿਵੇਂ ਕਰ ਸਕਦੇ ਹੋ?

19 . How can you use the ANOVA to reject a null hypothesis ?

20 . ਬਹੁਤ ਅੱਛਾ; ਤੁਸੀਂ ਇਸ ਹੋਰ ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਬਾਰੇ ਕੀ ਕਹਿੰਦੇ ਹੋ?

20 . Very good; what say you then to this other hypothesis ?

Similar Words

Hypothesis meaning in Punjabi - Learn actual meaning of Hypothesis with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Hypothesis in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu.

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hypothesis Punjabi Meaning

Punjabi Meaning for hypothesis

n. khayal. M; anman. M;

Punjabi Shahmukhi Dictionary

English to Punjabi Shahmukhi Dictionary

Synonyms and Antonyms for hypothesis

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International Languages

Meaning for hypothesis found in 56 Languages.

Near By Words

• hypothesist

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hypothesis in Gujarati ગુજરાતી

• ગૃહીત માની લીધેલી–વાત ⇄ hypothesis
• પૂર્વધારણ ા ⇄ hypothesis
• પૂર્વસિદ્ધાન્ત ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in Hindi हिन्दी

• परिकल्पना ⇄ hypothesis
• प्रकल्पना ⇄ hypothesis
• प्रमेय ⇄ hypothesis
• प्राक्कल्पना ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in Kashmiri कॉशुर

• فَرضی دعوا ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in Maithili মৈথিলী

• अवधारणा ⇄ Hypothesis

hypothesis in Marathi मराठी

• अभ्युपगम ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीत ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीत उपन्यास ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीत धरलेली गोष्ट ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीत पक्ष ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीतक ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीतकल्पना ⇄ hypothesis
• गृहीतकृत्य ⇄ hypothesis
• पक्ष ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in Santali

• उपकल्पना ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in Sindhi سنڌي

• مفروضو، قياس، دعويٰ، فرض ⇄ Hypothesis

hypothesis in Telugu తెలుగు

• అనుమానము ⇄ hypothesis
• ఊహ ⇄ hypothesis
• ఎన్నిక. తెలుగుసంస్కృతములో నుంచి పుట్టినదనే పక్షమును నేను వొప్పలేదు ⇄ hypothesis
• తెలుగు సంస్కృతము లోనుంచి పుట్టినదని వూహించడమును నేను వొప్పలేదు. ⇄ hypothesis
• పక్షము ⇄ hypothesis
• సందేహము ⇄ hypothesis

hypothesis in English

• hypothesis ⇄ hypothesis, noun, pl.-ses. 1. something assumed because it seems likely to be a true explanation; theory. Ex. Let us act on the hypothesis that he is honest. 2. a proposition assumed as a basis for reasoning; supposition. A theorem in g

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Hypothesis in English. Hypothesis Meaning and Translation from Punjabi

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Definition of hypothesis

Did you know.

The Difference Between Hypothesis and Theory

A hypothesis is an assumption, an idea that is proposed for the sake of argument so that it can be tested to see if it might be true.

In the scientific method, the hypothesis is constructed before any applicable research has been done, apart from a basic background review. You ask a question, read up on what has been studied before, and then form a hypothesis.

A hypothesis is usually tentative; it's an assumption or suggestion made strictly for the objective of being tested.

A theory , in contrast, is a principle that has been formed as an attempt to explain things that have already been substantiated by data. It is used in the names of a number of principles accepted in the scientific community, such as the Big Bang Theory . Because of the rigors of experimentation and control, it is understood to be more likely to be true than a hypothesis is.

In non-scientific use, however, hypothesis and theory are often used interchangeably to mean simply an idea, speculation, or hunch, with theory being the more common choice.

Since this casual use does away with the distinctions upheld by the scientific community, hypothesis and theory are prone to being wrongly interpreted even when they are encountered in scientific contexts—or at least, contexts that allude to scientific study without making the critical distinction that scientists employ when weighing hypotheses and theories.

The most common occurrence is when theory is interpreted—and sometimes even gleefully seized upon—to mean something having less truth value than other scientific principles. (The word law applies to principles so firmly established that they are almost never questioned, such as the law of gravity.)

This mistake is one of projection: since we use theory in general to mean something lightly speculated, then it's implied that scientists must be talking about the same level of uncertainty when they use theory to refer to their well-tested and reasoned principles.

The distinction has come to the forefront particularly on occasions when the content of science curricula in schools has been challenged—notably, when a school board in Georgia put stickers on textbooks stating that evolution was "a theory, not a fact, regarding the origin of living things." As Kenneth R. Miller, a cell biologist at Brown University, has said , a theory "doesn’t mean a hunch or a guess. A theory is a system of explanations that ties together a whole bunch of facts. It not only explains those facts, but predicts what you ought to find from other observations and experiments.”

While theories are never completely infallible, they form the basis of scientific reasoning because, as Miller said "to the best of our ability, we’ve tested them, and they’ve held up."

• proposition
• supposition

hypothesis , theory , law mean a formula derived by inference from scientific data that explains a principle operating in nature.

hypothesis implies insufficient evidence to provide more than a tentative explanation.

theory implies a greater range of evidence and greater likelihood of truth.

law implies a statement of order and relation in nature that has been found to be invariable under the same conditions.

Examples of hypothesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'hypothesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

Greek, from hypotithenai to put under, suppose, from hypo- + tithenai to put — more at do

1641, in the meaning defined at sense 1a

Phrases Containing hypothesis

• counter - hypothesis
• nebular hypothesis
• null hypothesis
• planetesimal hypothesis
• Whorfian hypothesis

Articles Related to hypothesis

This is the Difference Between a...

This is the Difference Between a Hypothesis and a Theory

In scientific reasoning, they're two completely different things

Dictionary Entries Near hypothesis

hypothermia

hypothesize

Cite this Entry

“Hypothesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hypothesis. Accessed 9 Jun. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of hypothesis, medical definition, medical definition of hypothesis, more from merriam-webster on hypothesis.

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about hypothesis

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Hypothesis n., plural: hypotheses [/haɪˈpɑːθəsɪs/] Definition: Testable scientific prediction

Table of Contents

What Is Hypothesis?

A scientific hypothesis is a foundational element of the scientific method . It’s a testable statement proposing a potential explanation for natural phenomena. The term hypothesis means “little theory” . A hypothesis is a short statement that can be tested and gives a possible reason for a phenomenon or a possible link between two variables . In the setting of scientific research, a hypothesis is a tentative explanation or statement that can be proven wrong and is used to guide experiments and empirical research.

It is an important part of the scientific method because it gives a basis for planning tests, gathering data, and judging evidence to see if it is true and could help us understand how natural things work. Several hypotheses can be tested in the real world, and the results of careful and systematic observation and analysis can be used to support, reject, or improve them.

Researchers and scientists often use the word hypothesis to refer to this educated guess . These hypotheses are firmly established based on scientific principles and the rigorous testing of new technology and experiments .

For example, in astrophysics, the Big Bang Theory is a working hypothesis that explains the origins of the universe and considers it as a natural phenomenon. It is among the most prominent scientific hypotheses in the field.

“The scientific method: steps, terms, and examples” by Scishow:

Biology definition: A hypothesis  is a supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment. It is like a scientific guess . It’s an idea or prediction that scientists make before they do experiments. They use it to guess what might happen and then test it to see if they were right. It’s like a smart guess that helps them learn new things. A scientific hypothesis that has been verified through scientific experiment and research may well be considered a scientific theory .

Etymology: The word “hypothesis” comes from the Greek word “hupothesis,” which means “a basis” or “a supposition.” It combines “hupo” (under) and “thesis” (placing). Synonym:   proposition; assumption; conjecture; postulate Compare:   theory See also: null hypothesis

Characteristics Of Hypothesis

A useful hypothesis must have the following qualities:

• It should never be written as a question.
• You should be able to test it in the real world to see if it’s right or wrong.
• It needs to be clear and exact.
• It should list the factors that will be used to figure out the relationship.
• It should only talk about one thing. You can make a theory in either a descriptive or form of relationship.
• It shouldn’t go against any natural rule that everyone knows is true. Verification will be done well with the tools and methods that are available.
• It should be written in as simple a way as possible so that everyone can understand it.
• It must explain what happened to make an answer necessary.
• It should be testable in a fair amount of time.
• It shouldn’t say different things.

Sources Of Hypothesis

Sources of hypothesis are:

• Patterns of similarity between the phenomenon under investigation and existing hypotheses.
• Insights derived from prior research, concurrent observations, and insights from opposing perspectives.
• The formulations are derived from accepted scientific theories and proposed by researchers.
• In research, it’s essential to consider hypothesis as different subject areas may require various hypotheses (plural form of hypothesis). Researchers also establish a significance level to determine the strength of evidence supporting a hypothesis.
• Individual cognitive processes also contribute to the formation of hypotheses.

One hypothesis is a tentative explanation for an observation or phenomenon. It is based on prior knowledge and understanding of the world, and it can be tested by gathering and analyzing data. Observed facts are the data that are collected to test a hypothesis. They can support or refute the hypothesis.

For example, the hypothesis that “eating more fruits and vegetables will improve your health” can be tested by gathering data on the health of people who eat different amounts of fruits and vegetables. If the people who eat more fruits and vegetables are healthier than those who eat less fruits and vegetables, then the hypothesis is supported.

Hypotheses are essential for scientific inquiry. They help scientists to focus their research, to design experiments, and to interpret their results. They are also essential for the development of scientific theories.

Types Of Hypothesis

In research, you typically encounter two types of hypothesis: the alternative hypothesis (which proposes a relationship between variables) and the null hypothesis (which suggests no relationship).

Simple Hypothesis

It illustrates the association between one dependent variable and one independent variable. For instance, if you consume more vegetables, you will lose weight more quickly. Here, increasing vegetable consumption is the independent variable, while weight loss is the dependent variable.

Complex Hypothesis

It exhibits the relationship between at least two dependent variables and at least two independent variables. Eating more vegetables and fruits results in weight loss, radiant skin, and a decreased risk of numerous diseases, including heart disease.

Directional Hypothesis

It shows that a researcher wants to reach a certain goal. The way the factors are related can also tell us about their nature. For example, four-year-old children who eat well over a time of five years have a higher IQ than children who don’t eat well. This shows what happened and how it happened.

Non-directional Hypothesis

When there is no theory involved, it is used. It is a statement that there is a connection between two variables, but it doesn’t say what that relationship is or which way it goes.

Null Hypothesis

It says something that goes against the theory. It’s a statement that says something is not true, and there is no link between the independent and dependent factors. “H 0 ” represents the null hypothesis.

Associative and Causal Hypothesis

When a change in one variable causes a change in the other variable, this is called the associative hypothesis . The causal hypothesis, on the other hand, says that there is a cause-and-effect relationship between two or more factors.

Examples Of Hypothesis

Examples of simple hypotheses:

• Students who consume breakfast before taking a math test will have a better overall performance than students who do not consume breakfast.
• Students who experience test anxiety before an English examination will get lower scores than students who do not experience test anxiety.
• Motorists who talk on the phone while driving will be more likely to make errors on a driving course than those who do not talk on the phone, is a statement that suggests that drivers who talk on the phone while driving are more likely to make mistakes.

Examples of a complex hypothesis:

• Individuals who consume a lot of sugar and don’t get much exercise are at an increased risk of developing depression.
• Younger people who are routinely exposed to green, outdoor areas have better subjective well-being than older adults who have limited exposure to green spaces, according to a new study.
• Increased levels of air pollution led to higher rates of respiratory illnesses, which in turn resulted in increased costs for healthcare for the affected communities.

Examples of Directional Hypothesis:

• The crop yield will go up a lot if the amount of fertilizer is increased.
• Patients who have surgery and are exposed to more stress will need more time to get better.
• Increasing the frequency of brand advertising on social media will lead to a significant increase in brand awareness among the target audience.

Examples of Non-Directional Hypothesis (or Two-Tailed Hypothesis):

• The test scores of two groups of students are very different from each other.
• There is a link between gender and being happy at work.
• There is a correlation between the amount of caffeine an individual consumes and the speed with which they react.

Examples of a null hypothesis:

• Children who receive a new reading intervention will have scores that are different than students who do not receive the intervention.
• The results of a memory recall test will not reveal any significant gap in performance between children and adults.
• There is not a significant relationship between the number of hours spent playing video games and academic performance.

Examples of Associative Hypothesis:

• There is a link between how many hours you spend studying and how well you do in school.
• Drinking sugary drinks is bad for your health as a whole.
• There is an association between socioeconomic status and access to quality healthcare services in urban neighborhoods.

Functions Of Hypothesis

The research issue can be understood better with the help of a hypothesis, which is why developing one is crucial. The following are some of the specific roles that a hypothesis plays: (Rashid, Apr 20, 2022)

• A hypothesis gives a study a point of concentration. It enlightens us as to the specific characteristics of a study subject we need to look into.
• It instructs us on what data to acquire as well as what data we should not collect, giving the study a focal point .
• The development of a hypothesis improves objectivity since it enables the establishment of a focal point.
• A hypothesis makes it possible for us to contribute to the development of the theory. Because of this, we are in a position to definitively determine what is true and what is untrue .

How will Hypothesis help in the Scientific Method?

• The scientific method begins with observation and inquiry about the natural world when formulating research questions. Researchers can refine their observations and queries into specific, testable research questions with the aid of hypothesis. They provide an investigation with a focused starting point.
• Hypothesis generate specific predictions regarding the expected outcomes of experiments or observations. These forecasts are founded on the researcher’s current knowledge of the subject. They elucidate what researchers anticipate observing if the hypothesis is true.
• Hypothesis direct the design of experiments and data collection techniques. Researchers can use them to determine which variables to measure or manipulate, which data to obtain, and how to conduct systematic and controlled research.
• Following the formulation of a hypothesis and the design of an experiment, researchers collect data through observation, measurement, or experimentation. The collected data is used to verify the hypothesis’s predictions.
• Hypothesis establish the criteria for evaluating experiment results. The observed data are compared to the predictions generated by the hypothesis. This analysis helps determine whether empirical evidence supports or refutes the hypothesis.
• The results of experiments or observations are used to derive conclusions regarding the hypothesis. If the data support the predictions, then the hypothesis is supported. If this is not the case, the hypothesis may be revised or rejected, leading to the formulation of new queries and hypothesis.
• The scientific approach is iterative, resulting in new hypothesis and research issues from previous trials. This cycle of hypothesis generation, testing, and refining drives scientific progress.

Importance Of Hypothesis

• Hypothesis are testable statements that enable scientists to determine if their predictions are accurate. This assessment is essential to the scientific method, which is based on empirical evidence.
• Hypothesis serve as the foundation for designing experiments or data collection techniques. They can be used by researchers to develop protocols and procedures that will produce meaningful results.
• Hypothesis hold scientists accountable for their assertions. They establish expectations for what the research should reveal and enable others to assess the validity of the findings.
• Hypothesis aid in identifying the most important variables of a study. The variables can then be measured, manipulated, or analyzed to determine their relationships.
• Hypothesis assist researchers in allocating their resources efficiently. They ensure that time, money, and effort are spent investigating specific concerns, as opposed to exploring random concepts.
• Testing hypothesis contribute to the scientific body of knowledge. Whether or not a hypothesis is supported, the results contribute to our understanding of a phenomenon.
• Hypothesis can result in the creation of theories. When supported by substantive evidence, hypothesis can serve as the foundation for larger theoretical frameworks that explain complex phenomena.
• Beyond scientific research, hypothesis play a role in the solution of problems in a variety of domains. They enable professionals to make educated assumptions about the causes of problems and to devise solutions.

Research Hypotheses: Did you know that a hypothesis refers to an educated guess or prediction about the outcome of a research study?

It’s like a roadmap guiding researchers towards their destination of knowledge. Just like a compass points north, a well-crafted hypothesis points the way to valuable discoveries in the world of science and inquiry.

Choose the best answer. 

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Further Reading

• RNA-DNA World Hypothesis
• BYJU’S. (2023). Hypothesis. Retrieved 01 Septermber 2023, from https://byjus.com/physics/hypothesis/#sources-of-hypothesis
• Collegedunia. (2023). Hypothesis. Retrieved 1 September 2023, from https://collegedunia.com/exams/hypothesis-science-articleid-7026#d
• Hussain, D. J. (2022). Hypothesis. Retrieved 01 September 2023, from https://mmhapu.ac.in/doc/eContent/Management/JamesHusain/Research%20Hypothesis%20-Meaning,%20Nature%20&%20Importance-Characteristics%20of%20Good%20%20Hypothesis%20Sem2.pdf
• Media, D. (2023). Hypothesis in the Scientific Method. Retrieved 01 September 2023, from https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-hypothesis-2795239#toc-hypotheses-examples
• Rashid, M. H. A. (Apr 20, 2022). Research Methodology. Retrieved 01 September 2023, from https://limbd.org/hypothesis-definitions-functions-characteristics-types-errors-the-process-of-testing-a-hypothesis-hypotheses-in-qualitative-research/#:~:text=Functions%20of%20a%20Hypothesis%3A&text=Specifically%2C%20a%20hypothesis%20serves%20the,providing%20focus%20to%20the%20study.

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Last updated on September 8th, 2023

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Home » What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

What is a Hypothesis – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

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Definition:

Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation.

Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments and the collection and analysis of data. It is an essential element of the scientific method, as it allows researchers to make predictions about the outcome of their experiments and to test those predictions to determine their accuracy.

Types of Hypothesis

Types of Hypothesis are as follows:

Research Hypothesis

A research hypothesis is a statement that predicts a relationship between variables. It is usually formulated as a specific statement that can be tested through research, and it is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments.

Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is no significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as a starting point for testing the research hypothesis, and if the results of the study reject the null hypothesis, it suggests that there is a significant difference or relationship between variables.

Alternative Hypothesis

An alternative hypothesis is a statement that assumes there is a significant difference or relationship between variables. It is often used as an alternative to the null hypothesis and is tested against the null hypothesis to determine which statement is more accurate.

Directional Hypothesis

A directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the direction of the relationship between variables. For example, a researcher might predict that increasing the amount of exercise will result in a decrease in body weight.

Non-directional Hypothesis

A non-directional hypothesis is a statement that predicts the relationship between variables but does not specify the direction. For example, a researcher might predict that there is a relationship between the amount of exercise and body weight, but they do not specify whether increasing or decreasing exercise will affect body weight.

Statistical Hypothesis

A statistical hypothesis is a statement that assumes a particular statistical model or distribution for the data. It is often used in statistical analysis to test the significance of a particular result.

Composite Hypothesis

A composite hypothesis is a statement that assumes more than one condition or outcome. It can be divided into several sub-hypotheses, each of which represents a different possible outcome.

Empirical Hypothesis

An empirical hypothesis is a statement that is based on observed phenomena or data. It is often used in scientific research to develop theories or models that explain the observed phenomena.

Simple Hypothesis

A simple hypothesis is a statement that assumes only one outcome or condition. It is often used in scientific research to test a single variable or factor.

Complex Hypothesis

A complex hypothesis is a statement that assumes multiple outcomes or conditions. It is often used in scientific research to test the effects of multiple variables or factors on a particular outcome.

Applications of Hypothesis

Hypotheses are used in various fields to guide research and make predictions about the outcomes of experiments or observations. Here are some examples of how hypotheses are applied in different fields:

• Science : In scientific research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain natural phenomena. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular variable on a natural system, such as the effects of climate change on an ecosystem.
• Medicine : In medical research, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of treatments and therapies for specific conditions. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new drug on a particular disease.
• Psychology : In psychology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of human behavior and cognition. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a particular stimulus on the brain or behavior.
• Sociology : In sociology, hypotheses are used to test theories and models of social phenomena, such as the effects of social structures or institutions on human behavior. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of income inequality on crime rates.
• Business : In business research, hypotheses are used to test the validity of theories and models that explain business phenomena, such as consumer behavior or market trends. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the effects of a new marketing campaign on consumer buying behavior.
• Engineering : In engineering, hypotheses are used to test the effectiveness of new technologies or designs. For example, a hypothesis might be formulated to test the efficiency of a new solar panel design.

How to write a Hypothesis

Here are the steps to follow when writing a hypothesis:

Identify the Research Question

The first step is to identify the research question that you want to answer through your study. This question should be clear, specific, and focused. It should be something that can be investigated empirically and that has some relevance or significance in the field.

Conduct a Literature Review

Before writing your hypothesis, it’s essential to conduct a thorough literature review to understand what is already known about the topic. This will help you to identify the research gap and formulate a hypothesis that builds on existing knowledge.

Determine the Variables

The next step is to identify the variables involved in the research question. A variable is any characteristic or factor that can vary or change. There are two types of variables: independent and dependent. The independent variable is the one that is manipulated or changed by the researcher, while the dependent variable is the one that is measured or observed as a result of the independent variable.

Formulate the Hypothesis

Based on the research question and the variables involved, you can now formulate your hypothesis. A hypothesis should be a clear and concise statement that predicts the relationship between the variables. It should be testable through empirical research and based on existing theory or evidence.

Write the Null Hypothesis

The null hypothesis is the opposite of the alternative hypothesis, which is the hypothesis that you are testing. The null hypothesis states that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variables. It is important to write the null hypothesis because it allows you to compare your results with what would be expected by chance.

Refine the Hypothesis

After formulating the hypothesis, it’s important to refine it and make it more precise. This may involve clarifying the variables, specifying the direction of the relationship, or making the hypothesis more testable.

Examples of Hypothesis

Here are a few examples of hypotheses in different fields:

• Psychology : “Increased exposure to violent video games leads to increased aggressive behavior in adolescents.”
• Biology : “Higher levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will lead to increased plant growth.”
• Sociology : “Individuals who grow up in households with higher socioeconomic status will have higher levels of education and income as adults.”
• Education : “Implementing a new teaching method will result in higher student achievement scores.”
• Marketing : “Customers who receive a personalized email will be more likely to make a purchase than those who receive a generic email.”
• Physics : “An increase in temperature will cause an increase in the volume of a gas, assuming all other variables remain constant.”
• Medicine : “Consuming a diet high in saturated fats will increase the risk of developing heart disease.”

Purpose of Hypothesis

The purpose of a hypothesis is to provide a testable explanation for an observed phenomenon or a prediction of a future outcome based on existing knowledge or theories. A hypothesis is an essential part of the scientific method and helps to guide the research process by providing a clear focus for investigation. It enables scientists to design experiments or studies to gather evidence and data that can support or refute the proposed explanation or prediction.

The formulation of a hypothesis is based on existing knowledge, observations, and theories, and it should be specific, testable, and falsifiable. A specific hypothesis helps to define the research question, which is important in the research process as it guides the selection of an appropriate research design and methodology. Testability of the hypothesis means that it can be proven or disproven through empirical data collection and analysis. Falsifiability means that the hypothesis should be formulated in such a way that it can be proven wrong if it is incorrect.

In addition to guiding the research process, the testing of hypotheses can lead to new discoveries and advancements in scientific knowledge. When a hypothesis is supported by the data, it can be used to develop new theories or models to explain the observed phenomenon. When a hypothesis is not supported by the data, it can help to refine existing theories or prompt the development of new hypotheses to explain the phenomenon.

When to use Hypothesis

Here are some common situations in which hypotheses are used:

• In scientific research , hypotheses are used to guide the design of experiments and to help researchers make predictions about the outcomes of those experiments.
• In social science research , hypotheses are used to test theories about human behavior, social relationships, and other phenomena.
• I n business , hypotheses can be used to guide decisions about marketing, product development, and other areas. For example, a hypothesis might be that a new product will sell well in a particular market, and this hypothesis can be tested through market research.

Characteristics of Hypothesis

Here are some common characteristics of a hypothesis:

• Testable : A hypothesis must be able to be tested through observation or experimentation. This means that it must be possible to collect data that will either support or refute the hypothesis.
• Falsifiable : A hypothesis must be able to be proven false if it is not supported by the data. If a hypothesis cannot be falsified, then it is not a scientific hypothesis.
• Clear and concise : A hypothesis should be stated in a clear and concise manner so that it can be easily understood and tested.
• Based on existing knowledge : A hypothesis should be based on existing knowledge and research in the field. It should not be based on personal beliefs or opinions.
• Specific : A hypothesis should be specific in terms of the variables being tested and the predicted outcome. This will help to ensure that the research is focused and well-designed.
• Tentative: A hypothesis is a tentative statement or assumption that requires further testing and evidence to be confirmed or refuted. It is not a final conclusion or assertion.
• Relevant : A hypothesis should be relevant to the research question or problem being studied. It should address a gap in knowledge or provide a new perspective on the issue.

Advantages of Hypothesis

Hypotheses have several advantages in scientific research and experimentation:

• Guides research: A hypothesis provides a clear and specific direction for research. It helps to focus the research question, select appropriate methods and variables, and interpret the results.
• Predictive powe r: A hypothesis makes predictions about the outcome of research, which can be tested through experimentation. This allows researchers to evaluate the validity of the hypothesis and make new discoveries.
• Facilitates communication: A hypothesis provides a common language and framework for scientists to communicate with one another about their research. This helps to facilitate the exchange of ideas and promotes collaboration.
• Efficient use of resources: A hypothesis helps researchers to use their time, resources, and funding efficiently by directing them towards specific research questions and methods that are most likely to yield results.
• Provides a basis for further research: A hypothesis that is supported by data provides a basis for further research and exploration. It can lead to new hypotheses, theories, and discoveries.
• Increases objectivity: A hypothesis can help to increase objectivity in research by providing a clear and specific framework for testing and interpreting results. This can reduce bias and increase the reliability of research findings.

Limitations of Hypothesis

Some Limitations of the Hypothesis are as follows:

• Limited to observable phenomena: Hypotheses are limited to observable phenomena and cannot account for unobservable or intangible factors. This means that some research questions may not be amenable to hypothesis testing.
• May be inaccurate or incomplete: Hypotheses are based on existing knowledge and research, which may be incomplete or inaccurate. This can lead to flawed hypotheses and erroneous conclusions.
• May be biased: Hypotheses may be biased by the researcher’s own beliefs, values, or assumptions. This can lead to selective interpretation of data and a lack of objectivity in research.
• Cannot prove causation: A hypothesis can only show a correlation between variables, but it cannot prove causation. This requires further experimentation and analysis.
• Limited to specific contexts: Hypotheses are limited to specific contexts and may not be generalizable to other situations or populations. This means that results may not be applicable in other contexts or may require further testing.
• May be affected by chance : Hypotheses may be affected by chance or random variation, which can obscure or distort the true relationship between variables.

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Meaning of hypothesis in English

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• abstraction
• accepted wisdom
• afterthought
• anthropocentrism
• determinist
• non-dogmatic
• non-empirical
• social Darwinism
• supersensible
• the domino theory

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What if we found ourselves building something that nobody wanted? In that case, what did it matter if we did it on time and on budget? —Eric Ries, The Lean Startup [1]

An Epic is a significant solution development initiative.

Portfolio epics are typically cross-cutting, typically spanning multiple Value Streams and PIs . To accelerate learning and development and reduce risk, SAFe recommends applying the Lean Startup build-measure-learn cycle for these epics.

This article describes the portfolio epic’s definition, approval, and implementation. Agile Release Train (ART) and Solution Train epics, which follow a similar pattern, are described briefly at the end of this article.

There are two types of epics, each of which may occur at different levels of the Framework. Business epics directly deliver business value, while enabler epics advance the  Architectural Runway  to support upcoming business or technical needs.

It’s important to note that epics are not merely a synonym for projects; they operate quite differently, as Figure 1 highlights.

SAFe discourages using the project funding model (refer to the Lean Portfolio Management article). Instead, the funding to implement epics is allocated directly to the value streams within a portfolio. Moreover, Agile Release Trains (ARTs) develop and deliver epics following the Lean Startup Cycle discussed later in this article (Figure 6).

Defining Epics

Since epics are some of the most significant enterprise investments, stakeholders must agree on their intent and definition. Figure 2 provides an epic hypothesis statement template for capturing, organizing, and communicating critical information about an epic.

Epics above the approval Guardrail are made visible, developed, and managed through the  Portfolio Kanban system, where they proceed through various states of maturity until they’re approved or rejected. Before being committed to implementation, epics require analysis. Epic Owners take responsibility for the critical collaborations needed for Business Epics, while  Enterprise Architects  typically guide the Enabler epics that support the technical considerations for business epics.

Creating the Lean Business Case

The result of the epic analysis is a Lean business case (Figure 3).

The LPM reviews the Lean business case to make a go/no-go decision for the epic. Once approved, portfolio epics move to the Ready state of the Portfolio Kanban. When capacity and budget become available from one or more ARTs, the Epic is pulled into implementation. The Epic Owner is responsible for working with Product  and  Solution Management  and  System Architects  to split the epic into Features or Capabilities during backlog refinement. Epic Owners help prioritize these items in their respective backlogs and have ongoing responsibilities for their development and follow-up.

Defining the MVP

Analysis of an epic includes the definition of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) for the epic. In the context of SAFe, an MVP is an early and minimal version of a new product or business  Solution  used to prove or disprove the epic hypothesis. Unlike storyboards, prototypes, mockups, wireframes, and other exploratory techniques, the MVP is an actual product that real customers can use to generate validated learning.

Estimating Epic Costs

As Epics progress through the Portfolio Kanban, the LPM team will eventually need to understand the potential investment required to realize the hypothesized value. This analysis requires a meaningful estimate of the cost of the MVP, and the forecasted cost of the full implementation should the epic hypothesis be proven true.

• The  MVP cost  ensures the portfolio is budgeting enough money to prove or disprove the Epic hypothesis. It helps ensure that LPM makes sufficient investments in innovation aligned with Lean budget guardrails.
• The forecasted implementation cost considers ROI analysis, helping determine if the business case is sound, and allows the LPM team to prepare for potential adjustments to value stream budgets.

The Epic owner determines the amount of the MVP’s investment in collaboration with other key stakeholders. This investment should be sufficient to prove or disprove the MVP’s hypothesis. Once approved, the value stream cannot spend more than the defined investment cost to build and evaluate the MVP. If the value stream has evidence that this cost will be exceeded during epic implementation, further work on the epic should be discussed with LPM before exceeding the MVP’s estimated cost.

Estimating Implementation Cost

Considerable strategic efforts often require collaboration with external Suppliers to develop Solutions. The MVP and the anticipated full implementation cost estimates should include internal costs and forecasted external Supplier expenses.

Estimating epics in the early stages can be challenging since there is limited data and learning at this point. As illustrated in Figure 4, ‘T-shirt sizing’ is a simple way to estimate epics, especially in the early stages:

• A cost range is established for each t-shirt size using historical data
• The gaps in the cost ranges reflect the uncertainty of estimates and avoid excessive discussion around edge cases
• Each portfolio must determine the relevant cost range for the t-shirt sizes

The Epic Owner can incrementally refine the total implementation cost as the MVP is built and learning occurs.

Supplier Costs

An epic investment often includes the contribution and cost from suppliers, whether internal or external. Ideally, enterprises engage external suppliers via Agile contracts, which supports estimating the costs of a supplier’s contribution to a specific epic. For more on this topic, see the Agile Contracts  extended guidance article.

Forecasting an Epic’s Duration

While it can be challenging to forecast the duration of an epic implemented by a mix of internal ARTs and external suppliers, an understanding of the forecasted duration of the epic is critical to the proper functioning of the portfolio.

Like an epic’s cost, its duration isn’t easy to forecast as it includes several components, such as internal duration, supplier duration, and the collaborations and interactions between the internal and external teams. Practically, unless the epic is wholly outsourced, LPM can focus on forecasts of the internal ARTs affected by the epic, as they are expected to coordinate work with external suppliers.

Forecasting an epic’s duration requires an understanding of three data points:

• An epic’s estimated size in story points for each affected ART can also be calculated using T-shirt sizes and replacing the cost range with a story point range.
• The historical velocity of the impacted ARTs.
• The percent (%) capacity allocation that ARTs can dedicate to working on the epic. This allocation typically results from negotiation between Product and Solution Management, Epic Owners, and LPM.

In the example shown in Figure 5, a portfolio has a substantial enabler epic that affects three ARTs, and LPM seeks to gain an estimate of the forecasted number of PIs.

ART 1 has estimated the epic’s size as 2,000 – 2,500 points. Product Management determines that ART 1 can allocate 40% of total capacity toward implementing its part of the epic. With a historical velocity of 1,000 story points per PI, ART 1 forecasts between five to seven PIs for the epic.

After repeating these calculations for each ART, the Epic Owner can see that some ARTs will likely be ready to release on demand earlier than others. However, the forecasted duration to deliver the entire epic across all ARTs will likely be between six and eight PIs. If this forecast does not align with business needs, negotiations such as adjusting capacity allocations or increasing the budget for suppliers will ensue. The Epic Owner updates the forecasted completion once work begins on the epic.

Implementing Epics

The SAFe Lean startup strategy recommends a highly iterative build-measure-learn cycle for product innovation and strategic investments. This approach for implementing epics provides the economic and strategic advantages of a Lean startup by managing investment and risk incrementally while leveraging the flow and visibility benefits of SAFe (Figure 6).

Gathering the data necessary to prove or disprove the epic hypothesis is highly iterative. These iterations continue until a data-driven result is obtained or the teams consume the entirety of the MVP budget. In general, the result of a proven hypothesis is an MVP suitable for continued investment by the value streams. Otherwise, any further investment requires the creation of a new epic.

After it’s approved for implementation, the Epic Owner works with the Agile Teams  to begin the development activities needed to realize the business outcomes hypothesis for the epic:

• If the hypothesis is true , the epic enters the persevere state, which will drive more work by implementing additional features and capabilities. ARTs manage any further investment in the epic via ongoing WSJF feature prioritization of the ART Backlog . Local features identified by the ART, and those from the epic, compete during routine WSJF reprioritization.
• If the hypothesis is false , Epic Owners can decide to pivot by creating a new epic for LPM review or dropping the initiative altogether and switching to other work in the backlog.

After evaluating an epic’s hypothesis, it may or may not be considered a portfolio concern. However, the Epic Owner may have ongoing stewardship and follow-up responsibilities.

Lean budgets’ empowerment and decentralized decision-making depend on Guardrails for specific checks and balances. Value stream KPIs and other metrics also support guardrails to keep the LPM informed of the epic’s progress toward meeting its business outcomes hypothesis.

ART and Solution Train Epics

Epics may originate from local ARTs or Solution Trains, often starting as initiatives that warrant LPM attention because of their significant business impact or initiatives that exceed the epic threshold. ART and Solution Train epics may also originate from portfolio epics that must be split to facilitate incremental implementation. Like any other epics, ART and Solution Train epics deserve a Lean business case that captures these significant investments’ purpose and expected benefits. The ART and Solution Train Backlogs article describes methods for managing the flow of local epics that do not meet the criteria for portfolio attention.

Last update: 6 September 2023

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Definition: Meaning of, hypothesis in English to English dictionary.

Pronunciation: / hʌɪˈpɒθɪsɪs /

Word Forms:

Singular Plural hypothesis hypotheses [countable] an idea that is suggested as an explanation for something, but that has not yet been proved to be true [=  theory] SYNONYM Not found! ANTONYM Not found! [uncountable] ideas or guesses rather than facts [=  speculation] SYNONYM Not found! ANTONYM Not found! hypothesis used in phrases given the same temperature and pressure the principle that equal volumes of all gases contain equal numbers of molecules cosmology the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula cosmology the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals most searched words nonparticulate radiation tea tree oil bloody hell backstabber demonetization Newton's second law of motion metacognition demonetisation word of the day   Arabic Dictionary   Bengali Dictionary   Chinese Dictionary   English Dictionary   Hindi Dictionary   Japanese Dictionary   Punjabi Dictionary   Russian Dictionary   Spanish Dictionary   Tamil Dictionary Words by Subject English To Arabic Dictionary English To Bengali Dictionary English To Chinese Dictionary English to English Dictionary English To Hindi Dictionary English To Japanese Dictionary English To Punjabi Dictionary English To Russian Dictionary English To Spanish Dictionary English To Tamil Dictionary Give Us Feedback Report A Bug English Dictionary Spanish Dictionary Hindi Dictionary Bengali Dictionary Arabic Dictionary English Scrabble Dictionary Copyright © 2015-2023 ALDictionary all rights reserved. Powered by:  ALSOFT Home | About | Privacy Policy | Terms Madura Online         Mng. උපකල්පිතය   n. උපන්‍යාසය   n. කල්පනය   Psy. කල්පිතය   n. තර්කමාත්‍රය       Millions of users can't be wrong! Madura Online is the best in the world. Madura English-Sinhala Dictionary contains over 230,000 definitions. Include glossaries of technical terms from medicine, science, law, engineering, accounts, arts and many other sources. This facilitates use as thesaurus. Translate from English to Sinhala and vice versa. Can use wildcards to increase the flexibility of search. An inevitable tool for students and professionals in their academic and day to day work. Copyright © Madura Kulatunga, All rights reserved. Privacy Policy An official website of the United States government The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site. The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely. Publications Account settings Preview improvements coming to the PMC website in October 2024. Learn More or Try it out now . Advanced Search Journal List J Korean Med Sci v.34(45); 2019 Nov 25 Scientific Hypotheses: Writing, Promoting, and Predicting Implications Armen yuri gasparyan. 1 Departments of Rheumatology and Research and Development, Dudley Group NHS Foundation Trust (Teaching Trust of the University of Birmingham, UK), Russells Hall Hospital, Dudley, West Midlands, UK. Lilit Ayvazyan 2 Department of Medical Chemistry, Yerevan State Medical University, Yerevan, Armenia. Ulzhan Mukanova 3 Department of Surgical Disciplines, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan. Marlen Yessirkepov 4 Department of Biology and Biochemistry, South Kazakhstan Medical Academy, Shymkent, Kazakhstan. George D. Kitas 5 Arthritis Research UK Epidemiology Unit, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK. Scientific hypotheses are essential for progress in rapidly developing academic disciplines. Proposing new ideas and hypotheses require thorough analyses of evidence-based data and predictions of the implications. One of the main concerns relates to the ethical implications of the generated hypotheses. The authors may need to outline potential benefits and limitations of their suggestions and target widely visible publication outlets to ignite discussion by experts and start testing the hypotheses. Not many publication outlets are currently welcoming hypotheses and unconventional ideas that may open gates to criticism and conservative remarks. A few scholarly journals guide the authors on how to structure hypotheses. Reflecting on general and specific issues around the subject matter is often recommended for drafting a well-structured hypothesis article. An analysis of influential hypotheses, presented in this article, particularly Strachan's hygiene hypothesis with global implications in the field of immunology and allergy, points to the need for properly interpreting and testing new suggestions. Envisaging the ethical implications of the hypotheses should be considered both by authors and journal editors during the writing and publishing process. INTRODUCTION We live in times of digitization that radically changes scientific research, reporting, and publishing strategies. Researchers all over the world are overwhelmed with processing large volumes of information and searching through numerous online platforms, all of which make the whole process of scholarly analysis and synthesis complex and sophisticated. Current research activities are diversifying to combine scientific observations with analysis of facts recorded by scholars from various professional backgrounds. 1 Citation analyses and networking on social media are also becoming essential for shaping research and publishing strategies globally. 2 Learning specifics of increasingly interdisciplinary research studies and acquiring information facilitation skills aid researchers in formulating innovative ideas and predicting developments in interrelated scientific fields. Arguably, researchers are currently offered more opportunities than in the past for generating new ideas by performing their routine laboratory activities, observing individual cases and unusual developments, and critically analyzing published scientific facts. What they need at the start of their research is to formulate a scientific hypothesis that revisits conventional theories, real-world processes, and related evidence to propose new studies and test ideas in an ethical way. 3 Such a hypothesis can be of most benefit if published in an ethical journal with wide visibility and exposure to relevant online databases and promotion platforms. Although hypotheses are crucially important for the scientific progress, only few highly skilled researchers formulate and eventually publish their innovative ideas per se . Understandably, in an increasingly competitive research environment, most authors would prefer to prioritize their ideas by discussing and conducting tests in their own laboratories or clinical departments, and publishing research reports afterwards. However, there are instances when simple observations and research studies in a single center are not capable of explaining and testing new groundbreaking ideas. Formulating hypothesis articles first and calling for multicenter and interdisciplinary research can be a solution in such instances, potentially launching influential scientific directions, if not academic disciplines. The aim of this article is to overview the importance and implications of infrequently published scientific hypotheses that may open new avenues of thinking and research. Despite the seemingly established views on innovative ideas and hypotheses as essential research tools, no structured definition exists to tag the term and systematically track related articles. In 1973, the Medical Subject Heading (MeSH) of the U.S. National Library of Medicine introduced “Research Design” as a structured keyword that referred to the importance of collecting data and properly testing hypotheses, and indirectly linked the term to ethics, methods and standards, among many other subheadings. One of the experts in the field defines “hypothesis” as a well-argued analysis of available evidence to provide a realistic (scientific) explanation of existing facts, fill gaps in public understanding of sophisticated processes, and propose a new theory or a test. 4 A hypothesis can be proven wrong partially or entirely. However, even such an erroneous hypothesis may influence progress in science by initiating professional debates that help generate more realistic ideas. The main ethical requirement for hypothesis authors is to be honest about the limitations of their suggestions. 5 EXAMPLES OF INFLUENTIAL SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES Daily routine in a research laboratory may lead to groundbreaking discoveries provided the daily accounts are comprehensively analyzed and reproduced by peers. The discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming (1928) can be viewed as a prime example of such discoveries that introduced therapies to treat staphylococcal and streptococcal infections and modulate blood coagulation. 6 , 7 Penicillin got worldwide recognition due to the inventor's seminal works published by highly prestigious and widely visible British journals, effective ‘real-world’ antibiotic therapy of pneumonia and wounds during World War II, and euphoric media coverage. 8 In 1945, Fleming, Florey and Chain got a much deserved Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for the discovery that led to the mass production of the wonder drug in the U.S. and ‘real-world practice’ that tested the use of penicillin. What remained globally unnoticed is that Zinaida Yermolyeva, the outstanding Soviet microbiologist, created the Soviet penicillin, which turned out to be more effective than the Anglo-American penicillin and entered mass production in 1943; that year marked the turning of the tide of the Great Patriotic War. 9 One of the reasons of the widely unnoticed discovery of Zinaida Yermolyeva is that her works were published exclusively by local Russian (Soviet) journals. The past decades have been marked by an unprecedented growth of multicenter and global research studies involving hundreds and thousands of human subjects. This trend is shaped by an increasing number of reports on clinical trials and large cohort studies that create a strong evidence base for practice recommendations. Mega-studies may help generate and test large-scale hypotheses aiming to solve health issues globally. Properly designed epidemiological studies, for example, may introduce clarity to the hygiene hypothesis that was originally proposed by David Strachan in 1989. 10 David Strachan studied the epidemiology of hay fever in a cohort of 17,414 British children and concluded that declining family size and improved personal hygiene had reduced the chances of cross infections in families, resulting in epidemics of atopic disease in post-industrial Britain. Over the past four decades, several related hypotheses have been proposed to expand the potential role of symbiotic microorganisms and parasites in the development of human physiological immune responses early in life and protection from allergic and autoimmune diseases later on. 11 , 12 Given the popularity and the scientific importance of the hygiene hypothesis, it was introduced as a MeSH term in 2012. 13 Hypotheses can be proposed based on an analysis of recorded historic events that resulted in mass migrations and spreading of certain genetic diseases. As a prime example, familial Mediterranean fever (FMF), the prototype periodic fever syndrome, is believed to spread from Mesopotamia to the Mediterranean region and all over Europe due to migrations and religious prosecutions millennia ago. 14 Genetic mutations spearing mild clinical forms of FMF are hypothesized to emerge and persist in the Mediterranean region as protective factors against more serious infectious diseases, particularly tuberculosis, historically common in that part of the world. 15 The speculations over the advantages of carrying the MEditerranean FeVer (MEFV) gene are further strengthened by recorded low mortality rates from tuberculosis among FMF patients of different nationalities living in Tunisia in the first half of the 20th century. 16 Diagnostic hypotheses shedding light on peculiarities of diseases throughout the history of mankind can be formulated using artefacts, particularly historic paintings. 17 Such paintings may reveal joint deformities and disfigurements due to rheumatic diseases in individual subjects. A series of paintings with similar signs of pathological conditions interpreted in a historic context may uncover mysteries of epidemics of certain diseases, which is the case with Ruben's paintings depicting signs of rheumatic hands and making some doctors to believe that rheumatoid arthritis was common in Europe in the 16th and 17th century. 18 WRITING SCIENTIFIC HYPOTHESES There are author instructions of a few journals that specifically guide how to structure, format, and make submissions categorized as hypotheses attractive. One of the examples is presented by Med Hypotheses , the flagship journal in its field with more than four decades of publishing and influencing hypothesis authors globally. However, such guidance is not based on widely discussed, implemented, and approved reporting standards, which are becoming mandatory for all scholarly journals. Generating new ideas and scientific hypotheses is a sophisticated task since not all researchers and authors are skilled to plan, conduct, and interpret various research studies. Some experience with formulating focused research questions and strong working hypotheses of original research studies is definitely helpful for advancing critical appraisal skills. However, aspiring authors of scientific hypotheses may need something different, which is more related to discerning scientific facts, pooling homogenous data from primary research works, and synthesizing new information in a systematic way by analyzing similar sets of articles. To some extent, this activity is reminiscent of writing narrative and systematic reviews. As in the case of reviews, scientific hypotheses need to be formulated on the basis of comprehensive search strategies to retrieve all available studies on the topics of interest and then synthesize new information selectively referring to the most relevant items. One of the main differences between scientific hypothesis and review articles relates to the volume of supportive literature sources ( Table 1 ). In fact, hypothesis is usually formulated by referring to a few scientific facts or compelling evidence derived from a handful of literature sources. 19 By contrast, reviews require analyses of a large number of published documents retrieved from several well-organized and evidence-based databases in accordance with predefined search strategies. 20 , 21 , 22 Characteristics Hypothesis Narrative review Systematic review Authors and contributors Any researcher with interest in the topic Usually seasoned authors with vast experience in the subject Any researcher with interest in the topic; information facilitators as contributors Registration Not required Not required Registration of the protocol with the PROSPERO registry ( ) is required to avoid redundancies Reporting standards Not available Not available Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standard ( ) Search strategy Searches through credible databases to retrieve items supporting and opposing the innovative ideas Searches through multidisciplinary and specialist databases to comprehensively cover the subject Strict search strategy through evidence-based databases to retrieve certain type of articles (e.g., reports on trials and cohort studies) with inclusion and exclusion criteria and flowcharts of searches and selection of the required articles Structure Sections to cover general and specific knowledge on the topic, research design to test the hypothesis, and its ethical implications Sections are chosen by the authors, depending on the topic Introduction, Methods, Results and Discussion (IMRAD) Search tools for analyses Not available Not available Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome (Study Design) (PICO, PICOS) References Limited number Extensive list Limited number Target journals Handful of hypothesis journals Numerous Numerous Publication ethics issues Unethical statements and ideas in substandard journals ‘Copy-and-paste’ writing in some reviews Redundancy of some nonregistered systematic reviews Citation impact Low (with some exceptions) High Moderate The format of hypotheses, especially the implications part, may vary widely across disciplines. Clinicians may limit their suggestions to the clinical manifestations of diseases, outcomes, and management strategies. Basic and laboratory scientists analysing genetic, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms may need to view beyond the frames of their narrow fields and predict social and population-based implications of the proposed ideas. 23 Advanced writing skills are essential for presenting an interesting theoretical article which appeals to the global readership. Merely listing opposing facts and ideas, without proper interpretation and analysis, may distract the experienced readers. The essence of a great hypothesis is a story behind the scientific facts and evidence-based data. ETHICAL IMPLICATIONS The authors of hypotheses substantiate their arguments by referring to and discerning rational points from published articles that might be overlooked by others. Their arguments may contradict the established theories and practices, and pose global ethical issues, particularly when more or less efficient medical technologies and public health interventions are devalued. The ethical issues may arise primarily because of the careless references to articles with low priorities, inadequate and apparently unethical methodologies, and concealed reporting of negative results. 24 , 25 Misinterpretation and misunderstanding of the published ideas and scientific hypotheses may complicate the issue further. For example, Alexander Fleming, whose innovative ideas of penicillin use to kill susceptible bacteria saved millions of lives, warned of the consequences of uncontrolled prescription of the drug. The issue of antibiotic resistance had emerged within the first ten years of penicillin use on a global scale due to the overprescription that affected the efficacy of antibiotic therapies, with undesirable consequences for millions. 26 The misunderstanding of the hygiene hypothesis that primarily aimed to shed light on the role of the microbiome in allergic and autoimmune diseases resulted in decline of public confidence in hygiene with dire societal implications, forcing some experts to abandon the original idea. 27 , 28 Although that hypothesis is unrelated to the issue of vaccinations, the public misunderstanding has resulted in decline of vaccinations at a time of upsurge of old and new infections. A number of ethical issues are posed by the denial of the viral (human immunodeficiency viruses; HIV) hypothesis of acquired Immune deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by Peter Duesberg, who overviewed the links between illicit recreational drugs and antiretroviral therapies with AIDS and refuted the etiological role of HIV. 29 That controversial hypothesis was rejected by several journals, but was eventually published without external peer review at Med Hypotheses in 2010. The publication itself raised concerns of the unconventional editorial policy of the journal, causing major perturbations and more scrutinized publishing policies by journals processing hypotheses. WHERE TO PUBLISH HYPOTHESES Although scientific authors are currently well informed and equipped with search tools to draft evidence-based hypotheses, there are still limited quality publication outlets calling for related articles. The journal editors may be hesitant to publish articles that do not adhere to any research reporting guidelines and open gates for harsh criticism of unconventional and untested ideas. Occasionally, the editors opting for open-access publishing and upgrading their ethics regulations launch a section to selectively publish scientific hypotheses attractive to the experienced readers. 30 However, the absence of approved standards for this article type, particularly no mandate for outlining potential ethical implications, may lead to publication of potentially harmful ideas in an attractive format. A suggestion of simultaneously publishing multiple or alternative hypotheses to balance the reader views and feedback is a potential solution for the mainstream scholarly journals. 31 However, that option alone is hardly applicable to emerging journals with unconventional quality checks and peer review, accumulating papers with multiple rejections by established journals. A large group of experts view hypotheses with improbable and controversial ideas publishable after formal editorial (in-house) checks to preserve the authors' genuine ideas and avoid conservative amendments imposed by external peer reviewers. 32 That approach may be acceptable for established publishers with large teams of experienced editors. However, the same approach can lead to dire consequences if employed by nonselective start-up, open-access journals processing all types of articles and primarily accepting those with charged publication fees. 33 In fact, pseudoscientific ideas arguing Newton's and Einstein's seminal works or those denying climate change that are hardly testable have already found their niche in substandard electronic journals with soft or nonexistent peer review. 34 CITATIONS AND SOCIAL MEDIA ATTENTION The available preliminary evidence points to the attractiveness of hypothesis articles for readers, particularly those from research-intensive countries who actively download related documents. 35 However, citations of such articles are disproportionately low. Only a small proportion of top-downloaded hypotheses (13%) in the highly prestigious Med Hypotheses receive on average 5 citations per article within a two-year window. 36 With the exception of a few historic papers, the vast majority of hypotheses attract relatively small number of citations in a long term. 36 Plausible explanations are that these articles often contain a single or only a few citable points and that suggested research studies to test hypotheses are rarely conducted and reported, limiting chances of citing and crediting authors of genuine research ideas. A snapshot analysis of citation activity of hypothesis articles may reveal interest of the global scientific community towards their implications across various disciplines and countries. As a prime example, Strachan's hygiene hypothesis, published in 1989, 10 is still attracting numerous citations on Scopus, the largest bibliographic database. As of August 28, 2019, the number of the linked citations in the database is 3,201. Of the citing articles, 160 are cited at least 160 times ( h -index of this research topic = 160). The first three citations are recorded in 1992 and followed by a rapid annual increase in citation activity and a peak of 212 in 2015 ( Fig. 1 ). The top 5 sources of the citations are Clin Exp Allergy (n = 136), J Allergy Clin Immunol (n = 119), Allergy (n = 81), Pediatr Allergy Immunol (n = 69), and PLOS One (n = 44). The top 5 citing authors are leading experts in pediatrics and allergology Erika von Mutius (Munich, Germany, number of publications with the index citation = 30), Erika Isolauri (Turku, Finland, n = 27), Patrick G Holt (Subiaco, Australia, n = 25), David P. Strachan (London, UK, n = 23), and Bengt Björksten (Stockholm, Sweden, n = 22). The U.S. is the leading country in terms of citation activity with 809 related documents, followed by the UK (n = 494), Germany (n = 314), Australia (n = 211), and the Netherlands (n = 177). The largest proportion of citing documents are articles (n = 1,726, 54%), followed by reviews (n = 950, 29.7%), and book chapters (n = 213, 6.7%). The main subject areas of the citing items are medicine (n = 2,581, 51.7%), immunology and microbiology (n = 1,179, 23.6%), and biochemistry, genetics and molecular biology (n = 415, 8.3%). Interestingly, a recent analysis of 111 publications related to Strachan's hygiene hypothesis, stating that the lack of exposure to infections in early life increases the risk of rhinitis, revealed a selection bias of 5,551 citations on Web of Science. 37 The articles supportive of the hypothesis were cited more than nonsupportive ones (odds ratio adjusted for study design, 2.2; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–3.1). A similar conclusion pointing to a citation bias distorting bibliometrics of hypotheses was reached by an earlier analysis of a citation network linked to the idea that β-amyloid, which is involved in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease, is produced by skeletal muscle of patients with inclusion body myositis. 38 The results of both studies are in line with the notion that ‘positive’ citations are more frequent in the field of biomedicine than ‘negative’ ones, and that citations to articles with proven hypotheses are too common. 39 Social media channels are playing an increasingly active role in the generation and evaluation of scientific hypotheses. In fact, publicly discussing research questions on platforms of news outlets, such as Reddit, may shape hypotheses on health-related issues of global importance, such as obesity. 40 Analyzing Twitter comments, researchers may reveal both potentially valuable ideas and unfounded claims that surround groundbreaking research ideas. 41 Social media activities, however, are unevenly distributed across different research topics, journals and countries, and these are not always objective professional reflections of the breakthroughs in science. 2 , 42 Scientific hypotheses are essential for progress in science and advances in healthcare. Innovative ideas should be based on a critical overview of related scientific facts and evidence-based data, often overlooked by others. To generate realistic hypothetical theories, the authors should comprehensively analyze the literature and suggest relevant and ethically sound design for future studies. They should also consider their hypotheses in the context of research and publication ethics norms acceptable for their target journals. The journal editors aiming to diversify their portfolio by maintaining and introducing hypotheses section are in a position to upgrade guidelines for related articles by pointing to general and specific analyses of the subject, preferred study designs to test hypotheses, and ethical implications. The latter is closely related to specifics of hypotheses. For example, editorial recommendations to outline benefits and risks of a new laboratory test or therapy may result in a more balanced article and minimize associated risks afterwards. Not all scientific hypotheses have immediate positive effects. Some, if not most, are never tested in properly designed research studies and never cited in credible and indexed publication outlets. Hypotheses in specialized scientific fields, particularly those hardly understandable for nonexperts, lose their attractiveness for increasingly interdisciplinary audience. The authors' honest analysis of the benefits and limitations of their hypotheses and concerted efforts of all stakeholders in science communication to initiate public discussion on widely visible platforms and social media may reveal rational points and caveats of the new ideas. Disclosure: The authors have no potential conflicts of interest to disclose. Author Contributions: Conceptualization: Gasparyan AY, Yessirkepov M, Kitas GD. Methodology: Gasparyan AY, Mukanova U, Ayvazyan L. Writing - original draft: Gasparyan AY, Ayvazyan L, Yessirkepov M. Writing - review & editing: Gasparyan AY, Yessirkepov M, Mukanova U, Kitas GD. 439 IMAGES ਪਰਿਕਲਪਨਾ ਦੇ ਮੁੱਖ ਸਰੋਤ ਕੀ ਹਨ? ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ Continental-Drift Hypothesis ਕੀ ਹੈ? ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ ਹਾਈਪੋਥੀਸਿਸ ਦੀਆਂ ਜ਼ਰੂਰੀ ਵਿਸ਼ੇਸ਼ਤਾਵਾਂ ਕੀ ਹਨ? ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਵਿੱਚ the importance of hypothesis in research एक अच्छी प्राक्कल्पना की विशेषताएं What is Hypothesis VIDEO Hypothesis: meaning Definition #hypothesis #statistics #statisticsforeconomics #statisticalanalysis RESEARCH #HYPOTHESIS #CLASS BY DR.RS MOURYA FOR BAMS FINAL STUDENTS Hypothesis|Meaning|Definition|Characteristics|Source|Types|Sociology|Research Methodology|Notes Hypothesis Formulation Testing of Hypothesis Hypothesis Development COMMENTS hypothesis hypothesis noun. a tentative insight into the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena. Synonyms. possibility, theory. ਥਿਊਰੀ. Examples. "a scientific hypothesis that survives experimental testing becomes a scientific theory". hypothesis in Panjabi Translation of "hypothesis" into Panjabi . ਮਨੌਤ is the translation of "hypothesis" into Panjabi. Sample translated sentence: These findings led psychologist Carol Tavris to write: "It is time to put a bullet, once and for all, through [the] heart of the catharsis hypothesis. ↔ ਇਨ੍ਹਾਂ ਖੋਜਾਂ ਕਰਕੇ ਮਨੋਵਿਗਿਆਨੀ ਕੈਰਲ ... Hypothesis Meaning In Punjabi Hypothesis meaning in Punjabi - Learn actual meaning of Hypothesis with simple examples & definitions. Also you will learn Antonyms , synonyms & best example sentences. This dictionary also provide you 10 languages so you can find meaning of Hypothesis in Hindi, Tamil , Telugu , Bengali , Kannada , Marathi , Malayalam , Gujarati , Punjabi , Urdu. Hypothesis Definitions. 1. n. a tentative theory about the natural world; a concept that is not yet verified but that if true would explain certain facts or phenomena. 2. n. a message expressing an opinion based on incomplete evidence. 3. n. hypothesis meaning in Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ #KHANDBAHALE hypothesis meaning in Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ is a translation of hypothesis in Punjabi ਪੰਜਾਬੀ dictionary. Click for meanings of hypothesis, including synonyms, antonyms. hypothesis meaning in punjabi hypothesis meaning in punjabi: ਧਾਰਨਾ | Learn detailed meaning of hypothesis in punjabi dictionary with audio prononciations, definitions and usage. This page also provides synonyms and grammar usage of hypothesis in punjabi hypotheses hypotheses meaning in Punjabi. What is hypotheses in Punjabi? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hypotheses ਹਾਇਪਾਥਸਸ / ਹਾਇਪਾਥਿਸਿਸ in Punjabi Do You Know How to Say Hypothesis in Punjabi? If you want to know how to say hypothesis in Punjabi, you will find the translation here. We hope this will help you to understand Punjabi better. Here is the translation and the Punjabi word for hypothesis: hypothesis based What is hypothesis based in Punjabi? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hypothesis based in Punjabi. ... English Punjabi Dictionary | ਅੰਗ੍ਰੇਜ਼ੀ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਸ਼ਬਦ-ਕੋਸ਼ ... Hypothesis in English. Hypothesis Meaning and Translation from Punjabi Hypothesis in English: What does hypothesis mean in English? If you want to learn hypothesis in English, you will find the translation here, along with other translations from Punjabi to English. You can also listen to audio pronunciation to learn how to pronounce hypothesis in English and how to read it. We hope this will help you in learning languages. Hypothesis Definition & Meaning hypothesis: [noun] an assumption or concession made for the sake of argument. an interpretation of a practical situation or condition taken as the ground for action. Hypothesis A hypothesis is a supposition or tentative explanation for (a group of) phenomena, (a set of) facts, or a scientific inquiry that may be tested, verified or answered by further investigation or methodological experiment. It is like a scientific guess. It's an idea or prediction that scientists make before they do experiments. What is a Hypothesis Definition: Hypothesis is an educated guess or proposed explanation for a phenomenon, based on some initial observations or data. It is a tentative statement that can be tested and potentially proven or disproven through further investigation and experimentation. Hypothesis is often used in scientific research to guide the design of experiments ... hypothesis testing hypothesis testing meaning in Punjabi. What is hypothesis testing in Punjabi? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hypothesis testing in Punjabi PDF A hypothesis of chronic back pain: ligament subfailure ... The hypothesis The hypothesis consists of the following sequential steps: 1. Single trauma or cumulative microtrauma causes subfailure injury of the spinal ligaments and injury to HYPOTHESIS HYPOTHESIS definition: 1. an idea or explanation for something that is based on known facts but has not yet been proved…. Learn more. Punjabi culture Punjabi culture grew out of the settlements along the five rivers (the name Punjab, is derived from two Persian words, Panj meaning "Five" and Âb meaning "Water") which served as an important route to the Near East as early as the ancient Indus Valley civilization, dating back to 3000 BCE. Agriculture has been the major economic feature of the Punjab and has therefore formed the foundation of ... Epic Epic. An Epic is a significant solution development initiative. Due to their considerable scope and impact, epics require the definition of a Minimum Viable Product (MVP) [1] and approval by Lean Portfolio Management (LPM). Portfolio epics are typically cross-cutting, typically spanning multiple Value Streams and PIs. Hypothesis Avogadro's hypothesis (noun). given the same temperature and pressure the principle that equal volumes of all gases contain equal numbers of molecules. nebular hypothesis (noun). cosmology the theory that the solar system evolved from a hot gaseous nebula. planetesimal hypothesis (noun). cosmology the theory that the solar system was formed by the gravitational accumulation of planetesimals An Introduction to Statistics: Understanding Hypothesis Testing and HYPOTHESIS TESTING. A clinical trial begins with an assumption or belief, and then proceeds to either prove or disprove this assumption. In statistical terms, this belief or assumption is known as a hypothesis. Counterintuitively, what the researcher believes in (or is trying to prove) is called the "alternate" hypothesis, and the opposite ... hypothesis formulation hypothesis formulation meaning in Punjabi. What is hypothesis formulation in Punjabi? Pronunciation, translation, synonyms, examples, rhymes, definitions of hypothesis formulation in Punjabi hypothesis Madura English-Sinhala Dictionary contains over 230,000 definitions. Include glossaries of technical terms from medicine, science, law, engineering, accounts, arts and many other sources. This facilitates use as thesaurus. Translate from English to Sinhala and vice versa. Can use wildcards to increase the flexibility of search. Scientific Hypotheses: Writing, Promoting, and Predicting Implications A snapshot analysis of citation activity of hypothesis articles may reveal interest of the global scientific community towards their implications across various disciplines and countries. As a prime example, Strachan's hygiene hypothesis, published in 1989,10 is still attracting numerous citations on Scopus, the largest bibliographic database ... essay homework paper phd project resume review speech study thesis