gender reassignment surgery in turkey

Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey Cost, Procedure and Statistics

Conditions for non adults

Which Doctor Performs Sex Reassignment Surgery

Sex reassignment surgery from woman to man.

• Penoid construction : In order to construct a penis replacement, also known as phalloplasty , a very complex procedure is necessary. The doctors form a penis-like structure from the body's own tissue. A penoid is the closest approximation to a natural penis. If desired, an erection can be achieved with an erection pump.
• Clitoral penoid formation : If you decide to have a clitoral penoid, the procedure will be less complicated. The surgeons mobilize and stretch the clitoris and lengthen the urethra beyond the labia minora. This allows the person to urinate while standing after the surgery. The genitalia formed is quite short at about one to four centimeters, but stiffens when aroused, albeit without ejaculation.

Sex Reassignment Surgery From Male to Female

Sex reassignment surgery cost turkey, best clinic for gender reassignment surgery in turkey, after gender reassignment surgery.

Risks of Gender Reassignment Surgery

• Urethral skin fistulas : These are small holes that form in the new urethra. Urethral constrictions or bulges can also occur.
• Narrowing of the vagina : If the skin in the neovagina does not have a good blood supply, the risk of it contracting (stenosis) increases.
• Changed sexual sensitivity : Whether better or worse cannot be said in advance. However, since lust is not only something physical, but also involves the psyche, the new situation can (at first) be stressful for some transsexual people.
• Problems with implants : Breast implants can slip, infection can occur, or chronic pain can develop.

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The heavy price to pay for a sex change in Turkey

In turkey, the minimum age required to get sex reassignment surgery is 18. in order for one to change one's gender section on an identity card, the procedure must be conducted at a state hospital. sex reassignment surgery is available in turkey's major cities like istanbul, ankara, izmir and antalya. those operations are not only risky but costly and those trans people that suffer complications following a procedure, no legal procedure can be launched against the doctor in question..

Filiz Gazi/ DUVAR

In Turkey, the minimum age required to get sex reassignment surgery is 18. In order for one to change one's gender section on an identity card, the procedure must be conducted at a state hospital. Sex reassignment surgery is available in Turkey's major cities like Istanbul, Ankara, Izmir and Antalya. 

According to trans people that had gone through such surgery, the preferred country to receive such operations is Thailand - where an age-old sex change industry has existed. They told me sex reassignment surgery was a lot more affordable there than it is in most countries.

Indeed, those operations are not only risky but costly, though prices vary according to the procedures, whether vaginoplasty and testicular implants. One person I spoke to told me such procedures are a life necessity, and for this reason trans people go at great lengths to save up for them.

For those trans women and men that die following a procedure, no legal procedure can be launched against the doctor in question. Negative results that occur following the surgery are seen as complications. Since most people that undergo these procedures don't have an accompanying person at hospital, they undergo the process by themselves.

“Some of the sex change procedure expenses are covered by the state. For example: vaginoplasty, phalloplasty, hysterectomy, mastectomy and salpingectomy procedures. But breast augmentation surgeries for trans women are not covered because the state considers them an aesthetic operation,” said Pembe Hayat Association social services expert Doğu Kan. 

Kan added that the doctors themselves often view these procedures as a way of earning extra money and charge trans people extra fees for their operations, and these fees change according to the operation.

“Today [the price] for a vaginoplasty surgery is not the same as that for a phalloplasty surgery. Phalloplasty surgeries are more expensive, because there is this factor involved: In Turkey there are not many doctors who are experts in the field of micro surgery or who have received education and who have improved themselves in conducting these surgeries,” Kan said, adding that another main problem is that trans women in particular may or may not be happy with the results of their procedures, a situation which can create major problems for that person. 

“In our society, since LGBTQ people are seen as sick and perverted, it is difficult for them to find jobs. While there are those who engage in sex work with their own will, there are trans women who are forced into it. Trans men also face many difficulties when it comes to their working life. They can put you to work without insurance. Since you are LGBTQ for the most part they don't pay you the salary they deserve. If you are trans, the rent for your home could be twice as much,” Kan said. 

Güney İmbat, a former Pembe Hayat Association volunteer who now works in the project sector, explained the complicated process that one is required to go through to receive an operation at a state hospital in Turkey: 

“First, you have to obtain an appointment with a psychiatrist from a state hospital. You begin attending regular appointments, and the purpose of these appointments is to determine whether or not you have a trans existence. This takes at least six months, and can take as long as two years. Afterwards, the psychiatrist directs you to the endocrine department, where hormonal procedures are started. Then, for surgery you must apply to a court. After obtaining approval from the court, you can get the surgery, and then you can change your name and gender on your identity card,” İmbat said. 

İmbat, who is trans, was only able to tell their mother about their recent surgery, which was very expensive and which they to pay off with a salary worth two years of work.  

“First I said that I was trans, then I said that I was going to have surgery. 'We can't tell your father this,' my mother told me. I told her I understood. 'Since we can't tell him this, I can't come [afterward],” she said. During the two-week recovery period, my partner accompanied me. If it wasn't for them, believe me I don't know what I would have done, İmbat said. 

“Due to the fact that surgeries are at times conducted in back alleys, people have die as a result of them. While there have been those in the past, at the moment there are no trials [concerning this issue],” said lawyer Emrah Şahin. 

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PO-01-082 Gender Reassignment Surgery: Preliminary outcomes of the Trakya University Health Center for Medical Research and Practice

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E. Arda, H. Top, PO-01-082 Gender Reassignment Surgery: Preliminary outcomes of the Trakya University Health Center for Medical Research and Practice, The Journal of Sexual Medicine , Volume 16, Issue Supplement_2, May 2019, Page S70, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.03.224

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To report the first outcomes on transsexual patients in Turkey, undergoing gender reassignment surgery (GRS), by the collaboration of plastic and urologic surgeons, of a single center.

The data of patients diagnosed with gender identitiy disorders, between January 2015 (start of surgery) and November 2018, who underwent female to male (FtM) and/or male to female (MtF) GRS were retrospectively analyzed. Patients were excluded if they were pseudohermaphrodites, reluctant for GRS and if their gender was not reported.

A total of 58 patients referred for GRS were included. One patient was diagnosed with pseudohermaphroditism, two patients gender was not reported and eight patients were unwilled for GRS. Apart from those, 27 cases (57%) were MtF and 20 cases (43%) were FtM. For MtF cases, 27 underwent vaginoplasty, 26 of whom received breast augmentation. Top surgery (mastectomy) and phalloplasty was performed in all FtM patients, in which 10 patients received an urethral lengthening to the tip of the phallus. However, penile prothesis implantation, in none of these patients has been performed, currently. Minor complications occured in seven MtF patients like labial and/or pubic insicional scars (6 patients) and meatal stenosis (one patient), which were succesfully treated afterwhiles. Despite that, in FtM patients with urethral lengthening, complications like urethral fistula (two patients) and urethral/meatal stenosis (five patients) with more severe outcomes consisted.

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Impact of the European Convention on Human Rights

European court ruling ends infertility requirement for gender reassignment surgery

. . . the right of transgender persons to personal development and to physical and moral security is guaranteed [under the Convention].

Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights, March 2015

Background 

Y.Y., who is a transgender man, wanted to have gender reassignment surgery in line with his gender identity.

He asked a court to approve his request to have surgery, but it was refused, even though doctors said it was best for his mental health.

In its 2006 decision, the Turkish court said that Y.Y. was not allowed to have surgery because he was not infertile.

Y.Y. appealed against this decision, arguing that the infertility requirement was unfair and irrelevant. It did not change the fact that he identified as a man.

The Turkish court rejected Y.Y.’s appeal.

Y.Y. made a new request to the court in 2013. This time he was successful. The Turkish court changed its approach and did not consider whether Y.Y. was infertile.

Judgment of the European Court of Human Rights

In its ruling, the European court said the infertility requirement for gender reassignment surgery did not seem necessary, as the Turkish Government had argued.

The change of approach by the Turkish court, after it refused Y.Y.’s first request, supported the European court’s position.

The European court ruled that Turkey breached Y.Y.’s human rights by denying him the chance to have gender reassignment surgery for many years.

[The European court] fails to see why persons wishing to undergo gender reassignment surgery should have to demonstrate that they are unable to procreate even before the physical process of gender change can be undertaken.

Follow-up 

In 2017, Turkey’s constitutional court changed the law citing permanent infertility as a requirement for permission to have gender reassignment surgery. The relevant sentence was deleted, meaning there is no longer such a requirement in Turkish law.

After surgery, Y.Y. was able to legally change his gender and his name. He was also able to obtain a male identity card.

Additional information 

• European Court of Human Rights judgment Y.Y. v. Turkey   (2015) and press release
• Resolution of the Committee of Ministers | CM/ResDH(2018)395

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Same-sex couples win the right to enter civil partnerships.

As a same-sex couple, Grigoris Vallianatos and Nikolaos Mylonas were prevented under Greek law from entering a civil partnership, which is a form of official union different to marriage. The European Court of Human Rights ruled that this was discriminatory. In response to the judgment, Greece passed a new law that gave same-sex couples the right to enter civil partnerships.

Decriminalisation of homosexuality after architect wins case in Strasbourg

For decades, Cypriot law criminalised homosexual relationships between men. Alecos Modinos suffered from strain, apprehension and fear of prosecution due to his relationship with another man. The European court ruled that the criminalisation of Alecos’s sexuality violated his basic rights to a private life. In 1998, Cyprus decriminalised gay relationships.

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Transgender Surgery

People who have gender identities that differ from their assigned-at-birth ones often choose to undergo a transgender surgery that aims to give them bodies with physical functions that match their true identities.

What is Transgender Surgery?

Transgender surgery, also known as gender-affirming surgery or gender reassignment surgery, encompasses a range of procedures designed to help individuals align their physical appearance with their gender identity. It is an essential part of gender transition for many transgender individuals. Transgender surgery can involve various procedures, including genital reconstruction surgery (such as vaginoplasty or phalloplasty), chest surgery (such as mastectomy or breast augmentation), facial feminization surgery, and body contouring procedures. The specific surgeries chosen depend on the individual’s goals and needs, as well as their overall health and readiness for the procedures. These surgeries play a crucial role in alleviating gender dysphoria and promoting emotional well-being, as they help individuals feel more comfortable and congruent with their true gender identity. It is important to note that transgender surgery is a deeply personal and individualized process, and it typically involves comprehensive evaluation, counseling, and support from a team of experienced medical professionals. The aim of transgender surgery is to empower individuals to live authentically and in alignment with their gender identity, promoting their overall physical and psychological well-being.

Transgender Surgery in Summary

Trip length, surgery duration.

General anesthesia

Recovery time

Hospital stay, back to work, transgender surgery: all you need to know.

If you want to know more about  transgender change surgery ,  facial feminization surgery ,  the cost of FFS , and how to find the best surgeons, then you are in the right place. GOMED provides all-inclusive packages for transgender surgery at the best prices available.

What is transgender surgery?

Transgender surgery , also known as  sex change surgery  and  sex reassignment surgery , is a surgical procedure that lets transgender people alter their sexual organs permanently and get ones that match their true gender.

With Sex change surgery, trans people can have matching genitals. Trans women undergo Male-to-female sex reassignment surgery that removes the male genitals and constructs a vagina, while trans men have metoidioplasty that involves removing the uterus and the fallopian tubes and constructing a penis.

Transgender Hormone Therapy

Transgender hormone therapy is also known as  Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT) . This therapy involves taking specific sex hormones to create secondary characteristics. This therapy will affect things like body hair, and the vocal tone of the patient.

There are two types of hormone therapy:

• Feminizing hormone therapy.
• Masculinizing hormone therapy.

Feminizing hormone therapy

This therapy is used for trans women who want to have feminine characteristics like having breasts and affect the distribution of fat and muscles in the body. It also involves using hormones to suppress the production of masculine hormones like testosterone.

Some of the effects of the therapy will be permanent such as breast development, while others will be reversible like the body hair distribution.

Masculinizing hormone therapy

This therapy is used to boost the masculine secondary attributes of trans men. The patient is given hormones to suppress the production of estrogens and raise the levels of testosterone in the body.

There are several differences caused by this masculinizing hormone therapy. Some of them are reversible like the changes in body mass, while others are permanent such as the growth of facial and body hair.

Transgender surgery cost 

Sex reassignment surgery can be quite expensive. According to GOMED reports, it can cost around  $25,000  to change your sex in the  USA.  In the  United Kingdom , it costs an average of  $27,000,  while the cost of transgender surgery in  Iran  ranges from  $7,000  to  $9,000 for a female-to-male surgery and around  $6,500 for a male-to-female surgery.

Facial Feminizing Surgery

After male-to-female sex change surgery, transgender women are left with masculine characteristics that can make them less comfortable with their true gender identity. To have an appearance that matches their true identity, a lot of them seek a surgical treatment that is called facial feminization surgery.

What is facial feminization surgery?

Facial Feminization Surgery (FFS)  is a  cosmetic surgery that involves modifying facial features to reduce the masculine look. The treatments can include surgeries to change the shape and size of the nose, cheeks, lips, chin, Adam’s apple, and jaw.

Facial feminization surgery can vary from one patient to another depending on how she looks and what she needs to improve. It can involve one or several procedures and involves reshaping bones and cartilage.

The goal of the treatment is to give transgender women an appearance that makes them more comfortable with their identities. However, it can be also performed on cisgender women who wish for having more feminine facial characteristics.

How is facial feminization surgery performed?

FSS surgery is personalized for each patient based on her appearance. However, there are several procedures that can be performed including:

• Brow bone reduction (Forehead contouring) : Males generally have a more prominent forehead while females have a higher and smoother forehead outline. The patient may need to have a part of the bone removed and reshaped.
• Eyelid Surgery : by lifting the eyes with blepharoplasty, you can change the contour of your eyes to have a more feminine and soft appearance.
• Cheek augmentation : Females have more prominent, rounder and fuller cheeks compared to males as they have more fat concentration there. Feminine cheeks can be achieved with the use of implants, repositioning the cheekbones, and infecting fat into the cheeks.
• Nose job : Since men usually have more prominent noses, rhinoplasty is performed to reduce the size of the nose and change its angles to give a more feminine appearance.
• Lip lift : Males have longer space between the upper lip and the base of the nose. Therefore, a lot of patients may need to perform a lip lift as a part of facial feminization surgery.
• Lip augmentation : Lip augmentation with dermal fillers or with implants can give the patients a more feminine and attractive appearance.
• Reduction angleplasty : Men usually have wider and larger chins. To resolve this issue, the doctor may suggest performing “Mandibular angle reduction” to have a narrower lower jaw.
• Chin reduction : This surgery can be beneficial to reduce the prominence of the chin and achieve more balanced facial features.
• Forehead reduction : Compared to men, women have lower hairlines and smaller foreheads. Forehead reduction uses hair transplant methods to make the hairline lower.
• Hair transplant : Masculine hormones can increase the risks of hair loss resulting in a higher hairline, M-shaped hairline, and even thin hair. There are several hair transplant methods that can increase the density of the hair and reverse the effect of hair loss.

Who is a good candidate for facial feminization surgery?

Facial feminization surgery is used to help both transgender and cisgender women modify their facial characteristics and reduce their masculinity. However, to be a good candidate for FFS you need to:

• Be an adult over the age of 18,
• Have realistic expectations of the results, and
• Be in a good health state mentally and physically.

How to prepare for facial feminization surgery?

Good preparation for FFS surgery improves your chances of getting better results. To prepare for Facial feminization surgery, you will need to do the following:

• Quit smoking at least two weeks prior to the procedure.
• Stop taking hormone therapy for a couple of weeks before the surgery.
• Tell your doctor about every medicine you are taking including herbal medicines.
• Stop taking blood thinners.
• Avoid drinking alcoholic beverages at least two weeks before the surgery.

If you want to enhance your chances even further, you can prepare in the long term. This may include:

• Having a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables.
• Exercising regularly.
• Taking the needed supplements to avoid having any nutrient deficiency.

Facial feminization surgery recovery

There is no precise recovery period after facial feminization surgery because the FFS recovery time depends on how many and what type of procedures are used to modify the appearance of the patient.

Generally speaking, we can say that a patient needs around a month to a month and a half off work after FFS. It is necessary for the patients to avoid doing their normal routine tasks and focus on resting.

Facial feminization surgery aftercare

Proper healing after FFS surgery is vital to get good results. To promote good healing, some rules and guides need to be followed. This includes

• Avoiding going out in the sun and use good sunscreen for a few months following the surgery.
• Sleeping with your head elevated.
• Avoiding exercise or actions that increase the pressure on your face.
• Avoiding carrying heavy objects for a few weeks.
• Using cold compresses to decrease the swelling.
• Keeping your head away from the water till you remove the dressings.
• Refraining from smoking and consuming alcohol for a month or two.
• Have a soft food diet and use mouthwash if you have incisions inside the mouth.

There may be other guidelines you need to follow. Therefore, it is always best to ask the surgeon for advice and tips for FFS aftercare.

The cost of FFS surgery 

A lot of transgender women do not have FFS surgery after transgender surgery because of the high expenses. Undergoing facial feminization surgery can cost you around  $60,000  in the  United States  of America and around  $45,000  in the  United Kingdom .

In  Turkey, the prices are a little cheaper, as it can cost you nearly  $25,000  for having FSS surgery. But if you want the best prices, you can opt for  Iran  where it can cost around  $7,000  for facial feminization surgery.

Just keep in mind, the prices can change in all countries depending on the number of surgeries you need. Therefore, you need to contact your hospital or your medical tourism facilitator in Iran  in advance asking for a consultation to have a more precise price tag.

FFS surgery risks

There are some possible risks that need to be considered when you think about facial feminization surgery. They can generally include:

• The risk of bleeding after the surgery.
• Bruising and blood building up under the skin.
• Loss of sensation in the face.
• Bad reaction to anesthesia.

Your surgeon will discuss the risks with you and weigh them against the benefits to help you decide If you should undergo the surgery or not.

Frequently Asked Questions of the Transgender Surgery

Transgender surgery and FFS surgery are a treatment chain that involves one or more procedures to reduce the masculine features and make the patient look more feminine.

The cost of transgender surgery depends on the number of needed treatments and varies from one country to another. In Iran, it can cost an average of S7,000 for FFS.

FFS is short for Facial Feminization Surgery, which is a cosmetic treatment that can use a series of surgeries to give trans women feminine faces.

The cost of FFS is different for every patient. The cost can be estimated after deciding the number and types of cosmetic treatments needed to change the facial features of the patient.

If you choose to have all the treatments at once, it can take from 8 to 10 hours to complete the surgery. However, some doctors recommend splitting the treatment into two sessions with a space of 7 to 10 days between them to let the face heal a little bit.

• DOI: 10.1177/097152151001800104
• Corpus ID: 143761091

Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey

• İslam Can , Zehra Demiroğlu , +2 authors S. Salaçin
• Published 28 January 2011
• Indian Journal of Gender Studies

5 Citations

Readiness assessments for gender-affirming surgical treatments: a systematic scoping review of historical practices and changing ethical considerations, pembe caretta: lgbt rights claiming in antalya, turkey, evaluation of gender change in terms of forensic medicine: four case reports, türki̇ye’ni̇n avrupalilaşmasi ve lgbti haklari, role of medical experts in courts under turkish law, 36 references, human rights aspects of transsexualism., gender identity disorder and its medico-legal considerations, medical advances in transsexualism and the legal implications.

• Highly Influential
• 13 Excerpts

Judicial Problems Related to Transsexualism in France

Transsexualism: a review of etiology, diagnosis and treatment., transsexualism in medicolegal limine: an examination and a proposal for change, family attitudes toward transgendered people in turkey: experience from a secular islamic country, gender identity disorders: diagnostic and surgical aspects., attitudes toward transsexualism in a swedish national survey, prevalence and demography of transsexualism in belgium.

• 11 Excerpts

Related Papers

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

Gender Reassignment

It is not possible for every human to be born in the body of the gender they feel belong to… Although this situation can develop from birth, it often appears in school childhood and is shaped further during adolescence. Individuals, whose sexual identity and physical identity are clearly separated in early adulthood, seek to eliminate this incompatibility between their bodies and preferences.

They try to get closer to the body they desire by removing the physical features that are incompatible with their preferred sexual identity with cosmetic methods and gender reassignment operation is the final destination for them.

Gender Reassignment Surgery (GRS) is a set of surgical procedures in which a transgender person’s physical appearance and existing sexual characteristics and functions are altered to resemble individuals of the sex they are socially interested in. These set of procedures is part of the treatment for “gender dysphoria” in transgender people. The term is also sometimes used to describe surgical intervention for intersex people.

Gender reassignment surgery period describes an emotionally and physically tough period. People are taken under to a series of physical and mental evaluations before they realize the physical changes appropriate for the gender they desire. After it is concluded that there is no metabolic or mental problem in the background of the gender reassignment decision, gender reassignment procedures are initiated.

In this period, intensive psychological and psychiatric evaluations and supportive therapies are applied in addition to surgical procedures.

Male to Female (Feminization) Procedures

Facial Feminization Surgery

Adam’s Apple Reduction

• Placement of Breast İmplants (Breast Augmentation)
• Removal of the Penis & Scrotum (Penectomy and Orchiectomy)
• Construction of a Vagina & Labia (Feminizing Genitoplasty)

Female to Male (Masculinization) Procedures

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Gender reassignment surgery male to female, average length of stay ın istanbul, length of stay in hospital, back to work.

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Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) ,

also known as gender reassignment surgery (GRS) and several other names, is a surgical procedure (or procedures) by which a transgender person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are altered to resemble those socially associated with their identified gender. It is part of a treatment for gender dysphoria in transgender people. The term is also sometimes used to describe surgical intervention for intersex people.

Professional medical organizations have established Standards of Care that apply before someone can apply for and receive reassignment surgery, including psychological evaluation, and a period of real-life experience living in the desired gender.

Feminization surgeries are surgeries that result in anatomy that is typically gendered female. These surgeries include vaginoplasty, feminizing augmentation mammoplasty, orchiectomy, facial feminization surgery, reduction thyrochondroplasty (tracheal shave), and voice feminization surgery among others.

Masculinization surgeries are surgeries that result in anatomy that is typically gendered male. These surgeries include chest masculinization surgery (top surgery), metoidioplasty, phalloplasty, scrotoplasty, and hysterectomy.

In addition to SRS, patients may need to follow a lifelong course of masculinizing or feminizing hormone replacement therapy.

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more 10 years experience

Genital surgery

The array of medically indicated surgeries differs between trans women (male to female) and trans men (female to male). For trans women, genital reconstruction usually involves the surgical construction of a vagina, by means of penile inversion or the sigmoid colon neovagina technique; or, more recently, non-penile inversion techniques that make use of scrotal tissue to construct the vaginal canal. For trans men, genital reconstruction may involve construction of a penis through either phalloplasty or metoidioplasty. For both trans women and trans men, genital surgery may also involve other medically necessary ancillary procedures, such as orchiectomy, penectomy, mastectomy or vaginectomy. Complications of penile inversion vaginoplasty are mostly minor; however, rectoneovaginal fistulas (abnormal connections between the neovagina and the rectum) can occur in about 1–3% of patients. These require additional surgery to correct and are often fixed by colorectal surgeons.

As underscored by WPATH, a medically assisted transition from one sex to another may entail any of a variety of non-genital surgical procedures, any of which are considered "sex reassignment surgery" when performed as part of treatment for gender dysphoria. For trans men, these may include mastectomy (removal of the breasts) and chest reconstruction (the shaping of a male-contoured chest), or hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (removal of ovaries and Fallopian tubes). For some trans women, facial feminization surgery, hair implants, and breast augmentation are also aesthetic components of their surgical treatment.

Male-to-female sex reassignment surgery

At the Safe Urology, participants of the Comprehensive Gender Services Program who are ready for a male-to-female sex reassignment surgery will be offered a penile inversion vaginoplasty with a neurovascular neoclitoris.

During this procedure, a surgeon makes “like become like,” using parts of the original penis to create a sensate neo-vagina. The testicles are removed, a procedure called orchiectomy. The skin from the scrotum is used to make the labia. The erectile tissue of the penis is used to make the neoclitoris. The urethra is preserved and functional.

This procedure provides for aesthetic and functional female genitalia in one 4-5 hour operation.  The details of the procedure, the course of recovery, the expected outcomes, and the possible complications will be covered in detail during your surgical consultation. 

Female-to-male sex reassignment At the Safe Urology, participants of the Comprehensive Gender Services Program who are ready for a female-to-male sex reassignment surgery will be offered a phalloplasty, generally using the radial forearm flap method. 

This procedure, which can be done at the same time as a hysterectomy/vaginectomy, creates an aesthetically appropriate phallus and creates a urethera for standing urination.  Construction of a scrotum with testicular implants is done as a second stage.  The details of the procedure, the course of recovery, the expected outcomes, and the possible complications will be covered in detail during your surgical consultation.

What’s an orchiectomy?

An orchiectomy is surgery done to remove one or both of your testicles. It’s commonly performed to treat or prevent prostate cancer from spreading.

An orchiectomy can treat or prevent testicular cancer and breast cancer in men, too. It’s also often done before sexual reassignment surgery (SRS) if you’re a transgender woman making the transition from male to female.

Read on to learn more about the different types of the orchiectomy procedure, how the procedure works, and how to take care of yourself after you’ve had the procedure done.

What are the types of orchiectomy?

There are several types of orchiectomy procedures depending on your condition or the goal that you’re trying to reach by having this procedure done.

Simple orchiectomy

One or both testicles is removed through a small cut in your scrotum. This may be done to treat breast cancer or prostate cancer if your doctor wants to limit the amount of testosterone that your body makes.

Radical inguinal orchiectomy

One or both testicles is removed through a small cut in the lower part of your abdominal area instead of your scrotum. This may be done if you’ve found a lump in your testicle and your doctor wants to test your testicular tissue for cancer. Doctors may prefer to test for cancer using this surgery because a regular tissue sample, or biopsy, can make cancer cells more likely to spread.

This type of surgery may also be a good option for a transition from male to female.

Subcapsular orchiectomy

The tissues around the testicles are removed from the scrotum. This allows you to keep your scrotum intact so that there’s no outward sign that anything has been removed.

Bilateral orchiectomy

Both testicles are removed. This may be done if you have prostate cancer, breast cancer, or are transitioning from male to female.

Who’s a good candidate for this procedure?

Your doctor may do this surgery to treat breast cancer or prostate cancer. Without the testicles, your body can’t make as much testosterone. Testosterone is a hormone that can cause prostate or breast cancer to spread more quickly. Without testosterone, the cancer may grow at a slower rate, and some symptoms, such as bone pain, may be more bearable.

Your doctor may recommend orchiectomy if you’re in generally good health, and if the cancer cells have not spread beyond your testicles or far beyond your prostate gland.

You may want to do an orchiectomy if you’re transitioning from male to female and want to reduce how much testosterone your body makes.

How effective is this procedure?

This surgery effectively treats prostate and breast cancer. You can try hormone therapies with antiandrogens before considering an orchiectomy, but these can have side effects, including:

damage to your thyroid gland, liver, or kidneys

blood clots

allergic reactions

How do I prepare for this procedure?

Before an orchiectomy, your doctor may take blood samples to make sure you’re healthy enough for surgery and to test for any indicators of cancer.

This is an outpatient procedure that takes 30-60 minutes. Your doctor may use either local anesthesia to numb the area or general anesthesia. General anesthesia has more risks but lets you remain unconscious during the surgery.

Before the appointment, be sure that you have a ride home. Take a few days off work and be ready to limit your amount of physical activity after the surgery. Tell your doctor about any medications or dietary supplements that you’re taking.

How is this procedure done?

First, your surgeon will lift your penis and tape it to your abdomen. Then, they’ll make an incision either on your scrotum or the area right above your pubic bone on your lower abdomen. One or both testicles are then cut out from the surrounding tissues and vessels, and removed through the incision.

Your surgeon will use clamps to prevent your spermatic cords from gushing blood. They may put in a prosthetic testicle to replace the one that’s removed. Then, they’ll wash the area with a saline solution and sew the incision shut.

What’s recovery like for this procedure?

You should be able to go home a couple hours after an orchiectomy. You’ll need to return the next day for a checkup.

For the first week after an orchiectomy:

Wear a scrotal support for the first 48 hours after the surgery if instructed to by your doctor or nurse.

Use ice to reduce swelling in your scrotum or around the incision.

Wash the area gently with a mild soap when you bathe.

Keep your incision area dry and covered in gauze for the first few days.

Use any creams or ointments following your doctor’s instructions.

Take nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin) for your pain.

Avoid straining during bowel movements. Drink lots of water and eat high-fiber foods to keep bowel movements regular. You can also take a stool softener.

It can take two weeks to two months to fully recover from an orchiectomy. Don’t lift anything over 10 pounds for the first two weeks or have sex until the incision has fully healed. Avoid exercise, sports, and running for four weeks after surgery.

Are there any side effects or complications?

See your doctor right away if you notice any of the following side effects:

pain or redness around the incision

pus or bleeding from the incision

fever over 100°F (37.8°C)

inability to urinate

hematoma, which is blood in the scrotum and usually looks like a large purple spot

loss of feeling around your scrotum

Talk to your doctor about possible long-term side effects due to having less testosterone in your body, including:

osteoporosis

loss of fertility

hot flashes

feelings of depression

erectile dysfunction

An orchiectomy is an outpatient surgery that doesn’t take long to fully recover from. It’s much less risky than hormone therapy for the treatment of prostate or testicular cancer.

Be open with your doctor if you’re getting this surgery as part of your transition from male to female. Your doctor may be able to work with you to reduce scar tissue in the area so that future SRS may be more successful.

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Legal Aspects of Gender Reassignment Surgery in Turkey

2011, Indian Journal of Gender Studies

The gender reassignment process has ethical, social and legal dimensions. However, European Union countries have recommended certain principles for such reassignment. The lack of special legislation regulating legal conditions and effects of gender reassignment creates a difficult situation for transsexuals. A new civil law was implemented in 2001 in Turkey recognising gender identity reassignment which has set new standards for procedures. According to the law, court permission is compulsory for gender reassignment surgery. Courts require expert analyses in a health council report which must include a psychiatric examination of the individual, who must also be permanently unreproductive as defined by the law. Although the new Civil Law arranges new standards for gender reassignment surgery procedures, there are several problems in reassigning the civil status of transsexuals in Turkey.

Related Papers

Anthropologica

Asli Zengin

Fe Dergi: Feminist Eleştiri

Ayça Kurtoğlu

While engaging with the nexus between biological reproduction and sex/gender, this study focuses on the legal regulation of sex reassignment as included in the Civil Code of Turkey. It discusses the constructions of sex/gender and sexualities in the regulation by drawing on the conception of sexual citizenship. By employing the concepts of reproductive femininity and reproductive masculinity, the study claims that the regulation serves to keep sex/gender/sexual categories in order. The study also shows that some women’s motherhood and reproductivity are valued more or less exclusively in the private sphere. The study concludes that the hegemonic form of sexuality influences women, transgender and other sexual minorities negatively.

International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding

MOCHAMAD ALAM

Sex change that is carried out through a medical process or commonly called sex change surgery, invites pros and cons in the community. The purpose of this study is to formulate regulations regarding the formulation of legal provisions regarding sex change that can reflect justice, benefit, and legal certainty as well as support the welfare of Transgender and Ambiguous Genitalia sufferers. This research is a normative legal research with philosophical, legislative, conceptual,case and comparative approaches. The analysis technique uses descriptive, comparative, evaluative and argumentative techniques. The results of the study indicate that the formulation of legal provisions regarding gender change is the use of the phrase the right to live in physical and spiritual prosperity in the formulation of legal norms as a large group that can reach various things, and the prohibition against plastic surgery to change identity, except for patients who have received court decision.

Oxford Islamic Studies Online

Baudouin Dupret , Zaynab El Bernoussi

International journal of medical toxicology and forensic medicine

Seyed Mehdi Saberi

Background : Based on reports of the Tehran Legal Medicine Organization (LMO), requests for sex change operation by persons with Gender identity disorder (GID) have increased in the past few years in Iran. Due to the social and legal ramification of transsexualism, we decided to perform a study to assess the demographic status and legal aspects of Iranian Transsexuals who were applicants for sex reassignment surgery (SRS). Method: The total number of 69 cases with GID who requested sex change by surgery was assessed during a period of four years (2005-2009) in Tehran. Descriptive statistical methods and Chi square were used to analyze the data. Results: There were 44 male-to-female and 25 female-to-male Transsexuals with a mean age of 25 years. Out of 69 requests for sex change, transsexualism was confirmed in 61 cases and the remaining 8 cases had other Psychiatric disorders manifested by identity confusion. The onset of symptoms had developed in childhood (&lt;10 y) in nearly 70% ...

Trans Rights and Wrongs A Comparative Study of Legal Reform Concerning Trans Persons

Candan Yasan

This chapter examines the legal status of trans persons within the framework of Turkish law. It explains that even if homosexuality is no longer a crime, homophobia and transphobia are widespread in the country. The law ignores the existence of LGBTI+ individuals and a vast majority of government officials and media view homosexuality as a biological disorder and an illness which should be treated. At the same time, trans persons are in a vulnerable and marginalised position. The lack of domestic legal protection for trans persons results in the limitation of their fundamental rights as citizens.

Archives of Sexual Behavior

Nuray Yüksel

The change in Turkish law to allow local sex reassignment surgery was passed in May 1988. By law, a candidate for such surgery must obtain a medical certificate attesting that the operation is necessary. However, the law does not specify conditions for granting such a certificate, so any physician can give a certificate based on his own criteria. Sex reassignment surgery can therefore be performed without preoperative psychiatric evaluation and preparation. This is a report of 40 female-to-male transsexuals. They had completed psychiatric assessment and participated in group therapy. These meetings provided a valuable setting for getting to know transsexuals and their families. Participants' long, regular attendance and low dropout rate demonstrate high group cohesion. The aim of the study is to report characteristics of a group of transsexuals living in a different cultural setting from other studies of this patient population in order to identify problems of Turkish transsexuals and advocate changes in current Turkish laws for sex reassignment.

Vladan Starcevic

American Journal of Psychiatry

Leslie Lothstein

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What does surgical gender reassignment mean?

Surgery to help people transition from one gender to another is known as gender reassignment surgery often referred to as sex reassignment surgery or gender confirmation surgery. It entails surgical procedures to alter a person’s physical features so that they correspond to their gender identity.

How is Gender Reversal Surgery Performed?

Depending on the desired result, gender reassignment surgery may require a variety of operations. Breast augmentation, vaginal reconstruction (vaginoplasty), and face feminization surgeries are all possible for male-to-female transition (MTF). Female-to-male transition (FTM) may entail operations including masculinizing surgery, vaginal reconstruction (phalloplasty or metoidioplasty), and chest reconstruction (mastectomy).

What Takes Place Prior to Gender Reversal Surgery?

Individuals often go through a thorough assessment procedure before having gender reassignment surgery, which includes psychiatric testing, counselling, hormone medication, and living in their assigned gender role for a considerable amount of time. This procedure assists in ensuring that individuals are prepared for the psychological, physiological, and social changes brought on by the operation.

How Long Does a Gender Reversal Operation Take?

The length of gender reassignment surgery varies according on the particular treatments performed and the patient’s unique situation. It can take anywhere from a few hours to several procedures spread out over months or years.

Who carries out gender-reversal surgery?

Plastic surgeons or other specialised healthcare practitioners with knowledge in gender transition surgery include transgender surgeons. These medical professionals have substantial training and background in gender-affirming procedures.

After Surgery for Gender Change, the Recovery Process

Based on the operations carried out and each person’s capacity for healing, the recovery period following gender reassignment surgery may vary. It typically entails emotional support, post-operative care, pain treatment, wound care, follow-up sessions, and, if necessary, modifications to hormone therapy. People are urged to follow the directions given by their medical team during the recuperation period, which could last from weeks to months.

What Is the Price of Gender Reassignment?

The cost of gender reassignment surgery varies based on the particular treatments performed, the patient’s location, the surgeon doing the procedure, and their insurance policy. To obtain precise information about the costs involved, it is imperative to speak with medical experts or specialised clinics.

Questions and Answers

For those who want to learn more about gender reassignment surgery, this section tackles frequently asked questions and issues. It also offers helpful information and insights.

What is surgery for male to female transition?

Surgery to help transgender women align their physical attributes with their gender identification is known as male-to-female transition surgery. These could consist of voice coaching, facial feminization procedures, vaginoplasty, breast augmentation, and other operations.

Can a woman surgically change into a man?

Yes, a person who is biologically designated to be female can undertake a variety of medical treatments to physically change from female to male. This may entail masculinizing surgeries, genital reconstruction (phalloplasty or metoidioplasty), chest reconstruction (mastectomy), and other procedures designed to match a person’s physical features with his or her masculine gender identification.

Is Gender Reversal Surgery Performed in Turkey?

Surgery to change one’s gender is possible in Turkey, indeed. Due to its superior medical facilities, the nation has increased its reputation as a destination for people seeking gender-affirming operations.

Can a Gender Transgender Person Engage in Sexual Relations?

Yes, people who have had gender reassignment surgery are able to have intercourse with others just like everyone else. It is crucial to remember that the capacity for sexual encounters may vary depending on personal circumstances, healing processes, and preferences.

After undergoing gender reassignment, is it Possible to Get Pregnant?

Based on the treatments used, those who have undergone gender reassignment surgery could not preserve their ability to reproduce. For instance, transsexual women who have undergone genital reconstructive surgery and were born male will not be able to conceive naturally. However, if parenting is desired, there are a number of choices, including sperm banking and assisted reproductive technology. It is advised to seek out individualised advice from healthcare professionals.

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How Britain’s cosmetic surgery industry bankrupted itself

Marianne Green, 30, is one of an estimated 150,000 Britons who flew to Turkey for cosmetic surgery over the past year. The experience was “brilliant,” she says. “We had a hotel stay in Istanbul included in the price. They picked me up from the airport, took me to my hotel, took me to my appointments.”

Green paid £3,100 for breast implants and chose to go to Turkey in April for the same reason so many are flocking to clinics across Europe for cosmetic surgery: cost. “It’s cheaper abroad,” she says. Quotes from plastic surgeons near her home in Grimsby, Lincolnshire, came out “around the £7,000 mark.” Green paid less than half that and got a holiday with her partner at a four-star hotel in a package deal.

This week, it was announced that the SK:N Clinics company, which owns the cosmetic surgery firm Harley Medical Group, had collapsed . Its website has been replaced by a static message saying: “The company has undertaken an extensive process to secure investment to enable it to continue trading, but sadly we have been unsuccessful.”

The Birmingham-based firm, founded in 1990, was one of the first to capitalise on Britain’s cosmetic surgery boom. It became one of the nation’s largest providers, with 70 branches across the UK. Across its brands, it provided services from acne and rosacea treatment to breast surgery, rhinoplasty and liposuction. Its collapse highlights a broader problem facing Britain’s cosmetic surgery industry – how can it complete with much cheaper sun-and-surgery packages offered abroad?

Figures from the British Association of Aesthetic Plastic Surgeons (BAAPS) published earlier this year reveal a challenging climate. A total of 25,972 surgical procedures were performed in the UK in 2023, a 16 per cent drop from the previous year. There was a stark fall in some of the most popular cosmetic procedures for younger women: breast augmentation was down 26 per cent, breast reduction down 17 per cent, and abdominoplasty (a “tummy tuck”) down 19 per cent.

The president of the BAAPS, Marc Pacifico, said: “This trend appears consistent with the increasing number of individuals opting to travel abroad to destinations like Turkey. However, this choice comes with significant consequences, not only for the individuals undergoing surgery overseas but also for the NHS, which often bears the burden of correcting complications upon patients’ return to the UK .”

The difference in price is significant. Before it went under, fees for the most popular cosmetic procedures provided by the Harley Medical Group ranged from £4,850 for liposuction and £9,950 for a facelift. Other private British practitioners would charge more than double that. Yet at a popular Turkish clinic, liposuction starts from £3,000 and facelifts from £3,300. An uncertain economic climate in the UK, coupled with a boom in medical tourism, means that British cosmetic surgery providers struggle to compete.

Dr Ash Soni is a plastic and reconstructive surgeon with clinics in Ascot, Berkshire, and London. “As a trend in general, people are looking at European countries to go to simply to save money,” he says, with Turkey being the most popular destination. “And I can tell you we get calls every month from people who’ve gone and had an issue or a complication from these countries. People are doing it to save money, but with the issues that can arise, they have to call someone [closer to home] to take care of it anyway.”

He admits this is a challenge for the industry. Surgeons who cater for international patients with more disposable income – for Soni, this includes patients who travel from Dubai – fare better than those who treat only UK patients, who are spending less across the board. “I’m grateful that my clinics, especially my London-based clinics, are targeting both a UK and an international audience,” he says. “That helps in terms of the number of procedures that I end up doing per day.”

Meanwhile, Britons – especially younger women – continue to travel to cheaper countries in Europe, where results may wildly vary. Patients who opt for a cut-price package abroad can “broadly expect a worse result,” Soni says. In the UK, 10-15 years of training is required to become a specialist, whereas some in Turkey may have trained for just three years. Soni adds that some clinics offer non-surgical procedures such as filler or Botox for “less than I buy my materials for, which tells you everything about the [materials] they’re using in that clinic.”

“You can broadly expect that the conditions will not be the same as they would be here,” he says. “People are throwing in a hotel room and all that stuff, but when push comes to shove and there’s an issue that’s developed as a consequence of it, patients are being left stranded.” In the UK “you’re paying for the skill of the provider, and the quality of the products being used.”

Soni is one of many practitioners and experts who have raised concerns about the safety of some procedures abroad. At the most extreme end of the spectrum, there have been rumours of surgeons carrying out consultations mainly via WhatsApp and failing to provide sufficient aftercare. At least 25 British citizens have died following surgery in Turkey in the past four years.

That’s not to say most patients who have visited Turkish clinics aren’t happy with the results. Green used Clinic Center and says, “I’m confident in the level of support they offered.” She had a remarkably swift recovery: “They dropped me back to my hotel the day afterwards and provided a translator so I could understand everything that was going on. I was up and about within three or four hours after my surgery,” she says. “The day after, I was out of the hospital, shopping, everything. I had a check-up appointment two days after my operation.” Her procedure included a four-night hospital stay (the NHS recommends you do not fly for five to seven days after breast surgery).

Like many people, Green heard about the clinic via social media: “I follow celebrities on Instagram and saw one person, a Hollyoaks and Coronation Street star, had used the same clinic [in Turkey]. So I went with them.”

For her, it was worth taking the risk of flying abroad for a better deal. “It’s boosted my confidence; now I don’t mind wearing low-cut tops and dresses. I’m happy to wear a bikini on holiday.” Compared with sun, sand and cut-price surgery, British surgeons just can’t compete.

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Sununu signs bills to ban gender-reassignment surgery for minors, organize sports based on gender at birth

Sununu signs bills to ban gender-reassignment surgery for minors, organize sports based on gender at birth Gov. Chris Sununu signed two gender identity-related bills into law on Friday and vetoed a third.Sununu signed HB 619, which bans gender-reassignment surgery for minors.Sununu also signed HB 1205, which requires school sports from middle school ages and older to be organized by assigned gender at birth.The governor vetoed HB 396, which would have narrowed the state's transgender non-discrimination law.In a statement, Sununu said HB 619 and 1205 “reflect commonsense, bipartisan solutions that reflect...

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California becomes first state to ban forced outing of LGBTQ+ students

According to the progressive think tank the movement advancement project, eight states, including idaho and north dakota, legally force the outing of transgender youth in schools..

California Gov. Gavin Newsom, a Democrat, signed a first-of-its-kind state law Monday aimed at protecting LGBTQ+ students from having their sexual orientation, gender identity or gender expression revealed by schools without consent.

The SAFETY Act prohibits schools from enforcing policies that forcibly out a student and shields teachers and other school staff from retaliation if they refuse to obey such policies. 

The new law makes California the first state to ban outing policies, according to the California Legislative LGBTQ Caucus.

Chris Ward, a San Diego Democrat who first introduced the bill in the California Legislature, said in a statement Monday that the SAFETY Act combats a rise in politically motivated attacks on queer and transgender students nationwide. 

"While some school districts have adopted policies to forcibly out students, the SAFETY Act ensures that discussions about gender identity remain a private matter within the family,” Ward said. “As a parent, I urge all parents to talk to their children, listen to them, and love them unconditionally for who they are."

The law’s enactment came nearly a year after Tony Thurmond, the state superintendent of public instruction, said he was forcibly removed from a local school board meeting where he was opposing a district's proposed outing policy, which was eventually blocked in court . 

“Our teachers can now focus on teaching the critical academic skills that our students need to succeed, not on policing the gender identities of children,” Thurmond said in a statement Monday. 

According to the progressive think tank the Movement Advancement Project, eight states, including Idaho and North Dakota, legally force the outing of transgender youth in schools. Five others, including Florida and Kentucky, promote the practice, though it’s not required. 

Zachary Schermele covers education and breaking news for   USA TODAY. You can reach him by email at [email protected]. Follow him on X at @ZachSchermele .