project work methodology of natural disasters in maharashtra

Maharashtra Disaster Management Plan – An Overview

Professor N. Vinod Chandra Menon Centre for Disaster Management YASHADA (Yeshwantarao Chavan Academy of Development Administration) Raj Bhavan Complex, Baner Road, Pune- 411007 Tel: 020-5657360/62, Email: [email protected] The disaster impact of Latur Earthquake : A general overview

The Latur earthquake was felt at 6.4 on the Richter scale at Killari in Latur district of the Marathwada region as the epicentre, at 3.56 a.m.,on the 30th September 1993. The tremour resulted in loss of lives of 7,928 persons, injury to 16,000 persons and death of over 15,800 livestock. The damage was remarkably extensive in 52 villages of Latur and Osmanabad districts, but the impact of the disaster was spread in other 2500 villages in the neighbouring 11 districts. The total property loss was estimated to be more than Rs.1100 crores.

The Disaster Response As a part of disaster management programme the Maharashtra Emergency Earthquake Rehabilitation Project (MEERP) was launched in 1993.It was supported by the World Bank, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) as well as several bilateral donor agencies. With the purpose of recovery and mitigation of the disaster they supported the affected people by providing rescue, relief and rehabilitation.

The management policy adopted by the state government to reconstruct the disaster-affected economy is supported by a number of NGOs, private initiatives and the community. The project initiated by the state government for the purpose of rehabilitation is the largest rehabilitation package in India. The main aim of the project is to provide proper socio-economic rehabilitation of the affected people along with sustainable development as a whole.

The comprehensive strategies taken by the government include relocation of 52 severely damaged villages, reconstruction and repair of damaged houses and strengthening the undamaged houses by implementing earthquake-resistant building techniques. For relocating the severely damaged villages they have taken the help of remote sensing technique beside the consultative process side by side.

As a result of such initiatives the public utilities and infrastructure facilities are repaired and strengthened. The basic utility goods which support the primary, sustainable occupations of the poverty-stricken inhabitants of the affected area are modified and improved. For the sake of socio-economic rehabilitation special facilities are provided for the women and handicapped persons. Special training programmes are provided for the village artisans and civil engineers to make them familiar with the earthquake-resistant building designs and techniques.

Different dimensions of the response The response for disaster management was multi-dimensional. The strategies were mainly based on three types of plans:

• Communication Network,
• State Disaster Management Plan,
• District Disaster Management Plan.

Communication Network A side-wide communication network is being set up as part of the Maharashtra Emrgency Earthquake Rehabilitation Programme. This network of telecommunication and information technology consists of an Emergency Operations Centre (Central Control Room) at Mantralaya, Mumbai, a standby Control Room at the Centre for Disaster Management, YASHADA, Pune, Control Rooms at each of the six divisional headquarters, and District Control Rooms at each district collectorate. This network is connected with VSAT telecommunication facilities for data, voice and information exchange and video teleconferencing. In a second level of communication network all tahsils are linked together through a VHF Wireless Network with nodes of the District Control Room reaching each tahsil headquarters. The following maps (figure 1 & 2) indicate the spread of the VHF wireless network in the districts and the VSAT network in the state.

This telecommunication network will facilitate video-teleconferencing among the nodes for more purposive and successful monitoring and management of such disaster. VHP Network is used to link the subdivisional and taluka headquarters with the respective district headquarters. Some up-to-date amenities like wireless base stations, mobile sets and walkie-talkie units are provided to the sub-divisional officers to improvise the contact with District Control Room.

State Disaster Management Plan Maharashtra is the first state to prepare a comprehensive State Disaster Management Plan and also undertake risk assessment and vulnerability analysis of the state. These studies address the vulnerability of various districts, talukas within these districts, and clusters of villages in these districts to earthquakes, floods and cyclones, epidemics, road accidents and fire, and chemical and industrial disasters. A separate volume on Standard Operating Procedures, details the manuals for various departments to be activated during an emergency.

In the District Control Room, the following desks are recommended to be set up for improving the capability of the district administration to respond to disasters more effectively : Operations disk, Service desk, Infrastructure desk, Health desk, Logistics desk, Agriculture desk, Communication and Information Management desk and Resources desk. Detailed instructions have been provided to the district administration about the setting up of the District Control Room and the VHF wireless network, linking all tahsil headquarters to the District Control Room.

The involvement of the NGOs and community-based organisations like Tarun Mandals, Mahila Mandals, etc., is very vital for the smooth implementation of the District Disaster Management Plans. New institutional mechanisms for community participation have been envisaged in the plans, like the setting up of the Community Emergency Response Teams, Mutual Aid and Response Groups, etc. Community participation is also sought in generating greater awareness about the nature of each disaster, the type of damage that can occur, and the stress it would generate, both at the family as well as the community level, and also the mobilisation of communities to adopt risk reduction strategies and practices, based on the coping strategies of stakeholders in similar disaster-prone contexts.

District Disaster Management Plan The Government of Maharashtra identified one district from each of the six revenue divisions for preparing the multi-hazard response plans, with financial support from the ODA, UK. This was also supplemented with the preparation of multi-hazard response plans for the remaining 25 districts, with financial support from the UNDP, through the Centre for Disaster Management at YASHADA. These multi-hazard response plans include an exhaustive risk assessment and vulnerability analysis of the district, with reference to earthquakes, floods and cyclones, epidemics, road accidents and fire, and chemical and industrial disasters. They also contain the multi-hazard response structure, capability analysis, including an inventory of resources, and mitigation strategies, apart from a directory of personnel and institutions in the districts with their contact addresses, telephone and fax numbers. The response structure at the state level is mentioned in the figure.

Disaster Management Information System As a part of these multi-hazard response plans, the maps of the districts with taluka-wise and village-wise details were prepared using ARCINFO, for developing a comprehensive Disaster Management Information System (DMIS) by the Maharashtra Remote Sensing Applications Centre(MRSAC), Nagpur. This Geographic Information System (GIS) operates as a front-end with a disaster management database, providing it flexibility to respond to user queries regarding village specific details of availability of infrastructure.

This integrated facility of multi-hazard response plans, communication network, GIS and Disaster geomorphology, geophysical data and data on climate like rainfall pattern, temperature, wind Management Information System, can enhance the level of preparedness of the district administration and also improve the capability of the district machinery to respond to disasters more effectively. The thematic data on natural resources are, like slope, soils, geology, land use, land cover, drainage network, surface reservoirs, hydro-, humidity etc. The non-spatial data consists of administrative setup, socio-economic and demographic profile of the population, water resources, irrigation, health facilities, educational infrastructure, animal husbandry, agriculture, power, infrastructure, industry, fisheries, public distribution system, tourism, etc. All the villages in the state have been assessed for the availability of various facilities listed above and their infrastructure capabilities have been mapped and included in the database to permit querying.

Mitigation Measures All districts have identified resource gaps while undertaking an inventory of existing resources in each district, to improve the preparedness and capability of the district administration in responding more effectively to future disasters. Structural mitigation measures like strengthening of government and public buildings have already been initiated. It is proposed to set up fire brigades in strategic municipal towns where such facilities have not been available for a very long time, and where the risk assessment studies indicate that several neighbouring areas are prone to fires, based on past episodes. Non-structural mitigation measures like the modification in zoning for irrigation and building codes, earthquake-resistant construction for non-engineered buildings, etc., have also been initiated.

The construction of adequate speed breakers, caution signboards and guard-stones on highways, the setting up of Traffic-Aid posts at strategic locations, trauma care facilities in district hospitals, bypass roads, identification of accident-prone spots, improvement and strengthening of roads and bridges, etc., are also being carried out, to improve the preparedness of the district administration to respond to disasters more effectively.

A District Disaster Management Committee assists the District Collector in every districts, in reviewing the threat of various disasters, assessing the vulnerability of the district, evaluating the preparedness, and considering suggestions for improvement of the district disaster management plan.

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DISASTER MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR THE STATE OF MAHARASHTRA, INDIA: EVOLUTIONARY PROCESS

The involvement of bilateral and multilateral agencies in the recovery and reconstruction program following major natural disasters has helped developing countries undertake long-term disaster mitigation and preparedness. However, capability-building in disaster management requires strategic planning, political support, and a significant infusion of technology. After the Latur earthquake in 1993, the state of Maharashtra, India undertook an important initiative for the preparation and implementation of a disaster management plan for the state and all the districts, with the support of the World Bank, Department for International Development, United Kingdom, and the United Nations Development Program. A number of activities, which included state and district disaster management plans, a communications network, control rooms, and development of a geographic information system, contributed to the evolution of an ambitious program over a period of three years, from 1996 to 1999. These initiatives hold important lessons for disaster risk reduction in developing countries. While international agencies can assist developing countries in building disaster preparedness and mitigation programs, continuous institutional and financial support and human resource development within these countries are critical for effective disaster risk reduction.

• Find a library where document is available. Order URL: http://worldcat.org/issn/15276988

American Society of Civil Engineers

• Publication Date: 2003-11
• Features: Figures; Tables;
• Pagination: p. 206-212
• Natural Hazards Review
• Issue Number: 4
• Publisher: American Society of Civil Engineers
• ISSN: 1527-6988
• EISSN: 1527-6996
• Serial URL: http://ascelibrary.org/journal/nhrefo

Subject/Index Terms

• TRT Terms: Case studies ; Communication systems ; Control rooms ; Developing countries ; Disaster preparedness ; Geographic information systems ; International relations ; Long range planning ; Political factors ; Regional government ; State government ; Strategic planning ; Technology
• Geographic Terms: Maharashtra (India)
• Subject Areas: Highways; Planning and Forecasting; I72: Traffic and Transport Planning;

Filing Info

• Accession Number: 00964762
• Record Type: Publication
• Files: TRIS
• Created Date: Oct 31 2003 12:00AM

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Maharashtra state is endowed with 720km coastal length with 1,11,512 sq.km. of continental shelf area up to 100-fathom depth. Fishing activity is regular up to 70-fathom depth. However natural disasters strike unexpectedly resulting in accidental deaths and financial loss. The Meteorological department used to regularly provide information about disasters directly to Fisheries department. Nowadays Police department provides information received by District Collectorate. However prior and timely information about the disaster is not available. Whenever natural disaster is about to occur or occurs unexpectedly fishermen are intimated by the wireless communication system and are told to take shelter at the nearest coast. Many times the wireless system is rendered useless due to extremely bad weather condition. To overcome this problem of communication in worst conditions Vessel Tracking and Monitoring System (V.T.M.S.) is very useful for larger 4 cylinder / 6 cylinder fishing vessels. Drifted Vessel can be traced with the help of satellite. For smaller fishing boats of 1 cylinder/2 cylinder, Distress Alert Transmission (D.A.T.) system is very useful as it is very handy and transmits regular distress signal when activated. Proposal for above-mentioned equipment and system are submitted to the government and are under consideration. Presently 25% subsidy is provided for wireless sets and GPS systems for 25-ton vessels only.However, smaller vessels should be provided above-mentioned system.

During disaster Navy and Coast Guard are intimated of search and rescue of fishermen on stranded/drifted/capsized fishing vessels by helicopter. Navy and Coast Guard agencies educate the fishermen about disaster regularly. However if a loss of life occurs while fishing during the disaster Rs.1.00 lakh is granted to the grieving family members. If the vessel is capsized/destroyed in accident during disaster a new vessel project is sanctioned under National Co-operative Development Corporation (N.C.D.C.) scheme.   

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Back to main page, maharshtra : natural hazards and disaster management.

Maharashtra  is prone to various  disasters  such as drought, floods, cyclones, earthquake and accidents. While low rainfall areas of the state are under the constant  risk  of droughts, high rainfall zones of eastern and western  Maharashtra  are prone to flash floods and landslides.

• The most seismic active region in the Maharashtra is the west coast – Western Ghats. The Koyna-Warna and the Bhatsa areas are located  in this region and an earthquake with magnitude 6.5 is already occurred on 11 December, 1967. Based on past earthquakes the west coast  and West Ghats belt is highly prone to seismic movements. The major spots where seismic activity noticed during last few years are near  Ratnagiri, along the western coast, Koyna Nagar, Bhatsa and Surya areas of Thane district.
• South-east Maharashtra isolated activity has also occurred in Latur-Osmanabad districts. Near Dhule, Akola, Jalgaon and Amravati in North  Maharashtra the seismic activity could be occurred due to movements of faults exist in the complex system of river Narmada, Tapi and  Purna lineaments. It is observed that in north-east corner of Maharashtra, Nagpur and Bhandara districts may have shocks because of  faults associated to Ramtek and Sakoli Basins.
• Maharashtra is largely vulnerable to floods. It may be noted that there are many manmade reasons for the occurrence of floods. Analysing  the floods in Maharashtra, one observes that most floods in Maharashtra are flash floods due to nallah-overflows and poor drainage  systems. Very few floods, like the one in Konkan in 1983, are due to heavy rains in the region.
• The floods of 2005 and 2006 have shown  that almost all the districts in the State are vulnerable to floods.   Floods kill by destroying houses, crops and food stocks. They strip farm   lands, wash away irrigation systems and erode large areas of land or make them unusable otherwise.
• The coastal areas are risk prone to cyclones. Maharashtra has a coastal belt of over 720 kilometers between Gujarat to Goa. Thus the  Konkan region including Mumbai becomes prone to cyclones. There are a large number of marine fishing villages / hamlets with fishing  boats, engaged in fishing in this coastal belt.
• Cyclones make impact by killing people, damaging property, crops and infrastructure. In the  rural areas, the damage is primarily to lives, crops and to housing. It may also affect the irrigation infrastructure. The damage to forest and  plantations, when it occurs, has a long term effect, and also takes a much longer period for restoration.  
• In urban areas, both transport and  communication receive a serious damage, in addition to loss of life and shelter. In the Arabian Sea, severe cyclonic storm have been  recorded in past which have affected Maharashtra – Goa coast.
• Mumbai is a coastal city which has faced many threats of cyclones in the  recent past. It has faced peripheral impact in 1982, 1988 and October 1996, and has been hit on two occasions by cyclones (1948 and June,  1996). The data indicate that the city is prone to cyclones. The most recent to hit the State was cyclone Phyan in 2009 which had affected
• Maharashtra has traditionally remained a drought-prone state. Almost 70 percent of the State’s geographical area lies in semi-arid region  rendering it vulnerable to water scarcity. Almost all the districts in Pune, Aurangabad, and Nashik divisions experience drought frequently.
• Most of the state’s 148 Drought Prone Area Programme (DPAP) talukas are in these districts.   These talukas receive 600 to 750 mm rains  from the southwest monsoon (June to October).
• Failure of monsoon affects both Kharif and Rabi crops in these areas. Not only the poor  rainfall affects crops, but also the unevenness of rains within the monsoon months (long dry spells) could be very damaging for crops.
• The  evaporation rate is high, and only in September the precipitation exceeds evaporation. In many parts, hard basalt rock in the region does  not allow filter or storage of water. So when there is scanty rainfall, the scarcity of water both for drinking water and cultivation is acute.
• In Maharashtra, often landslides are triggered by heavy rains in the Western Ghats. Major landslide major incidents have occurred in  monsoon seasons due to anthropogenic development along the landslide prone regions. Landslide have primarily results in loss of life  and property, but has more importantly led to secondary and tertiary impacts such as chemical accidents, road accidents, rails accidents,  flood, fire, gas leaks, etc.
• The Konkan region – districts of Raigad, Ratnagiri and Sindhudurg and parts of Thane and Pune area are vulnerable to landslides. The  foothills of the Sahyadris are dotted with many small and big villages all along the Konkan region which are vulnerable to landslides.

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Current situation on maharashtra floods and landslides (date: 03-08-2021), attachments.

Humanitarian Aid International (HAI) is constantly assessing the situation through its local member Dr. Ambedkar Sheti Vikas Va Sanshodhan Sanstha (ASVSS) and techno-humanitarian partner InventGrid. Lifesaving immediate relief assistance to the worst affected people in the districts of Kolhapur, Ratnagiri, and Sangli has also been initiated with the support from Sony Pictures Networks India Private Limited (SPNI), Himalaya Drug Company, and Lung Care Foundation. The current situation is summarized below.

Background:

Maharashtra witnessed high-intensity floods due to the incessant rains over the past few weeks. At least 209 people have died due to the floods in Maharashtra and eight still remain missing. A total of 4,34,185 people from eight districts have been evacuated to safer places, as rescue operations continue.1Among the 209 fatalities, the Satara district reported 46 deaths, followed by 35 in Ratnagiri, 15 in Thane, seven in Kolhapur, four in Mumbai, three in Pune, four in Sindhudurg and two each in eastern Maharashtra's Wardha and Akola districts.

A total of 3,221 animals have died. Meanwhile, the floodwater has entered the roads and fields, submerging many areas of the Sangli district in Maharashtra making it hard for people to commute from one place to another.

According to preliminary estimates, losses to public and private properties are over ₹4,000 crore ($53,88,00,000). Losses due to flooding in Kolhapur and Sangli are ₹700 crore ($94,290,000).

Electricity infrastructure worth ₹1,200 crore ($ 16,16,40,000) has been damaged, while damage to roads and bridges is over ₹1,500 crore ($202,050,000). Crops across 338,000 hectares have been damaged in western Maharashtra and Konkan. The state relief is expected to cover all affected elements by widening the scope of the set norms. Maharashtra is now dealing with twin disasters, i.e., the floods in the midst of the ongoing pandemic. The floods have posed a grave threat to the healthcare of patients who are being treated in hospitals, covid care centres and in home isolation. Both rural and urban centres have been equally hit. The situation in Kolhapur and Sangli towns isn’t good, and they have been evacuated to safer places where the situation is better. Some serious cases have been shifted to city hospitals to ensure safety and extra care of the patients.

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