research project methodology examples

15 Research Methodology Examples

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Research methodologies can roughly be categorized into three group: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed-methods.

• Qualitative Research : This methodology is based on obtaining deep, contextualized, non-numerical data. It can occur, for example, through open-ended questioning of research particiapnts in order to understand human behavior. It’s all about describing and analyzing subjective phenomena such as emotions or experiences.
• Quantitative Research: This methodology is rationally-based and relies heavily on numerical analysis of empirical data . With quantitative research, you aim for objectivity by creating hypotheses and testing them through experiments or surveys, which allow for statistical analyses.
• Mixed-Methods Research: Mixed-methods research combines both previous types into one project. We have more flexibility when designing our research study with mixed methods since we can use multiple approaches depending on our needs at each time. Using mixed methods can help us validate our results and offer greater predictability than just either type of methodology alone could provide.

Below are research methodologies that fit into each category.

Qualitative Research Methodologies

1. case study.

Conducts an in-depth examination of a specific case, individual, or event to understand a phenomenon.

Instead of examining a whole population for numerical trend data, case study researchers seek in-depth explanations of one event.

The benefit of case study research is its ability to elucidate overlooked details of interesting cases of a phenomenon (Busetto, Wick & Gumbinger, 2020). It offers deep insights for empathetic, reflective, and thoughtful understandings of that phenomenon.

However, case study findings aren’t transferrable to new contexts or for population-wide predictions. Instead, they inform practitioner understandings for nuanced, deep approaches to future instances (Liamputtong, 2020).

2. Grounded Theory

Grounded theory involves generating hypotheses and theories through the collection and interpretation of data (Faggiolani, n.d.). Its distinguishing features is that it doesn’t test a hypothesis generated prior to analysis, but rather generates a hypothesis or ‘theory’ that emerges from the data.

It also involves the application of inductive reasoning and is often contrasted with the hypothetico-deductive model of scientific research. This research methodology was developed by Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss in the 1960s (Glaser & Strauss, 2009). 

The basic difference between traditional scientific approaches to research and grounded theory is that the latter begins with a question, then collects data, and the theoretical framework is said to emerge later from this data.

By contrast, scientists usually begin with an existing theoretical framework , develop hypotheses, and only then start collecting data to verify or falsify the hypotheses.

3. Ethnography

In ethnographic research , the researcher immerses themselves within the group they are studying, often for long periods of time.

This type of research aims to understand the shared beliefs, practices, and values of a particular community by immersing the researcher within the cultural group.

Although ethnographic research cannot predict or identify trends in an entire population, it can create detailed explanations of cultural practices and comparisons between social and cultural groups.

When a person conducts an ethnographic study of themselves or their own culture, it can be considered autoethnography .

Its strength lies in producing comprehensive accounts of groups of people and their interactions.

Common methods researchers use during an ethnographic study include participant observation , thick description, unstructured interviews, and field notes vignettes. These methods can provide detailed and contextualized descriptions of their subjects.

Example Study

Liquidated: An Ethnography of Wall Street by Karen Ho involves an anthropologist who embeds herself with Wall Street firms to study the culture of Wall Street bankers and how this culture affects the broader economy and world.

4. Phenomenology

Phenomenology to understand and describe individuals’ lived experiences concerning a specific phenomenon.

As a research methodology typically used in the social sciences , phenomenology involves the study of social reality as a product of intersubjectivity (the intersection of people’s cognitive perspectives) (Zahavi & Overgaard, n.d.).

This philosophical approach was first developed by Edmund Husserl.

5. Narrative Research

Narrative research explores personal stories and experiences to understand their meanings and interpretations.

It is also known as narrative inquiry and narrative analysis(Riessman, 1993).

This approach to research uses qualitative material like journals, field notes, letters, interviews, texts, photos, etc., as its data.

It is aimed at understanding the way people create meaning through narratives (Clandinin & Connelly, 2004).

6. Discourse Analysis

A discourse analysis examines the structure, patterns, and functions of language in context to understand how the text produces social constructs.

This methodology is common in critical theory , poststructuralism , and postmodernism. Its aim is to understand how language constructs discourses (roughly interpreted as “ways of thinking and constructing knowledge”).

As a qualitative methodology , its focus is on developing themes through close textual analysis rather than using numerical methods. Common methods for extracting data include semiotics and linguistic analysis.

7. Action Research

Action research involves researchers working collaboratively with stakeholders to address problems, develop interventions, and evaluate effectiveness.

Action research is a methodology and philosophy of research that is common in the social sciences.

The term was first coined in 1944 by Kurt Lewin, a German-American psychologist who also introduced applied research and group communication (Altrichter & Gstettner, 1993).

Lewin originally defined action research as involving two primary processes: taking action and doing research (Lewin, 1946).

Action research involves planning, action, and information-seeking about the result of the action.

Since Lewin’s original formulation, many different theoretical approaches to action research have been developed. These include action science, participatory action research, cooperative inquiry, and living educational theory among others.

Using Digital Sandbox Gaming to Improve Creativity Within Boys’ Writing (Ellison & Drew, 2019) is a study conducted by a school teacher who used video games to help teach his students English. It involved action research, where he interviewed his students to see if the use of games as stimuli for storytelling helped draw them into the learning experience, and iterated on his teaching style based on their feedback (disclaimer: I am the second author of this study).

See More: Examples of Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research Methodologies

8. experimental design.

As the name suggests, this type of research is based on testing hypotheses in experimental settings by manipulating variables and observing their effects on other variables.

The main benefit lies in its ability to manipulate specific variables to determine their effect on outcomes which is a great method for those looking for causational links in their research.

This is common, for example, in high-school science labs, where students are asked to introduce a variable into a setting in order to examine its effect.

9. Non-Experimental Design

Non-experimental design observes and measures associations between variables without manipulating them.

It can take, for example, the form of a ‘fly on the wall’ observation of a phenomenon, allowing researchers to examine authentic settings and changes that occur naturally in the environment.

10. Cross-Sectional Design

Cross-sectional design involves analyzing variables pertaining to a specific time period and at that exact moment.

This approach allows for an extensive examination and comparison of distinct and independent subjects, thereby offering advantages over qualitative methodologies such as case studies or surveys.

While cross-sectional design can be extremely useful in taking a ‘snapshot in time’, as a standalone method, it is not useful for examining changes in subjects after an intervention. The next methodology addresses this issue.

The prime example of this type of study is a census. A population census is mailed out to every house in the country, and each household must complete the census on the same evening. This allows the government to gather a snapshot of the nation’s demographics, beliefs, religion, and so on.

11. Longitudinal Design

Longitudinal research gathers data from the same subjects over an extended period to analyze changes and development.

In contrast to cross-sectional tactics, longitudinal designs examine variables more than once, over a pre-determined time span, allowing for multiple data points to be taken at different times.

A cross-sectional design is also useful for examining cohort effects , by comparing differences or changes in multiple different generations’ beliefs over time.

With multiple data points collected over extended periods ,it’s possible to examine continuous changes within things like population dynamics or consumer behavior. This makes detailed analysis of change possible.

12. Quasi-Experimental Design

Quasi-experimental design involves manipulating variables for analysis, but uses pre-existing groups of subjects rather than random groups.

Because the groups of research participants already exist, they cannot be randomly assigned to a cohort as with a true experimental design study. This makes inferring a causal relationship more difficult, but is nonetheless often more feasible in real-life settings.

Quasi-experimental designs are generally considered inferior to true experimental designs.

13. Correlational Research

Correlational research examines the relationships between two or more variables, determining the strength and direction of their association.

Similar to quasi-experimental methods, this type of research focuses on relationship differences between variables.

This approach provides a fast and easy way to make initial hypotheses based on either positive or negative correlation trends that can be observed within dataset.

Methods used for data analysis may include statistic correlations such as Pearson’s or Spearman’s.

Mixed-Methods Research Methodologies

14. sequential explanatory design (quan→qual).

This methodology involves conducting quantitative analysis first, then supplementing it with a qualitative study.

It begins by collecting quantitative data that is then analyzed to determine any significant patterns or trends.

Secondly, qualitative methods are employed. Their intent is to help interpret and expand the quantitative results.

This offers greater depth into understanding both large and smaller aspects of research questions being addressed.

The rationale behind this approach is to ensure that your data collection generates richer context for gaining insight into the particular issue across different levels, integrating in one study, qualitative exploration as well as statistical procedures.

15. Sequential Exploratory Design (QUAL→QUAN)

This methodology goes in the other direction, starting with qualitative analysis and ending with quantitative analysis.

It starts with qualitative research that delves deeps into complex areas and gathers rich information through interviewing or observing participants.

After this stage of exploration comes to an end, quantitative techniques are used to analyze the collected data through inferential statistics.

The idea is that a qualitative study can arm the researchers with a strong hypothesis testing framework, which they can then apply to a larger sample size using qualitative methods.

When I first took research classes, I had a lot of trouble distinguishing between methodologies and methods.

The key is to remember that the methodology sets the direction, while the methods are the specific tools to be used. A good analogy is transport: first you need to choose a mode (public transport, private transport, motorized transit, non-motorized transit), then you can choose a tool (bus, car, bike, on foot).

While research methodologies can be split into three types, each type has many different nuanced methodologies that can be chosen, before you then choose the methods – or tools – to use in the study. Each has its own strengths and weaknesses, so choose wisely!

Altrichter, H., & Gstettner, P. (1993). Action Research: A closed chapter in the history of German social science? Educational Action Research , 1 (3), 329–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965079930010302

Audi, R. (1999). The Cambridge dictionary of philosophy . Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. http://archive.org/details/cambridgediction00audi

Clandinin, D. J., & Connelly, F. M. (2004). Narrative Inquiry: Experience and Story in Qualitative Research . John Wiley & Sons.

Creswell, J. W. (2008). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting, and Evaluating Quantitative and Qualitative Research . Pearson/Merrill Prentice Hall.

Faggiolani, C. (n.d.). Perceived Identity: Applying Grounded Theory in Libraries . https://doi.org/10.4403/jlis.it-4592

Gauch, H. G. (2002). Scientific Method in Practice . Cambridge University Press.

Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. L. (2009). The Discovery of Grounded Theory: Strategies for Qualitative Research . Transaction Publishers.

Kothari, C. R. (2004). Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques . New Age International.

Kuada, J. (2012). Research Methodology: A Project Guide for University Students . Samfundslitteratur.

Lewin, K. (1946). Action research and minority problems. Journal of Social Issues , 2,  4 , 34–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1946.tb02295.x

Mills, J., Bonner, A., & Francis, K. (2006). The Development of Constructivist Grounded Theory. International Journal of Qualitative Methods , 5 (1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1177/160940690600500103

Mingers, J., & Willcocks, L. (2017). An integrative semiotic methodology for IS research. Information and Organization , 27 (1), 17–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.infoandorg.2016.12.001

OECD. (2015). Frascati Manual 2015: Guidelines for Collecting and Reporting Data on Research and Experimental Development . Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/science-and-technology/frascati-manual-2015_9789264239012-en

Peirce, C. S. (1992). The Essential Peirce, Volume 1: Selected Philosophical Writings (1867–1893) . Indiana University Press.

Reese, W. L. (1980). Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought . Humanities Press.

Riessman, C. K. (1993). Narrative analysis . Sage Publications, Inc.

Saussure, F. de, & Riedlinger, A. (1959). Course in General Linguistics . Philosophical Library.

Thomas, C. G. (2021). Research Methodology and Scientific Writing . Springer Nature.

Zahavi, D., & Overgaard, S. (n.d.). Phenomenological Sociology—The Subjectivity of Everyday Life .

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Home » Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Research Methodology – Types, Examples and writing Guide

Table of Contents

Research methodology is the backbone of any scientific or academic study, outlining the specific strategies and tools used to collect, analyze, and interpret data. A well-defined research methodology ensures that a study is conducted systematically, yielding reliable and valid results. This article explores the concept of research methodology, its various types, practical examples, and a step-by-step guide to writing a methodology section.

Research Methodology

Research methodology refers to the systematic plan and approach employed in a study to answer research questions or test hypotheses. It defines the tools, techniques, and procedures used to collect and analyze data, ensuring the research is structured and replicable.

For example, a study exploring the impact of remote learning on student performance might use surveys to collect data and statistical analysis to evaluate the findings.

Importance of Research Methodology

• Clarity and Focus: Provides a clear roadmap for the study, ensuring alignment with research objectives.
• Reliability: Ensures the study’s results can be replicated and trusted.
• Validity: Confirms that the methods used are appropriate for answering the research questions.
• Transparency: Allows others to evaluate the study’s credibility and rigor.
• Adaptability: Enables adjustments to the research process if unforeseen challenges arise.

Research Methodology Structure

1. introduction.

The introduction provides an overview of the research methodology, explaining its purpose and relevance to the study. It briefly outlines the chosen approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods) and justifies its suitability for addressing the research questions or hypotheses.

• Example: “This research employs a mixed-methods approach to explore the impact of remote work on employee productivity, combining quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to gain a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.”

2. Research Design

This section describes the overall framework or design of the study. Common research designs include experimental, descriptive, correlational, or exploratory. The design should align with the research objectives and questions.

• Type of design (e.g., experimental, case study, longitudinal).
• Justification for the selected design.
• Example: “A descriptive research design was chosen to investigate patterns of online shopping behavior among millennials during the pandemic.”

3. Data Collection Methods

Detail the methods and tools used to gather data. This includes the type of data (primary or secondary) and the specific techniques employed.

• Data sources (e.g., surveys, interviews, observations, archival records).
• Instruments or tools used (e.g., questionnaires, scales, software).
• Procedures for data collection.
• Example: “Primary data was collected through structured questionnaires distributed online, while secondary data was sourced from industry reports and previous research studies.”

4. Sampling

Explain the sampling method used to select participants or data points for the study. Include the sample size, criteria for inclusion or exclusion, and sampling technique.

• Sampling population.
• Sampling technique (e.g., random, stratified, purposive).
• Rationale for the chosen sample size.
• Example: “A stratified random sampling method was employed to ensure representation across age groups. The final sample comprised 200 participants aged 18–60.”

5. Data Analysis Techniques

Describe the techniques or tools used to analyze the collected data. This section should differentiate between qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods.

• Quantitative analysis: statistical tools (e.g., SPSS, regression analysis).
• Qualitative analysis: thematic analysis, coding, or content analysis.
• Software or tools used (e.g., NVivo, Excel, Python).
• Example: “Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS software for descriptive and inferential statistics, while qualitative data was thematically coded using NVivo to identify recurring patterns.”

6. Ethical Considerations

Discuss the ethical measures taken to ensure participant safety and data integrity. Ethical considerations reflect the study’s adherence to moral and professional standards.

• Informed consent from participants.
• Confidentiality and data security.
• Approval from an institutional review board (IRB).
• Example: “All participants provided informed consent, and their anonymity was ensured by assigning unique identification codes. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at XYZ University.”

7. Limitations of the Methodology

Acknowledge any methodological limitations that may affect the validity or reliability of the results.

• Constraints such as sample size, geographic scope, or time frame.
• Potential biases or challenges.
• Example: “The study’s primary limitation was the reliance on self-reported data, which may be subject to response bias.”

8. Justification of Methodology

Provide a rationale for choosing specific methods and tools over alternatives. This reinforces the credibility of the methodology and its alignment with research objectives.

• Explanation of why chosen methods are appropriate.
• Comparison with other possible methods.
• Example: “The mixed-methods approach was selected to capture both numerical trends and in-depth personal experiences, ensuring a holistic understanding of the research problem.”

9. Operational Definitions (Optional)

Define key terms or concepts used in the study to ensure clarity and consistency.

Example: “For this study, ‘remote work productivity’ refers to the number of tasks completed within standard working hours, as self-reported by participants.”

Types of Research Methodology

1. qualitative research methodology.

Qualitative methodology focuses on understanding human experiences, behaviors, and social phenomena. It uses non-numerical data and is often exploratory.

• Subjective and descriptive.
• Data collected through interviews, focus groups, or observations.
• Analyzes themes, patterns, and narratives.
• Example: A study exploring teachers’ perceptions of remote learning challenges during the COVID-19 pandemic.

2. Quantitative Research Methodology

Quantitative methodology focuses on measuring and analyzing numerical data to test hypotheses or answer research questions. It is often used for studies requiring statistical analysis.

• Objective and structured.
• Data collected through surveys, experiments, or secondary datasets.
• Statistical methods used for data analysis.
• Example: Examining the relationship between study hours and academic performance among high school students.

3. Mixed Methods Research Methodology

Mixed methods combine qualitative and quantitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding of a research problem.

• Integrates numerical data with detailed narratives.
• Offers both breadth and depth in analysis.
• Often uses sequential or concurrent designs.
• Example: Investigating how healthcare workers perceive telemedicine (qualitative) and evaluating patient satisfaction scores (quantitative).

4. Descriptive Research Methodology

Descriptive research aims to describe characteristics, phenomena, or trends in a specific population or setting.

• Non-experimental.
• Data collected through surveys, case studies, or observations.
• Focuses on “what” rather than “why” or “how.”
• Example: Surveying college students to understand their preferred learning platforms.

5. Experimental Research Methodology

Experimental research investigates cause-and-effect relationships by manipulating variables and observing outcomes.

• Involves control and experimental groups.
• Uses randomization to reduce bias.
• Common in natural and social sciences.
• Example: Testing the effectiveness of a new drug on reducing symptoms compared to a placebo.

6. Correlational Research Methodology

Correlational research examines the relationship between two or more variables without manipulating them.

• Identifies positive, negative, or no correlation.
• Cannot establish causation.
• Data often collected through surveys or secondary datasets.
• Example: Analyzing the correlation between screen time and sleep quality among teenagers.

Examples of Research Methodology

1. education.

• Topic: The effectiveness of project-based learning on student engagement.
• Methodology: Mixed methods involving student surveys (quantitative) and teacher interviews (qualitative).

2. Healthcare

• Topic: The impact of physical activity on managing type 2 diabetes.
• Methodology: Quantitative approach using clinical trials to measure blood glucose levels.

3. Business

• Topic: Factors influencing employee job satisfaction in remote work environments.
• Methodology: Descriptive research using online surveys to collect data from employees across industries.

4. Environmental Studies

• Topic: The effect of urbanization on local biodiversity.
• Methodology: Descriptive research involving field observations and quantitative data analysis of species populations.

How to Write the Methodology Section

Step 1: provide an overview.

Begin by explaining the overall research approach (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods) and justifying its suitability for addressing the research questions.

• Example: “This study employs a mixed-methods approach to explore the impact of remote work on employee productivity. The combination of quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews provides a comprehensive understanding of the phenomenon.”

Step 2: Describe the Research Design

Outline the specific design used, such as experimental, descriptive, or correlational, and explain why it was chosen.

• Example: “A correlational design was selected to analyze the relationship between screen time and sleep quality among high school students.”

Step 3: Detail the Data Collection Methods

Explain how data was collected, including tools, instruments, and procedures.

• Example: “Data was collected using an online survey distributed to 500 participants. The survey included closed-ended questions measuring job satisfaction and open-ended questions capturing employee experiences.”

Step 4: Specify the Sampling Method

Describe the sampling strategy, including sample size, selection criteria, and sampling technique (e.g., random, stratified, convenience).

• Example: “A stratified sampling technique was employed to ensure representation across different age groups. The final sample included 200 respondents aged 18–60.”

Step 5: Describe Data Analysis Techniques

Explain the methods used to analyze the data, whether statistical or thematic.

• Example: “Quantitative data was analyzed using SPSS software, employing descriptive statistics and regression analysis. Qualitative data from interviews was thematically coded to identify patterns and themes.”

Step 6: Address Ethical Considerations

Discuss ethical measures such as informed consent, confidentiality, and data security.

• Example: “All participants provided informed consent, and data was anonymized to maintain confidentiality. Ethical approval was obtained from the institutional review board.”

Step 7: Justify Your Choices

Provide a rationale for selecting the chosen methods and explain their relevance to the research objectives.

• Example: “The use of surveys allowed for efficient data collection from a large sample, while interviews provided in-depth insights into individual experiences.”

Tips for Writing a Strong Methodology Section

• Be Detailed and Specific: Provide enough detail to allow replication of your study.
• Maintain Objectivity: Use neutral language and avoid subjective statements.
• Link to Objectives: Ensure all methods align with the study’s research questions or hypotheses.
• Use Subheadings: Organize the section into clear subsections for readability.
• Cite Sources: Reference any tools, instruments, or previous studies that informed your methodology.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Lack of Clarity: Ambiguous descriptions can confuse readers and undermine credibility.
• Insufficient Detail: Omitting key steps or procedures can make the study irreproducible.
• Ignoring Limitations: Failing to acknowledge methodological limitations reduces transparency.
• Misalignment with Objectives: Methods that do not address the research questions weaken the study’s validity.

The research methodology is a vital component of any study, laying the foundation for credible and reliable results. By selecting the appropriate type—whether qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods—and providing a clear, detailed explanation of the processes involved, researchers can ensure that their work is both rigorous and replicable. Following the writing guide and addressing common mistakes will help create a robust methodology section, contributing to the overall strength and impact of the research.

• Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Babbie, E. (2020). The Practice of Social Research . Cengage Learning.
• Bryman, A. (2016). Social Research Methods . Oxford University Press.
• Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice . Sage Publications.
• Flick, U. (2018). An Introduction to Qualitative Research . Sage Publications.

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What Is Research Methodology?

I f you’re new to formal academic research, it’s quite likely that you’re feeling a little overwhelmed by all the technical lingo that gets thrown around. And who could blame you – “research methodology”, “research methods”, “sampling strategies”… it all seems never-ending!

In this post, we’ll demystify the landscape with plain-language explanations and loads of examples (including easy-to-follow videos), so that you can approach your dissertation, thesis or research project with confidence. Let’s get started.

Research Methodology 101

• What exactly research methodology means
• What qualitative , quantitative and mixed methods are
• What sampling strategy is
• What data collection methods are
• What data analysis methods are
• How to choose your research methodology
• Example of a research methodology

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What is research methodology?

Research methodology simply refers to the practical “how” of a research study. More specifically, it’s about how  a researcher  systematically designs a study  to ensure valid and reliable results that address the research aims, objectives and research questions . Specifically, how the researcher went about deciding:

• What type of data to collect (e.g., qualitative or quantitative data )
• Who  to collect it from (i.e., the sampling strategy )
• How to  collect  it (i.e., the data collection method )
• How to  analyse  it (i.e., the data analysis methods )

Within any formal piece of academic research (be it a dissertation, thesis or journal article), you’ll find a research methodology chapter or section which covers the aspects mentioned above. Importantly, a good methodology chapter explains not just   what methodological choices were made, but also explains  why they were made. In other words, the methodology chapter should justify  the design choices, by showing that the chosen methods and techniques are the best fit for the research aims, objectives and research questions. 

So, it’s the same as research design?

Not quite. As we mentioned, research methodology refers to the collection of practical decisions regarding what data you’ll collect, from who, how you’ll collect it and how you’ll analyse it. Research design, on the other hand, is more about the overall strategy you’ll adopt in your study. For example, whether you’ll use an experimental design in which you manipulate one variable while controlling others. You can learn more about research design and the various design types here .

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What are qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods?

Qualitative, quantitative and mixed-methods are different types of methodological approaches, distinguished by their focus on words , numbers or both . This is a bit of an oversimplification, but its a good starting point for understanding.

Let’s take a closer look.

Qualitative research refers to research which focuses on collecting and analysing words (written or spoken) and textual or visual data, whereas quantitative research focuses on measurement and testing using numerical data . Qualitative analysis can also focus on other “softer” data points, such as body language or visual elements.

It’s quite common for a qualitative methodology to be used when the research aims and research questions are exploratory  in nature. For example, a qualitative methodology might be used to understand peoples’ perceptions about an event that took place, or a political candidate running for president. 

Contrasted to this, a quantitative methodology is typically used when the research aims and research questions are confirmatory  in nature. For example, a quantitative methodology might be used to measure the relationship between two variables (e.g. personality type and likelihood to commit a crime) or to test a set of hypotheses .

As you’ve probably guessed, the mixed-method methodology attempts to combine the best of both qualitative and quantitative methodologies to integrate perspectives and create a rich picture. If you’d like to learn more about these three methodological approaches, be sure to watch our explainer video below.

What is sampling strategy?

Simply put, sampling is about deciding who (or where) you’re going to collect your data from . Why does this matter? Well, generally it’s not possible to collect data from every single person in your group of interest (this is called the “population”), so you’ll need to engage a smaller portion of that group that’s accessible and manageable (this is called the “sample”).

How you go about selecting the sample (i.e., your sampling strategy) will have a major impact on your study.  There are many different sampling methods  you can choose from, but the two overarching categories are probability   sampling and  non-probability   sampling .

Probability sampling  involves using a completely random sample from the group of people you’re interested in. This is comparable to throwing the names all potential participants into a hat, shaking it up, and picking out the “winners”. By using a completely random sample, you’ll minimise the risk of selection bias and the results of your study will be more generalisable  to the entire population. 

Non-probability sampling , on the other hand,  doesn’t use a random sample . For example, it might involve using a convenience sample, which means you’d only interview or survey people that you have access to (perhaps your friends, family or work colleagues), rather than a truly random sample. With non-probability sampling, the results are typically not generalisable .

To learn more about sampling methods, be sure to check out the video below.

What are data collection methods?

As the name suggests, data collection methods simply refers to the way in which you go about collecting the data for your study. Some of the most common data collection methods include:

• Interviews (which can be unstructured, semi-structured or structured)
• Focus groups and group interviews
• Surveys (online or physical surveys)
• Observations (watching and recording activities)
• Biophysical measurements (e.g., blood pressure, heart rate, etc.)
• Documents and records (e.g., financial reports, court records, etc.)

The choice of which data collection method to use depends on your overall research aims and research questions , as well as practicalities and resource constraints. For example, if your research is exploratory in nature, qualitative methods such as interviews and focus groups would likely be a good fit. Conversely, if your research aims to measure specific variables or test hypotheses, large-scale surveys that produce large volumes of numerical data would likely be a better fit.

What are data analysis methods?

Data analysis methods refer to the methods and techniques that you’ll use to make sense of your data. These can be grouped according to whether the research is qualitative  (words-based) or quantitative (numbers-based).

Popular data analysis methods in qualitative research include:

• Qualitative content analysis
• Thematic analysis
• Discourse analysis
• Narrative analysis
• Interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA)
• Visual analysis (of photographs, videos, art, etc.)

Qualitative data analysis all begins with data coding , after which an analysis method is applied. In some cases, more than one analysis method is used, depending on the research aims and research questions . In the video below, we explore some  common qualitative analysis methods, along with practical examples.  

• Descriptive statistics (e.g. means, medians, modes )
• Inferential statistics (e.g. correlation, regression, structural equation modelling)

How do I choose a research methodology?

As you’ve probably picked up by now, your research aims and objectives have a major influence on the research methodology . So, the starting point for developing your research methodology is to take a step back and look at the big picture of your research, before you make methodology decisions. The first question you need to ask yourself is whether your research is exploratory or confirmatory in nature.

If your research aims and objectives are primarily exploratory in nature, your research will likely be qualitative and therefore you might consider qualitative data collection methods (e.g. interviews) and analysis methods (e.g. qualitative content analysis). 

Conversely, if your research aims and objective are looking to measure or test something (i.e. they’re confirmatory), then your research will quite likely be quantitative in nature, and you might consider quantitative data collection methods (e.g. surveys) and analyses (e.g. statistical analysis).

Designing your research and working out your methodology is a large topic, which we cover extensively on the blog . For now, however, the key takeaway is that you should always start with your research aims, objectives and research questions (the golden thread). Every methodological choice you make needs align with those three components. 

Example of a research methodology chapter

In the video below, we provide a detailed walkthrough of a research methodology from an actual dissertation, as well as an overview of our free methodology template .

Become A Methodology Wiz ✨

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Triangulation: The Ultimate Credibility Enhancer

Triangulation is one of the best ways to enhance the credibility of your research. Learn about the different options here.

Research Limitations 101: What You Need To Know

Learn everything you need to know about research limitations (AKA limitations of the study). Includes practical examples from real studies.

In Vivo Coding 101: Full Explainer With Examples

Learn about in vivo coding, a popular qualitative coding technique ideal for studies where the nuances of language are central to the aims.

📄 FREE TEMPLATES

Research Topic Ideation

Proposal Writing

Literature Review

Methodology & Analysis

Academic Writing

Referencing & Citing

Apps, Tools & Tricks

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200 Comments

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Thanks for your comment.

We can’t write your methodology for you. If you’re looking for samples, you should be able to find some sample methodologies on Google. Alternatively, you can download some previous dissertations from a dissertation directory and have a look at the methodology chapters therein.

All the best with your research.

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Sure. You’re welcome to book an initial consultation with one of our Research Coaches to discuss how we can assist – https://gradcoach.com/book/new/ .

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MLA Jansen, Derek, and Kerryn Warren. “What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology?” Grad Coach, June 2021, gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/.

APA Jansen, D., & Warren, K. (2021, June). What (Exactly) Is Research Methodology? Grad Coach. https://gradcoach.com/what-is-research-methodology/

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What Is Research Methodology? Types, Process, Examples In Research Design

Research methodology is the backbone of any successful study, providing a structured approach to collecting and analysing data. It encompasses a broad spectrum of methods, each with specific processes and applications, tailored to answer distinct research questions.

This article will explore various types of research methodologies, delve into their processes, and illustrate with examples how they are applied in real-world research.

Understanding these methodologies is essential for any researcher aiming to conduct thorough and impactful studies.

Types Of Research Methodology

Research methodology contains various strategies and approaches to conduct scientific research, each tailored to specific types of questions and data.

Think of research methodology as the master plan for your study. It guides you on why and how to gather and analyse data, ensuring your approach aligns perfectly with your research question.

This methodology includes deciding between qualitative research, which explores topics in depth through interviews or focus groups, or quantitative research, which quantifies data through surveys and statistical analysis.

There is even an option to mix both, and approach called the mixed method.

If you’re analysing the lived experiences of individuals in a specific setting, qualitative methodologies allow you to capture the nuances of human emotions and behaviours through detailed narratives.

Quantitative methodologies would enable you to measure and compare these experiences in a more structured, numerical format.

Choosing a robust methodology not only provides the rationale for the methods you choose but also highlights the research limitations and ethical considerations, keeping your study transparent and grounded.

It’s a thoughtful composition that gives research its direction and purpose, much like how an architect’s plan is essential before the actual construction begins.

Qualitative Research Methodology

Qualitative research dives deep into the social context of a topic. It collects words and textual data rather than numerical data.

Within the family, qualitative research methodologies can be broken down into several approaches: 

Ethnography: Deeply rooted in the traditions of anthropology, you immerse yourself in the community or social setting you’re studying when conducting an ethnography study.

Case Study Research:  Here, you explore the complexity of a single case in detail. This could be an institution, a group, or an individual. You might look into interviews, documents, and reports, to build a comprehensive picture of the subject.

Grounded Theory:  Here, you try to generate theories from the data itself rather than testing existing hypotheses. You might start with a research question but allow your theories to develop as you gather more data.

Narrative Research:  You explore the stories people tell about their lives and personal experiences in their own words. Through techniques like in-depth interviews or life story collections, you analyse the narrative to understand the individual’s experiences.

Discourse Analysis: You analyse written or spoken words to understand the social norms and power structures that underlie the language used. This method can reveal a lot about the social context and the dynamics of power in communication. 

These methods help to uncover patterns in how people think and interact. For example, in exploring consumer attitudes toward a new product, you would likely conduct focus groups or participant observations to gather qualitative data.

This method helps you understand the motivations and feelings behind consumer choices.

Quantitative Research Methodology

Quantitative research relies on numerical data to find patterns and test hypotheses. This methodology uses statistical analysis to quantify data and uncover relationships between variables.

There are several approaches in quantitative research:

Experimental Research:  This is the gold standard when you aim to determine causality. By manipulating one variable and controlling others, you observe changes in the dependent variables.

Survey Research: A popular approach, because of its efficiency in collecting data from a large sample of participants. By using standardised questions, you can gather data that are easy to analyse statistically. 

Correlational Research: This approach tries to identify relationships between two or more variables without establishing a causal link. The strength and direction of these relationships are quantified, albeit without confirming one variable causes another.

Longitudinal Studies: You track variables over time, providing a dynamic view of how situations evolve. This approach requires commitment and can be resource-intensive, but the depth of data they provide is unparalleled.

Cross-sectional Studies: Offers a snapshot of a population at a single point in time. They are quicker and cheaper than longitudinal studies. 

Mixed Research Methodology

Mixed methods research combines both approaches to benefit from the depth of qualitative data and the breadth of quantitative analysis.

You might start with qualitative interviews to develop hypotheses about health behaviours in a community. Then, you could conduct a large-scale survey to test these hypotheses quantitatively.

This approach is particularly useful when you want to explore a new area where previous data may not exist, giving you a comprehensive insight into both the empirical and social dimensions of a research problem.

Factors To Consider When Deciding On Research Methodology

When you dive into a research project, choosing the right methodology is akin to selecting the best tools for building a house.

It shapes how you approach the research question, gather data, and interpret the results. Here are a couple of crucial factors to keep in mind.

Research Question Compatibility

The type of research question you pose can heavily influence the methodology you choose. Qualitative methodologies are superb for exploratory research where you aim to understand concepts, perceptions, and experiences.

If you’re exploring how patients feel about a new healthcare policy, interviews and focus groups would be instrumental.

Quantitative methods are your go-to for questions that require measurable and statistical data, like assessing the prevalence of a medical condition across different regions.

Data Requirements

Consider what data is necessary to address your research question effectively. Qualitative data can provide depth and detail through:

• images, and

This makes qualitative method ideal for understanding complex social interactions or historical contexts. 

Quantitative data, however, offers the breadth and is often numerical, allowing for a broad analysis of patterns and correlations.

If your study aims to investigate both the breadth and depth, a mixed methods approach might be necessary, enabling you to draw on the strengths of both qualitative and quantitative data.

Resources and Constraints

While deciding on research methodology, you must evaluate the resources available, including:

• funding, and

Quantitative research often requires larger samples and hence, might be more costly and time-consuming.

Qualitative research, while generally less resource-intensive, demands substantial time for data collection and analysis, especially if you conduct lengthy interviews or detailed content analysis.

If resources are limited, adapting your methodology to fit these constraints without compromising the integrity of your research is crucial.

Skill Set and Expertise

Your familiarity and comfort level with various research methodologies will significantly affect your choice.

Conducting sophisticated statistical analyses requires a different skill set than carrying out in-depth qualitative interviews.

If your background is in social science, you might find qualitative methods more within your wheelhouse; whereas, a postgraduate student in epidemiology might be more adept at quantitative methods.

It’s also worth considering the availability of workshops, courses, or collaborators who could complement your skills.

Ethical and Practical Considerations

Different methodologies raise different ethical concerns.

In qualitative research, maintaining anonymity and dealing with sensitive information can be challenging, especially when using direct quotes or detailed descriptions from participants.

Quantitative research might involve considerations around participant consent for large surveys or experiments.

Practically, you need to think about the sampling design to ensure it is representative of the population studied. Non-probability sampling might be quicker and cheaper but can introduce bias, limiting the generalisability of your findings.

By meticulously considering these factors, you tailor your research design to not just answer the research questions effectively but also to reflect the realities of your operational environment.

This thoughtful approach helps ensure that your research is not only robust but also practical and ethical, standing up to both academic scrutiny and real-world application.

What Is Research Methodology? Answered

Research methodology is a crucial framework that guides the entire research process. It involves choosing between various qualitative and quantitative approaches, each tailored to specific research questions and objectives.

Your chosen methodology shapes how data is gathered, analysed, and interpreted, ultimately influencing the reliability and validity of your research findings.

Understanding these methodologies ensures that researchers can effectively write research proposal, address their study’s aims and contribute valuable insights to their field.

Dr Andrew Stapleton has a Masters and PhD in Chemistry from the UK and Australia. He has many years of research experience and has worked as a Postdoctoral Fellow and Associate at a number of Universities. Although having secured funding for his own research, he left academia to help others with his YouTube channel all about the inner workings of academia and how to make it work for you.

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Home » Research Methodology Example

Research Methodology Example

Imagine you’re about to start working on a Research Project. The heart of any such project lies in its Methodology , the structured pathway through which you explore your curiosity and seek answers to your questions.

Table of Contents

Example of Research Methodology

Let’s use a very relatable example: studying the impact of study groups on student performance . It’s something most of you might have considered or even been a part of at some point.

Defining the Research Question

First things first, we need to articulate what we’re trying to find out. In our case, the question could be, “ Do students who participate in study groups achieve higher exam scores than those who study alone? “

Literature Review

Before we dive into collecting new data, it’s crucial to see what research already exists. We’d scour academic databases , looking for studies on study habits, group learning, and their effects on academic performance. This step ensures we’re not repeating what’s already known and helps us build on existing knowledge.

Choosing the Research Design

Now, how do we go about answering our question? Since we’re looking at the effect of one variable on another (study groups on performance), an experimental design might be ideal. We could have two groups of students: one that studies in groups (our experimental group) and one that studies alone (our control group).

Selecting the Sample

We can’t realistically study all students, so we chose a sample that represents our larger student population. This could be a selection of students from different majors, years, and backgrounds, ensuring diversity.

Data Collection Methods

For our study, the primary data might come from exam scores, which are quantitative and straightforward to analyze. We might also use questionnaires to gather information on students’ study habits, hours spent studying, and their perceptions of study group effectiveness.

Analyzing the Data

Once we’ve collected the data, it’s time for analysis. For our quantitative data (exam scores), statistical tests can reveal if there’s a significant difference in performance between our two groups. This could involve t-tests or ANOVA , depending on the complexity and design of our study.

Interpreting the Results

This is where we make sense of our data . If our analysis shows that the study group participants consistently outperform the solo learners, we might infer that study groups contribute positively to student performance. However, it’s crucial to consider other factors that could influence the results, like the subject matter or the quality of group interaction.

Concluding and Reporting

Finally, we conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing their implications. Perhaps study groups offer more than just academic benefits; they might also provide social support, making learning more enjoyable and less stressful. These insights are then compiled into a report or academic paper, contributing to the broader academic conversation on effective learning strategies.

In Summary, this is an overview of how you might approach a research project, using a methodology that guides you from a broad question to specific, evidence-based conclusions. Remember, the methodology is your roadmap, providing clear steps to follow and ensuring your research journey is both structured and fruitful.

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What is the Methodology in a Research Paper? | Types & Example

Published by Ellie Cross at November 1st, 2024 , Revised On November 5, 2024

A research paper is usually written when all the required data and information has been collected. After writing the introduction, you want to elaborate on your research type, how you conducted research, and different data collection methods. Research methodology in a research paper is a section that encompasses all these things.

Research methodology significantly helps to clarify and legitimise the research process and collected data. No matter which subject you write your research paper on, adding a research methodology section allows researchers to show that the research was meticulously done and can be replicated efficiently. In other words, methodology in a research paper includes principles, theories, and values that support your research.

This blog comprehensively discusses what a methodology is in a research paper, different types of methodology in research, the importance of methodology in a research paper, and the essential steps to write the methodology section.

What is the Methodology in a Research Paper?

When a methodology section is added to a research paper, it helps readers understand different data collection and analysing methods used in the research. It also significantly helps them evaluate the reliability and validity of the research. Research methodology is usually written in the past tense, as all the activities done are added to it.

Definition of Methodology in a Research Paper

Methodology in a research paper refers to the practical explanation of the research study. It focuses on all the tips and techniques researchers used to address research questions and objectives. A good methodology section of a research paper doesn’t just deal with the “what” aspect of research but also the “why” aspect of research.

Different Types of Methodology in a Research Paper

After defining the research methodology efficiently, it’s time to discuss the different types of methodology in a research paper. Research is usually done to provide any solutions to the existing gap. It significantly helps people find treatments, cures, and solutions to different medical, societal, psychological and sociological problems. Here are the three different types of methodology in a research paper:

1. Quantitative

Quantitative research is a type of research methodology that deals with establishing a deep understanding of a particular event or phenomenon using numerical data. It is widely used in economics, medicine, and engineering. Different methods are involved in quantitative research, such as surveys, experiments, and statistical analyses.

Quantitative research significantly allows researchers to identify trends, patterns, and relationships in a large dataset to derive particular conclusions. By using this research, researchers provide various solutions to different ongoing problems in society or all over the world. It is an objective approach as it deals with numerical data and information, unlike qualitative research, which is concerned with subjective data.

Results and conclusions derived from quantitative research are presented to a broader array of the human population.

2. Qualitative

Qualitative research is a type of research methodology that deals with the understanding of a phenomenon or an event using non-numerical data. As quantitative research involves close-ended questions, qualitative research revolves around open-ended questions. The main goal of this research is to establish an understanding of a phenomenon using the subjective point of view of human beings.

Qualitative research is predominantly used in psychology, sociology, and anthropology. By using qualitative research, complexities of human behaviour, attitudes, and experiences are analysed and evaluated. It helps researchers to understand the deep motivations and meaning behind human actions.

Researchers use qualitative research to collect subjective data and information from various participants and key sources to provide extensive key conclusions about a certain human psychological problem.

3. Mixed-Method

Mixed-method research refers to the understanding of a particular event or phenomenon by using both numerical and non-numerical data and information. It integrates both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies and provides a more holistic perspective. Mixed-method research is widely used in education, public health, and social sciences efficiently.

Mixed-method research allows researchers to gather both subjective and objective data and information to develop a deep and comprehensive understanding of the research question. It provides researchers with a clearer picture than what they can get in quantitative or qualitative research.

Mixed-method research doesn’t just mean collecting both objective and subjective types of data, but also deeply studying the relationship between the two. This significantly helps to draw coherent conclusions.

Importance of Methodology in a Research Paper

Whether it’s quantitative or qualitative research, elaborating the data collection and analysing methods using the research methodology significantly helps in writing a high-quality research paper. It provides researchers with particular guidelines and frameworks to define objectives, hypotheses, and research questions efficiently.

Parts of Methodology in a Research Paper

Here are the parts of methodology in a research paper:

• Part 1: It includes the type of research that you’re conducting.
• Part 2: It includes all the data collection and analysis methods.
• Part 3: It includes all the particular tools or materials used during the research.
• Part 4: It includes necessary tips and strategies used to avoid research bias .
• Part 5: It includes all the reasons to choose these methods.

Agile Methodology Research Paper

Agile methodology in a research paper refers to a project management framework that focuses on breaking down a project into different dynamic phases. These phases are called sprints. Whenever a team incorporates agile methodology, they look back at every sprint and look for the required changes. It significantly helps them adjust their project till the next sprint.

Waterfall Methodology Research Paper

Waterfall methodology in a research paper refers to a project management framework in which each phase falls downward to the next, like a waterfall. Here are the five stages of waterfall methodology: requirements, design, implementation, verification, and maintenance. Unlike agile methodology, one stage of waterfall methodology must be completed to begin the next. It doesn’t allow flexibility.

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How to Write the Methodology Section of a Research Paper?

After elaborately discussing the types and importance of the methodology of a research paper, let’s check out the essential steps to write the methodology of a research paper. The methodology is an important step in the research paper that helps researchers understand the various tips and techniques used by previous researchers in the undertaking of research.

By deeply understanding these essential steps, you can effortlessly write the methodology section of a research paper and streamline your research process efficiently.

Step 1: Re-analyse the Research Problem

If you’re also looking to know how to start methodology in a research paper, the first step is to re-analyse the research problem. Whatever assumptions or variables you have added to your research paper, re-elaborate them. It significantly helps readers follow research methodology from beginning to end.

Step 2: Explain the Research Type You Chose

After you have re-elaborated and analysed the research problem, it’s time to explain the research type that you chose. Whether you have chosen quantitative, qualitative or mixed-method research, explain it efficiently. Also, explain the reasons for choosing that particular research type.

Step 3: Clarify Any Unique Methods Used

If you have incorporated some unusual and out of the way methods in your research, you must clarify it in your methodology. It significantly helps readers understand the uniqueness that you have poured into your research. It also allows other researchers to try new practices rather than clinging to the previous ones.

Step 4: Explain Different Data Collection Methods

The next step is to explain comprehensively the data collection methods that you used to gather data and information for your research. Explain about all the tools and equipment used for data collection. Provide an explanation if you used any existing data and information relevant to your research question.

Step 5: Elaborate Different Data Analysation Methods

After data collection comes data analysis. When you have thoroughly explained different data collection methods, elaborate on the different data analysis methods that you used. Whether you use qualitative or quantitative research, enlist all the steps that you took to ensure the accuracy of the collected data.

Step 6: Describe the Criteria Used in Your Approach

Criteria is a very important part of your research methodology. It helps readers understand all the required parameters and limits of your research. Thoroughly describe the criteria you used in choosing your research type and methodology. Present your personal opinion to support your choices in choosing the criteria.

Step 7: Explain the Research Limitations

After explaining the criteria of your approach, the next step is to explain the limitations you faced during your research process elaborately. It will help readers understand the possibility of problems in research. Also, enlist all the problem-solving steps that you took to overcome those limitations efficiently.

Step 8: Add the Proper Citations of Sources You Used

Citations are the references to the content taken from a particular book or report. After taking all the above-discussed steps efficiently, add the proper citations of the sources that you used in formulating and writing the whole of your research methodology. This will significantly help you demonstrate the validity and authenticity of your research study.

Example of Methodology in Research Paper

Here is an example of methodology in a research paper that will significantly help you understand this concept thoroughly:

This research focuses on understanding how remote working has impacted employees’ productivity. After the COVID-19 pandemic, almost everything, including work and education, went online. This significantly impacted the psychological and physical health of employees. That’s why it’s crucial to understand how it has positively or negatively impacted their productivity.

After team decided to choose mixed-method research because we wanted to get both objective and subjective data to calculate productivity and different challenges faced by employees. The unique data collection methods that we chose are visual ethnographics and surveys. Ethnography helped us understand the interactions and communications of employees in remote settings. Surveys helped us study the self-reported productivity of employees.

The data collection methods we used in this research are virtual ethnography, surveys, interviews, and document analysis. The data analysis methods we used are statistical analysis for quantitative data, thematic analysis for qualitative data, and document analysis for comparative study. This research falls on the criteria of reliability, validity, and ethics.

The limitations that we faced in this research are sample size, self-reported data, and technological and research bias.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the methodology of a research paper.

Methodology in a research paper refers to all the tips and techniques that researchers use to address research questions and objectives. A good methodology section of a research paper doesn’t just deal with the “what” aspect of research but also the “why” aspect of research. 

How long should a methodology be in a research paper?

The weightage of methodology in a research paper is 10%. If the length of your research paper is 10,000 words, the methodology should be 1000-1500 words. 

What are the different types of methodology in a research paper?

These are the different types of methodology in a research paper:

• Quantitative
• Qualitative
• Mined-method

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