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• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples

Published on May 6, 2022 by Shona McCombes . Revised on November 20, 2023.

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection .

Example: Hypothesis

Daily apple consumption leads to fewer doctor’s visits.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more types of variables .

• An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls.
• A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

If there are any control variables , extraneous variables , or confounding variables , be sure to jot those down as you go to minimize the chances that research bias  will affect your results.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

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Step 1. Ask a question

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2. Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to ensure that you’re embarking on a relevant topic . This can also help you identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalize more complex constructs.

Step 3. Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

4. Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

5. Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in  if…then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis . The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

• H 0 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has no effect on their final exam scores.
• H 1 : The number of lectures attended by first-year students has a positive effect on their final exam scores.

If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

• Sampling methods
• Simple random sampling
• Stratified sampling
• Cluster sampling
• Likert scales
• Reproducibility

 Statistics

• Null hypothesis
• Statistical power
• Probability distribution
• Effect size
• Poisson distribution

Research bias

• Optimism bias
• Cognitive bias
• Implicit bias
• Hawthorne effect
• Anchoring bias
• Explicit bias

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A hypothesis is not just a guess — it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations and statistical analysis of data).

Null and alternative hypotheses are used in statistical hypothesis testing . The null hypothesis of a test always predicts no effect or no relationship between variables, while the alternative hypothesis states your research prediction of an effect or relationship.

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

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McCombes, S. (2023, November 20). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Steps & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 21, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/hypothesis/

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Hypothesis: Geography

By Keith Kelly

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Keith Kelly looks at examples of the language of hypothesis, prediction and conditions from the area of geography, covering common structures and lexical phrases.

Common structures

Predicting with a greater degree of certainty.

If … happens, … will: If the population continues to increase at this pace, it will double in less than 20 years.

As … happens, (then) … will/may happen: As a country’s economy develops, its population will grow very slowly at first, but will then grow rapidly later and may finally stop growing.

When … happens, (then) … will happen: When the magma cools, it will form igneous rock within the crust.

Because … happens, (then) … will happen: Because the resources are used at a faster rate than they are replaced, they will be run down to levels at which they become of little use to people.

Predicting with a lesser degree of certainty

If … happens, … may / might / can / could happen (possibility):

• If a cave erodes all the way through a headland, an arch may form.
• If many vehicles pass over the sand dunes throughout the year, this can greatly reduce vegetation cover.
• If greenhouse gases continue to accumulate at their present rate, the earth’s temperature could rise by around 3ºC in the 21 st century. Health problems could increase in temperate latitudes as tropical diseases might spread to these regions due to higher summer temperatures.

If … happened, … would happen (probability): If cultural regions were based only on language, they would be relatively easy to define.

Assuming … happened, … would happen (probability): Assuming working hours were reduced, the cost of manufacturing would increase.

If … had happened, … would have happened (speculation about the past): If a similar mudflow had hit a town in a rich country, fewer homes would have been destroyed.

Predicting using a negative construction

Unless … happens, … will not happen / … will not happen, unless … happens: Unless more oil is found, or energy use is controlled, the world’s oil supply will not last beyond the end of the 21st century. The population of the island will not be evacuated unless there is a real perceived threat from the active volcano.

If / When … does not happen, … will happen / … will not happen: If the rain does not fall, it will cause drought, crop failure and famine. When the tide comes in beyond the markers, the fishermen will not be able to lay their nets.

Common lexical phrases

Whether … happens depends on … / … happening requires … (entails, calls for, demands, needs): Whether river erosion happens quickly or slowly depends on hardness of rock, volume of water and river speed. Maximising a crop harvest demands a lot of forward planning and preparation and calls for a certain amount of pure luck.

A requirement (condition / prerequisite / necessity) for … to happen is … / One of the conditions for … is …: Conditions for effective distribution ( to happen ) include access to wide, well-surfaced routes, and airports or ports. One of the conditions for effective distribution is access to wide, well-surfaced routes, and airports or ports.

For … to happen, … is essential (necessary/crucial/vital): For rice to grow effectively, waterlogged conditions are essential .

• Geography & Places

Conclusions and findings: Science

Generalizations: geography, explanations: science, change: science, change: geography, roots: science, roots: geography, compounds: science, process: science, compounds: geography, process: geography, attributing: science, attributing: geography, line graphs: science, line graphs: geography, hypothesis: science, measuring: science, measuring: geography, classification: geography, classification: science, comparisons: science, comparisons: geography, cause and effect: geography, related articles.

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Only registered users can comment on this article., more from clil.

Keith Kelly looks at examples of language used in making conclusions and findings from the area of science, categorized by nouns, verbs, word groups and prepositions.

Conclusions and findings: Geography

Keith Kelly looks at examples of language used in making conclusions and findings from the area of geography, categorized by nouns, verbs, word groups and prepositions.

Generalizations: Science

Keith Kelly looks at examples of language used in making generalizations from the area of science; these can be split into three broad groups: quantity, frequency and certainty.

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How to Write Geography Essay: Topics and Examples

Table of contents

• 1 What Is Geography Essay
• 2 Choosing a Topic
• 3 Research and Data Collection
• 4 Planning the Essay
• 5 Writing the Essay
• 6 Examples of Geography Essays
• 7 Unlocking the World: Key Insights from Our Geographic Exploration

Welcome to the dynamic world of geography essays, where understanding the Earth’s surface becomes an enlightening journey. This article serves as a comprehensive guide to writing a geography essay, starting with the crucial step of selecting a captivating topic. We’ll navigate through various popular topics, emphasizing the importance of effective research and data collection.

In this article, we’ll cover:

• How to select engaging and relevant geography essay topics.
• The importance of thorough research and effective data collection methods.
• Strategies for planning and organizing your geography essay for clarity and impact.
• Tips for writing a compelling geography essay, including structuring and presenting arguments.
• Analyzing examples of successful geography essays to guide and inspire your work.

As we transition into the details, prepare to enhance your understanding and skills in geography essay writing.

What Is Geography Essay

As we delve into the essence of a geography essay, it’s important to understand that it meticulously examines Earth’s landscapes and human activities. Furthermore, it aims to analyze how these two aspects interact, focusing on spatial relationships and patterns. Transitioning into the specifics, such essays often delve into particular geographic issues, aiming to broaden our comprehension of the world.

Moreover, when writing a geography essay, one must include accurate geographical data. This data, encompassing maps, statistics, and case studies, is crucial for a well-grounded analysis. Consequently, the essay should present facts and interpret them, offering fresh insights into the discussed topic.

Additionally, it’s noteworthy that an essay on geography stands out from others due to its unique subject matter approach. It demands a keen eye for detail and a profound understanding of the world’s physical and human dimensions. This requirement makes crafting such an essay a challenging yet fulfilling endeavor.

Lastly, the primary goal of a geography essay is to enlighten and inform. It persuades readers to view the world through a geographical lens, grasping the complex interplay between humans and their environment. This type of essay transcends mere academic exercise, serving as a means to foster a deeper appreciation for our world and its complex dynamics.

Choosing a Topic

The crucial point for a successful geography essay is selecting an engaging and appropriate topic. To choose a topic that resonates, consider current events, your interests, and the scope of your assignment. A good topic should captivate your interest and offer sufficient scope for in-depth study and analysis.

Popular geography essay topics often revolve around climate change , urban development, and cultural landscapes. These topics provide a rich ground for exploration and allow for diverse perspectives and interpretations. For example, a thematic essay on geography could focus on how urbanization affects local ecosystems or how cultural practices shape landscape use.

• Analyzing the Direct Impact of Climate Change on the Amazon Rainforest’s Biodiversity
• Urbanization in Mega Cities: Environmental Consequences and Sustainable Solutions
• Wind and Solar Power: Pioneers of Sustainable Energy Landscape
• Managing Water Scarcity in the Middle East: Strategies and Challenges
• The Amazon Deforestation Crisis: Causes, Impacts, and Global Responses
• Spatial Inequality: A Detailed Look at Poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa
• The Dynamics of Population Growth and Overconsumption in Asia
• Cultural Preservation of Indigenous Peoples in the Amazon Basin
• Earthquakes in Japan: Analyzing Causes, Effects, and Preparedness Strategies
• Geography’s Role in the Rise and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Implementing Sustainable Agricultural Practices in India for Food Security
• The Kashmir Conflict: A Geopolitical Analysis of Border Disputes
• The Growing Crisis of Climate Refugees in the Pacific Islands
• The Importance of Urban Green Spaces in New York City’s Environmental Health
• The Impact of Globalization on Maori Culture in New Zealand
• Ecotourism in Costa Rica: Balancing Economic Benefits and Environmental Preservation
• Addressing Ocean Plastic Pollution: Case Studies from the Great Pacific Garbage Patch
• The Nile River Conflict: Water Politics in a Changing Climate
• Preventing Desertification in the Sahel: Strategies and International Cooperation
• GIS in Disaster Management: Case Studies of Earthquake Response and Recovery
• Measuring the Effects of Glacial Melting on Greenland’s Coastal Communities
• Tracing the Economic Geography of the Silk Road in the 21st Century
• The Health Impacts of Air Pollution in Beijing: Urban Policies and Challenges
• Vulnerable Communities: Assessing the Socioeconomic Impacts of Climate Change in Bangladesh
• The New Face of Migration: Syrian Refugees and European Response
• The Critical Role of Metropolitan Areas in Combating Global Warming
• Saving Madagascar’s Rainforest: Conservation Strategies and Challenges
• The Transition to Renewable Energy in Germany: A Model for the World?
• Satellite Imagery in Land Use Changes: A Study of the Brazilian Amazon
• Arctic Sovereignty: The Geopolitical Implications of Melting Ice Caps for Global Powers

To guide and inspire your topic selection, you can use geography essay examples. These examples showcase a range of topics and approaches, helping you understand what makes a topic both engaging and feasible for study. Remember, a well-chosen topic is the first step toward a compelling and insightful geography essay.

Research and Data Collection

To talk about thorough research, it is the backbone of any geography study, providing the factual and theoretical foundation to understand complex geographical phenomena. To explain why the study of geography is important, one must delve into diverse and reliable sources that offer insights into how geographical factors shape our world and affect our lives. This research underpins the type of geography being studied, whether physical, human, or environmental.

Collecting geographical data can be done through various methods. Firstly, fieldwork is essential, especially for physical geography, as it allows for the direct observation and measurement of geographical features and processes. For human geography, surveys and interviews can yield valuable data on human behaviors and social patterns. Moreover, a thorough literature review also helps understand existing research and theories, providing a critical context for new findings.

Furthermore, evaluating sources for their credibility and relevance is vital. This involves checking the qualifications of the authors, the rigor of their methodologies, and the recency of their findings. Reliable sources are peer-reviewed and come from reputable academic or scientific institutions. What is more, ensuring the credibility of sources strengthens the arguments made in a geography essay and enhances the overall understanding of the topic.

In summary, comprehensive research and careful data collection are fundamental in geography. They enable a deeper understanding of how geographical aspects shape our environment and lives, which is central to the discipline.

Planning the Essay

When you start planning a geography essay, it begins with creating an outline to organize thoughts and research. This step is crucial as it helps structure the essay logically, ensuring a smooth flow of ideas. Start by listing major points and supporting evidence. This framework guides the writing process and maintains focus on the chosen topic. Planning involves outlining the essay and crafting a compelling thesis. Planning involves outlining the essay and crafting a compelling thesis. This process ensures the essay remains focused and coherent, addressing the chosen geography topic. By establishing a clear roadmap for the essay, writers can navigate their arguments and evidence with precision, avoiding common pitfalls such as digression or ambiguity. Now, with our plan in place, let’s transition to examining the structure more closely, exploring how to effectively organize our thoughts and research into a well-structured essay that engages and informs the reader.

Writing the Essay

When you finally start writing, a geographical essay involves several key steps, each demanding attention to detail and a balance between descriptive and analytical writing. This balance is crucial in creating an essay about geography that informs, engages, and persuades.

The introduction sets the stage. Start with a hook that grabs the reader’s attention, followed by background information that provides context to the topic. This section should conclude with a clear and concise thesis statement that guides the rest of the essay.

In the body, organize paragraphs thematically or chronologically , depending on the essay’s focus. Each paragraph should start with a topic sentence that relates to the thesis. Following this, present your arguments and support them with geographical theories and data. This is where you incorporate detailed information from your research, including statistics, case studies, and examples. Make sure to explain how this data supports your arguments. A geography research paper demands precision in presenting data and clarity in its interpretation.

When discussing geographical theories, link them directly to your topic. This shows your understanding of the subject and how these theories apply to real-world scenarios. Remember, each paragraph should have a smooth transition to the next, maintaining a coherent flow of ideas.

In the conclusion, summarize the key points of your essay. Restate the thesis in light of the arguments and evidence presented. The conclusion should not introduce new information but encapsulate what the essay has covered. It’s also an opportunity to emphasize the importance of the topic, suggesting potential areas for future research or implications of your findings.

Throughout the essay, maintain a balance between descriptive and analytical writing . Descriptive writing helps paint a picture for the reader, making the data and theories more relatable. Analytical writing, on the other hand, demonstrates your ability to think critically about the topic, evaluating and interpreting the information in a meaningful way.

Examples of Geography Essays

Diversity in style and approach marks the essence of geography writing. A popular method is the comparative approach, contrasting different geographical phenomena. This method often appears in works comparing landscapes or urban vs. rural areas. Another common technique is the case study, focusing on a specific location or event for in-depth analysis of a particular issue.

Thematic approaches cover broader topics like climate change, globalization, or human migration, weaving together various theories and data for a comprehensive view. Additionally, argumentative compositions present a thesis supported by geographical evidence, frequently seen in discussions about environmental policies or land use conflicts.

Each style offers unique insights, providing varied ways to explore and understand geographical concepts and issues. For an in-depth exploration and diverse perspectives on these topics, consider reviewing geography essay examples. This resource can enrich your understanding and offer a broad spectrum of approaches to geographical analysis, from case studies on environmental conservation to essays on urban development and spatial inequalities.

• Geography Unveiled: Costa Rica’s Absolute Location Revealed
• Geography Unveiled: Navigating Earth’s Spatial Tapestry through Five Themes
• The Ever-Changing Canvas of New England Weather
• The Mystique and Marvels of the Desert Biome
• The Impact of Geography on the Development of Egypt

Unlocking the World: Key Insights from Our Geographic Exploration

This journey through the realm of geography reveals the field’s depth and complexity. From initial planning to diverse writing methods, the main insight stands out: geography compositions are more than maps and data; they are about comprehending our world’s rich tapestry. They balance descriptive narrative and critical analysis, backed by meticulous research and credible sources.

Whether exploring climate change impacts, urban developments, or cultural landscapes, these works offer a lens to see and understand the world anew. They prompt critical thinking about our environment and our place in it. Navigating various geographic topics brings not just academic insights but also life lessons in appreciating our world’s complexity and beauty.

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• Knowledge Base
• Methodology
• How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples

Published on 6 May 2022 by Shona McCombes .

A hypothesis is a statement that can be tested by scientific research. If you want to test a relationship between two or more variables, you need to write hypotheses before you start your experiment or data collection.

Table of contents

What is a hypothesis, developing a hypothesis (with example), hypothesis examples, frequently asked questions about writing hypotheses.

A hypothesis states your predictions about what your research will find. It is a tentative answer to your research question that has not yet been tested. For some research projects, you might have to write several hypotheses that address different aspects of your research question.

A hypothesis is not just a guess – it should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

Variables in hypotheses

Hypotheses propose a relationship between two or more variables . An independent variable is something the researcher changes or controls. A dependent variable is something the researcher observes and measures.

In this example, the independent variable is exposure to the sun – the assumed cause . The dependent variable is the level of happiness – the assumed effect .

Prevent plagiarism, run a free check.

Step 1: ask a question.

Writing a hypothesis begins with a research question that you want to answer. The question should be focused, specific, and researchable within the constraints of your project.

Step 2: Do some preliminary research

Your initial answer to the question should be based on what is already known about the topic. Look for theories and previous studies to help you form educated assumptions about what your research will find.

At this stage, you might construct a conceptual framework to identify which variables you will study and what you think the relationships are between them. Sometimes, you’ll have to operationalise more complex constructs.

Step 3: Formulate your hypothesis

Now you should have some idea of what you expect to find. Write your initial answer to the question in a clear, concise sentence.

Step 4: Refine your hypothesis

You need to make sure your hypothesis is specific and testable. There are various ways of phrasing a hypothesis, but all the terms you use should have clear definitions, and the hypothesis should contain:

• The relevant variables
• The specific group being studied
• The predicted outcome of the experiment or analysis

Step 5: Phrase your hypothesis in three ways

To identify the variables, you can write a simple prediction in if … then form. The first part of the sentence states the independent variable and the second part states the dependent variable.

In academic research, hypotheses are more commonly phrased in terms of correlations or effects, where you directly state the predicted relationship between variables.

If you are comparing two groups, the hypothesis can state what difference you expect to find between them.

Step 6. Write a null hypothesis

If your research involves statistical hypothesis testing , you will also have to write a null hypothesis. The null hypothesis is the default position that there is no association between the variables. The null hypothesis is written as H 0 , while the alternative hypothesis is H 1 or H a .

Hypothesis testing is a formal procedure for investigating our ideas about the world using statistics. It is used by scientists to test specific predictions, called hypotheses , by calculating how likely it is that a pattern or relationship between variables could have arisen by chance.

A hypothesis is not just a guess. It should be based on existing theories and knowledge. It also has to be testable, which means you can support or refute it through scientific research methods (such as experiments, observations, and statistical analysis of data).

A research hypothesis is your proposed answer to your research question. The research hypothesis usually includes an explanation (‘ x affects y because …’).

A statistical hypothesis, on the other hand, is a mathematical statement about a population parameter. Statistical hypotheses always come in pairs: the null and alternative hypotheses. In a well-designed study , the statistical hypotheses correspond logically to the research hypothesis.

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McCombes, S. (2022, May 06). How to Write a Strong Hypothesis | Guide & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved 21 August 2024, from https://www.scribbr.co.uk/research-methods/hypothesis-writing/

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Aims & Hypothesis ( CIE IGCSE Geography )

Revision note.

Geography Lead

Aims & Hypothesis

Aims/hypothesis.

• This is linked to the content in the specification and then related to a place-specific context
• All fieldwork begins with the aims and hypothesis
• An investigation into changes in beach profiles along Mappleton Beach
• An investigation into the impact of building a wind farm in rural Lincolnshire
• River discharge increases with distance from the source of the River Dove
• Environmental quality increases with distance from the new housing estate in  Swanland, East Yorkshire
• Aims and hypothesis may be based on what is already known about the topic. For example, Bradshaw's model in rivers

When answering Hypotheses questions that ask whether you agree or not, always give your opinion at the start of your answer before any supporting evidence. This will usually be Yes, No or Partially True /True to some extent.

Do not just copy out the Hypothesis if you agree with it. It is important to make a decision and state it as well as provide the evidence for your choice. Be clear in your decision –expressions such as ‘might be true’, ‘could be false’, ‘true and false’ are too vague.

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Author: Bridgette

After graduating with a degree in Geography, Bridgette completed a PGCE over 25 years ago. She later gained an MA Learning, Technology and Education from the University of Nottingham focussing on online learning. At a time when the study of geography has never been more important, Bridgette is passionate about creating content which supports students in achieving their potential in geography and builds their confidence.

Geography Notes

Hypotheses: types, levels and functions | scientific method | geography.

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In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Types of Hypotheses 2. Levels of Hypothesis 3. Functions 4. Testing.

Types of Hypotheses :

There are several different kinds of hypotheses used in social and/or geographical analysis, studies and research.

However, the primary types of hypotheses are:

(1) Research Hypotheses,

(2) Null Hypotheses,

(3) Scientific Hypotheses, and

(4) Statistical Hypotheses.

1. Research Hypotheses:

Hypotheses derived from the researcher’s theory about some social and/or geographical phenomena are called research hypotheses or ‘working’ hypotheses.

The social investigator usually believes that his/her research hypotheses are true or they are accurate statements about the condition of things he/she is investigating. The investigator believes that these hypotheses are true to the extent that the theory from which they were derived is adequate.

Theories are, in one sense, suppositions about the true nature of things, and thus regarded as tentative statements about reality. Until they have been verified to the scientist’s satisfaction, the hypotheses derived from theories must also be regarded as tentative suppositions about things until they have been tested. Testing hypothesis means to subject it to confirmation or disconfirmation.

2. Null Hypotheses:

Null hypotheses are, in a sense, the reverse of research hypotheses. They are also statements about the reality of things, except that they serve to refute or deny what is explicitly indicated in a given research hypothesis.

Null hypotheses are hypothetical models used to test research hypotheses. The question that arises as why does the social investigator want to bother with so-called null hypotheses? Why doesn’t the investigator test the hypothesis directly and let it go at that?

These questions have been asked time and again by every researcher confronting null hypotheses for the first time. There are at least four explanations why null hypothesis models are used, none of which, however, may answer this question satisfactorily.

i. Trying to show the truthfulness of research hypotheses would imply to some, at least, a definite bias towards trying to confirm one’s suppositions and possibly ignoring those things that would tend to refute our belief.

ii. There are those who would argue that it is easier to find fault with something, i.e. an idea, belief, or hypothesis than to look for those things that would support it.

iii. It may be summed up in one word convention. It is conventional in social research to use null hypotheses. Null hypotheses, however, also perform specific functions in relation to probability theory and tests of research hypotheses.

iv. Under a probability theoretical model, hypotheses have a likelihood of being either true or false. Null hypotheses are particularly useful in such theoretical models. The null hypothesis is an expression of one alternative outcome of a social/physical observation.

The probability model specifies that the null hypotheses may be either true or false but not both simultaneously. Neither the research hypotheses nor the null hypothesis is absolutely true or absolutely false under any given test of it. Both probabilities (being either true or false) co-exist for each type of hypothesis always.

3. Scientific Hypotheses:

In scientific investigation, however, the term hypothesis is often given a somewhat more restricted meaning. To Braithwaite (1960) – A scientific hypothesis is a general proposition about all the things of a certain sort. It is an empirical proposition in the sense that it is testable by experience; experience is relevant to the question as to whether or not the hypothesis is true, i.e. as to whether or not it is a scientific law.’

A scientific hypothesis, in Braithwaite’s tradition, is a particular kind of proposition which, if true, will be accorded the status of a scientific law. The testability of a hypothesis is crucial, but there are many hypotheses within a theoretical system which cannot be directly tested against sense perception data.

Thus, ‘The empirical testing of the deductive system is effected by testing the lowest level hypotheses in the system. The confirmation or refutation of these is the criterion by which the truth of all the hypotheses in the system is tested’.

Since scientific hypothesis is often regarded as being a proposition where truth or falsity is capable of being asserted, the truth and falsity of it (hypothesis) can be determined only with respect to the domain of some theory.

4. Statistical Hypotheses:

These are statements about statistical population that, on the basis of information obtained from observed data, one seeks to support or refute. The statistical population may refer to either people or things. It is generally the case in the test of statistical hypotheses that observations about people or things are reduced in some way to numerical quantities, and decisions are made about these quantities.

To subject these hypotheses to empirical test, what is required is to reduce the variables used in them to measurable quantities. Research hypothesis and corresponding null hypotheses can be transferred into a statistical hypotheses that may be evaluated by numerical means.

Statistical hypotheses are usually established to delineate:

i. Differences between two or more groups regarding some trait or collection of characteristics that they possess,” association between two or more variables within one group or between several groups, and

ii. Point estimates of sample or population characteristics.

Levels of Hypothesis :

Apart from the aforesaid four types of hypotheses, three broad levels of hypotheses may be distinguished on the basis of the level of abstraction, which are as follows:

1. Some hypotheses state the existence of empirical uniformities. These hypotheses frequently, though not always, represent the scientific examination of common-sense propositions. They usually represent, also, a problem about which some ‘common-sense’ observation already exists. There are many types of such empirical uniformities which are common in social science and/or geographical research.

However, these investigations do not involve the testing of hypothesis at all, but are merely adding up the facts. These are not useful hypotheses for they merely represent what everyone already knows.

2. Some hypotheses are concerned with complex ideal types. These hypotheses aim at testing the existence of logically devised relationships between empirical uniformities. One such hypothesis was Ernest W. Burgess’s statement on the concentric growth circles that characterise the city.

This hypothesis was then tested against a variety of variables in a number of cities. That this ideal type does represent the actual patterns of city growth is not accepted by all ecologists, however, and so this formulation remains a hypothesis until a more crucial test of it is made.

Another hypothesis, concerning an ideal type also, results from these same ecological empirical uniformities. This was the notion that areas tend to represent certain characteristics in a series of predictable patterns. This was called the hypothesis of the ‘natural area’.

Much research has been done on this hypothesis, and the results, although they have modified the original statement somewhat, have generally supported it. With the growth of supporting evidence, notions about natural area have become a part of geographical theory rather than remaining hypotheses.

It is important to see that this level of hypothesising moves beyond the expectation of simple empirical uniformity, by creating a complex referent in society. The function of such hypothesis is to create tools and problems for further research in otherwise very complex area of investigation.

3. Some hypotheses are concerned with the relation of analytic variable. These hypotheses occur at a level of abstraction beyond that of ideal types. The hypotheses of empirical uniformities lead to the observation of simple differences, and those dealing with ideal types lead to specific coincidences of observations. The study of analytical variables requires the formulation of a relationship between changes in one property and changes in another.

On the basis of the above discussion, three major points can be identified:

(1) That a hypothesis is a necessary condition for successful research;

(2) That formulation of the hypothesis must be given considerable attention, to clarify its relation to theory, remove vague or value judgemental terms, and specify the test to be applied, and

(3) That hypotheses may be formulated on different levels of abstraction.

Functions of Hypotheses :

Theories are relatively elaborate tools used to explain and predict events. The social scientist develops a theory to account for some social phenomena, and then he devises a means whereby the theory can be tested or subjected to verification or refutation. Seldom does the researcher test theory directly. Most of the time he/she conducts tests of hypotheses that been generated and derived from that theory.

If the hypotheses ‘test out’ as the researcher has specified, or if his empirical observations are in accordance with what has been stated in the hypotheses, we say that his/her theory is supported in part. It usually takes many tests of different hypotheses from the same theory to demonstrate its predictive value and its adequacy as a tool of explanation for some event or sequence of events.

A major function of hypotheses is to make it possible to test theories. In this regard, an alternative definition of a hypothesis is that it is a statement of theory in testable forms. All statements of theory in testable form are called hypotheses.

Some hypotheses are not associated with any particular theory. It could be that as a result of some hypothesis, a theory will be eventually constructed. Consequently, another function of hypotheses is to suggest theories that may account far some event.

Although it is more often the case that research proceeds from theories to hypotheses, occasionally the reverse is true. The social investigator may have some idea about why a given phenomenon occurs and he/she hypothesises a number of things that relate to it.

He/she judges that some hypotheses have greater potential than others for explaining the event, and as a result, he/she may construct a logical system of propositions, assumptions and definitions linking his explanation to the events. In other words, the researcher devises a theory.

Working from the hypothesis back to the theory is not necessarily poor methodology. Eventually, the investigator is going to have to subject the resulting theory to empirical test to determine its adequacy. The predictive value of the theory can be assessed at that time.

Hypotheses also perform a descriptive function. Each time a hypothesis is tested empirically, that tells something about the phenomenon it is associated with. If the hypothesis is supported, then the information about the phenomenon increases.

Even if the hypothesis is refuted, the test tells something about the phenomenon that is not known before. The accumulation of information as a result of hypothesis testing reduces the amount of ignorance we may have about why a social event occurs in a given way.

Hypotheses also have some important secondary functions. As a result of testing certain hypotheses, social policy may be formulated in communities, penal institutions may be redesigned and revamped, teaching methods may be altered or improved solutions to various kinds of social problems may be suggested and implemented, and supervisory practices may be changed in factories and business.

Testing hypotheses refute certain ‘common sense’ notions about human behaviour, raises questions about explanations we presently use to account for things, and most generally alters our orientation towards our environment to one degree or another. All hypotheses have to do with our knowledge of things, and as this knowledge changes, we change also.

Testing Hypotheses :

Testing hypotheses means ‘subjecting them to some sort of empirical scrutiny to determine if they are supported or refuted by what the researcher observes’. Testing hypotheses means that the researcher will need to do a number of things.

Following are the two prerequisites to hypotheses testing:

1. A real social situation is needed that will suffice as a reasonable testing ground for the hypothesis. If the hypothesis concerns managerial behaviour, it will be necessary for the investigator to study some real organisation or organisations where managerial behaviour can be taken into empirically.

This particular prerequisite is frequently spoken of as ‘getting access to data that will enable the investigator to verify or refute his/her hypotheses’. Once a given social setting is selected, the relevant data in that situation must be obtained to make the hypothesis test a valid one.

2. The investigator should make sure that his hypotheses are testable. This means that he/she should limit his/her investigations to empirical phenomena or events that can be taken into through the senses. The variables used in the hypotheses tested should be amenable to measurement of some kind.

If they are not subject to measurement, the resulting test of the hypothesis will be relatively meaningless. Testing hypotheses must be a part of the empirical world. This is a fundamental requirement wherever the scientific method is employed in studying what is and why.

Terms that cannot be taken into empirically, render the hypothesis irrefutable and untestable. How can a scientist reject a hypothesis containing variables that he cannot experience in some empirical form? For example, if a researcher were to hypothesise that ‘evil spirit causes delinquency’, he/she can neither support nor refute this statement by using conventional scientific methods.

He/ she obviously has empirical tools to determine the incidence of delinquent or non-delinquent behaviour, but by what empirical means is he/she able to assess meaningfully the influence or impact of ‘evil spirits’ on delinquent behaviour?

Unless there are empirical means of evaluating the impact of non- empirical phenomena on particular variables, the researcher cannot validly subject the hypothesis to true scientific test. However, it is possible that terms that are presently indefinable empirically, might at some later date become amenable to the senses through the discovery of new means of measuring such phenomena. This always exists as a possibility.

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IB Geography IA - Some Golden Tips & Trick 🌟

Get ahead of the game with this ultimate guide to acing your IB Geography IA. Learn insider tips and tricks to nail your IB exams and impress your examiner!

Table of content

Ib geography ia criteria breakdown to make things easy, overview of the ib geography ia criteria: what belongs where, fieldwork question & geo context (criterion a), method(s) of investigation (criterion b), quality of information (criterion c), written analysis (criterion d), conclusion (criterion e), evaluation (criterion f), types of data sources you need to keep a check on, primary data, secondary data, what to do and what not to, sum up your ib geography ia with a bang, the secret ro setting your hypothesis the right way, hypothesis in the introduction, hypothesis in the conclusion, hypothesis in method of investigation, the power of the right resource.

To ace the IA, your essay needs to be outstanding, and we're here with a guide to help you do that.

The IB Geography IA is a  2500-word  empirical report based on primary data conducted on a regional scale. It mainly concentrates on a single topic from the curriculum.

There is a possibility that your entire class will research a related study; therefore, you must understand what distinguishes a great essay from a bad one!

The IA in Geography accounts for  20% in HL  and  25% in SL  of your overall IB mark.

Obviously, how you deliver in this area of IB determines whether you obtain the score sum you desire. In this IB geography IA guide, we'll go over the specific places where students end up losing scores, a structural breakdown of each section of the IA, and much more, so you can write an IA in Geography that is unique and use this guide to help learn critical pointers that can make-or-break your essay!

Things we'll be covering in this IB Geography IA guide are

If you need an all-in-one HL package, we have the right thing for you: Our exclusive  IB Geography HL Notes . This magic bomb constitutes the deadliest ingredients to elevate your essay, as it brings along some of its craziest resources! Could it get any better?

This table explains how your IB Geography IA will be marked and which sections will be given due importance based on the marks allotted to each, thus being called the criteria on which you will be drawn. For reference, we've tagged each criterion from  A to F.

It is essential to know that your Geography IA essay can be, at most, the word limit of  2,500 . Hence, we have given a rough idea of how many words can be dedicated to each criterion. Of course, this estimate is flexible, and you can adjust it as you like.

A criterion-wise detail of what plays an important role, how to structure it all, and how much efforts need to be put into each. If you understand this part (and adhere to it), nothing can stop your IA from breaking records!

The table might look intimidating, but we're here to break it down. Here we break down the criteria based on what to cover in each and how to ace this baby!

We have also curated a premium collection of IB Geography resources IB Geography HL , IB Geography SL  help you get a gist of an ideal Geography IA essay, so take advantage of them.

Let us get started with the criteria briefs now.

Your fieldwork question guides your empirical research. The question should be targeted, suitable, and phrased as a subject that can be addressed on the ground by collecting relevant primary data. If applicable, you can give a quick preliminary assessment or forecast in response to the fieldwork question. This prognosis might also be expressed as a hypothesis.

Here, you have to include a short statement on the geographic setting, describing the why and where of the fieldwork inquiry that will be conducted. This could also comprise pertinent geographical, environmental, and demographic variables and any observational data, notions, or traits. To convey the spatial aspect (which is extremely important), a map/blueprint of the study region and the places used throughout the fieldwork inquiry is required.

You also have to identify which curriculum aspects the research corresponds to, the geographical investigation subject or sub-topic in the curriculum and if the study would be from the alternative themes, central theme, or HL continuation. It might have two or even more different subjects or themes.

This criterion evaluates the fieldwork's emphasis and geographic context and the degree to which the connection between both the fieldwork inquiry and the geographic context is clearly explained. The fieldwork question ought to be geographically specified.

How to Get a 3

• The relationship between the field research question and the relevant syllabus subject, course materials, or geographic concept should be thoroughly explained.
• The connection to spatial/area theory should enable the development of hypotheses and forecasts.
• The fieldwork inquiry should be geographical and concentrated, explicitly defining a specific area and enabling primary data analysis within the internal assessment's constraints.
• More than one location-specific map should be shown, each following mapping norms and providing concrete understanding and specifics about the research site.

In this section, you need to explain the method(s) you utilized to gather data. When applicable, the explanation may describe the tools used, polling methodology, time, place, and conditions of data gathering. The method(s) employed should be validated and, therefore, must facilitate the production of an adequate amount and quality of primary data to answer the fieldwork inquiry.

This parameter evaluates the explanation, rationale, and applicability of the technique or procedures used to examine the specified inquiry, mainly polling and mapping methods and secondary or primary data gathering as applicable.

• The files and knowledge-gathering method(s) need to be explained, together with an explanation as to how the combination of this information obtained relates to the concept, inquiry posed, or hypotheses for the IA.
• For brownie points, you may also provide statistical tests you conducted.
• The technique(s), data-collecting tools, and sample preparation procedures must be appropriately applied.
• The essay has to lead to reliable and high-quality primary data to sustain a statistical and qualitative approach.

Here, you must use the best suitable approaches to handle and present the material you have gathered. These strategies would be the most successful means of describing the data collected, and they ought to be used effectively. Test statistics (with posterior probability), charts, infographics, mappings, labelled illustrations, grids, and ground drawings are some methods that may be used based on the type of your fieldwork inquiry.

It would help if you also considered the geographical context, the facts gathered, and the treatment and presentation of the content.

This parameter will consider the value of the research conducted, and its appropriateness for interpretation in objective criteria D. It also believes if the data segment and structure are adequate if it employs a good variety of methods and if the presentation adheres to IB's approved norms.

How to Get a 6

• The research and sources of data gathered need to be closely related to the analysis or hypotheses posed.
• The data needs to be of substantial volume and nature to facilitate investigation or response to the leading question.
• The most suitable strategies should be employed for displaying the statistical information acquired. Those strategies involve planning the flow of your essay well in time and creating an action plan based on how you will go about the primary research.
• The maps, charts, infographics, and other graphics must adhere to the set of rules mentioned by the IB.

You need to analyze and make sense of the information you acquired in connection to the fieldwork inquiry in the written analysis to prove your understanding of the research. This involves identifying any themes or geographical patterns that emerge from the data. Efforts must be made to detect and justify any abnormalities when possible. This portion must include the handling and presentation of the subject and the literary evaluation.

This criterion evaluates the performance of the written analysis, focusing on the following:

• linkages to the topic and hypotheses
• Defined geographic semantic features
• Data obtained, and
• Graphical content utilized.

How to Get an 8

• The written analysis has to employ descriptive and inferential statistical methodologies suitable for the evidence and the inquiry posed.
• The themes, patterns, and data discovered, as well as any exceptions or anomalies, need to be discussed and related to the research topic, hypotheses, spatial theory, field site, and methodologies employed.
• With little or no loopholes in the corroborating evidence, the textual analysis has to provide an answer to the posed topic/question.

The results of your fieldwork research should be summarised in conclusion. A precise, brief explanation must be provided in response to the fieldwork inquiry. Additionally, your results contradict the initial judgement or assumption you set at first.

This criterion evaluates your ability to synthesize the results of the fieldwork inquiry and come to a well-supported judgment.

How to Get a 2

• The fieldwork inquiry needs to have a conclusive result backed by the research.

Here must go through your investigation approach, including how you gathered primary data. Consider any elements that could have influenced the information's accuracy, like preconceived views and unforeseeable external events like climate change. It would help if you also made clear and reasonable suggestions for how the study may be refined and expanded in the coming years.

This parameter evaluates your ability to assess the research technique by balancing the selected approach's merits and/or limitations and making recommendations for changes.

• The most essential and suitable advantages and disadvantages should be discussed regarding data collecting techniques, field research objective design, data interpretation, and place selection.
• Development recommendations need to be presented, as well as the possible consequences of these changes.

We all know the two types of data sources to be used in your IAs: Primary and Secondary. It is imperial to understand the role both of them play in your IB Geography IA topic.

If you need a comprehensive guide that covers all significant aspects of writing an IB essay, our  Free IB Notes  have you covered, so worry not!

This data must be derived from your independent field readings and research. Your IB geography IA topic must start with primary data, as your fieldwork must yield enough data to allow proper observation and understanding.

Collecting both qualitative and quantitative primary data may be required during your geographical fieldwork studies. Your goal and fieldwork inquiry should decide the sort of data gathered. Measurements are used to acquire quantitative data, which may then be analyzed employing numerical and other methods.

Qualitative data goes without quantification and is gathered via witnessing or subjective assessment. Qualitative data can be obtained, tagged, evaluated as needed, or presented as visuals or writing. Due to the apparent theoretical basis of qualitative data, there will be enough data for written analysis and conclusion.

One easy way to understand

Primary = First-hand data and information you collect.

This source entails collecting data from sources that have already been assembled in textual, numerical, or map format. Secondary data may be used to augment primary data, but it should only serve a minor role in the research. Secondary data sources ought to be cited to avoid plagiarism and penalty.

One easy way to understand:

Secondary = Second-hand data and information you obtain via published articles, journals, etc.

The smallest of things make the biggest of impacts. While most kids will overlook these details, we strongly suggest you take them into consideration:

• Be careful to follow the instructions provided by the IB. The document has several brief remarks offer valuable insight into formatting your findings. You can find their updated guidelines right  here !
• Specify why you chose this particular fieldwork inquiry to be conducted.
• Address the research question with a concise, speculative verdict (which is your hypothesis) based on the geographic theory.
• Indicate which section of the course your IA is relevant to.
• Create a goal/critical topic with a conceptual and geographical framework.
• Choosing acceptable hypotheses for the study is arguably the most significant component in delivering a good essay.
• Develop a hypothesis that establishes a link between geographical features and potential causes since it is the easiest way to facilitate your investigation.
• Describe the location of your fieldwork topic like a movie trailer. The assessor has yet to see the place you're describing in the essay, and your words and graphs are their only eyes. Don't be poetic and dramatic! Just be thorough and clear about what the location/area is like.
• Add three maps that constitute the main factors: additional information, dimensions, and a north indicator.
• Your IA is more about situating the study inside the framework of whatever you've learned and describing the inquiry's backdrop. In short, it is about the why and where, so remember to keep these 2 in mind.
• Specify why you picked the volume and technique of sampling for your primary data source.
• Make sure all maps and graphs feature labels on the sides and a heading and are incorporated into your work.
• Demonstrate that you made an inquiry that resulted in reliable and high-quality data.
• A lack of adequate data will prevent the need for high-quality analysis.
• The IB expects you to select not the most appropriate data for your hypothesis but to also present it as most suitably and efficiently feasible.
• Your IA ought to be analytical in nature. Sampling methods and statistical tests are some excellent techniques to demonstrate this.
• Emphasize the significance of the correlations in your information regarding your hypothesis and research topic.
• Any suggestions for improvement you give in criterion F must be feasible and realistic.
• Appendices must only contain samples of items that were utilized or are illustrative of things that were used.
• Pick 2 or 3 objectives to assist you in examining and resolving your research question.

Though the summing up is just 5 marks, the conclusion plays a significant role in summarizing your essay and making sense of everything. To make a final impression that sets a bar:

• Return to your introduction to review your hypotheses and the setting where your research is taking place.
• Make sure you clearly show what conclusions you can make from the information and how you researched it.
• Take your time with getting overly detailed now; it will come later, but make sure you get your points through.

The final technique to improve your grades is to do a thorough evaluation. Several IB geographers make the mistake of just outlining the flaws in their inquiry. More is needed to get access to the highest rank of the marking criteria. Instead, emphasize both the good and potential negatives of your inquiry and offer strategies to enhance the validity and credibility of your findings.

A hypothesis might sound like a big and scary word that belongs to PhDs but trust us, it's not. While many of you might be familiar with the concept, we decided to dedicate a special section to it to polish up your assumption setting and how to do it the right way (because trust us, a well-set hypothesis is your gateway to scoring crazy marks quickly!).

Said a hypothesis is an informed assumption. It's just your analysis and estimate of the relationship between two set variables. It predicts the study's expected conclusion. In other words, it expresses your expectations for your geography IA's result.

• It is crucial to remember the logic behind each action and decision taken in any inquiry component as part of the inquiry's objectives. This implies that it's critical to document all the conditions surrounding the question and any factors that could impact the data gathered. Minor elements such as the hour of the day, whether at the time of the survey, emergency plans, and unanticipated disasters that may affect the study or inquiry are all aspects to consider.
• You can provide your hypothesis derived from data perception (rather than data collection), prior occurrences, or understanding of the problem under inquiry.
• Either one null hypothesis or an alternative hypothesis (but never both) needs to be specified in the view. It is essential to note that the null hypothesis will always be the opposite of the true belief and thus be harmful.

Keeping the hypothesis established in your introduction while assessing the facts and figures is crucial. First, the gathered information should account for the factors listed in the view. The findings may determine whether the hypothesis will be accepted or dismissed. This is commonly conducted qualitatively and then quantitatively verified to provide a clear and comprehensive overview of the situation evaluated.

In your conclusion, make a remark regarding your hypothesis, saying if it was proved or disproved in your analysis. Imply the variable(s) in the model specify this and the statistical data supporting it. The conclusion should be brief. As a result, just the relevant facts should be used to justify your admissibility of the hypothesis.

You must give details of the approach used to obtain the information in your Geography IA essay. Criterion B (the method of investigation) of the assessment is comprised entirely of this. It contains, but is not restricted to, sample designing, data gathering procedures, discussion of results and analysis methodologies, as well as a draft of the data gathering survey questionnaire. The questionnaires should be labelled with a particular effort to justify the utilized variables.

Using resources like the web, guides, and your observations is essential, but not as much as your professors' feedback! Do not hesitate to ask your teacher any queries you might have. They are the best ones to steer you on the correct path and present you with additional IA resources. As a result, you can produce a more excellent IA and earn more stars!

Nail IB's resources are a goldmine if you want to crack your IB Geography IA with excellent scores. We have new blogs coming in every week that bring numerous tips and tricks to the table that are bound to help you get a head start on your essays, so remember to bookmark it right  here ! Your IA essays will be a cakewalk with our samples, guides, and many other resources.

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IB Resources you will love!

What Are the Elements of a Good Hypothesis?

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A hypothesis is an educated guess or prediction of what will happen. In science, a hypothesis proposes a relationship between factors called variables. A good hypothesis relates an independent variable and a dependent variable. The effect on the dependent variable depends on or is determined by what happens when you change the independent variable . While you could consider any prediction of an outcome to be a type of hypothesis, a good hypothesis is one you can test using the scientific method. In other words, you want to propose a hypothesis to use as the basis for an experiment.

Cause and Effect or 'If, Then' Relationships

A good experimental hypothesis can be written as an if, then statement to establish cause and effect on the variables. If you make a change to the independent variable, then the dependent variable will respond. Here's an example of a hypothesis:

If you increase the duration of light, (then) corn plants will grow more each day.

The hypothesis establishes two variables, length of light exposure, and the rate of plant growth. An experiment could be designed to test whether the rate of growth depends on the duration of light. The duration of light is the independent variable, which you can control in an experiment . The rate of plant growth is the dependent variable, which you can measure and record as data in an experiment.

Key Points of Hypothesis

When you have an idea for a hypothesis, it may help to write it out in several different ways. Review your choices and select a hypothesis that accurately describes what you are testing.

• Does the hypothesis relate an independent and dependent variable? Can you identify the variables?
• Can you test the hypothesis? In other words, could you design an experiment that would allow you to establish or disprove a relationship between the variables?
• Would your experiment be safe and ethical?
• Is there a simpler or more precise way to state the hypothesis? If so, rewrite it.

What If the Hypothesis Is Incorrect?

It's not wrong or bad if the hypothesis is not supported or is incorrect. Actually, this outcome may tell you more about a relationship between the variables than if the hypothesis is supported. You may intentionally write your hypothesis as a null hypothesis or no-difference hypothesis to establish a relationship between the variables.

For example, the hypothesis:

The rate of corn plant growth does not depend on the duration of light.

This can be tested by exposing corn plants to different length "days" and measuring the rate of plant growth. A statistical test can be applied to measure how well the data support the hypothesis. If the hypothesis is not supported, then you have evidence of a relationship between the variables. It's easier to establish cause and effect by testing whether "no effect" is found. Alternatively, if the null hypothesis is supported, then you have shown the variables are not related. Either way, your experiment is a success.

Need more examples of how to write a hypothesis ? Here you go:

• If you turn out all the lights, you will fall asleep faster. (Think: How would you test it?)
• If you drop different objects, they will fall at the same rate.
• If you eat only fast food, then you will gain weight.
• If you use cruise control, then your car will get better gas mileage.
• If you apply a top coat, then your manicure will last longer.
• If you turn the lights on and off rapidly, then the bulb will burn out faster.
• What Is a Testable Hypothesis?
• What Are Examples of a Hypothesis?
• What Is a Hypothesis? (Science)
• Scientific Hypothesis Examples
• Six Steps of the Scientific Method
• Scientific Method Flow Chart
• Null Hypothesis Examples
• Understanding Simple vs Controlled Experiments
• Scientific Method Vocabulary Terms
• What Is a Controlled Experiment?
• What Is an Experimental Constant?
• Scientific Variable
• What Is the Difference Between a Control Variable and Control Group?
• DRY MIX Experiment Variables Acronym
• Random Error vs. Systematic Error
• The Role of a Controlled Variable in an Experiment

Grade 12 Geography Hypothesis Examples based on South African Topics

Grade 12 Geography Hypothesis Examples based on South African Topics:

A hypothesis is a proposed explanation or assumption for a specific phenomenon, event, or observation that can be tested through scientific investigation. It is a key component of the scientific method, as it provides a basis for researchers to design experiments, collect data, and ultimately confirm or refute the hypothesis.

Relevant terminologies related to a hypothesis:

• Null hypothesis (H0): A statement that suggests there is no significant relationship between the variables being studied or that the observed effect is due to chance alone. The null hypothesis is often tested against an alternative hypothesis.
• Alternative hypothesis (H1 or Ha): A statement that contradicts the null hypothesis, asserting that there is a significant relationship between the variables or that the observed effect is not due to chance alone.
• Dependent variable: The variable being studied or measured in an experiment, often considered the “outcome” or “response” variable. It is dependent on the independent variable(s).
• Independent variable: The variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher in an experiment to study its effect on the dependent variable.
• Control group: A group in an experiment that does not receive the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable. The control group serves as a baseline for comparison with the experimental group.
• Experimental group: A group in an experiment that receives the treatment or manipulation of the independent variable.
• Confounding variable: A variable that may influence the relationship between the independent and dependent variables, potentially leading to incorrect conclusions.
• Internal validity: The degree to which the results of a study can be attributed to the manipulation of the independent variable rather than the influence of confounding variables.
• External validity: The degree to which the results of a study can be generalized to other populations, settings, or conditions.
• Statistical significance: A measure of the likelihood that the observed relationship between variables is due to chance alone. A statistically significant result indicates that there is strong evidence to reject the null hypothesis in favor of the alternative hypothesis.
• P-value: A probability value used to determine the statistical significance of a result. A smaller p-value (typically less than 0.05) indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

Here are possible hypothesis examples based on South African geography topics:

• Hypothesis: The severity and frequency of droughts in South Africa will increase due to climate change.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing historical drought data and comparing it to climate projections for the region. Researchers could also look at the impacts of droughts on agriculture, water availability, and socio-economic factors in different parts of the country.
• Hypothesis: The development of renewable energy infrastructure in South Africa will reduce the country’s dependence on fossil fuels and lead to a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by examining trends in energy production and consumption, as well as government policies and incentives related to renewable energy. Researchers could also analyze the environmental and economic impacts of transitioning to renewable energy sources in different parts of the country.
• Hypothesis: Urbanization in South Africa is contributing to increased air pollution levels and negative health impacts.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by measuring air pollution levels in different urban areas and comparing them to national and international standards. Researchers could also examine the health impacts of air pollution on different demographic groups and assess the effectiveness of existing policies and interventions aimed at reducing air pollution.
• Hypothesis: Mining activities in South Africa are causing significant environmental degradation and negative impacts on local communities.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing the environmental impacts of different mining practices, such as open pit mining and deep level mining, and assessing the effectiveness of regulatory frameworks in mitigating these impacts. Researchers could also investigate the social and economic impacts of mining on local communities, including displacement, loss of livelihoods, and health impacts.
• Hypothesis: Climate change is exacerbating water scarcity in South Africa, particularly in regions with high levels of population growth and agricultural activity.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing historical rainfall data and assessing the impacts of changing rainfall patterns on water availability in different regions. Researchers could also examine the effectiveness of water management strategies, such as water conservation measures and investments in infrastructure, in mitigating the impacts of water scarcity on agriculture, industry, and domestic use.
• Hypothesis: Tourism development in South Africa is leading to environmental degradation and cultural commodification in some areas.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing the impacts of tourism development on local ecosystems, including wildlife and biodiversity, and assessing the effectiveness of existing policies and regulations in protecting these areas. Researchers could also investigate the socio-cultural impacts of tourism on local communities, including changes in traditional ways of life and the commodification of cultural practices.
• Hypothesis: The use of non-renewable energy sources in South Africa is contributing to climate change and global warming.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing energy production and consumption trends in the country and comparing them to national and international targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Researchers could also examine the environmental impacts of different energy sources, such as coal and natural gas, and assess the feasibility and effectiveness of transitioning to renewable energy sources.
• Hypothesis: Land use change in South Africa is leading to deforestation and biodiversity loss.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing the drivers of land use change, including agricultural expansion and urbanization, and assessing their impacts on forest cover and biodiversity. Researchers could also investigate the effectiveness of existing policies and regulations aimed at protecting forests and conserving biodiversity, and assess the potential for sustainable land use practices.
• Hypothesis: Coastal erosion in South Africa is increasing due to sea level rise and human activities.
• This hypothesis could be investigated by analyzing historical data on coastal erosion rates and assessing the impacts of sea level rise and human activities, such as coastal development and mining, on coastal ecosystems. Researchers could also investigate the effectiveness of existing coastal management strategies, including coastal protection measures and land use planning, in mitigating the impacts of coastal erosion.

These are just a few examples of possible geography hypotheses related to South Africa. Actual research would require detailed planning, data collection, and analysis.

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How to Write a Geographical Report

Last Updated: March 3, 2023 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by wikiHow staff writer, Sophia Latorre . Sophia Latorre is a Content Manager on the wikiHow team. Before joining wikiHow, Sophia worked as a technical editor and was published in six International Energy Agency (IEA) Wind Annual Reports. Now, she writes, edits, and reviews articles for the wikiHow Content Team, working to make the content as helpful as possible for readers worldwide. Sophia holds a BA in English from Colorado State University. There are 7 references cited in this article, which can be found at the bottom of the page. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 124,353 times. Learn more...

Writing a geographical report may seem like a daunting task, but it’s actually quite straightforward. The first step is to identify the subject or research question. Then, collect and analyze data to answer your question or explore your subject. With a few simple steps, you can quickly and clearly organize and report the findings of your investigation to the audience.

Collecting Data

• For example, the question could be, “What factors contribute to landslides?” or “What is a volcanic eruption?” Alternatively, you could investigate whether the mean population density of land-locked states is lower than the mean population density of the world.

• For instance, you may need to study the ecology of several locations that are prone to landslides.

• When investigating volcanoes, collect eyewitness statements to serve as primary information sources. A secondary source could be a report on volcanic lava composition.

• For instance, your research may show that the mean population density for landlocked states is greater than the mean world population density.

Writing the Content

• For example, a topic sentence could be, “Above average rainfall contributes to increased likelihood of landslides.” The subsequent sentences could discuss how much the likelihood is increased based on the amount of rain, and how this was determined.

• For instance, you could write, “World population and landlocked state population density statistics were obtained from 2 sources. The mean population density was calculated for each set of data.” Then, detail the method used to find the mean density, state both mean densities, and compare them.

• For instance, if writing about volcanic eruptions, provide findings from a lab report that explain the composition of samples taken from a volcanic site or eruption.

• For example, include a photo of a landslide and list where and when it took place.
• Alternatively, add a link to video footage of a volcano.

• For instance, list all the factors that contribute to a landslide. Discuss how landslides affect animal and human populations as well as their impact on the environment.

• For example, if writing about population density, define “landlocked states” and explain what units would be used to discuss population density (such as people per square mile).
• It’s actually better to write your introduction last, rather than first! That way you’ll be able to quickly outline what’s to follow.

Polishing the Report

• Instead of writing, “I discovered…” or “I used 3 data sources...” say “Findings showed...” or “Three data sources were used…”

• For instance, the last sentence of the paragraph about rainfall and landslides could say, “Rainfall was especially impactful if the area lacked vegetation on the hillside.” The topic sentence of the next paragraph should then describe the relationship between amount of vegetation and frequency of landslides.

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• ↑ https://www.adelaide.edu.au/writingcentre/ua/media/42/learningguide-geographyreportwriting.pdf
• ↑ http://ctb.ku.edu/en/table-of-contents/evaluate/evaluate-community-interventions/collect-analyze-data/main
• ↑ https://wts.indiana.edu/writing-guides/paragraphs-and-topic-sentences.html
• ↑ http://courses.washington.edu/geog360a/Essay%20Guidelines.htm
• ↑ https://www.education.vic.gov.au/school/teachers/teachingresources/discipline/english/literacy/Pages/geography-putting-it-together.aspx
• ↑ https://libguides.brown.edu/citations/styles
• ↑ https://writingcenter.unc.edu/tips-and-tools/editing-and-proofreading/

About This Article

A geographical report is a report that clearly states the findings of a geographical investigation. The report should explain how you collected data and information for your investigation and provide accurate and specific evidence, such as statistics and lab reports. It should also include relevant materials and media, like graphs, charts, and images, that help explain the subject. Write your report in the third person, and cite your research sources in the proper style, whether it’s MLA or Chicago. Include a bibliography of all of your sources at the end of your report. For tips on how to polish your geographical report, keep reading! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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This is a transcript of Vice President Kamala Harris’s speech on Thursday night in which she formally accepted the Democratic Party’s nomination for the presidency.

OK, let’s get to business. Let’s get to business. All right.

So, let me start by thanking my most incredible husband, Doug. For being an incredible partner to me, an incredible father to Cole and Ella, and happy anniversary, Dougie. I love you so very much.

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And to Coach Tim Walz. You are going to be an incredible vice president. And to the delegates and everyone who has put your faith in our campaign, your support is humbling.

So, America, the path that led me here in recent weeks was, no doubt, unexpected. But I’m no stranger to unlikely journeys. So, my mother, our mother, Shyamala Harris, had one of her own. And I miss her every day, and especially right now. And I know she’s looking down smiling. I know that.

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