pharmacology paper presentation topics

Pharmacology Research Paper Topics

In this page on pharmacology research paper topics , we explore the diverse and dynamic field of pharmacology and provide valuable resources for students who are tasked with writing research papers in this discipline. Pharmacology, as a branch of science, encompasses the study of how drugs interact with biological systems, aiming to understand their mechanisms of action, therapeutic uses, and potential side effects. With the growing importance of pharmacology in healthcare and drug development, it is crucial for students to delve into relevant pharmacology research paper topics that contribute to advancing knowledge and addressing current challenges in the field. Additionally, we highlight iResearchNet’s writing services, offering students the opportunity to order custom pharmacology research papers tailored to their specific needs. Our team of expert writers, equipped with in-depth knowledge of pharmacology and related fields, ensures high-quality, well-researched papers that adhere to the highest academic standards.

In the field of pharmacology, research plays a critical role in advancing our understanding of drugs, their mechanisms of action, and their impact on human health. As students of pharmacology, you may be tasked with writing research papers that explore various aspects of this dynamic discipline. To assist you in your research journey, we have curated a comprehensive list of pharmacology research paper topics that cover a wide range of subfields and emerging areas of interest. Whether you are interested in drug discovery, clinical pharmacology, pharmacogenomics, or drug safety, this list provides a wealth of ideas to inspire and guide your research endeavors.

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Drug Discovery and Development

Role of Artificial Intelligence in Drug Discovery
Personalized Medicine: Tailoring Drug Therapy to Individual Patients
Drug Repurposing: Exploring New Indications for Existing Drugs
Pharmacogenomics and Drug Response Prediction
Nanomedicine: Applications in Drug Delivery and Targeting
Innovative Approaches for Drug Formulation and Delivery
Drug Combinations: Synergistic Effects and Therapeutic Opportunities
Natural Products as Sources of Novel Therapeutic Agents
Virtual Screening and Molecular Docking in Drug Design
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of New Drug Entities

Clinical Pharmacology

Precision Dosing: Optimizing Drug Therapy for Individual Patients
Pharmacokinetic Variability in Special Populations (Pediatrics, Geriatrics, Pregnant Women)
Drug-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Implications
Adverse Drug Reactions: Identification, Prevention, and Management
Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety Monitoring
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Rationale and Practical Considerations
Clinical Trials in Pharmacology: Design, Implementation, and Analysis
Drug Development and Regulatory Approval Processes
Pharmacoeconomics: Evaluating the Cost-Effectiveness of Drug Therapy
Ethical Considerations in Clinical Pharmacology Research

Neuropharmacology and Psychopharmacology

Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Applications of Antidepressant Drugs
Neurotransmitter Systems and Their Role in Mental Health Disorders
Psychotropic Drugs and Their Impact on Cognitive Functioning
Novel Approaches for Targeting Neurodegenerative Disorders
Pharmacological Management of Substance Use Disorders
Pharmacogenetics in Psychiatry: Implications for Individualized Treatment
Role of Neuroinflammation in Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders
Neuropharmacology of Sleep and Wakefulness
Pharmacotherapy for Schizophrenia: Current Trends and Future Directions
Novel Treatments for Anxiety and Mood Disorders

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism

Drug Transporters and Their Role in Drug Disposition
Pharmacogenetics and Personalized Drug Therapy
Pharmacokinetic Variability and Its Impact on Drug Response
Drug Metabolism Pathways and Enzyme Polymorphisms
Drug-Drug Interactions: Mechanisms and Clinical Significance
Predictive Modeling in Pharmacokinetics and Dose Optimization
Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations: Pediatrics and Geriatrics
Impact of Genetic Variation on Drug Clearance and Toxicity
Role of Pharmacokinetics in Individualizing Drug Dosage
Strategies for Improving Oral Bioavailability of Drugs

Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial Resistance: Mechanisms, Epidemiology, and Strategies
Development of Novel Antiviral Agents: Challenges and Opportunities
Pharmacotherapy for Bacterial Infections: Current Approaches and Future Directions
Antifungal Drugs: Mechanisms of Action and Resistance
Host-Pathogen Interactions and Their Implications for Drug Development
Pharmacokinetic Considerations in the Treatment of Viral Infections
Targeting Virulence Factors in Bacterial Pathogens
Drug Combination Therapy for Multidrug-Resistant Infections
Pharmacogenomics of Antimicrobial Agents
New Approaches for Antiparasitic Drug Development

Cardiovascular Pharmacology

Novel Antiplatelet Agents: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications
Antihypertensive Therapy: Current Strategies and Future Perspectives
Pharmacotherapy for Heart Failure: Advancements and Challenges
Role of Pharmacogenomics in Cardiovascular Drug Therapy
Therapeutic Potential of Antiarrhythmic Agents
Pharmacological Management of Dyslipidemia and Atherosclerosis
Emerging Therapies for Pulmonary Hypertension
Pharmacological Approaches to Preventing Thromboembolic Disorders
Cardiotoxicity of Chemotherapeutic Agents: Mechanisms and Cardioprotective Strategies
Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Cardiovascular Disease

Pharmacology and Aging

Geriatric Pharmacotherapy: Challenges and Approaches
Age-Related Changes in Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics
Polypharmacy and Its Impact on Older Adults
Adverse Drug Reactions in the Elderly: Recognition and Prevention
Pharmacological Management of Age-Related Neurodegenerative Disorders
Geriatric Pharmacogenomics: Implications for Personalized Medicine
Drug-Related Falls and Fractures in the Elderly: Prevention and Intervention
Medication Adherence in Older Adults: Barriers and Strategies
Geriatric Pain Management: Balancing Efficacy and Safety
Optimizing Drug Therapy in Older Adults with Multiple Comorbidities

Pharmacology of Cancer

Targeted Therapies for Solid Tumors: Recent Advances and Future Directions
Immunotherapy in Cancer Treatment: Current Approaches and Challenges
Pharmacogenomics of Chemotherapy: Implications for Personalized Treatment
Drug Resistance in Cancer: Mechanisms and Strategies for Overcoming Resistance
Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Anticancer Agents
Combination Therapies in Oncology: Rationale and Clinical Outcomes
Oncolytic Viruses: Exploiting Viral Infections for Cancer Treatment
Cancer Stem Cells: Targeting Tumor Initiation and Progression
Development of Novel Imaging Agents for Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring
Pharmacological Interventions for Cancer-Associated Pain Management

Pharmacology and Immunology

Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Cancer Immunotherapy
Autoimmune Diseases: Novel Pharmacological Approaches and Therapies
Immunomodulatory Effects of Drugs: Implications for Therapeutic Interventions
Role of Pharmacogenomics in Immunomodulatory Drug Therapy
Immunopharmacology of Allergic Reactions: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies
Immunosuppressive Drugs in Transplantation: Balancing Efficacy and Safety
Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Autoimmune Disorders
Immunopharmacological Interventions for Infectious Diseases
Pharmacological Modulation of Cytokines in Inflammatory Disorders
Vaccines: Advancements in Development and Delivery

Pharmacovigilance and Drug Safety

Post-Marketing Surveillance: Detecting and Evaluating Adverse Drug Reactions
Signal Detection in Pharmacovigilance: Methods and Applications
Risk Management Strategies in Drug Development and Marketing
Pharmacogenomic Biomarkers for Predicting Drug Safety
Pharmacovigilance in Special Populations: Pregnant Women and Pediatrics
Drug Safety Communication: Enhancing Patient Awareness and Education
Role of Pharmacovigilance in Drug Regulatory Affairs
Pharmacovigilance Data Mining: Leveraging Big Data for Drug Safety
Pharmacovigilance Systems and Reporting Structures
Pharmacogenetic Testing in Drug Safety Assessment

This comprehensive list of pharmacology research paper topics provides a broad range of ideas and areas to explore within the field of pharmacology. From drug discovery and development to clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, and pharmacokinetics, each category offers multiple topics for students to delve into and contribute to the advancement of pharmacological knowledge. Whether you are interested in the impact of pharmacogenomics on drug therapy, exploring novel treatment strategies, or investigating drug safety and pharmacovigilance, there is a wealth of research possibilities awaiting exploration. By selecting a topic of interest and following the expert advice on topic selection and research paper writing, students can embark on an enriching journey of discovery and make meaningful contributions to the field of pharmacology.

Pharmacology: Exploring the Range of Research Paper Topics

Pharmacology is a captivating and dynamic scientific discipline that focuses on the study of drugs and their effects on living organisms. It plays a crucial role in improving human health by advancing our understanding of how medications interact with biological systems. Within the field of pharmacology, there is a vast array of pharmacology research paper topics that offer students an opportunity to delve into various aspects of drug discovery, development, clinical application, and safety. In this article, we will explore the breadth and depth of pharmacology as a scientific field, highlighting the range of research paper topics it encompasses.

Drug Discovery and Development: One exciting area of pharmacology research is drug discovery and development. This field involves the identification and development of new therapeutic agents to treat a wide range of diseases. Students interested in this area can explore topics such as the exploration of novel drug targets and therapeutic approaches, investigating natural products for drug development, advancements in targeted drug delivery systems, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of new drug entities, and understanding and overcoming drug resistance mechanisms.

Clinical Pharmacology: Clinical pharmacology focuses on the application of pharmacological principles in the clinical setting. It plays a vital role in optimizing drug therapy and ensuring patient safety. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may include pharmacogenomics, which explores the relationship between an individual’s genetic makeup and their response to medication. Other topics of interest include the identification, prevention, and management of adverse drug reactions, the design and ethical considerations in clinical trials, pharmacovigilance, and optimizing drug regimens for special populations such as pediatrics, geriatrics, and pregnant women.

Neuropharmacology and Psychopharmacology: The field of neuropharmacology examines how drugs interact with the central nervous system and influence brain function. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may involve investigating the mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications of psychotropic drugs, exploring neurotransmitter systems and their role in neurological disorders, pharmacological interventions for Alzheimer’s disease and other neurodegenerative disorders, the psychopharmacology of substance use disorders, and the pharmacological management of mental health disorders.

Pharmacokinetics and Drug Metabolism: Pharmacokinetics and drug metabolism focus on understanding how drugs are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body. Pharmacology research paper topics in this area may include studying drug interactions, such as the mechanisms, predictions, and clinical implications of drug-drug interactions. Other topics of interest include pharmacogenetics and individual variations in drug response, the role of drug transporters in drug disposition, drug metabolism and its impact on drug-drug interactions, and the use of predictive modeling in pharmacokinetics and dosing optimization.

Pharmacology of Infectious Diseases: The pharmacology of infectious diseases involves studying how drugs can effectively treat and prevent infections. Research topics in this area may include exploring antimicrobial resistance, including its mechanisms, epidemiology, and strategies to combat it. Additionally, students may investigate the development of new antiviral agents, the pharmacological management of bacterial infections, host-pathogen interactions, and the pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of infectious diseases.

Cardiovascular Pharmacology: Cardiovascular pharmacology focuses on understanding the effects of drugs on the cardiovascular system. Research topics in this area may include exploring drug therapy for hypertension and current guidelines for treatment, novel anticoagulants in the prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders, pharmacological approaches to managing heart failure, drug-induced cardiotoxicity and strategies for prevention, and emerging pharmacotherapies for atherosclerosis and coronary artery disease.

Pharmacology and Aging: Pharmacology and aging is a specialized field that investigates how drug therapy can be optimized in older adults. Research topics in this area may include exploring geriatric pharmacotherapy, age-related changes in pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, the impact of polypharmacy on older adults, the recognition and prevention of adverse drug reactions, pharmacological management of age-related neurodegenerative disorders, and strategies for improving medication adherence in the elderly.

The field of pharmacology offers a wide range of exciting research paper topics that span from drug discovery and development to clinical pharmacology, neuropharmacology, pharmacokinetics, and beyond. By exploring these topics, students can contribute to the advancement of pharmacological knowledge and make meaningful contributions to the field. Remember to choose a research topic that aligns with your interests and career aspirations, and be sure to consult with your instructors or mentors for guidance throughout your research journey. With dedication, curiosity, and a passion for improving patient care, you have the opportunity to shape the future of pharmacology research.

How to Choose a Pharmacology Research Topic

Choosing the right research paper topic is crucial for a successful academic journey in pharmacology. It allows you to explore your interests, contribute to the field, and showcase your knowledge and skills. However, with the vast scope of pharmacology, selecting a research topic can be a daunting task. In this section, we will provide you with expert advice on how to choose pharmacology research paper topics that are engaging, relevant, and have the potential for significant contribution.

Identify Your Interests : Start by identifying your areas of interest within pharmacology. Reflect on the topics that have captivated your attention during your coursework or sparked your curiosity. Consider whether you are more inclined towards drug discovery, clinical applications, pharmacokinetics, neuropharmacology, or any other subfield of pharmacology. This self-reflection will help you narrow down your options and select a topic that resonates with your passion.
Stay Updated with Current Research : To choose a compelling research topic, it is essential to stay updated with the latest advancements and trends in pharmacology. Follow reputable scientific journals, attend conferences, and engage with the pharmacological community to gain insights into the ongoing research and emerging areas of interest. This will help you identify gaps in the current knowledge and select a topic that offers the potential for novel discoveries or addressing existing challenges.
Consult with Faculty and Experts : Seek guidance from your faculty members, mentors, or experts in the field of pharmacology. They can provide valuable insights and suggest potential research areas based on their expertise and experience. Discuss your interests, goals, and research aspirations with them, and they can help you refine your research topic, provide relevant literature references, and offer valuable advice on the feasibility and scope of your chosen topic.
Consider Practicality and Resources : When selecting a research topic, consider the practicality and availability of resources. Assess whether the necessary laboratory facilities, equipment, or access to clinical data are readily accessible to conduct your research. Additionally, consider the time and resources required to complete the research within the given timeframe. Choosing a topic that aligns with the available resources will enhance the feasibility and success of your research endeavor.
Address Current Challenges or Gaps : Pharmacology is a field that constantly evolves, presenting new challenges and unanswered questions. Consider selecting a research topic that addresses current challenges or explores gaps in the existing knowledge. This could involve investigating the mechanisms of drug resistance, exploring novel drug targets, or optimizing drug regimens for specific patient populations. By tackling these challenges, you can contribute to the advancement of pharmacological science and make a meaningful impact.
Collaborate with Peers : Consider collaborating with fellow students or researchers who share similar research interests. Collaborative research projects can provide a broader perspective, foster knowledge sharing, and enhance the overall quality of your research. Collaborating with peers also allows you to divide the workload, share resources, and receive feedback and support throughout the research process.
Seek Ethical Considerations : When selecting a pharmacology research topic, it is essential to consider ethical considerations and adhere to the principles of research ethics. Ensure that your chosen topic respects patient confidentiality, follows the guidelines for the ethical use of animal subjects (if applicable), and aligns with the ethical principles outlined by regulatory bodies. Consulting with your institution’s ethics committee or research advisor can help ensure that your research project meets the required ethical standards.
Evaluate Feasibility and Novelty : Evaluate the feasibility and novelty of your chosen research topic. Consider whether the research question is answerable within the available resources and time constraints. Additionally, assess whether your topic brings something new to the field, whether it fills a knowledge gap, or offers a fresh perspective on an existing topic. A balance between feasibility and novelty is essential for a successful research paper.
Consult Literature Reviews : Conduct thorough literature reviews on your chosen topic to gain a comprehensive understanding of the existing research. Literature reviews help you identify gaps in the current knowledge and provide a foundation for your research question. They also enable you to build on previous findings, develop a robust research methodology, and position your research within the context of the broader field of pharmacology.
Remain Flexible : Lastly, remain flexible throughout the process of choosing a research topic. As you delve deeper into the literature and research process, you may discover new avenues of interest or encounter unexpected challenges. It is essential to remain open to refining or adjusting your research topic based on new insights, emerging data, or feedback from your research advisors. Flexibility allows you to adapt and ensure that your research remains relevant and impactful.

Choosing a pharmacology research paper topic is an exciting and important step in your academic journey. By following expert advice, identifying your interests, staying updated with current research, seeking guidance, considering practicality and resources, addressing current challenges or gaps, collaborating with peers, adhering to ethical considerations, evaluating feasibility and novelty, consulting literature reviews, and remaining flexible, you can select a research topic that is engaging, relevant, and has the potential to contribute to the field of pharmacology. Remember, this is your opportunity to explore, innovate, and make a lasting impact in the dynamic field of pharmacology research.

How to Write a Pharmacology Research Paper

Writing a pharmacology research paper requires careful planning, organization, and attention to detail. It is an opportunity for you to showcase your understanding of the subject matter, critical thinking skills, and ability to communicate scientific information effectively. In this section, we will provide you with expert guidance on how to write a pharmacology research paper that is well-structured, informative, and compelling.

Choose a Well-Defined Research Question : Start by formulating a clear and well-defined research question. Your research question should be focused, specific, and address a gap in the existing knowledge. Consider the significance of your research question in the context of pharmacology and how it contributes to the overall understanding of the field. A well-defined research question sets the foundation for your entire research paper.
Conduct a Thorough Literature Review : Before diving into your research, conduct a thorough literature review on the chosen topic. Familiarize yourself with the existing research, theories, and findings related to your research question. This will provide you with a solid understanding of the current state of knowledge and help you identify gaps or areas for further investigation. Additionally, the literature review will inform your research methodology and discussion of results.
Develop a Clear Structure : A well-structured research paper is essential for effectively conveying your ideas and findings. Begin with an engaging introduction that provides background information, context, and clearly states your research question. Follow with a comprehensive literature review that supports your research question and highlights the gaps in knowledge. Next, present your research methodology, including details on sample selection, data collection, and analysis methods. In the results section, present your findings in a clear and organized manner using tables, graphs, or figures as necessary. Finally, discuss your results, interpret their significance, and relate them back to your research question in the discussion section. Conclude with a concise summary of your findings and their implications.
Use Reliable and Credible Sources : Ensure that the sources you use for your research paper are reliable, credible, and peer-reviewed. Consult reputable scientific journals, textbooks, and conference proceedings. Avoid relying solely on internet sources or non-scholarly publications. Citations are critical to acknowledge the work of other researchers and to support your claims and arguments. Use a consistent citation style, such as APA, MLA, or Chicago, and follow the guidelines carefully.
Analyze and Interpret Your Data : If your research involves collecting and analyzing data, ensure that your data analysis is thorough and accurate. Use appropriate statistical methods to analyze your data and present the results in a clear and meaningful way. Interpret the findings in the context of your research question and discuss any limitations or potential sources of bias. Remember to relate your findings back to the existing literature and explain how they contribute to the broader understanding of pharmacology.
Write Clearly and Concisely : Effective scientific writing is clear, concise, and free of unnecessary jargon. Use language that is precise and straightforward, avoiding ambiguous or vague statements. Clearly articulate your ideas and ensure that your arguments are logical and well-supported by evidence. Use appropriate scientific terminology, but also consider your target audience and strive to communicate your findings in a way that is accessible to readers who may not have expertise in pharmacology.
Pay Attention to Formatting and Style : Follow the formatting and style guidelines specified by your instructor or the target journal. Pay attention to details such as font size, line spacing, margins, and headings. Use subheadings to organize your content and make it easier for readers to navigate. Adhere to the specific citation style required for your paper and ensure that your references are complete and accurate.
Revise and Edit : Revision and editing are essential steps in the writing process. Take the time to review your research paper for clarity, coherence, and accuracy. Check for grammatical errors, spelling mistakes, and punctuation errors. Ensure that your ideas flow logically and that your paper is well-structured. Consider seeking feedback from peers, instructors, or mentors to gain different perspectives and improve the overall quality of your paper.
Proofread : Before submitting your research paper, thoroughly proofread it to ensure that it is error-free. Check for any typos, inconsistencies, or formatting issues. Read your paper aloud to catch any awkward phrasing or unclear sentences. It can also be helpful to have someone else read your paper to identify any errors or areas that need improvement.
Ethical Considerations : Ensure that your research paper adheres to ethical considerations. If your research involved human subjects, ensure that you have obtained the necessary approvals and informed consent. Respect patient confidentiality and anonymity when presenting your research findings. Adhere to the ethical guidelines set by your institution or the relevant regulatory bodies.

Writing a pharmacology research paper requires careful planning, thorough research, effective communication, and attention to detail. By following the expert advice provided in this section, you can develop a well-structured and informative research paper that contributes to the field of pharmacology. Remember to choose a well-defined research question, conduct a thorough literature review, use reliable sources, analyze and interpret your data, write clearly and concisely, pay attention to formatting and style, revise and edit your paper, proofread for errors, and ensure ethical considerations are met. With diligence and commitment, your pharmacology research paper has the potential to make a meaningful impact in the field of pharmacology.

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40+ pharmacology research topics: a comprehensive guide for nursing students, carla johnson.

August 24, 2023
Essay Topics and Ideas

Understanding pharmacology is crucial for nursing students as it forms the foundation of safe and effective patient care. This article aims to give nursing students insights into pharmacology research topics and potential research directions.

What You'll Learn

The Importance of Pharmacology in Nursing Education

Pharmacology involves studying how drugs interact with living organisms, including their effects, mechanisms, and possible side effects. Pharmacology knowledge is essential for administering medications, understanding drug interactions, and ensuring patient safety . By grasping pharmacological principles, nursing students can make informed decisions and deliver evidence-based care.

Exploring PICOT Questions in Pharmacology

P: Adult psychiatric patients; I: Daily RS questionnaire; C: Units without daily survey; O: Reduced RS utilization; T: 6 months. Compared to units without the survey, can introducing a daily RS (Recovery Scale) questionnaire in psychiatric units lead to significantly decreased RS utilization over six months?
P: Pediatric asthma patients; I: Peak flow monitoring; C: Standard symptom-based management; O: Decreased severe asthma exacerbations; T: 1 year. Does incorporating peak flow monitoring for pediatric asthma patients result in significantly fewer severe asthma exacerbations over a year compared to standard management?
P: Elderly long-term care residents; I: Structured medication reconciliation; C: Informal reconciliation; O: Reduced medication discrepancies; T: 3 months. Among elderly in long-term care, does implementing structured medication reconciliation lead to significantly fewer medication discrepancies within three months compared to informal methods?
P: Postoperative patients; I: Multimodal pain management ; C: Traditional pain management; O: Reduced opioid consumption; T: Postoperative period. Can adopting a multimodal pain management approach significantly reduce opioid consumption in postoperative patients compared to traditional methods?
P: Diabetic patients; I: Interactive technology education; C: Conventional education; O: Improved glycemic control; T: 6 months. Among diabetic patients, does interactive technology education lead to better glycemic control over six months compared to conventional education?
P: Oncology patients on chemotherapy ; I: Pre-chemotherapy antiemetic; C: Post-chemotherapy antiemetic; O: Reduced chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting; T: During chemotherapy. For oncology patients undergoing chemotherapy, does administering antiemetics before chemotherapy significantly decrease chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting compared to post-chemotherapy administration?
P: Hypertensive patients; I: Home blood pressure monitoring; C: Clinic-based monitoring; O: Improved blood pressure control; T: 3 months. Does home blood pressure monitoring lead to better blood pressure control in hypertensive patients over three months compared to clinic-based monitoring?
P: Critically ill ventilated patients; I: Early mobilization; C: Delayed mobilization; O: Shorter mechanical ventilation; T: ICU stay. Among critically ill ventilated patients, does early mobilization lead to shorter mechanical ventilation durations during ICU stays compared to delayed mobilization?
P: Chronic pain patients; I: Mindfulness program; C: Standard pain management; O: Improved pain relief, quality of life; T: 8 weeks. Can participating in a mindfulness program lead to better pain relief and quality of life for chronic pain patients over eight weeks compared to standard pain management?
P: Postmenopausal women; I: Calcium, vitamin D supplementation; C: No supplementation; O: Decreased bone density loss; T: 1 year. Among postmenopausal women at risk of osteoporosis, does calcium, vitamin D supplementation significantly reduce bone density loss over a year compared to no supplementation?

Evidence-Based Practice (EBP) Projects in Pharmacology

Analyzing medication reconciliation’s impact on adverse drug events in geriatric patients.
Comparing patient-controlled analgesia and nurse-controlled analgesia in postoperative pain management.
Studying medication adherence’s effect on glycemic control in diabetes patients.
Investigating antipsychotic medication use and fall risk in elderly psychiatric patients.
Assessing pharmacogenomic testing’s role in psychiatric medication personalization.
Comparing antiemetic agents for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting prevention.
Evaluating a structured pain assessment tool’s impact on pediatric pain management.
Examining home blood pressure monitoring’s effect on hypertension control .
Investigating opioid-sparing techniques in orthopedic postoperative pain management.
Exploring herbal supplement use for managing menopausal symptoms.

Nursing Capstone Project Ideas in Pharmacology

Designing a comprehensive medication education program for pediatric patients and caregivers.
Developing a protocol for high-alert medication administration in critical care units.
Creating a chronic pain interdisciplinary management plan in long-term care.
Implementing a medication safety campaign to reduce errors in emergency departments.
Designing a rural telehealth platform for medication counseling and adherence.
Establishing immunosuppressive medication adverse reaction monitoring post-transplant.
Creating a guideline for nurses in helping patients optimize polypharmacy.
Designing a chemotherapy administration and monitoring training module.
Developing a vasopressor medication titration protocol for septic shock.
Creating a herbal supplement interaction resource guide.

Research Paper Topics in Pharmacology for Nursing Students

Pharmacogenomics’ role in personalizing psychiatric medication regimens.
Nurse contributions to preventing opioid misuse and overdose in the epidemic.
Evaluating cultural diversity’s impact on medication beliefs and adherence.
Strategies for optimizing medication regimens and preventing adverse effects in the elderly.
Pharmacovigilance’s importance in monitoring and reporting adverse drug reactions.
Herbal supplement-drug interaction evidence and practice analysis.
Ethical considerations in pediatric medication administration.
Antibiotic resistance’s implications and nurses’ role in prudent antibiotic use.
Addressing medication disparities in healthcare.
Medication errors: Causes, consequences, and prevention in nursing practice.

Understanding pharmacology is paramount for nursing students’ ability to provide safe and effective patient care. With knowledge of pharmacology, nursing students can make informed decisions and contribute to healthcare. Explore PICOT questions, research projects, and essay topics to enhance learning and engage in impactful healthcare practices. For further assistance, consider our writing services tailored to nursing students’ needs, helping you merge pharmacological knowledge with effective communication to excel in healthcare.

FAQs about Pharmacology in Nursing

Q: What is pharmacology in nursing?

A: Pharmacology in nursing studies how drugs interact with living organisms, encompassing their effects, mechanisms, and potential side effects. It’s a crucial field for nurses to ensure safe and effective patient care through proper medication administration and management.

Q: What are the 5 importance of pharmacology in nursing?

A: The importance of pharmacology in nursing includes enabling nurses to understand drug interactions, administer medications safely, manage patient responses, prevent adverse reactions, and provide evidence-based care.

Q: What are the principles of pharmacology for nurses?

A: The principles of pharmacology for nurses involve understanding drug actions, indications, contraindications, interactions, and adverse effects. It also includes proper dosage calculation, patient education , and ethical considerations.

Q: What are the types of pharmacology?

A: Pharmacology can be broadly categorized into several types, including clinical pharmacology (study of drugs in clinical settings), neuropharmacology (study of drugs affecting the nervous system), and psychopharmacology (study of drugs for mental disorders). Additionally, there’s pharmacokinetics (drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion) and pharmacodynamics (drug effects on the body).

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Clinical Pharmacology: Current Topics and Case Studies

© 2016
Latest edition
Markus Müller 0

Universitätsklinik für Klinische, Medizinische Universität Wien, Wien, Austria

You can also search for this editor in PubMed Google Scholar

Updated and revised 2nd edition

Summarizes the latest topics, tools and clinical trials in clinical pharmacology

Added value for employees in drug research and development

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Table of contents (23 chapters)

Front matter, introduction, the discipline of clinical pharmacology.

Markus Müller

Current Issues in Drug Development

Current issues in drug regulation.

Christa Wirthumer-Hoche, Brigitte Bloechl-Daum

Current Topics in Drug Reimbursement

Anna Bucsics, Robert Sauermann, Valerie Nell-Duxneuner

Clinical Trials

Ethics in clinical research.

Ernst Singer, Christiane Druml

Good Clinical Practice (GCP) and Scientific Misconduct

Brigitte Bloechl-Daum

Phase I Studies and First-In-Human Trials

Ulla Derhaschnig, Bernd Jilma

Clinical Trials: Interventional Studies

Michael Wolzt, Stefan Aschauer

Observational Studies

Harald Herkner, Christoph Male

Tools in Clinical Pharmacology

Tools in clinical pharmacology: imaging techniques.

Martin Bauer, Oliver Langer

Pharmacokinetics II: 14C-Labelled Microdosing in Assessing Drug Pharmacokinetics at Phase 0

Graham Lappin

Current Concepts of Pharmacogenetics, Pharmacogenomics, and the “Druggable” Genome

Wolfgang M. Schmidt, Robert M. Mader

Pharmacokinetics I: PK-PD Approach, the Case of Antibiotic Drug Development

Sherwin K. B. Sy, Hartmut Derendorf

Epidemiology and Biostatistics

Gerhard Garhöfer, Leopold Schmetterer

Placebo Effects and Placebo Control in Clinical Trials

Johannes Pleiner-Duxneuner

Topics in Clinical Pharmacology

drug development
clinical trial
gene therapy
pharmacodynamics
drug research
pharmacotherapy

About this book

“The aim is to describe the role of the discipline of clinical pharmacology in drug discovery. … The intended audience is faculty, researchers, and advanced students from academia and the pharmaceutical industry who are learning about or involved in the process of drug discovery. … This book provides a multitude of very useful insights about the successes and failures in drug development for scientists who are, or will be, involved in the process of drug discovery.” (Thomas L. Pazdernik, Doody's Book Reviews, May, 2016)

Editors and Affiliations

About the editor, bibliographic information.

Book Title : Clinical Pharmacology: Current Topics and Case Studies

Editors : Markus Müller

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-27347-1

Publisher : Springer Cham

eBook Packages : Biomedical and Life Sciences , Biomedical and Life Sciences (R0)

Hardcover ISBN : 978-3-319-27345-7 Published: 25 March 2016

Softcover ISBN : 978-3-319-80118-6 Published: 25 April 2018

eBook ISBN : 978-3-319-27347-1 Published: 15 March 2016

Edition Number : 2

Number of Pages : VI, 405

Number of Illustrations : 14 b/w illustrations, 16 illustrations in colour

Topics : Pharmacology/Toxicology , Pharmacy , Pharmacotherapy

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Download slides and posters

Generic slide set.

We have produced a set of generic slides (now updated for end 2018) for public use when producing presentations and teaching materials on the IUPHAR/BPS Guide to PHARMACOLOGY (GtoPdb). The slide set is divided up into sections which can be mixed and matched as required. The slides cover the background and history of the database, about NC-IUPHAR, GtoPdb content and navigation, the Concise Guide to PHARMACOLOGY, the Guide to IMMUNOPHARMACOLOGY, the Pharmacology Education Project, and other resources. Screenshots of the main website features are provided, however, you may wish to replace these with a live demo of the site. These slides are provided under the CC BY license allowing you to adapt and use them for any purpose as long as we are acknowledged as the original authors.

General poster

We have also produced a general poster on the Guide to PHARMACOLOGY which would be ideal to print out (it works well in A4 size) and display on your departmental noticeboard or as a hand out for students. The poster is available under the CC BY-ND license allowing free use as long as it is not altered.

1. Introduction to Pharmacology

Pharmacology: the study of interaction of drugs with living systems.

Sub-Disciplines of Pharmacology

Drug-Receptor Interactions
Dose-Response Relationships
Signal Transduction
A bsorption
D istribution
M etabolism
Rate of Drug Metabolism
Drug-Induced Toxicity
Drug-Induced Allergies

Pharmacology and the Pharmacist

Key Questions you should be asking as a Pharmacist :

Where is the molecular site of action ?
What are the body function changes caused by a drug (pharmacodynamics)?
What is the relationship between the Dose vs. Effect ?
How does a drug produce its effect ?
What is the fate of the drug once it enters the body (pharmacokinetics)?
What is the interplay between genetic makeup and drug response ?

Example: Beta 1 Blocker: Metoprolol Succinate (oral)

Drug Action: selective binding to cardiac muscle beta 1 adrenergic receptors that respond to norepinephrine (at higher doses, also inhibits bronchial and vascular smooth muscle by acting on beta 2 adrenergic receptors) to inhibit the binding of norepinephrine.

Drug Effect: reduced inotropic effect (contractility) and chronotropic effect (heart rate)

Fate of the Drug (pharmacokinetics): 12% protein binding and distribution 5.6 L/kg: hepatic metabolism (CYP2D6 mainly): <5% renal excretion: t 1/2 3-7 hours

Principles of Pharmacology - Study Guide Copyright © by Edited by Dr. Esam El-Fakahany and Becky Merkey, MEd is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.

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Your Journal Club Presentation

Journal Club Tips

Choose your paper carefully and know clearly why you are choosing it. You will not know the strong and weak points of the paper until you have actually put in a lot of effort so it is prudent to choose papers that make interesting and significant “claims” in an area of interest to you or your mentor. Read a couple of good reviews on the topic before you start preparing your presentation. A general understanding of the research area is crucial for a good journal club presentation. When you prepare your presentation, you are not obliged to present every figure in a chronological order. After giving a minimal critical introduction, you can choose the most crucial experiments that support the central claim of the paper. The audience always appreciates a brief overview of specialized techniques used in the study. You will be interrupted constantly during your presentation. Remember that the criticisms are aimed at the paper – not at you. Don’t get flustered, and answer the questions as best as you can without getting too defensive. If your presentation stimulates a lot of discussion, that’s good! It is your job to moderate the discussion so that it stays focused on the paper being presented. If you have never presented before to the entire department, it is natural to feel a little nervous, but it is important to realize that neither the students nor the faculty are there to judge you. They are just interested in the paper and want to know more.

For more details on paper selection, organization, and figures, please see this PDF .

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Pharmacology education for healthcare professionals

Pharmacology PowerPoints

This collection of PowerPoint (PPT) presentations is a work in progress. It intends to grow day by day, contributions from readers is highly appreciated. This means that if you want to share your PPT or any other resource you can send an e-mail to [email protected] and be sure that it will be considered. This is the list of the pharmacology PowerPoint presentations available at Pharmacology Corner:

Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics

Dose-effect relationship and related concepts.
Drug receptor interactions.
Pharmacokinetics and polypharmacy in the elderly.

Cardiovascular pharmacology

Calcium channel blockers .
Drugs for heart failure therapy
Drugs for the treatment of angina pectoris (nitrates, beta blockers).
ACE inhibitors, ARBs, and calcium channel blockers.
Diuretics: MOA, indications, side effects and therapeutic considerations.
Pharmacology of antiarrythmic drugs. From pathophysiology to therapeutics.

Drugs acting on ANS, CNS and neuromuscular junction

Lectures on ANS pharmacology.
Pathophysiology and clinical features of migraine.
Lectures on antiemetics pharmacology: MOA, indications, side effects and new drugs reviewed.
Overview on antidepressants pharmacology.
Antipsychotics (neuroleptics) review.
Neuromuscular blockers.

Pharmacotherapy of pain: analgesia and anesthesia

NSAIDs overview.
Lectures on opioids: mechanism of action, pharmacological effects and more.
General anesthesia and anesthetic agents

Pharmacy Students: Year 3: Make a Poster

Home and Help
567: Pharmacy Law
608: Therapeutics: Oncology and Immune Disorders
610: Therapeutics: Special Populations
611: Therapeutics: Infectious Diseases
619: Therapeutics: Cardiovascular System
620/621: Practice and Professionalism
622/623: Case Conference
633: Pharmacy Management and Economics
650: APPE Gateway
Develop a Question
Literature Review
Data Management
IRB and CITI
Cannabis User Safety (pharmacy elective)
Community Pharmacy and Business Management (pharmacy elective)
Geriatric Pharmacy (pharmacy elective)
Global Pharmacy (pharmacy elective)
Interprofessional Education (pharmacy electives)
Marketing and Development in the Pharmaceutical Industry (pharmacy elective)
Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics (pharmacy elective)
Pharmaceutical Development (pharmacy elective)
Pharmacy Education (pharmacy electives)
Spanish for Pharmacists (pharmacy elective)
Sports and Dietary Supplements (pharmacy elective)
Toxicology and the Media (pharmacy elective)
Research Resources
Spanish for Health Care Professionals
Career Resources
Drug Information

Poster Samples & Sharing

Search these sites to get ideas on how posters are presented within your discipline.

Also, if you upload your poster to one of these sites you can provide handouts or bookmarks with links to the electronic version of your poster at the conference, and keep your work accessible long after the conference.

Faculty of 1000 Research Posters Open access repository for posters and slide presentations across biology and medicine.
eposters Open-access journal that provides free access to over 1,800 scientific and medical posters presented at conferences from around the world.
FigShare This link opens in a new window figshare allows users to upload any file format so that scholarly information can be disseminated electronically.

Designing a Research Poster

The following resources provide guidance on the poster creation process .

ACP American College of Physicians - Preparing a Poster Presentation This article addresses poster planning, production, and presentation.

Makesigns Scientific Poster Tutorial Step-by-step guide to poster design and creation.

These resources can be used to obtain copyright compliant images . Image resolution will vary.

USC Academic Unit Logotypes University approved logos.
Open-i - Open Access Biomedical Image Search Engine This link opens in a new window Open-i searches for images in all Open Access articles indexed in PubMed Central. Search over 600,000 copyright compliant images by keyword, topic, or image to find relevant or visually similar images.
Pixabay This link opens in a new window Repository of free, high quality, copyright compliant images. Begin typing "medical" into the search box. Click dropdown menu to filter by image type. Sign up for free account to download images.
Wikimedia Commons This link opens in a new window A database of freely usable, high resolution image files.
Google Images This link opens in a new window For copyright compliant images: type in keywords, click "Search tools", click on "Usage rights" dropdown menu, select from the "Labeled for reuse" options.
Multimedia Resources (in the Health Sciences) Guide Find videos, audio clips, images, and cases to use in education.

Working with images

Tips for working with images in Publisher Vendor tips for working with images in Publisher. Includes content about image size, resolution, file formats, and refining.
Photoshop isn’t the only solution: 5 best programs for resizing images This article provides step-by-step instructions on how to upsample images using Photoshop, GIMP, Windows Live Photo Gallery, Preview, and Pixlr.

Image Manipulation Guidelines

Low resolution images may be manipulated to improve print quality, however you want to proceed with caution when it comes to images that represent research data.

Rossner, M., & Yamada, K. (2004). What's in a picture? The temptation of image manipulation. The Journal of Cell Biology, 11-15. PMID: 15240566 This article provides specific guidelines on the do's and dont's of image manipulation in scientific publishing in order to ensure the integrity of your data.

Poster Sample / Tips

Diagram image citation: Blausen.com staff. " Blausen gallery 2014". Wikiversity Journal of Medicine. DOI:10.15347/ wjm /2014.010. ISSN 20018762. (Own work) [CC BY 3.0 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0)], via Wikimedia Commons

Scientific Conference Posters - Webinar This video provides an overview of some tools, resources and key elements to creating a conference poster. Content covers software, general content, design tips, provides image resources, and tips for improved print quality. ~35 min.
Conference Poster Click here to download a pdf copy of the poster above.
Scientific Posters PPT slides Click here to download video PPT slides.

Click on chart to access online.

https://www.flickr.com/photos/new-pastpresentfuture/3800240305 /

Psychology of Color This site provides information on the meaning of color and how it is perceived.
The Art of Color Coordination How to combine colors in order to have a positive effect on your audience.

Upsampling images in Photoshop

Through a process called upsampling , you can add pixels to low resolution images , and thereby improve the print quality . The short video below demonstrates how to upsample images in Photoshop .

Final Checklist

https://www.acponline.org/system/files/documents/education_recertification/education/program_directors/abstracts/prepare/poster_checklist.pdf

Universal Design

Universal Design is the design and composition of an environment so that it can be accessed, understood and used to the greatest extent possible by all people, regardless of their age, size or disability.

Equal Access: Universal Design of Conference Exhibits and Presentations A checklist for making conference exhibits and presentations welcoming and accessible to everyone.

Microsoft Publisher Tutorials

The following resources provide guidance on how to use Microsoft Publisher . Resources at the top provide step-by-step guidance about poster creation. Links at the bottom provide general guidance on using Publisher.

Microsoft Publisher: Conference Poster Sessions University of Liverpool's Microsoft Publisher software video tutorial. Step-by-step demonstration of the key features used to create a poster. Applicable to Publisher 2010, 2013, and 2016. Run time ~12 min.
Publisher 2016 Essential Training Training videos via Lynda.com that offer in-depth instruction to Publisher 2016.
Text wrapping in Publisher Guide on how to wrap text around images in Publisher.

PowerPoint Templates & Tutorials

Links to freely available PowerPoint conference poster templates , and guidance for specific software features relevant to poster creation .

PhD Posters - Power Point Template Files PPT templates in a variety of sizes. Packed with helpful tips and easy to customize.
Mega Print Inc - Free Powerpoint Scientific Research Poster Templates PowerPoint® 2007-2013 templates in a variety of sizes.
Colin Purrington's PPT Poster Templates Free PPT templates and poster making tips.
Using grids in PowerPoint Guide on how to set up grids in PPT for better content alignment.
Creating a Poster in PowerPoint 2010 Eastern Michigan University's detailed guide to creating a poster in PowerPoint.

Other Software

Graphics , such as charts and tables can easily be created in Excel .

Creating Excel charts with the Recommended Charts feature Lynda.com video tutorial that demonstrates how to create charts in Excel 2013. Requires login.

Print Vendors

The following list is provided as a convenience , and is not meant to endorse or promote any particular vendor.

PhD Posters Fabric or paper options. Also offers free PPT templates and many poster creation tips.
PosterSmith Fabric posters.

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Pharmacists Topics

Adverse Drug Events Reporting
Antibiotic Resistance
Immunization
Pain Management
Patient Safety
Substance Abuse and Addiction

All Medscape Topics

Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS)
Acute Leukemia
Adolescent Medicine
Aesthetic Medicine
Affordable Care Act (ACA)
Alzheimer's Disease
AMD and Retinal Disease
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Barrett's Esophagus
Bioterrorism/Disaster Medicine
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Bone and Mineral Disorders
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C. difficile
Cardiovascular Risk Reduction
Cataract and Refractive Surgery
Celiac Disease
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Chronic Kidney Disease
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Cornea and External Disease
Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Cosmetic Dermatology
Critical Care Nursing
CVD Prevention
Cystic Fibrosis
Dental and Oral Health
Diabetic Microvascular Complications
Eating Disorders
Electronic Health Records
Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases
End-Stage Renal Disease
Erectile Dysfunction
Exercise and Sports Medicine
Fibromyalgia
Gallbladder and Biliary Disease
Genomic Medicine
Geriatrics-Palliative Care
GI/Colorectal Cancer
GI/Noncolorectal Cancer
GU/Prostate Cancer
Head and Neck Cancer
Health Diversity
Healthcare Reform & the ACA
Heart Failure
Hepatitis B
Hepatitis C
HIV Transmission & Prevention
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Hospital Medicine
HPV and Cervical Cancer
Hypertension
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IBS and Chronic Constipation
Infertility
Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Insulin Therapy
Integrative Medicine
Interventional Cardiology & Surgery
Joint Disorders
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Lipids & Metabolic
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Lung Cancer
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Mechanical Ventilation
Medical Lifestyle
Medical Malpractice and Legal Issues
Medical Practice Management
Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing
Metastatic Breast Cancer
Minimally Invasive Gastrointestinal Surgery (MIGS)
Moderate to Severe Asthma
Multiple Myeloma
Multiple Sclerosis
Neonatal Medicine
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Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
Novel Coronavirus
Nurse Career and Education
Nurse Practitioners
OB/GYN and Women's Health Nursing
Obesity and Weight Management
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Otolaryngology
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Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition
Parkinson's Disease
Pediatric Dermatology
Pediatrics/Neonatal Care Nursing
Pediatric Ophthalmology
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Perioperative Nursing
Preclinical Studies
Prostate Cancer
Psoriatic Arthritis
Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension
Rare Diseases
Reimbursement and Quality
Renal Cell Carcinoma
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Science and Technology
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Skin Cancer
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Social Determinants of Health
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Stroke/Cerebrovascular Disease
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Thyroid Cancer
Thyroid Disease
Type 1 Diabetes
Type 2 Diabetes
Urinary Incontinence & OAB
Women's Sexual Health
Wound Management

Hot Topics in Pharmacy Practice

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Welcome to Hot Topics in Pharmacy Practice which features a variety of episodes covering emerging trends, key topics and areas across medicine. This podcast series will feature lively discussions from subject matter experts and members.

Navigating the Waters of Payer Contracting

Jun 10, 2024

COVID-19: So What’s New?

April 26, 2024

Compliance with USP Chapter in Small and Rural Hospitals

April 17, 2024

CPA Series: Collaborative Practice Agreements in Specialty Pharmacy - Qualitative Data Provides Guidance for Implementation

April 9, 2024

Research that Moves Pharmacy Forward: Conversations with the 2023 ASHP Foundation Literature Awardees

April 2, 2024

Optimizing PARP Inhibitors Through Applying Evolving Technology and Clinical Evidence for Markers of Homologous Recombination Repair

What you need to know about obesity and newer treatments – part 2, what you need to know about obesity and newer treatments – part 1, managing biosimilar adoption in specialty pharmacy.

January 10, 2024

Midyear Clinical Meeting Speaker Series: Drs. Angela Cheng-Lai and Angela Slampak-Cindric

November 29, 2023

Top 4 Tips for Residency Success: Insights from "Get The Residency" Book

November 21, 2023

Be Antibiotics Aware: Pharmacists Collaborating with State and Local Health Departments to Optimize Antibiotic Use

November 20, 2023

The Long and Short of Long COVID

November 17, 2023

ISMP Targeted Medication Best Practices for Community Pharmacy Practice

November 13, 2023

Midyear Clinical Meeting Speaker Series: Drs. Antonia Akrap, Delaram Bahmander, and Samantha Roberts

November 10, 2023

Midyear Clinical Meeting Speaker Series: Patti Kienle and Dr. Michael Ganio discuss sterile compounding education

November 3, 2023

Midyear Clinical Meeting Speaker Series: Drs. Kate Cozart & Lisa Buss Preszler

November 1, 2023

Midyear Clinical Meeting 2022
Match Day Resources
continuing education
drug shortages
policy positions and guidelines
for presenters
get involved in a meeting

Pharmacology

Special Article

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Research Topics

Biochemistry
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Preventive and Social Medicine

Pharmacology Thesis Topics for MD/DNB

Remember Subscribing to the premium thesis topics not only will enable you to browse through premium thesis topics but also you will get access to online guidance about synopsis writing, sample size calculation, inclusion and exclusion criteria and guidance throughout thesis writing. In case you dont subscribe still do not hesitate to contact me for guidance.

The effect of lamotrigine on working memory in rats.
Effectiveness of drug information pamphlets in improving patient medication adherence and usage of commonly prescribed medications and antibiotics among patients in a tertiary care hospital.
Study of prescription pattern of antihypertensive drugs in a tertiary care hospital.
A study to evaluate the antibacterial drugs used in upper-respiratory tract infection in pediatric age group.
Fluorouracil Degradation Rate (5-FUDR) as a predictive biomarker for adverse effects with 5- Fluorouracil / Capecitabine therapy in South Indian cancer patients – a prospective phenotype genotype association study.
Hepatoprotective effect of 7 – methoxy coumarin in paracetamol and ethanol toxicity induced cell lines.
Pattern of adverse drug reaction and medication use in neonatal care units in a tertiary care hospital: a longitudinal observational study.
Antidiabetic and pleiotropic effects of Psidium guajava Linn leaf extract. as an add on treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus – A randomized double-blind placebo controlled trial
Characterization of pncA mutation and treatment outcome among tuberculosis patients
Characterization of cyclosporine trough (C0) and two-hour post dose concentration (C2) monitoring in children with idiopathic nephrotic syndrome
Clinical characteristics and early outcome of bedaquiline containing regimens for the treatment of MDR
Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of Isoniazid mono-resistance tuberculosis patients: A mixed-method study
ICMR Rational use of medicines “Evaluation of the prescription pattern of drugs in different OPDs of a tertiary care hospital” task force project
The cytokine levels and miRNA expression in patients with major depressive disorder and its modulation by silymarin.
Subclinical hypothyroidism and plasma levels of commonly prescribed antiepileptic drugs – a cross sectional study.
Pharmacogenetics of sodium valproate – induced weight gain in South Indian patients
Formulation and evaluation of topical preparation of Lawsonia inermis L. (Lythraceae) for the evaluation of Capecitabine induced hand – foot syndrome in cancer patients.
Are the users of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACE-I) and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) at a higher risk of severe COVID-19? – A Case Control study.
Association of Nucleoside Diphosphate linked moiety X Type motif 15 (NUDT15) C415T and Inosine Triphosphate Pyrophosphatase (ITPA) C94A genetic polymorphisms with azathioprine induced adverse effects in south Indian patients.
Effect of VDR (Vitamin D Receptor) gene polymorphisms on efficacy of zoledronic acid in south Indian women with postmenopausal osteoporosis; A cross sectional study.
Cytogenetic and molecular characterization of teenage and young adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with special emphasis on identification of “Philadelphia like” profile
Influence of EPHX1 C and UGT2B7*2 genetic polymorphism on carbamazepine maintenance dose requirement in person with epilepsy .
Estimating Incremental Cost of treating Antimicrobial Resistant infections in India.
Study of prescription pattern of anti-epileptic agents in a tertiary care hospital.
Evaluation of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities of thiophene derivatives in wistar albino rats
Evaluation of learning and memory enhancing activities of thiazolidinone arecoline derivatives in wistar albino rats.
Evaluation of hepatoprotective effect of gallic acid in murine model of isoniazid-induced hepatotoxicity.
Study of prescription pattern of Antimicrobial drugs in a tertiary care hospital.
Evaluation of effect of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on depressive behaviour in mice.
Evaluation of anti-ulcer activity of vanillin using stress and aspirin induced ulcer models in wistar albino rats
A comparative study of efficacy and safety of timolol versus latanoprost in the treatment of primary open angle glaucoma at a tertiary care hospital
A comparative prospective study to assess the efficacy and safety of iron sucrose versus iron sorbitol citric acid complex in pregnant women with iron deficiency anaemia in a tertiary care hospital
Comparison of the effects of imipramine and fluoxetine on the diagnostic parameters of metabolic syndrome in patients with depressive episode at a tertiary care hospital.
A comparitive study of efficacy and safety of intralesional triamcinolone with verapamilin treatment of keloid and hypertrophic scar in tertiary care hospital
A comparative study of the clinical efficacy and safety of topical retapamulin and mupirocin in the treatment of acute bacterial skin infections.
A prospective randomized open- labelled comparative study of the clinical efficacy and safety of the fixed dose combination of arterolane maleate and piperaquine phosphate with artesunate and sulfadoxine – pyrimethamine in uncomplicated falciparum malaria.
Prospective comparitive study of effect of two cephalosporin sulbactam combinations in chemoprophylaxis of open reduction & internal fixation surgery in closed limb fractures.
The efficacy and adverse drug profile of risperidone versus olanzapine in the treatment of patients with bipolar affective disorder on combination therapy – a prospective, naturalistic, hospital based clinical study.
Comparison of the effect of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and selective serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors on body mass index in patients on long term treatment.
Comparative assessment of the efficacy of morning dose versus evening dose levothyroxine in hypothyroid patients.
Study of prescription pattern of antitubercular drugs in a tertiary care hospital.
Comparative assessment of oral and local probiotics as an adjunct to standard therapy for vulvo vaginitis
Antiasthmatic effect of ethanolic extract of moringa oleifera (drumstick) seed kernels in an experimental animal mode.
Comparison of efficacy and safety of newer antifungal agent sertaconazole with clotrimazole and fluconazole in the treatment of acute vulvovaginal candidiasis.
Preliminary evaluation of anticonvulsant activity of aqueous extract of adhatoda vasica leaves in male and female albino rats.
Preliminary evaluation of hypoglycemic activity of methanol extract of roots of acorus calamus in alloxan induced diabetic albino rats.
To study effectiveness and tolerability of opipramol in the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder and somatoform disorders
A comparative study for efficacy `of combination therapy of inhaled levosalbutamol and ipratropium bromide against combination therapy of inhaled levosalbutamol and beclomethasone dipropionate in the treatment of bronchial asthma in adults
Monitoring and evaluation of adverse drug reactions in antiretroviraltherapy centre and dermatology department in a tertiary hospital
A prospective observational study on pattern of steroid utilization in a rural teaching hospital
A study of prescription pattern in musculoskeletal disorders causing low back pain(lbp) at kvg medical college, hospital,sullia,Karnataka
A study of prescription pattern in the drug therapy of rheumatoid arthrits at kvg medical college and hospital, sullia (d.k), karnataka.
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Adverse drug reaction monitoring in a teaching hospital, mandya.
Study of analgesics usage in third trimester of pregnancy and its illeffects on pregnancy course and outcome.
To evaluate the analgesic activity of garlic extract in rats.
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Efficacy of supplementation of probiotics along with antimicrobial agents in vulvovaginal infections in a tertiary care hospital
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Factors affecting adherence to drugs and its influence on outcomes in select chronic disese (cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus at a tertiary care hospital
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Pattern of use of analgesis for post-operative pain managment in adults undergoing laparotomy surgery-a prospective observational study in a tertiary care hospital
Patterns of drug use and factors affecting adherence to medication in rheumatoid arthritis- a prospective, observational, hospital based study
Study of prescription pattern in the management of herpes zoster at brims hospital, bidar
A comparative study of efficacy and safety of alternate day rosuvastatin dosing versus daily rosuvastatin dosing in patients with dyslipidemia”
Evaluation of the appropriateness of prescribing in geriatric patients admitted in various departments in government teaching hospital, bidar institute of medical sciences, bidar. Karnataka
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Drug utilization study of antibiotics use in orthopaedic units of basaveshwar teaching and general hospital attached to hke society mahadevappa rampure medical college Gulbarga
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Drug utilisation study of anticonvulsant agents in paediatric unit in a teritiary care hospital.
Comparative study of safety and efficacy of inhalation anti-asthma drugs versus systemic anti-asthma drugs in a tertiary care hospital.
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A comparative study of efficacy, tolerabilty and safety profile of fluoxetine with desvenlafaxine in patients with depression in a tertiary care hospital.
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A prospective comparative efficacy & safety study of topical retapamulin and mupirocin.
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A comparative study of the efficacy and safety of amitryptyline and topiramate in the prophylaxis of migraine.
A comparative study of intravenous paracetamol and tramadol for post operative analgesic efficacy in orthopedic surgeries at a tertiary care hospital, bangalore.
Study of anti inflammatory activity of ficus racemosa linn stem bark extract in albino rats.
Study of analgesic activity of murraya koenigii leaves extractin albino mice.
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A comparitive study of efficacy and tolerability of oral desloratadine, ketotifen and rupatadine in seasonal allergic rhinitis.
A study of the pattern of drug use for postoperative analgesia following lower abdominal surgeries in a tertiary care hospital.
Study of prescription pattern of oral contraceptive pills in a tertiary care hospital.
A study of the pattern of preanaesthetic medication for major surgeries under general anaesthesia in a tertiary care hospital
A comparative study of efficacy and tolerability of olopatadine, ketotifen and epinastine in seasonal allergic conjunctivitis.
A comparative study of efficacy and tolerability of methotrexate, sulfasalazine and leflunomide in rheumatoid arthritis.
A study of the pattern of drug use for general and regional anesthesia for caesarean section and to compare the maternal and neonatal outcome.
Adverse effects of anti tubercular treatment in cases of MDR tuberculosis.

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Study models how ketamine’s molecular action leads to its effects on the brain

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A clear drug vial with a syringe on a white background, seen from above

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Ketamine, a World Health Organization Essential Medicine, is widely used at varying doses for sedation, pain control, general anesthesia, and as a therapy for treatment-resistant depression. While scientists know its target in brain cells and have observed how it affects brain-wide activity, they haven’t known entirely how the two are connected. A new study by a research team spanning four Boston-area institutions uses computational modeling of previously unappreciated physiological details to fill that gap and offer new insights into how ketamine works.

“This modeling work has helped decipher likely mechanisms through which ketamine produces altered arousal states as well as its therapeutic benefits for treating depression,” says co-senior author Emery N. Brown , the Edward Hood Taplin Professor of Computational Neuroscience and Medical Engineering at The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory at MIT, as well as an anesthesiologist at Massachusetts General Hospital and a professor at Harvard Medical School.

The researchers from MIT, Boston University (BU), MGH, and Harvard University say the predictions of their model, published May 20 in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , could help physicians make better use of the drug.

“When physicians understand what's mechanistically happening when they administer a drug, they can possibly leverage that mechanism and manipulate it,” says study lead author Elie Adam , a research scientist at MIT who will soon join the Harvard Medical School faculty and launch a lab at MGH. “They gain a sense of how to enhance the good effects of the drug and how to mitigate the bad ones.”

Blocking the door

The core advance of the study involved biophysically modeling what happens when ketamine blocks the “NMDA” receptors in the brain’s cortex — the outer layer where key functions such as sensory processing and cognition take place. Blocking the NMDA receptors modulates the release of excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate.

When the neuronal channels (or doorways) regulated by the NMDA receptors open, they typically close slowly (like a doorway with a hydraulic closer that keeps it from slamming), allowing ions to go in and out of neurons, thereby regulating their electrical properties, Adam says. But, the channels of the receptor can be blocked by a molecule. Blocking by magnesium helps to naturally regulate ion flow. Ketamine, however, is an especially effective blocker.

Blocking slows the voltage build-up across the neuron’s membrane that eventually leads a neuron to “spike,” or send an electrochemical message to other neurons. The NMDA doorway becomes unblocked when the voltage gets high. This interdependence between voltage, spiking, and blocking can equip NMDA receptors with faster activity than its slow closing speed might suggest. The team’s model goes further than ones before by representing how ketamine’s blocking and unblocking affect neural activity.

“Physiological details that are usually ignored can sometimes be central to understanding cognitive phenomena,” says co-corresponding author Nancy Kopell , a professor of mathematics at BU. “The dynamics of NMDA receptors have more impact on network dynamics than has previously been appreciated.”

With their model, the scientists simulated how different doses of ketamine affecting NMDA receptors would alter the activity of a model brain network. The simulated network included key neuron types found in the cortex: one excitatory type and two inhibitory types. It distinguishes between “tonic” interneurons that tamp down network activity and “phasic” interneurons that react more to excitatory neurons.

The team’s simulations successfully recapitulated the real brain waves that have been measured via EEG electrodes on the scalp of a human volunteer who received various ketamine doses and the neural spiking that has been measured in similarly treated animals that had implanted electrode arrays. At low doses, ketamine increased brain wave power in the fast gamma frequency range (30-40 Hz). At the higher doses that cause unconsciousness, those gamma waves became periodically interrupted by “down” states where only very slow frequency delta waves occur. This repeated disruption of the higher frequency waves is what can disrupt communication across the cortex enough to disrupt consciousness.

A very horizontal chart plots brain rhythm frequency over time with colors indicating power. Bars along the top indicate the dose of ketamine. After the dose starts more gamma frequency power appears. After the dose gets even higher, the gamma waves periodically stop and then resume.

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But how? Key findings

Importantly, through simulations, they explained several key mechanisms in the network that would produce exactly these dynamics.

The first prediction is that ketamine can disinhibit network activity by shutting down certain inhibitory interneurons. The modeling shows that natural blocking and unblocking kinetics of NMDA-receptors can let in a small current when neurons are not spiking. Many neurons in the network that are at the right level of excitation would rely on this current to spontaneously spike. But when ketamine impairs the kinetics of the NMDA receptors, it quenches that current, leaving these neurons suppressed. In the model, while ketamine equally impairs all neurons, it is the tonic inhibitory neurons that get shut down because they happen to be at that level of excitation. This releases other neurons, excitatory or inhibitory, from their inhibition allowing them to spike vigorously and leading to ketamine’s excited brain state. The network’s increased excitation can then enable quick unblocking (and reblocking) of the neurons’ NMDA receptors, causing bursts of spiking.

Another prediction is that these bursts become synchronized into the gamma frequency waves seen with ketamine. How? The team found that the phasic inhibitory interneurons become stimulated by lots of input of the neurotransmitter glutamate from the excitatory neurons and vigorously spike, or fire. When they do, they send an inhibitory signal of the neurotransmitter GABA to the excitatory neurons that squelches the excitatory firing, almost like a kindergarten teacher calming down a whole classroom of excited children. That stop signal, which reaches all the excitatory neurons simultaneously, only lasts so long, ends up synchronizing their activity, producing a coordinated gamma brain wave.

A network schematic shows the model arrangement of three different types of neurons in a cortical circuit.

“The finding that an individual synaptic receptor (NMDA) can produce gamma oscillations and that these gamma oscillations can influence network-level gamma was unexpected,” says co-corresponding author Michelle McCarthy , a research assistant professor of math at BU. “This was found only by using a detailed physiological model of the NMDA receptor. This level of physiological detail revealed a gamma time scale not usually associated with an NMDA receptor.”

So what about the periodic down states that emerge at higher, unconsciousness-inducing ketamine doses? In the simulation, the gamma-frequency activity of the excitatory neurons can’t be sustained for too long by the impaired NMDA-receptor kinetics. The excitatory neurons essentially become exhausted under GABA inhibition from the phasic interneurons. That produces the down state. But then, after they have stopped sending glutamate to the phasic interneurons, those cells stop producing their inhibitory GABA signals. That enables the excitatory neurons to recover, starting a cycle anew.

Antidepressant connection?

The model makes another prediction that might help explain how ketamine exerts its antidepressant effects. It suggests that the increased gamma activity of ketamine could entrain gamma activity among neurons expressing a peptide called VIP. This peptide has been found to have health-promoting effects, such as reducing inflammation, that last much longer than ketamine’s effects on NMDA receptors. The research team proposes that the entrainment of these neurons under ketamine could increase the release of the beneficial peptide, as observed when these cells are stimulated in experiments. This also hints at therapeutic features of ketamine that may go beyond antidepressant effects. The research team acknowledges, however, that this connection is speculative and awaits specific experimental validation.

“The understanding that the subcellular details of the NMDA receptor can lead to increased gamma oscillations was the basis for a new theory about how ketamine may work for treating depression,” Kopell says.

Additional co-authors of the study are Marek Kowalski, Oluwaseun Akeju, and Earl K. Miller.

The work was supported by the JPB Foundation; The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory; The Simons Center for The Social Brain; the National Institutes of Health; George J. Elbaum ’59, SM ’63, PhD ’67; Mimi Jensen; Diane B. Greene SM ’78; Mendel Rosenblum; Bill Swanson; and annual donors to the Anesthesia Initiative Fund.

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Reviews in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology: 2024

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Gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders pose significant health burdens worldwide, affecting millions of individuals. From common issues like gastroesophageal reflux disease to life-threatening conditions such as liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, these disorders encompass a broad spectrum of pathologies that demand effective pharmacological interventions. In recent years, the landscape of gastrointestinal and hepatic pharmacology has witnessed remarkable transformations, driven by advances in basic science, clinical research, and therapeutic innovation. Precision medicine, coupled with the identification of novel therapeutic targets, has paved the way for personalized treatment approaches tailored to the individual patient's needs. Reviews in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology: 2024 will publish high-quality scholarly review papers on key topics in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology. It aims to highlight recent progress in the field, whilst emphasizing important directions and new possibilities for future inquiries. We anticipate the research presented will promote discussion in the Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology community that will translate to best practice applications in clinical, public health and policy settings. The Reviews in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology: 2024 collection welcomes full-length, mini or systematic review papers, focusing on, but are not limited to, the following topics: • Novel therapeutic approaches including innovative drug classes, such as biologics, small molecules, and gene therapies, as well as their mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential. • Precision medicine and personalized therapeutics including advances in biomarker identification, genetic testing, and individualized treatment strategies. • Drug safety, adverse effects, drug-drug interactions, and strategies for risk mitigation. Through comprehensive risk-benefit assessments, clinicians will gain valuable insights into optimizing therapeutic regimens while minimizing patient harm. • Future landscape of gastrointestinal and hepatic pharmacology, identifying emerging trends, technological advancements, and unmet clinical needs. the management of gastrointestinal and hepatic disorders.

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Hypothalamic hemangioma-like pilocytic astrocytoma in an adult patient: a systematic review with a focus on differential diagnosis and neurological presentation.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 2.1. literature search strategy, 2.2. study selection criteria.

Articles published in the English language.
Investigated hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma in adult patients.
Provided detailed information on diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, treatment strategies, and outcomes.
Included original research articles, case reports, case series, or review articles.
Not written in the English language.
Did not specifically focus on hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma in adult patients.
Lack of detailed information on diagnostic methods, differential diagnosis, clinical presentation, treatment strategies, or outcomes.
Animal studies, editorials, letters to the editor, commentaries, conference abstracts, or reviews without original data.
Duplicate publications or overlapping data from the same study population.
Studies with insufficient data or inadequate reporting that precluded any meaningful extraction of relevant information.
Studies conducted exclusively in pediatric populations or patients with other types of brain tumors not directly related to hypothalamic pilocytic astrocytoma in adults.

2.3. Data Extraction

2.4. quality assessment, 2.5. data synthesis, 3.1. patients’ demographics, 3.2. illustrative case, 3.2.1. clinical presentation, 3.2.2. radiological findings, 3.2.3. diagnostic workup, 3.2.4. treatment and surgical intervention, 4. discussion, 4.1. epidemiology and clinical presentation, 4.2. diagnostic challenges and imaging modalities, 4.3. treatment strategies, 5. limitations, 6. future directions, 7. conclusions, author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Click here to enlarge figure

Author and Year	Study Design	Age	Sex	Neurological Presentation	Treatment	Diagnostic Method	Outcome	Follow Up	Techique
Valdueza et al., 1994 [ ]	Original article	N/A	N/A	N/A	N/A	T1-weighted images show low-intensity masses with marked enhancement after administration of gadolinium	N/A	4 year	Transcranial
Matsumoto et al., 1997 [ ]	Case report	45	Male	Headache, bitemporal hemianopia	Subtotal	T1-isointense mass, high intensity center suggesting subacute hemorrhage, irregular contrast enhancement	Improved vision	6 months (residual tumor stable)	Transcranial
Bakhoyor et al., 2000 [ ]	Case report	19	Female	Headache, dizziness, lightheadedness	Partial resection	Densely and uniformly enhancing lesion in the right frontal horn of the lateral ventricle	None	6 months (involution of the tumor)	Transcranial
Bakhoyor et al., 2000 [ ]	Case report	21	Female	Right homonymous hemianopia	Partial resection	Heterogenous enhancing mass above the optic chiasm in the region of the hypothalamus	Improvement in visual deficit	6 months (involution of the tumor)	Transcranial
De Divitiis et al., 2007 [ ]	Original article Case series	43	Female	N/A	Subtotal	N/A	None	N/A	Endoscopic
Arbolay et al., 2009 [ ]	Original article, case series	42	Male	Headache	Biopsy	N/A	Died due to meningitis	N/A	Endoscopic
Paluzzi et al., 2011 [ ]	Technical note	44	Male	Headache, amenhorrea	Subtotal	Pituitary lesion attached to the pituitary stalk	Adrenal insufficiency and DI	N/A	Endoscopic
Zoli et al., 2014 [ ]	Original article, case series	38	Male	Progressive visual loss, hypopituitarism	Gross total	Mixed and solid cystic mass extending within the ventricle and displacing the optic chiasm	CSF leak, DI, improvement in visual deficit	17 months	Endoscopic
Zoli et al., 2014 [ ]	Original article, case series	42	Male	Homonymous hemianopia	Subtotal	N/A	Improved vision, hypopituitarism, and DI	81 months	Endoscopic
Zoli et al., 2014 [ ]	Original article, case series	23	Female	Bitemporal hemianopia and acuity deficit	Biopsy+ Radiotherapy	Highly suggestive of high-grade glioma	Vision normalized, DI	45 months	Endoscopic
Abou Al-Shaar et al., 2016 [ ]	Case report	30	Male	Hypocortisolism, visual defect,	Partial Resection	Sellar– suprasellar solid and cystic lesions which displace the infundibulum	None	6 months	Transcranial
Hidalgo et al., 2018 [ ]	Case report	50	Female	Personality change, weight gain, incomplete right homonymous hemianopia	Gross total	Enhancing lesion along the optic tract with a small cystic component	Transient DI, improvement in visual field	20 year	Transcranial
Bin Abdulquader et al., 2018 [ ]	Original article, case series	32	Female	Hallucinations, nausea and vomiting	Subtotal	N/A	Transient DI, improvement in visual field	7 months	Endoscopic
Shoji et al., 2020 [ ]	Original article, case series	18	Male	Right hemianopia	Subtotal	N/A	None	11 year	Transcranial
Shoji et al., 2020 [ ]	Original article, case series	19	Female	Right upper quadrantanopia	Subtotal	N/A	None	10 year	Transcranial
Shoji et al., 2020 [ ]	Original article, case series	26	Female	Right lower quadrantanopia	Subtotal	Enhanced lesion in the optic chiasma extending to the third ventricle	None	14 year	Transcranial
Shoji et al., 2020 [ ]	Original article, case series	36	Female	None	Subtotal	N/A	None	1 year	Transcranial
Zhou et al., 2021 [ ]	Original article, case series	20	Female	Headache, amenhorrea, weight gain	Gross total	Suprasellar tumor with solid and cystic portions	Hyperprolactinemia, improved vision	1 year	Endoscopic
Zhou et al., 2021 [ ]	Original article, case series	41	Female	Amenhorrea, dizziness, memory deterioration	Gross total	Enhanced suprasellar, interpeduncular, and prepontine cistern lesion	Hypopituitarism, improved vision	1 year	Endoscopic
Zhou et al., 2021 [ ]	Original article, case series	22	Female	Menstrual disorder	Gross total	N/A	Hypopituitarism, no change in vision	1 year	Endoscopic
Zhou et al., 2021 [ ]	Original article, case series	46	Female	Bilateral visual disturbance, headache, amenhorrea	Gross total	Giant hypothalamic tumor with no clear margin between the tumor and hypothalamic structure	Dead (due to hypothalamus reaction)	1 year	Endoscopic
Present case	/	48	Male	Third nerve palsy, stuporous state	Gross total	SWI_sequences with intralesional bleeding, microcalcification. Post-contrast administration revealed intense enhancement and increased perfusion indexes	Transient DI, hypopituitarism	1 year	Transcranial

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Share and Cite

Costanzo, R.; Rosetti, V.; Tomassini, A.; Fuschillo, D.; Lofrese, G.; Iacopino, D.G.; Tosatto, L.; D’Andrea, M. Hypothalamic Hemangioma-like Pilocytic Astrocytoma in an Adult Patient: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Differential Diagnosis and Neurological Presentation. J. Clin. Med. 2024 , 13 , 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123536

Costanzo R, Rosetti V, Tomassini A, Fuschillo D, Lofrese G, Iacopino DG, Tosatto L, D’Andrea M. Hypothalamic Hemangioma-like Pilocytic Astrocytoma in an Adult Patient: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Differential Diagnosis and Neurological Presentation. Journal of Clinical Medicine . 2024; 13(12):3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123536

Costanzo, Roberta, Vittoria Rosetti, Alessia Tomassini, Dalila Fuschillo, Giorgio Lofrese, Domenico Gerardo Iacopino, Luigino Tosatto, and Marcello D’Andrea. 2024. "Hypothalamic Hemangioma-like Pilocytic Astrocytoma in an Adult Patient: A Systematic Review with a Focus on Differential Diagnosis and Neurological Presentation" Journal of Clinical Medicine 13, no. 12: 3536. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13123536

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The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to generate value

If 2023 was the year the world discovered generative AI (gen AI) , 2024 is the year organizations truly began using—and deriving business value from—this new technology. In the latest McKinsey Global Survey on AI, 65 percent of respondents report that their organizations are regularly using gen AI, nearly double the percentage from our previous survey just ten months ago. Respondents’ expectations for gen AI’s impact remain as high as they were last year , with three-quarters predicting that gen AI will lead to significant or disruptive change in their industries in the years ahead.

About the authors

This article is a collaborative effort by Alex Singla , Alexander Sukharevsky , Lareina Yee , and Michael Chui , with Bryce Hall , representing views from QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and McKinsey Digital.

Organizations are already seeing material benefits from gen AI use, reporting both cost decreases and revenue jumps in the business units deploying the technology. The survey also provides insights into the kinds of risks presented by gen AI—most notably, inaccuracy—as well as the emerging practices of top performers to mitigate those challenges and capture value.

AI adoption surges

Interest in generative AI has also brightened the spotlight on a broader set of AI capabilities. For the past six years, AI adoption by respondents’ organizations has hovered at about 50 percent. This year, the survey finds that adoption has jumped to 72 percent (Exhibit 1). And the interest is truly global in scope. Our 2023 survey found that AI adoption did not reach 66 percent in any region; however, this year more than two-thirds of respondents in nearly every region say their organizations are using AI. 1 Organizations based in Central and South America are the exception, with 58 percent of respondents working for organizations based in Central and South America reporting AI adoption. Looking by industry, the biggest increase in adoption can be found in professional services. 2 Includes respondents working for organizations focused on human resources, legal services, management consulting, market research, R&D, tax preparation, and training.

Also, responses suggest that companies are now using AI in more parts of the business. Half of respondents say their organizations have adopted AI in two or more business functions, up from less than a third of respondents in 2023 (Exhibit 2).

Gen AI adoption is most common in the functions where it can create the most value

Most respondents now report that their organizations—and they as individuals—are using gen AI. Sixty-five percent of respondents say their organizations are regularly using gen AI in at least one business function, up from one-third last year. The average organization using gen AI is doing so in two functions, most often in marketing and sales and in product and service development—two functions in which previous research determined that gen AI adoption could generate the most value 3 “ The economic potential of generative AI: The next productivity frontier ,” McKinsey, June 14, 2023. —as well as in IT (Exhibit 3). The biggest increase from 2023 is found in marketing and sales, where reported adoption has more than doubled. Yet across functions, only two use cases, both within marketing and sales, are reported by 15 percent or more of respondents.

Gen AI also is weaving its way into respondents’ personal lives. Compared with 2023, respondents are much more likely to be using gen AI at work and even more likely to be using gen AI both at work and in their personal lives (Exhibit 4). The survey finds upticks in gen AI use across all regions, with the largest increases in Asia–Pacific and Greater China. Respondents at the highest seniority levels, meanwhile, show larger jumps in the use of gen Al tools for work and outside of work compared with their midlevel-management peers. Looking at specific industries, respondents working in energy and materials and in professional services report the largest increase in gen AI use.

Investments in gen AI and analytical AI are beginning to create value

The latest survey also shows how different industries are budgeting for gen AI. Responses suggest that, in many industries, organizations are about equally as likely to be investing more than 5 percent of their digital budgets in gen AI as they are in nongenerative, analytical-AI solutions (Exhibit 5). Yet in most industries, larger shares of respondents report that their organizations spend more than 20 percent on analytical AI than on gen AI. Looking ahead, most respondents—67 percent—expect their organizations to invest more in AI over the next three years.

Where are those investments paying off? For the first time, our latest survey explored the value created by gen AI use by business function. The function in which the largest share of respondents report seeing cost decreases is human resources. Respondents most commonly report meaningful revenue increases (of more than 5 percent) in supply chain and inventory management (Exhibit 6). For analytical AI, respondents most often report seeing cost benefits in service operations—in line with what we found last year —as well as meaningful revenue increases from AI use in marketing and sales.

Inaccuracy: The most recognized and experienced risk of gen AI use

As businesses begin to see the benefits of gen AI, they’re also recognizing the diverse risks associated with the technology. These can range from data management risks such as data privacy, bias, or intellectual property (IP) infringement to model management risks, which tend to focus on inaccurate output or lack of explainability. A third big risk category is security and incorrect use.

Respondents to the latest survey are more likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider inaccuracy and IP infringement to be relevant to their use of gen AI, and about half continue to view cybersecurity as a risk (Exhibit 7).

Conversely, respondents are less likely than they were last year to say their organizations consider workforce and labor displacement to be relevant risks and are not increasing efforts to mitigate them.

In fact, inaccuracy— which can affect use cases across the gen AI value chain , ranging from customer journeys and summarization to coding and creative content—is the only risk that respondents are significantly more likely than last year to say their organizations are actively working to mitigate.

Some organizations have already experienced negative consequences from the use of gen AI, with 44 percent of respondents saying their organizations have experienced at least one consequence (Exhibit 8). Respondents most often report inaccuracy as a risk that has affected their organizations, followed by cybersecurity and explainability.

Our previous research has found that there are several elements of governance that can help in scaling gen AI use responsibly, yet few respondents report having these risk-related practices in place. 4 “ Implementing generative AI with speed and safety ,” McKinsey Quarterly , March 13, 2024. For example, just 18 percent say their organizations have an enterprise-wide council or board with the authority to make decisions involving responsible AI governance, and only one-third say gen AI risk awareness and risk mitigation controls are required skill sets for technical talent.

Bringing gen AI capabilities to bear

The latest survey also sought to understand how, and how quickly, organizations are deploying these new gen AI tools. We have found three archetypes for implementing gen AI solutions : takers use off-the-shelf, publicly available solutions; shapers customize those tools with proprietary data and systems; and makers develop their own foundation models from scratch. 5 “ Technology’s generational moment with generative AI: A CIO and CTO guide ,” McKinsey, July 11, 2023. Across most industries, the survey results suggest that organizations are finding off-the-shelf offerings applicable to their business needs—though many are pursuing opportunities to customize models or even develop their own (Exhibit 9). About half of reported gen AI uses within respondents’ business functions are utilizing off-the-shelf, publicly available models or tools, with little or no customization. Respondents in energy and materials, technology, and media and telecommunications are more likely to report significant customization or tuning of publicly available models or developing their own proprietary models to address specific business needs.

Respondents most often report that their organizations required one to four months from the start of a project to put gen AI into production, though the time it takes varies by business function (Exhibit 10). It also depends upon the approach for acquiring those capabilities. Not surprisingly, reported uses of highly customized or proprietary models are 1.5 times more likely than off-the-shelf, publicly available models to take five months or more to implement.

Gen AI high performers are excelling despite facing challenges

Gen AI is a new technology, and organizations are still early in the journey of pursuing its opportunities and scaling it across functions. So it’s little surprise that only a small subset of respondents (46 out of 876) report that a meaningful share of their organizations’ EBIT can be attributed to their deployment of gen AI. Still, these gen AI leaders are worth examining closely. These, after all, are the early movers, who already attribute more than 10 percent of their organizations’ EBIT to their use of gen AI. Forty-two percent of these high performers say more than 20 percent of their EBIT is attributable to their use of nongenerative, analytical AI, and they span industries and regions—though most are at organizations with less than $1 billion in annual revenue. The AI-related practices at these organizations can offer guidance to those looking to create value from gen AI adoption at their own organizations.

To start, gen AI high performers are using gen AI in more business functions—an average of three functions, while others average two. They, like other organizations, are most likely to use gen AI in marketing and sales and product or service development, but they’re much more likely than others to use gen AI solutions in risk, legal, and compliance; in strategy and corporate finance; and in supply chain and inventory management. They’re more than three times as likely as others to be using gen AI in activities ranging from processing of accounting documents and risk assessment to R&D testing and pricing and promotions. While, overall, about half of reported gen AI applications within business functions are utilizing publicly available models or tools, gen AI high performers are less likely to use those off-the-shelf options than to either implement significantly customized versions of those tools or to develop their own proprietary foundation models.

What else are these high performers doing differently? For one thing, they are paying more attention to gen-AI-related risks. Perhaps because they are further along on their journeys, they are more likely than others to say their organizations have experienced every negative consequence from gen AI we asked about, from cybersecurity and personal privacy to explainability and IP infringement. Given that, they are more likely than others to report that their organizations consider those risks, as well as regulatory compliance, environmental impacts, and political stability, to be relevant to their gen AI use, and they say they take steps to mitigate more risks than others do.

Gen AI high performers are also much more likely to say their organizations follow a set of risk-related best practices (Exhibit 11). For example, they are nearly twice as likely as others to involve the legal function and embed risk reviews early on in the development of gen AI solutions—that is, to “ shift left .” They’re also much more likely than others to employ a wide range of other best practices, from strategy-related practices to those related to scaling.

In addition to experiencing the risks of gen AI adoption, high performers have encountered other challenges that can serve as warnings to others (Exhibit 12). Seventy percent say they have experienced difficulties with data, including defining processes for data governance, developing the ability to quickly integrate data into AI models, and an insufficient amount of training data, highlighting the essential role that data play in capturing value. High performers are also more likely than others to report experiencing challenges with their operating models, such as implementing agile ways of working and effective sprint performance management.

About the research

The online survey was in the field from February 22 to March 5, 2024, and garnered responses from 1,363 participants representing the full range of regions, industries, company sizes, functional specialties, and tenures. Of those respondents, 981 said their organizations had adopted AI in at least one business function, and 878 said their organizations were regularly using gen AI in at least one function. To adjust for differences in response rates, the data are weighted by the contribution of each respondent’s nation to global GDP.

Alex Singla and Alexander Sukharevsky are global coleaders of QuantumBlack, AI by McKinsey, and senior partners in McKinsey’s Chicago and London offices, respectively; Lareina Yee is a senior partner in the Bay Area office, where Michael Chui , a McKinsey Global Institute partner, is a partner; and Bryce Hall is an associate partner in the Washington, DC, office.

They wish to thank Kaitlin Noe, Larry Kanter, Mallika Jhamb, and Shinjini Srivastava for their contributions to this work.

This article was edited by Heather Hanselman, a senior editor in McKinsey’s Atlanta office.

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Moving past gen AI’s honeymoon phase: Seven hard truths for CIOs to get from pilot to scale

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A generative AI reset: Rewiring to turn potential into value in 2024

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Implementing generative AI with speed and safety

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Your Journal Club Presentation
A general understanding of the research area is crucial for a good journal club presentation. When you prepare your presentation, you are not obliged to present every figure in a chronological order. After giving a minimal critical introduction, you can choose the most crucial experiments that support the central claim of the paper.
Pharmacology PowerPoints
This is the list of the pharmacology PowerPoint presentations available at Pharmacology Corner: Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. Dose-effect relationship and related concepts. Drug receptor interactions. Pharmacokinetics and polypharmacy in the elderly. Cardiovascular pharmacology. Calcium channel blockers. Drugs for heart failure therapy.
Research Trends
Current Topics in Pharmacology is an international forum to communicate current perspectives in drug research. The journal presents research in basic and clinical pharmacology and related fields. It covers biochemical pharmacology, molecular pharmacology, immunopharmacology, pharmacogenetics, analytical toxicology, neuropsychopharmacology, drug ...
clinical pharmacology research: Topics by Science.gov
Lessons learned from the past: a guide for the future of clinical pharmacology in the 21st century.. PubMed. Lathers, C M. 2000-09-01. This article is a documentary of the history of the American College of Clinical Pharmacology (ACCP) and the Journal of Clinical Pharmacology.The history of the college and of the journal is presented as summarized by a few of the many leaders who played key ...
Pharmacy Students: Year 3: Make a Poster
This video provides an overview of some tools, resources and key elements to creating a conference poster. Content covers software, general content, design tips, provides image resources, and tips for improved print quality. ~35 min. Conference Poster. Click here to download a pdf copy of the poster above.
Pharmacists Topics
Bariatric Surgery. Barrett's Esophagus. Bioterrorism/Disaster Medicine. Bipolar Disorder. Bladder Cancer. Bone and Mineral Disorders. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) Brain Cancer. Breast Cancer.
Hot Topics in Pharmacy Practice
Welcome to Hot Topics in Pharmacy Practice which features a variety of episodes covering emerging trends, key topics and areas across medicine. This podcast series will feature lively discussions from subject matter experts and members. Related Links . Navigating the Waters of Payer Contracting. Jun 10, 2024 ...
2000+ amazing Pharmacology Thesis Topics for MD/DNB
A study of the pattern of drug use for general and regional anesthesia for caesarean section and to compare the maternal and neonatal outcome. Adverse effects of anti tubercular treatment in cases of MDR tuberculosis. List of more than 2000 premium Pharmacology thesis topics to choose from.
1,841 Pharmacology Topics PPTs View free & download
View Pharmacology Topics PPTs online, safely and virus-free! Many are downloadable. Learn new and interesting things. Get ideas for your own presentations. ... stoetzel Last modified by: Lesya Created Date: 1/9/2003 2:15:47 PM Document presentation format: Company: Graceland University. Title: Pharmacology Author: stoetzel Last modified by ...
List Of Interesting Pharmacognosy Project Topics & Ideas For Beginners
Pharmacognostic and Lactogenic Studies of the Leaves of Stachytarpheta Jamaicensis (L.) Vahl (Verbenaceae). 9. Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Studies of Annonasenegalensispers. (Annonaceae) Stem Bark. 10. Evaluation of Anti-Ulcer Properties of Methanol Extract of Terminalia Superba Engl. & Diels (Combretaceae) Stem Bark.
Pharmacology
"Reviews in Pharmacology of Anti-Cancer Drugs: 2023" will publish high-quality scholarly review papers on key topics in Pharmacology of Anti-Cancer Drugs. Research Topic. Drug Discovery in Cancer Research: Success Stories and Open Challenges.
Study models how ketamine's molecular action leads to its effects on
"The finding that an individual synaptic receptor (NMDA) can produce gamma oscillations and that these gamma oscillations can influence network-level gamma was unexpected," says co-corresponding author Michelle McCarthy, a research assistant professor of math at BU."This was found only by using a detailed physiological model of the NMDA receptor.
Reviews in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology: 2024
The Reviews in Gastrointestinal and Hepatic Pharmacology: 2024 collection welcomes full-length, mini or systematic review papers, focusing on, but are not limited to, the following topics: • Novel therapeutic approaches including innovative drug classes, such as biologics, small molecules, and gene therapies, as well as their mechanisms of ...
JCM
Background: Pilocytic astrocytoma (PCA) are commonly observed as slow-growing noncancerous brain tumors in pediatric populations, but they can also occur in adults, albeit rarely. When located in diencephalic regions, particularly in the hypothalamus, they present unique diagnostic and management challenges due to their rarity and overlapping clinical and radiological features with other ...
The state of AI in early 2024: Gen AI adoption spikes and starts to
If 2023 was the year the world discovered generative AI (gen AI), 2024 is the year organizations truly began using—and deriving business value from—this new technology. In the latest McKinsey Global Survey on AI, 65 percent of respondents report that their organizations are regularly using gen AI, nearly double the percentage from our ...