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Internet of Things (IoT): Research, Architectures and Applications

— Internet of Things is the concept of connecting any device (so long as it has an on/off switch) to the Internet and to other connected devices. The IoT is a giant network of connected things and people, all of which collect and share data about the way they are used and about the environment around them. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of about 30 billion objects by 2020. This paper presents a study based on IoT and its applications in different field of science and technology. Along with the introduction of the IoT literature review is also provided. The paper also discusses the architecture and elements of the IoT along with its different applications.

Related Papers

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology IJRASET

IJRASET Publication

The primary aim of this paper is to give an overview on the Internet of Things encompassing its architecture, technologies, its various applications and challenges associated with it. The Internet of Things refers to billions of physical devices that are connected to the Internet, all collecting and sharing data. Electronic sensors are embedded into everyday objects which allow them to communicate and exchange data over a network. It is a system comprising of interrelated computing devices, objects, animals or people that each have unique identification number (UID) for identification and have the ability to communicate and exchange data over a network without the need of human-to-human or human-to-machine intervention. This paper aims to provide concise yet detailed and structured concepts on IoT, discusses its various technical aspects and gives our view on IoT technologies, applications and related issues with comparison of other papers.

Gourav Misra , Arun Agarwal

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been inscription in this review paper. Internet of Things is a keyword to cover various challenges related to internet and the web to the real physical world. We know that, today internet has already taken an important part of everyday life and it has also dramatically changed the lives of human being. The most important factor of this invention is, integration or combination of several technologies with the communication system solutions. The most applicable factors of IoT is the identification and tracking various factors for smart objects. The universal sensing networks is enabled by Wireless Sensing Networks (WSN) and these technologies cuts across many areas of modern day living. The escalation of these devices in a communicating and actuating network will create the Internet of Things (IoT). Here the sensors and actuators combine easily with the environment around us and the information is shared across various platforms in order to develop a common operating picture (COP). Internet of Things predicts the future that, the advance digital world and the physical world will get linked by means of proper information and wireless communication system technologies. In this survey paper we have mentioned the visions, concepts, technologies, various challenges, some innovation directions, and various applications of Internet of Things (IoT).

IRJET Journal

IAEME PUBLICATION

IAEME Publication

IOT stands for "Internet of things", meaning various real world things connected with the internet. In upcoming days, IoT is gradually converting the real world things into the smart virtual things. The main goal is related to the Internet of Things is to combine all possible objects in this world under a common framework, not only also have can control on that object which is available in our surroundings,but also keep us up to date of their state related to that object.As an output, a huge amount of data is being generated and will be stored and after that this data is being processed in useful actions when needed then here we have command and control on that object, so that our life will be much simpler and secure and our impact on the environment will be reduced.In this era, internet access is convenient to individuals on their mobile devices as well as systems, so that easily information can be transferred through the internet at less cost.The main focus of this paper is to give an overview related to the Internet of things, their architectures, and important technologies and its applications and how these things play an important role in our daily life.

SSRN Electronic Journal

praveen bhanodia

Dr Shah Miah

Internet of things (IoT) has significantly altered the traditional lifestyle to a highly technologically advanced society. Some of the significant transformations that have been achieved through IoT are smart homes, smart transportation, smart city, and control of pollution. A considerable number of studies have been conducted and continue to be done to increase the use of technology through IoT. Furthermore, the research about IoT has not been done fully in improving the application of technology through IoT. Besides, IoT experiences several problems that need to be considered in order to get the full capability of IoT in changing society. This research paper addresses the key applications of IoT, the architecture of IoT, and the key issues affecting IoT. In addition, the paper highlights how big data analytics is essential in improving the effectiveness of IoT in various applications within society.

Muhammad Umar Farooq , Talha Kamal

Internet, a revolutionary invention, is always transforming into some new kind of hardware and software making it unavoidable for anyone. The form of communication that we see now is either human-human or human-device, but the Internet of Things (IoT) promises a great future for the internet where the type of communication is machine-machine (M2M). This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the IoT scenario and reviews its enabling technologies and the sensor networks. Also, it describes a six-layered architecture of IoT and points out the related key challenges.

Communications on Applied Electronics

Dr. Yusuf Perwej

International Journal of Computer Applications

Emrah Irmak

Ayushi Sharma

One of the fuzz words in the Information Technology is Internet of Things (IoT).In the upcoming era real world things like cars and buses, homes, factories, machine and tools will be connected to the internet in order to make our lives easy and more comfortable. The IoT aims to incorporate everything in our surroundings under a general infrastructure; it gives us control of things around us as well as keeps us informed of the state of the things. The main purpose of this paper is to provide a summarization of Internet of Things, architectures, and fundamental technologies and their usages in our day to day routine. IoT is an apprehensively connected system of smart devices that arrange automatically, share information, data and resources, responding to a situation and changes in the environment.

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Exploring the full potentials of iot for better financial growth and stability: a comprehensive survey.

1. Introduction

• In-depth examination of IoT developments and architecture: By thoroughly studying the developments in IoT and its intricate architecture, this paper offers valuable insights into the current state of IoT technology, setting a strong foundation for further research and innovation.
• Rigorous analysis of trials and challenges: Through a careful analysis of the associated trials and challenges faced in the implementation of IoT, this study provides a clear understanding of the obstacles and potential roadblocks in IoT adoption, enabling stakeholders to proactively address these issues.
• Holistic assessment of orientations and motivations driving IoT adoption: The comprehensive analysis of the orientations and motivations behind IoT adoption across diverse domains offers a rich understanding of the driving forces behind the rapid growth of IoT applications, empowering decision-makers to align their strategies with market trends.
• Investigation of IoT technology adoption: By delving into the adoption of IoT technologies, this paper uncovers the transformative potential of IoT across various sectors, revealing the opportunities and applications that can revolutionize businesses and industries.
• Forward-looking insights on future research challenges and open issues: With a careful review of future research challenges and thoughtful discussions on open issues, this study provides a roadmap for future researchers and practitioners to explore untapped possibilities and forge new frontiers in IoT advancements.

2. IoT Foundations: Literature Review

2.1. a comprehensive review of the foundational concepts of iot.

• Connectivity: IoT thrives on connectivity, enabling devices to communicate with each other and with central systems. This interconnectedness forms the foundation for real-time data exchange and intelligent decision-making [ 18 , 27 ].
• Sensing and Perception: IoT devices are equipped with sensors that capture and perceive the surrounding environment. These sensors can detect various parameters, such as temperature, humidity, motion, and more, allowing IoT systems to gather valuable data [ 27 , 34 ].
• Data Analysis and Intelligence: The influx of data generated by IoT devices calls for advanced data analytics and artificial intelligence techniques. IoT leverages this intelligence to gain insights, detect patterns, and optimize processes, ultimately facilitating informed decision-making [ 35 , 36 ].
• Automation and Control: IoT empowers automation by enabling devices to execute predefined tasks without human intervention. This automation fosters increased efficiency, reduced human errors, and enhanced productivity [ 34 , 36 ].
• Scalability and Flexibility: The versatility of IoT allows seamless expansion and integration of new devices and technologies. The scalability of IoT systems ensures that they can adapt and accommodate diverse use cases [ 37 ].
• Interoperability: For IoT to thrive, interoperability between different devices and platforms is crucial. IoT standards and protocols facilitate smooth communication and collaboration among heterogeneous IoT systems [ 38 , 39 , 40 ].
• Security and Privacy: With the extensive data exchange, ensuring robust security and privacy measures is paramount. IoT systems must implement encryption, authentication, and other security mechanisms to safeguard sensitive data and protect users’ privacy [ 22 , 40 ].
• Real-Time Responsiveness: The real-time nature of IoT enables immediate actions and responses. IoT systems can react promptly to changing conditions, making them ideal for applications requiring quick decision-making and response times [ 28 ].
• Energy Efficiency: IoT devices are designed with energy efficiency in mind, ensuring prolonged battery life and reduced energy consumption. This characteristic is particularly vital for IoT applications that rely on battery-powered devices [ 41 ].
• Ubiquitous Access: IoT extends beyond traditional computing devices and offers ubiquitous access to data and services. Users can interact with IoT systems through smartphones, wearables, and other connected devices from anywhere at any time [ 28 ].
• Sensors: Sensors are crucial components in IoT devices as they enable the collection of real-time data from the physical environment [ 42 , 43 ]. Various types of sensors, such as temperature sensors, humidity sensors, motion sensors, light sensors, and proximity sensors, provide valuable insights into the surrounding conditions [ 44 , 45 ].
• Actuators: Actuators are devices that can initiate physical actions based on the data collected by sensors or the instructions received from IoT systems. They can perform actions like opening or closing valves, turning on or off appliances, and controlling machinery [ 46 , 47 ].
• Wearable Devices: Wearables, such as smartwatches, fitness trackers, and smart glasses, are IoT devices that are worn on the body [ 48 ]. They continuously monitor health and fitness data and often interact with smartphones or other connected devices [ 49 ].
• Smart Home Devices: Smart home devices include smart thermostats, smart lights, smart locks, and smart appliances that can be controlled remotely or automated to optimize energy usage and enhance home security and comfort [ 11 ].
• Connected Vehicles: IoT has revolutionized the automotive industry with connected vehicles that gather data and provide real-time insights on vehicle performance, maintenance needs, and driver behavior [ 31 ].
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) Devices: In industrial settings, IoT devices play a crucial role in monitoring and optimizing manufacturing processes, predictive maintenance, and ensuring worker safety [ 42 ].
• Smart Health Devices: IoT-enabled health devices, such as remote patient-monitoring systems, smart medical wearables, and health-tracking applications, are revolutionizing healthcare by providing continuous health monitoring and timely interventions [ 9 , 40 ].
• Smart City Infrastructure: IoT is integral to building smart cities, with devices like smart traffic lights, smart waste management systems, and smart energy grids enhancing urban sustainability and efficiency [ 11 , 12 ].
• Agricultural IoT Devices: IoT is transforming agriculture with devices like smart irrigation systems, soil sensors, and livestock monitoring systems, enabling precision farming and maximizing crop yields [ 13 ].
• Connected Consumer Electronics: Many everyday consumer electronics, such as smart TVs, smart speakers, and smart home assistants, are IoT devices that provide a seamless user experience and connectivity [ 43 ].
• IoT-A (Internet of Things—Architecture): IoT-A is a research project that aims to define a reference architecture for IoT systems. It provides a scalable and flexible framework, focusing on interoperability. The architecture is divided into three main views: the Application View, the Information View, and the Communication View. IoT-A emphasizes modularity and reusability of components, making it easier to design and deploy IoT solutions across various domains.
• AWS IoT Architecture: Amazon Web Services (AWS) offers a comprehensive IoT architecture that leverages its cloud services. AWS IoT provides a scalable and secure platform for connecting devices, managing data, and building applications. It includes components like AWS IoT Core for device management and connectivity, AWS IoT Greengrass for edge computing capabilities, and AWS IoT Analytics for data processing and insights.
• Microsoft Azure IoT Reference Architecture: Microsoft Azure provides a robust IoT reference architecture to help developers design scalable and secure IoT solutions. It incorporates various Azure services, such as Azure IoT Hub for device connectivity, Azure IoT Edge for edge computing, and Azure IoT Central for simplified device management.
• IBM IoT Reference Architecture: IBM offers an IoT reference architecture that covers the entire IoT ecosystem, from edge devices to cloud-based applications. It emphasizes integration with the IBM Watson IoT Platform for device management, data processing, and AI-powered insights.
• IoTivity: IoTivity is an open-source IoT framework developed by the Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF). It aims to provide a standardized and interoperable approach to IoT device connectivity and communication. IoTivity supports various IoT protocols, enabling seamless interoperability between different devices and ecosystems.
• Google Cloud IoT Architecture: Google Cloud Platform (GCP) offers an IoT architecture that leverages Google Cloud IoT Core, Google Cloud Pub/Sub, and other GCP services. It provides a robust platform for device management, data ingestion, and analytics in IoT applications.
• Hyperledger Caliper: Hyperledger Caliper is an open-source project under the Linux Foundation’s Hyperledger umbrella. While not a full IoT architecture, it allows benchmarking different blockchain frameworks for IoT use cases, focusing on performance evaluation.
• ARM mbed: ARM’s mbed platform aims to provide a scalable and secure foundation for IoT devices and applications. It offers a suite of tools, operating systems, and device management capabilities that make it easier for developers to create IoT solutions.
• OpenFog Consortium Architecture: The OpenFog Consortium focuses on edge computing in IoT. It has developed an architecture that addresses the challenges of deploying IoT and AI solutions at the edge of the network, emphasizing low-latency processing, data security, and scalability.

2.2. The Historical Development and Evolution of IoT Technologies

• Early Concepts (1980s–1990s): The foundational ideas of IoT can be traced back to the 1980s and 1990s when researchers and technologists began envisioning a world where devices could be interconnected and communicate with each other. At this stage, the focus was mainly on machine-to-machine (M2M) communication and remote monitoring of industrial systems [ 21 , 43 , 54 ].
• Emergence of RFID (Radio Frequency Identification) (1990s–2000s): The development of RFID technology marked a significant step in the evolution of IoT. RFID tags enabled the identification and tracking of objects and assets using radio waves, laying the groundwork for the idea of a connected world where objects and devices could be uniquely identified and accessed [ 42 , 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 ].
• Proliferation of Internet Connectivity (2000s): The widespread adoption of the Internet in the early 2000s paved the way for the expansion of IoT technologies. The increasing availability of internet connectivity allowed devices and sensors to connect and transmit data over the web, creating the basis for IoT applications [ 22 , 43 ].
• Advancements in Sensor Technology (2000s): The improvement and miniaturization of sensors during this period enabled the integration of various types of sensors into devices, making them capable of capturing data from their environment. These sensors became essential components of IoT devices, enabling them to collect real-time data [ 47 , 54 ].
• Smart Home and Wearable Devices (2010s): The 2010s saw the rise of consumer-oriented IoT devices, such as smart home appliances and wearable devices. Smart thermostats, smart speakers, fitness trackers, and smartwatches gained popularity, showcasing the potential of IoT in enhancing daily life and user experiences [ 11 , 12 ].
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) and Industry 4.0 (2010s): The convergence of IoT with industrial applications, known as the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) or Industry 4.0, became prominent. IIoT revolutionized manufacturing and industrial processes by enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and data-driven decision-making [ 42 ].
• Cloud Computing and Big Data (2010s): The advent of cloud computing and big data analytics provided the necessary infrastructure and tools to process and analyze the vast amounts of data generated by IoT devices. Cloud platforms allow for scalable and flexible data storage and processing, enhancing the capabilities of IoT applications [ 28 , 33 , 38 , 52 ].
• Edge Computing (2010s): As IoT applications grew, the limitations of relying solely on cloud computing for data processing became apparent. Edge computing emerged as a solution, enabling data processing and analysis to occur closer to the data source, reducing latency, and improving real-time responsiveness [ 33 , 52 ].
• Connectivity Advancements and 5G (2010s–2020s): The deployment of 5G networks and other connectivity advancements further accelerated the growth of IoT technologies. The high-speed, low-latency, and massive connectivity capabilities of 5G opened up new possibilities for IoT applications in various domains [ 56 ].
• AI and Machine Learning Integration (2020s): The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) with IoT technologies has unlocked powerful insights and automation capabilities. AI-driven analytics enable more sophisticated data processing and predictive decision-making in IoT applications [ 16 , 32 , 34 ].

3. Materials and Methods

3.1. related literature and research contributions.

• Real-time Insights into the latest advancements, case studies, and practical applications of IoT technologies, to provide up-to-date information empower researchers, engineers, and innovators to make informed decisions and stay ahead of emerging trends.
• Accelerating Innovation by sharing early-stage prototypes, experimental results, and proof-of-concept projects, grey literature fosters a culture of innovation.
• Practical Implementation Guidance to provide valuable assistance to practitioners looking to deploy IoT systems effectively.
• Use Case Exploration to inspire new use case ideas and encourage cross-industry collaboration.
• Addressing Challenges by enabling researchers and practitioners to share their approaches to overcoming these challenges, thus fostering a collective effort to find viable solutions.

3.2. Formulation of Research Questions

3.3. prisma systematic searching strategy, 3.3.1. identification: selection criteria.

• C1: Papers published before 2013 were excluded.
• C2: Incomplete papers or papers presenting only a table of contents, abstracts of conferences, tutorials, keynote talks, technical reports, editorial papers, or short papers were excluded, as were papers not written in English.
• C3: Papers lacking abstracts or full-text availability were omitted.
• C4: Papers not directly aligned with the proposed research questions were also excluded, ensuring a laser-focused approach to our study.

3.3.2. Screening Stage

• Title and Abstract Screening: In the initial stage, researchers diligently review the titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies, carefully identifying those that align with the research question. Studies that do not meet the inclusion criteria or lack relevance to the topic of interest are expeditiously excluded at this stage.
• Full-Text Screening: Following the title and abstract screening, the remaining studies undergo in-depth scrutiny of their full texts. This comprehensive step involves an extensive examination of the study content to ascertain whether it satisfies the predetermined inclusion criteria. Studies that fail to meet the criteria or lack sufficient information are systematically excluded from the final selection.

3.3.3. Eligibility

3.4. quality assessment, 3.5. data extraction, 4. study results, 4.1. results related to iot technologies, 4.1.1. hardware-level, 4.1.2. network-level.

• Personal Area Network (PAN): PAN is the smallest network type, designed for connecting devices close to each other, typically within a range of a few meters. It is commonly used for communication between personal devices, such as smartphones, smartwatches, and other wearable gadgets.
• Local Area Network (LAN): LAN covers a relatively small geographic area, such as a home, office, or campus. It enables devices to communicate within a confined space and is often used to connect IoT devices within a specific location, like smart thermostats, security cameras, and printers.
• Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN encompasses a larger geographic area and is used to connect devices across broader regions. Cellular networks and satellite connections are examples of WAN technologies that facilitate communication between IoT devices spread over significant distances.
• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN): WSN consists of interconnected sensors that collaborate to collect and transmit data. These networks are often used for monitoring and control applications, such as environmental sensing, agriculture, and industrial automation.
• Industrial IoT (IIoT) Network: IIoT networks are tailored for industrial settings and involve connecting various devices and systems in manufacturing, energy, transportation, and other sectors. IIoT optimizes processes, enhances productivity, and enables predictive maintenance.
• Mesh Network: In a mesh network, IoT devices are interconnected, creating multiple pathways for data to travel. This redundancy enhances network reliability and coverage, making it suitable for applications requiring high resilience and extensive coverage.
• Cellular Network: Cellular networks leverage existing telecommunications infrastructure to provide IoT connectivity. They offer reliable, widespread coverage, making them suitable for applications like fleet management, asset tracking, and smart cities.
• Satellite Network: Satellite networks provide global IoT coverage, particularly in remote or inaccessible areas. They are vital for applications such as maritime tracking, remote environmental monitoring, and disaster response.
• LPWAN (Low Power Wide Area Network): LPWAN technologies, like LoRaWAN and Sigfox, enable long-range communication with minimal power consumption. They are ideal for connecting battery-operated devices like smart meters and agricultural sensors.
• Networks (5G): The introduction of 5G networks brings higher data speeds, lower latency, and increased device connectivity. It enhances IoT applications that demand real-time responsiveness, such as autonomous vehicles and augmented reality.

4.1.3. Software Level

4.1.4. storage level, 4.2. results related to iot challenges, 4.2.1. security and privacy challenges.

• Confidentiality: At the heart of data security lies the principle of confidentiality. These imperative delegates the imposition of stringent controls on data access, achieved through a harmonious blend of physical and logical restrictions. Failing to uphold confidentiality casts a dire shadow, potentially leading to unauthorized data exposure, undermining trust, and paving the way for cyber espionage.
• Integrity: The integrity of data forms the backbone of accurate decision-making and seamless operations. Ensuring data remains unadulterated and up to date is critical. Any compromise to data integrity can sow the seeds of misinformation, fueling erroneous actions, and eroding stakeholders’ confidence in the system’s veracity.
• Availability: The unimpeded accessibility of data to authorized individuals is a linchpin of operational efficacy. Delays or interruptions in data availability can cripple critical processes, hinder informed decision-making, and stifle the timely execution of actions, potentially leading to operational breakdowns.
• Authenticity: The assurance of authentic communication within the IoT ecosystem is essential to avoid fraudulent interactions. The ability to unequivocally verify the identity of communication partners establishes the bedrock of trust and ensures that data exchanges occur with the intended entities. Failure to ensure authenticity opens the door to impersonation and unauthorized access.
• Privacy: The preservation of individual privacy stands as a cardinal principle, shielding individuals from intrusive intrusions and unwarranted disruptions. Neglecting privacy not only infringes upon personal rights but also invites breaches that can tarnish the reputation of the system’s operators, potentially leading to legal repercussions.
• Non-repudiation: Warranting the veracity of messages or transactions is integral to a secure IoT ecosystem. Non-repudiation precludes the possibility of a sender denying their involvement or the occurrence of a transaction. Its absence leaves room for malicious repudiation, complicating dispute resolution and eroding trust.
• Key Management: The management of cryptographic keys is an essential aspect of data security, ensuring compliance with established standards and regulations. Inadequate key management can result in unauthorized access, compromised data, and regulatory non-compliance, bearing far-reaching legal and financial consequences.
• Symmetric Encryption: A swiftness characterizes symmetric encryption, where both encryption and decryption pivot upon a singular key—the cryptic “secret key.” While speed is its hallmark, this technique mandates a critical prelude—an accord between sender and receiver on the elusive shared key. A delicate choice, this key’s dissemination necessitates utmost care, as an ill-fated misplacement can lead to the key’s possession by unauthorized entities, thus compromising the very tenets of confidentiality.
• Asymmetric Encryption: In contrast, asymmetric encryption is a system of duality, orchestrated through a key pair: the public and private keys. The recipient, designated as the (forthcoming) guardian of the keys, ensures that potential senders access the public key. Upon this foundation, the sender adroitly employs the recipient’s key to encode the message, setting the stage for an intricate dance wherein the recipient wields their private key to decode this encrypted enigma.

4.2.2. Interoperability and Efficiency Challenges

4.2.3. data management and analytics challenges, 4.2.4. network complexity and bandwidth challenges, 4.2.5. scalability, 4.2.6. power consumption and battery life challenges, 4.3. results related to general iot applications, 4.3.1. smart cities.

• The smart economy endeavors to fortify the city’s commercial prowess, wherein parameters such as innovation, entrepreneurship, labor market adaptability, productivity, and global integration coalesce to determine competitiveness on the financial stage.
• Intelligent citizens embody the collective human and social capital, encompassing not only the educational attainment of residents but also their diversity, open-mindedness, creative faculties, quality of social interactions, and civic engagement.
• Intelligent governance orchestrates a transparent, all-encompassing administrative modality that nurtures robust civic participation.
• Intelligent mobility accentuates both local and international accessibility, facilitated by an interconnected ICT infrastructure and innovative, sustainable, secure transportation systems.
• An intelligent environment fosters ecological stewardship, advocating for a superior quality of life through the nurturing of green spaces, enhancement of air quality, sustainable resource management, and environmental safeguarding. Exemplars of such management are observable in localized eco-districts.
• An intelligent lifestyle encompasses the gamut of life-quality constituents, spanning cultural enrichment, healthcare provisioning, housing, education, tourism, safety enforcement, and social cohesiveness.

4.3.2. Smart Home

• Enhanced time management: The programming of mundane tasks such as shutter control, alarm activation, or gate manipulation via smartphones culminates in a significant temporal dividend.
• Augmented security: Through automation systems, homes are fortified against potential break-ins and intrusions.
• Prudent energy consumption: Automation empowers the modulation of thermostats based on temporal parameters, ushering in the benefits of sustained ambient temperatures.

4.3.3. Remote Learning

4.3.4. transportation.

• Automating tasks hitherto reliant on human intervention.
• Real-time monitoring and dynamic adjustment of road network performance.
• Acquisition of data previously garnered through costly infrastructural investments, now harnessed from more prolific sources.
• The transition from analyses rooted in historical data to those propelled by intelligent systems equipped with real-time data analytics.
• Empowerment of road users with choices influenced by a plethora of channels, encompassing mobile devices and in-vehicle systems, supplanting the erstwhile monopoly of road signs.

4.3.5. Wearables

• Empowerment through smart locks, wherein doors yield to the prompt of a smartphone, harmonizing convenience with security.
• Strategic modulation of lights and thermostats through intelligent control mechanisms, engendering energy conservation and operational cost containment.
• The advent of voice assistants—such as Alexa or Siri—enables seamless calendar management, note-taking, reminders, email dispatch, and messaging, underscoring an era of intuitive interactivity.
• The orchestration of connected printer sensors that discern ink levels, triggers the procurement of additional cartridges, thereby precluding disruptions to workflow.
• Surveillance cameras, rendered “smart” by connectivity, proffer the ability to transmit live content to the Internet, extending the purview of surveillance beyond physical confines.

4.3.6. Smart Retail

4.3.7. e-health.

• The burgeoning landscape of wearables, evolving at a rapid commercial clip, offers insights into the behavior of individuals and materials. From headgear to timepieces to footwear, the spectrum of IoT-enabled wearables is expanding, capturing metrics like heart rate, caloric intake and expenditure, food consumption patterns, and an intricate web of behavioral facets. While ethical and philosophical challenges remain salient, the potential applications of this deluge of information, whether predictive or therapeutic, are prodigious.
• The proliferation of real-time environmental awareness, propelled by the impending deluge of health-related data, beckons a plethora of ethical quandaries. Nevertheless, even when anonymized, this trove of information holds utility as a decision-making compass for public health initiatives and individual diagnoses. Expedited diagnoses during rapid disease outbreaks can tip the balance between life and death.
• Decision support systems are anchored in the analysis of data gleaned from sensor networks, offering the potential for predictive maintenance and real-time monitoring, thus nurturing the prospect of continuous enhancement.
• Streamlined manufacturing processes within healthcare institutions stand to gain traction. Elevated data management efficacy can empower hospitals to bolster productivity and optimize the utilization of critical equipment through enhanced scheduling. Expedited access to diagnostics like MRI scans can manifest as a pivotal determinant in patient outcomes, exemplifying the IoT’s capacity to chart optimal usage patterns for such assets.
• Resource consumption optimization bears transformative promise, potentially influencing physician remuneration paradigms. The profound reservoirs of patient-specific data, encompassing both individual profiles and broader demographics, hold the potential to accurately gauge care efficacy, treatment outcomes, and anomalies.
• Autonomous systems operating within open environments echo the ethos of preventive healthcare. Sensors and mobile applications, intertwined with smartphones, wield the potential to proactively detect diseases and instigate preemptive treatments. Moreover, the quantification of risks inherent in patient interactions emerges within the purview of IoT’s capabilities.

4.3.8. Industrial Internet

4.3.9. smart supply chain.

• Enter the domain of connected forklifts, a real-time locational awareness coupled with automatic cargo recording, liberating operators from halts for manual data entry.
• The aegis of connected silos ushers in the optimization of truck loading, fostering security by detecting instances such as uncleaned trucks before loading.
• The orchestration of real-time monitoring of transport conditions can precipitate pre-emptive quality inspections, nipping anomalies in the bud.
• Augmented reality unfurls its utility as a “hands-free kit” within the warehouse, charting new avenues for seamless exploration.
• Embark upon drone-assisted inventory mechanisms, coupled with the finesse of 3D modeling of loading flows.
• SAP solutions, standing as pillars of support, shine particularly bright within these innovative narratives, underpinned by their unique capability to holistically integrate disparate processes [ 36 ].

4.3.10. Smarts Water System

4.3.11. smart irrigation, 4.3.12. precision agricultural, 4.3.13. real-time monitoring, 4.3.14. agriculture warehouse monitoring, 4.4. results related to iot applications in finance.

• Accelerated Decision-Making: At the nucleus of manifold business determinations, including investment choices, lies the edifice of exhaustive data analytics, corporate pattern decipherment, and market research. IoT devices emerge as instrumental assets for amassing and dissecting customer data, endowing businesses with pivotal insights into their exigencies, thereby expediting the decision-making matrix. The integration of IoT with contemporary frontiers like AI amplifies its potential, particularly within the precincts of the banking sphere. By harnessing AI, ML, and RPA, financial luminaries are endowed with the capability to adroitly scrutinize voluminous data troves, thereby concretizing judicious strategic decisions concerning resource allocation.
• Optimized Finance and Accounting Dynamics: The rhythmic cadence of finance and accounting entwines effective inter-departmental communication, akin to a system’s harmonious overture. Through the complete automation of these intricate conduits, organizations can transcend reliance on manual synchronization. IoT devices, constituting conduits for real-time data assimilation and cloud-based updates, alleviate the labyrinthine labyrinth of workflow intricacies, thereby salvaging precious temporal and cognitive resources otherwise expended in consolidating and structuring data disseminated across multifarious teams.
• Elevated Operational Prowess: IoT’s imprint reverberates in real-time surveillance of personnel and operational performance, bequeathing an avenue to vigilantly monitor working hours through IoT entities like wearables, whilst promptly unearthing any deviations through alert mechanisms. Moreover, IoT devices impart invaluable metrics, propelling the assessment of critical machinery’s optimal functionality—A testament to the flawless operations of apparatus like ATMs and consumer kiosks, thus underpinning their seamless efficacy.

4.4.1. IoT Payments

4.4.2. customer service, 4.4.3. identity management, 4.4.4. credit risk management, 4.4.5. fraud detection, 4.4.6. auditing, 5. discussion and open issues, 5.1. importance of iot in finance.

• Enhanced Perception and Computing Skills: The evolution of computing, sensing, and data analytics is not just benefiting businesses but also enriching consumer experiences. Consider the transformation of smart fridges from being considered impractical and expensive a decade ago to becoming indispensable within ten years. This rapid evolution underscores the dynamic potential of IoT technologies in reshaping the financial landscape.
• Rising Consumer Awareness: Modern consumers are increasingly immersed in technology, fostering higher expectations for innovative devices. The willingness to embrace groundbreaking technologies and share personal data has expanded. Manufacturers are now less concerned about market acceptance and more focused on rapid innovation, driving intense competition and stimulating financial growth.
• Automation and Efficiency Advancements: IoT solutions typically lead to reduced operational costs and ensure continuous device availability. Improved automation and connectivity empower machines to exert enhanced control, leading to diminished human errors. The adoption of IoT technologies encourages a cascading effect where successful automation of one process incentivizes further automation, ultimately culminating in end-to-end efficiency.

5.2. IoT Architecture

5.2.1. significance of iot architectures.

• Data-Driven Insights: IoT architecture allows financial institutions to collect and analyze vast amounts of real-time data from various sources, such as customer transactions, market trends, and financial indicators. This data-driven approach enables more informed decision-making, helping financial organizations identify new opportunities, optimize processes, and develop innovative products and services.
• Enhanced Customer Experience: By leveraging IoT architecture, financial institutions can personalize customer interactions and services. Through IoT-enabled devices and applications, customers can access their accounts, make transactions, and receive tailored financial advice seamlessly. This enhanced customer experience leads to increased customer satisfaction, loyalty, and retention, ultimately driving financial growth.
• Operational Efficiency: IoT architecture optimizes operational processes within the financial sector. Automated systems and smart devices can monitor and manage assets, detect anomalies, and predict maintenance needs. This results in reduced operational costs, improved resource utilization, and streamlined workflows, contributing to overall financial efficiency and profitability.
• Risk Management and Fraud Prevention: IoT architecture enhances risk management by providing real-time monitoring and early detection of potential risks. For instance, IoT sensors can track changes in market conditions, asset values, or transaction patterns, enabling proactive risk mitigation. Additionally, IoT-driven security measures, such as biometric authentication and surveillance, help prevent fraud and protect sensitive financial data.
• Innovative Products and Services: IoT architecture enables the creation of innovative financial products and services that cater to evolving customer needs. For example, IoT-powered insurance solutions can offer usage-based premiums, where premiums are adjusted based on actual driving behavior or health monitoring. These novel offerings attract new customers and revenue streams.
• Cross-Sector Collaboration: IoT architecture encourages collaboration between the financial sector and other industries, such as retail, healthcare, and transportation. Joint ventures and partnerships can lead to the development of integrated solutions, like point-of-sale financing for retail purchases or healthcare payment plans tied to IoT health monitoring devices.
• Market Expansion: IoT architecture facilitates market expansion by reaching underserved or unbanked populations. Through IoT-enabled mobile banking, financial services can be delivered to remote areas without traditional banking infrastructure, increasing financial inclusion and opening new markets.
• Data Monetization: Financial institutions can leverage IoT-generated data as an additional revenue stream. By anonymizing and aggregating data, they can offer valuable insights to businesses, policymakers, and researchers. This data monetization strategy contributes to financial growth beyond core banking activities.
• Regulatory Compliance: IoT architecture can aid in meeting regulatory requirements by providing accurate and auditable records of transactions, processes, and customer interactions. This ensures transparency, accountability, and compliance, reducing legal risks and potential penalties.

5.2.2. Reference Architectures

• Standardization and Best Practices: IoT reference architectures establish a set of best practices and standardized approaches for building IoT solutions. This consistency helps ensure that IoT deployments are reliable, scalable, and maintainable.
• Interoperability: IoT reference architectures often promote interoperability by defining common protocols, communication standards, and data formats. This ensures that devices and systems from different vendors can work together seamlessly, fostering a more diverse and open IoT ecosystem.
• Scalability: Reference architectures help IoT systems scale effectively by guiding how to add more devices, gateways, and components as the IoT deployment grows. This scalability is crucial as IoT deployments can rapidly expand in terms of the number of connected devices.
• Security: Security is a paramount concern in IoT. Reference architectures typically include security best practices for device authentication, data encryption, access control, and other aspects of IoT security. Following these guidelines helps mitigate security risks.
• Reduced Development Time and Costs: IoT reference architectures can significantly reduce development time and costs by providing a well-defined structure and reusable components. Developers can leverage existing architectural patterns and design principles rather than starting from scratch.
• Flexibility: While reference architectures provide a structured framework, they are often flexible enough to accommodate various use cases and industries. They can be adapted to specific requirements while maintaining a solid foundation.
• Ecosystem Growth: IoT reference architectures encourage the growth of the IoT ecosystem by making it easier for organizations and developers to enter the market. They can accelerate innovation and drive the development of new IoT solutions.
• Risk Mitigation: By following established reference architectures, organizations can reduce the risk of project failure or costly mistakes. These architectures are based on proven principles and real-world experiences, helping organizations make informed decisions.
• IoT-A: IoT-A (IoT Architecture) is an architecture developed by the European Union’s IoT research project. It focuses on the architectural aspects of IoT, including the modeling of IoT systems, resource management, and data processing.
• IBM IoT Reference Architecture: IBM has created a comprehensive IoT reference architecture that covers device management, connectivity, data processing, analytics, and application enablement. It emphasizes the importance of data-driven insights in IoT solutions.
• Industrial Internet Consortium (IIC) IoT Reference Architecture: IIC, a consortium focused on industrial IoT, has published an IoT reference architecture that addresses the specific needs of industrial applications, including manufacturing, energy, and healthcare.
• Microsoft Azure IoT Reference Architecture: Microsoft offers its reference architecture for building IoT solutions on its Azure cloud platform. It covers device connectivity, data processing, analytics, and integration with Azure services.
• AWS IoT Reference Architectures: Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides various reference architectures for IoT applications, including edge computing, data processing, and serverless IoT.
• Open Connectivity Foundation (OCF): OCF has defined IoT reference architecture for interoperable and secure connectivity among IoT devices. It focuses on standardizing communication protocols and data models.
• IETF IoT Reference Architectures: The Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) has produced a series of RFCs (Request for Comments) related to IoT reference architectures and security considerations, emphasizing the importance of secure communication.

5.3. Current Advances to Simulate or Implement IoT

• Message queuing systems play a pivotal role in facilitating crucial interactions between producers and consumers. Notably, 16% of the scrutinized papers employed message queuing systems. Among these, Mosquitto (47%), Kafka (23%), Apache ActiveMQ (9%), RabbitMQ (8%), and Celery (8%) emerged as the most utilized systems.
• In addressing the critical need for efficient data storage in IoT implementations, our examination revealed the prevalent usage of databases such as MySQL, Redis, MongoDB, HBase, SQLite, PostgreSQL, CouchDB, and DynamoDB. MySQL stood out as the most prevalent choice, constituting 31% of the selections.
• Cloud services play a pivotal role in numerous IoT applications, providing reliable computational power and storage resources. Our analysis highlighted a diverse spectrum of cloud technologies and services adopted by the selected articles, including Apache Hadoop, Amazon EC2, Apache Spark, Amazon S3, Amazon IoT, and Amazon EMR.
• Containers and services hold paramount significance in constructing robust IoT solutions. Container platforms offer a comprehensive toolkit for IoT design and management, bolstering system resilience against failures. Prominent tools in this domain encompass Docker, OSGi, Docker Swarm, and Kubernetes.

5.4. IoT Open Issues

5.4.1. system design, 5.4.2. a comprehensive evaluation of iot requirements, 5.4.3. flexible and broad-purpose methodologies, 5.4.4. regulatory and legal issues, 5.4.5. ethical considerations, 5.4.6. environmental effects, 5.5. financial insights.

• First, it is essential to consider the powerful dependence on the quantity of data, especially training data. Given the differences in activities, services, and management protocols in IoT systems around the world, how to guarantee the usefulness of the developed methods is a question to consider. Therefore, it is necessary to implement evaluation methods for performance tests.
• Secondly, for the commercial development of a system, there might be ethical and legal issues, concerning the use of the data from the training phase, as the performance depends on the quality of the training data.

5.6. Recommendations and Practical Implications

• Comprehensive Regulatory Frameworks: Establish comprehensive and adaptive regulatory frameworks that encompass technical standards, data privacy, security protocols, and environmental sustainability. Collaboration between policymakers, industry stakeholders, and research bodies is essential to ensure that regulations remain agile in the face of rapid technological advancements.
• Interdisciplinary Collaboration: Foster collaborative ecosystems that transcend traditional disciplinary boundaries. Engage experts from diverse domains such as technology, law, ethics, financials, and environmental science to devise holistic solutions that balance innovation with ethical, legal, and environmental considerations.
• Ethical Guidelines and Education: Develop clear ethical guidelines for IoT design, deployment, and use. Educate developers, users, and decision-makers about the ethical implications of IoT technologies to promote responsible innovation and ensure alignment with societal values.
• Resource-Efficient Design: Prioritize resource-efficient design principles in IoT devices and systems. Incorporate energy-efficient hardware, renewable energy sources, and sustainable manufacturing processes to minimize the environmental footprint while enhancing operational efficiency.
• Circular Economy Approach: Embrace a circular economy approach by designing IoT devices for durability, repairability, and recyclability. Implement strategies that extend product lifecycles and facilitate responsible disposal, reducing electronic waste and conserving valuable resources.
• Privacy-Preserving Technologies: Integrate privacy-preserving technologies, such as encryption, differential privacy, and decentralized architectures, to safeguard sensitive data in IoT ecosystems. Strive for a harmonious balance between data utility and individual privacy rights.
• Dynamic Risk Assessment: Implement dynamic risk assessment mechanisms that continuously monitor and adapt to emerging threats in IoT ecosystems. Utilize machine learning and artificial intelligence algorithms to detect anomalies, predict vulnerabilities, and facilitate timely mitigation.
• Stakeholder Engagement: Foster transparent communication and collaboration among IoT stakeholders, including manufacturers, consumers, regulators, and advocacy groups. Engage in open dialogues to address concerns, gather feedback, and collectively shape the evolution of IoT systems.
• Education and Skill Development: Invest in education and skill development programs that equip individuals with the knowledge and expertise required to navigate the complexities of IoT. Empower professionals to implement and manage IoT technologies while upholding ethical, legal, and environmental standards.
• Long-Term Impact Assessment: Conduct comprehensive, long-term impact assessments of IoT implementations to quantify their effects on financial, environmental, and societal dimensions. These assessments can inform decision-making and guide the evolution of IoT strategies.
• Innovation for Sustainability: Encourage research and innovation that explicitly targets the enhancement of IoT’s environmental sustainability. Support initiatives that explore novel energy harvesting techniques, eco-friendly materials, and innovative data processing methods.
• Global Collaboration: Foster international collaboration to establish universally accepted standards and practices for IoT deployments. Global cooperation can harmonize efforts, eliminate redundancies, and accelerate the adoption of sustainable IoT solutions.
• Business Strategy and Decision-Making: The study emphasizes the transformative impact of IoT on organizations and daily lives. Businesses can leverage IoT technologies to make more informed decisions, optimize processes, and enhance operational effectiveness. The insights gained from IoT data can guide strategic planning and resource allocation.
• Operational Efficiency: The study highlights the advantages of IoT in improving overall productivity. IoT devices and sensors can monitor and control various aspects of business operations, leading to streamlined processes, reduced inefficiencies, and cost savings.
• Data Handling and IT Infrastructure: With the increasing volume of data generated by IoT devices, the study underscores the importance of robust IT systems capable of handling and processing this data effectively. Businesses need to invest in scalable and secure IT architectures to manage and analyze the data generated by IoT devices.
• IoT Architecture Development: The study recognizes the challenge of developing appropriate IoT architectures to meet evolving requirements. Businesses must focus on designing flexible and adaptable architectures that can accommodate diverse use cases and circumstances while ensuring data integrity and security.
• Research and Innovation: The study’s systematic review of existing IoT research provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of the field. This can guide further research and innovation by identifying gaps, trends, and emerging areas of interest within the IoT domain.
• Problem Identification and Resolution: By highlighting unresolved difficulties in the IoT business landscape, the study encourages ongoing dialogue and investigation. Businesses can use these insights to address challenges, develop innovative solutions, and drive continuous improvement.
• Encouraging Further Inquiry: The study contributes to the broader conversation around IoT by recognizing and critically assessing issues. It catalyzes further inquiry and exploration, motivating researchers and practitioners to delve deeper into the complexities of IoT technologies and their applications.
• Adaptation to Change: The study underscores the dynamic nature of business settings in the face of technological breakthroughs. Businesses need to remain agile and adaptive to embrace IoT-driven changes, ensuring they stay competitive and relevant in a rapidly evolving landscape.
• Collaboration and Knowledge Sharing: The study’s comprehensive review and categorization of IoT research create opportunities for collaboration and knowledge sharing among researchers, practitioners, and stakeholders. This can lead to cross-disciplinary insights and innovative solutions.
• Awareness and Education: The study contributes to raising awareness about the significance of IoT technologies in contemporary business environments. It highlights the need for businesses to stay informed, educated, and proactive in adopting IoT strategies to stay ahead in the market.

5.7. Strength and Limitation

• Scope and Generalizability: The study’s focus on a specific set of 84 research papers may limit the generalizability of its findings. The selected papers might not fully represent the entire breadth of IoT research and applications, potentially overlooking important perspectives and advancements.
• Time Sensitivity: The rapidly evolving nature of IoT technologies means that the conclusions drawn from this study might become outdated relatively quickly. Breakthroughs, challenges, and trends may emerge that are not adequately addressed in the current research landscape.
• Methodological Limitations: While the study employs a systematic review strategy following PRISMA guidelines, the methodology itself might have limitations. For instance, the inclusion/exclusion criteria for research papers and the search terms used could influence the selection of papers and potentially omit relevant studies.
• Lack of Real-World Validation: While the study aims to encourage further dialogue and investigation, the actual impact of the study’s findings on real-world business practices and decision-making remains to be seen.
• Comprehensive Understanding: The study offers a thorough examination of the current ecosystem of IoT studies by systematically reviewing and categorizing 84 research papers. This comprehensive approach provides a holistic view of the field’s current state and trends.
• Methodological Rigor: The study follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines, indicating a high level of methodological rigor and systematic selection of relevant research papers.
• Categorization Framework: The adoption of an empirical categorization strategy helps organize a wide range of IoT research topics and applications, making it easier for readers to grasp the diversity of the field.
• Practical Relevance: By focusing on the applications of IoT in business settings, the study addresses a practical and pertinent aspect of the technology’s impact. This emphasis on real-world implications enhances its relevance to corporate management and decision-making.
• Gap Identification: The study’s exploration of unresolved difficulties and challenges in the IoT business landscape highlights gaps in current knowledge and understanding. This can guide future research efforts and stimulate further inquiry.
• Encouragement of Dialogue: The study’s intention to foster additional discussion and investigation within the dynamic and evolving domain of IoT demonstrates its commitment to driving ongoing progress and innovation.
• Research Overview: The study’s systematic review and categorization offer a valuable resource for researchers seeking to gain a consolidated understanding of the diverse research topics and areas within the IoT domain.
• Foundational Insights: The study’s overview of IoT research provides foundational insights for individuals who are new to the field, helping them grasp key concepts, applications, and challenges.
• Reference for Decision-Makers: The study’s insights into the advantages of IoT for business purposes, operational effectiveness, and decision-making processes can guide corporate leaders in understanding the potential benefits of IoT adoption.
• Contribution to Knowledge: By identifying and critically assessing existing research, the study contributes to the ongoing conversation around IoT technologies, enriching the collective knowledge and informing future directions.
• Research Roadmap: The study’s categorization and analysis serve as a roadmap for potential areas of further investigation, offering guidance to researchers interested in advancing the understanding and application of IoT.

6. Conclusions

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Allioui, H.; Mourdi, Y. Exploring the Full Potentials of IoT for Better Financial Growth and Stability: A Comprehensive Survey. Sensors 2023 , 23 , 8015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198015

Allioui H, Mourdi Y. Exploring the Full Potentials of IoT for Better Financial Growth and Stability: A Comprehensive Survey. Sensors . 2023; 23(19):8015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198015

Allioui, Hanane, and Youssef Mourdi. 2023. "Exploring the Full Potentials of IoT for Better Financial Growth and Stability: A Comprehensive Survey" Sensors 23, no. 19: 8015. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23198015

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Internet of Things - Open Access Research

Articles, call for papers, journals and more on iot.

Take a look at our open access journals covering the Internet of Things, browse selected freely available research and submit your IoT manuscript to our SpringerOpen journals. 

Selected IoT Article Collections

Research and Challenges of Wireless Networks in Internet of Things

Published in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking

Recent Advances in Internet of Things Security and Privacy

Published in EURASIP Journal on Wireless Communications and Networking.

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Computer Science > Artificial Intelligence

Title: automated design of agentic systems.

Abstract: Researchers are investing substantial effort in developing powerful general-purpose agents, wherein Foundation Models are used as modules within agentic systems (e.g. Chain-of-Thought, Self-Reflection, Toolformer). However, the history of machine learning teaches us that hand-designed solutions are eventually replaced by learned solutions. We formulate a new research area, Automated Design of Agentic Systems (ADAS), which aims to automatically create powerful agentic system designs, including inventing novel building blocks and/or combining them in new ways. We further demonstrate that there is an unexplored yet promising approach within ADAS where agents can be defined in code and new agents can be automatically discovered by a meta agent programming ever better ones in code. Given that programming languages are Turing Complete, this approach theoretically enables the learning of any possible agentic system: including novel prompts, tool use, control flows, and combinations thereof. We present a simple yet effective algorithm named Meta Agent Search to demonstrate this idea, where a meta agent iteratively programs interesting new agents based on an ever-growing archive of previous discoveries. Through extensive experiments across multiple domains including coding, science, and math, we show that our algorithm can progressively invent agents with novel designs that greatly outperform state-of-the-art hand-designed agents. Importantly, we consistently observe the surprising result that agents invented by Meta Agent Search maintain superior performance even when transferred across domains and models, demonstrating their robustness and generality. Provided we develop it safely, our work illustrates the potential of an exciting new research direction toward automatically designing ever-more powerful agentic systems to benefit humanity.

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Academic Referencing: How to Cite a Research Paper

Learning how to conduct accurate, discipline-specific academic research can feel daunting at first. But, with a solid understanding of the reasoning behind why we use academic citations coupled with knowledge of the basics, you’ll learn how to cite sources with accuracy and confidence.

When it comes to academic research, citing sources correctly is arguably as important as the research itself. "Your instructors are expecting your work to adhere to these professional standards," said Amanda Girard , research support manager of Shapiro Library at Southern New Hampshire University (SNHU).

With Shapiro Library for the past three years, Girard manages the library’s research support services, which includes SNHU’s 24/7 library chat and email support. She holds an undergraduate degree in professional writing and a graduate degree in library and information science. She said that accurate citations show that you have done your research on a topic and are knowledgeable about current ideas from those actively working in the field.

In other words, when you cite sources according to the academic style of your discipline, you’re giving credit where credit is due.

Why Cite Sources?

Citing sources properly ensures you’re following high academic and professional standards for integrity and ethics.

“When you cite a source, you can ethically use others’ research. If you are not adequately citing the information you claim in your work, it would be considered plagiarism ,” said Shannon Geary '16 , peer tutor at SNHU.

Geary has an undergraduate degree in communication  from SNHU and has served on the academic support team for close to 2 years. Her job includes helping students learn how to conduct research  and write academically.

“In academic writing, it is crucial to state where you are receiving your information from,” she said. “Citing your sources ensures that you are following academic integrity standards.”

According to Geary and Girard, several key reasons for citing sources are:

• Access. Citing sources points readers to original sources. If anyone wants to read more on your topic, they can use your citations as a roadmap to access the original sources.
• Attribution. Crediting the original authors, researchers and experts  shows that you’re knowledgeable about current ideas from those actively working in the field and adhering to high ethical standards, said Girard.
• Clarity. “By citing your sources correctly, your reader can follow along with your research,” Girard said.
• Consistency. Adhering to a citation style provides a framework for presenting ideas within similar academic fields. “Consistent formatting makes accessing, understanding and evaluating an author's findings easier for others in related fields of study,” Geary said.
• Credibility. Proper citation not only builds a writer's authority but also ensures the reliability of the work, according to Geary.

Ultimately, citing sources is a formalized way for you to share ideas as part of a bigger conversation among others in your field. It’s a way to build off of and reference one another’s ideas, Girard said.

How Do You Cite an Academic Research Paper?

Any time you use an original quote or paraphrase someone else’s ideas, you need to cite that material, according to Geary.

“The only time we do not need to cite is when presenting an original thought or general knowledge,” she said.

While the specific format for citing sources can vary based on the style used, several key elements are always included, according to Girard. Those are:

• Title of source
• Type of source, such as a journal, book, website or periodical

By giving credit to the authors, researchers and experts you cite, you’re building credibility. You’re showing that your argument is built on solid research.

“Proper citation not only builds a writer's authority but also ensures the reliability of the work,” Geary said. “Properly formatted citations are a roadmap for instructors and other readers to verify the information we present in our work.”

Common Citation Styles in Academic Research

Certain disciplines adhere to specific citation standards because different disciplines prioritize certain information and research styles . The most common citation styles used in academic research, according to Geary, are:

• American Psychological Association, known as APA . This style is standard in the social sciences such as psychology, education and communication. “In these fields, research happens rapidly, which makes it exceptionally important to use current research,” Geary said.
• Modern Language Association, known as MLA . This style is typically used in literature and humanities because of the emphasis on literature analysis. “When citing in MLA, there is an emphasis on the author and page number, allowing the audience to locate the original text that is being analyzed easily,” Geary said.
• Chicago Manual of Style, known as Chicago . This style is typically used in history, business and sometimes humanities. “(Chicago) offers flexibility because of the use of footnotes, which can be seen as less distracting than an in-text citation,” Geary said.

The benefit of using the same format as other researchers within a discipline is that the framework of presenting ideas allows you to “speak the same language,” according to Girard.

APA Citation for College: A Brief Overview

Are you writing a paper that needs to use APA citation, but don’t know what that means? No worries. You’ve come to the right place.

How to Use MLA Formatting: A Brief Overview

Are you writing a paper for which you need to know how to use MLA formatting, but don’t know what that means? No worries. You’ve come to the right place.

How to Ensure Proper Citations

Keeping track of your research as you go is one of the best ways to ensure you’re citing appropriately and correctly based on the style that your academic discipline uses.

“Through careful citation, authors ensure their audience can distinguish between borrowed material and original thoughts, safeguarding their academic reputation and following academic honesty policies,” Geary said.

Some tips that she and Girard shared to ensure you’re citing sources correctly include:

• Keep track of sources as you work. Writers should keep track of their sources every time an idea is not theirs, according to Geary. “You don’t want to find the perfect research study and misplace its source information, meaning you’d have to omit it from your paper,” she said.
• Practice. Even experienced writers need to check their citations before submitting their work. “Citing requires us to pay close attention to detail, so always start your citation process early and go slow to ensure you don’t make mistakes,” said Geary. In time, citing sources properly becomes faster and easier.
• Use an Online Tool . Geary recommends the Shapiro Library citation guide . You can find sample papers, examples of how to cite in the different academic styles and up-to-date citation requirements, along with information and examples for APA, MLA and Chicago style citations.
• Work with a Tutor. A tutor can offer support along with tips to help you learn the process of academic research. Students at SNHU can connect with free peer tutoring through the Academic Support tab in their online courses, though many colleges and universities offer peer tutoring.

Find Your Program

How to cite a reference in academic writing.

A citation consists of two pieces: an in-text citation that is typically short and a longer list of references or works cited (depending on the style used) at the end of the paper.

“In-text citations immediately acknowledge the use of external source information and its exact location,” Geary said. While each style uses a slightly different format for in-text citations that reference the research, you may expect to need the page number, author’s name and possibly date of publication in parentheses at the end of a sentence or passage, according to Geary.

A longer entry listing the complete details of the resource you referenced should also be included on the references or works cited page at the end of the paper. The full citation is provided with complete details of the source, such as author, title, publication date and more, Geary said.

The two-part aspect of citations is because of readability. “You can imagine how putting the full citation would break up the flow of a paper,” Girard said. “So, a shortened version is used (in the text).”

“For example, if an in-text citation reads (Jones, 2024), the reader immediately knows that the ideas presented are coming from Jones’s work, and they can explore the comprehensive citation on the final page,” she said.

The in-text citation and full citation together provide a transparent trail of the author's process of engaging with research.

“Their combined use also facilitates further research by following a standardized style (APA, MLA, Chicago), guaranteeing that other scholars can easily connect and build upon their work in the future,” Geary said.

Developing and demonstrating your research skills, enhancing your work’s credibility and engaging ethically with the intellectual contributions of others are at the core of the citation process no matter which style you use.

A degree can change your life. Choose your program  from 200+ SNHU degrees that can take you where you want to go.

A former higher education administrator, Dr. Marie Morganelli is a career educator and writer. She has taught and tutored composition, literature, and writing at all levels from middle school through graduate school. With two graduate degrees in English language and literature, her focus — whether teaching or writing — is in helping to raise the voices of others through the power of storytelling. Connect with her on LinkedIn .

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What is Considered Plagiarism And How to Avoid It

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About southern new hampshire university.

SNHU is a nonprofit, accredited university with a mission to make high-quality education more accessible and affordable for everyone.

Founded in 1932, and online since 1995, we’ve helped countless students reach their goals with flexible, career-focused programs . Our 300-acre campus in Manchester, NH is home to over 3,000 students, and we serve over 135,000 students online. Visit our about SNHU  page to learn more about our mission, accreditations, leadership team, national recognitions and awards.

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