financial research paper

The American Finance Association

Publishers of the Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance

The Journal of Finance publishes leading research across all the major fields of finance. It is one of the most widely cited journals in academic finance, and in all of economics. Each of the six issues per year reaches over 8,000 academics, finance professionals, libraries, and government and financial institutions around the world. The journal is the official publication of The American Finance Association, the premier academic organization devoted to the study and promotion of knowledge about financial economics.

AFA members can log in  to view full-text articles below.

Volume 79: Issue 4 (August 2024)

Browse forthcoming articles, top 25 recent articles, top 50 articles of all time.

View past issues

Search the Journal of Finance:

Search term(s), date range (first published).

Thank you for visiting nature.com. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer). In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript.

• View all journals

Finance articles from across Nature Portfolio

Latest research and reviews.

Digital finance policy and the challenge of air pollution in China

• Guoqiang Li

ESG uncertainty, investor attention and stock price crash risk in China: evidence from PVAR model analysis

• Tiantian Meng

A qualitative investigation of financial decision-making and enabling factors among ethnic minority young adults in Hong Kong

• Esther Yin-Nei Cho

Modelling and forecasting crude oil price volatility with climate policy uncertainty

• Yaojie Zhang

Corporate social responsibility disclosure in Saudi companies: analysing the impact of board independence in family and non-family companies

• Ameen Qasem
• Bazeet Olayemi Badru
• Adel Ali Al-Qadasi

Role of green finance in regional heterogeneous green innovation: Evidence from China

News and Comment

Hunger, debt and interest rates

Financial imperatives to food system transformation

Finance is a critical catalyst of food systems transformation. At the 2021 United Nations Food Systems Summit, the Financial Lever Group suggested five imperatives to tap into new financial resources while making better use of existing ones. These imperatives are yet to garner greater traction to instigate meaningful change.

• Eugenio Diaz-Bonilla
• Brian McNamara

Central bank digital currencies risk becoming a digital Leviathan

Central bank digital currencies (CBDCs) already exist in several countries, with many more on the way. But although CBDCs can promote financial inclusivity by offering convenience and low transaction costs, their adoption must not lead to the loss of privacy and erosion of civil liberties.

• Andrea Baronchelli
• Hanna Halaburda
• Alexander Teytelboym

ESG performance of ports

An article in Case Studies on Transport Policy quantifies the environmental, social, and governance performances of three ports.

• Laura Zinke

Venture capital accelerates food technology innovation

Start-ups are now the predominant source of innovation in all categories of food technology. Venture capital can accelerate innovation by enabling start-ups to pursue niche areas, iterate more rapidly and take more risks than larger companies, writes Samir Kaul.

Challenges for a climate risk disclosure mandate

The United States and other G7 countries are considering a framework for mandatory climate risk disclosure by companies. However, unless a globally acceptable hybrid corporate governance model can be forged to address the disparities among different countries’ governance systems, the proposed framework may not succeed.

• Paul Griffin
• Amy Myers Jaffe

Quick links

• Explore articles by subject
• Guide to authors
• Editorial policies

Journal of Financial Services Research

The Journal of Financial Services Research publishes high quality empirical and theoretical research on the demand, supply, regulation, and pricing of financial services. Financial services are broadly defined to include banking, risk management, capital markets, mutual funds, insurance, venture capital, consumer and corporate finance, and the technologies used to produce, distribute, and regulate these services. Macro-financial policy issues, including comparative financial systems, the globalization of financial services, and the impact of these phenomena on economic growth and financial stability, are also within the JFSR ’s scope of interest. The Journal seeks to promote research that enriches the profession’s understanding of financial services industries, to elevate industry and product efficiencies, as well as to inform the debate and promote the formulation of sound public policies. Officially cited as: J Financ Serv Res

This is a transformative journal , you may have access to funding.

Latest issue

Volume 66, Issue 1

Latest articles

Bank relationships and the geography of ppp lending.

• David Glancy

Central Bank Interventions During Episodes of Financial Market Dysfunction: Lessons for the Future

• David Aikman
• Stephen G. Cecchetti
• Eddie Gerba

The Central Bank Balance Sheet As a Policy Tool: Lessons From the Bank of England's Experience

• Andrew Bailey
• Jonathan Bridges
• Aakash Mankodi

The Early Days of Neobanks in Europe: Identification, Performance, and Riskiness

• Alberto Citterio
• Bernardo P. Marques
• Alessandra Tanda

Deposit Insurance and Bank Liquidity Creation: Evidence from a Natural Experiment in China*

• Xiangyi Zhou

Journal updates

Open access articles.

Read recently published open access articles from Journal of Financial Services Research. 

Journal information

• ABS Academic Journal Quality Guide
• Australian Business Deans Council (ABDC) Journal Quality List
• Current Contents/Social & Behavioral Sciences
• Google Scholar
• Norwegian Register for Scientific Journals and Series
• OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service
• Research Papers in Economics (RePEc)
• Social Science Citation Index
• TD Net Discovery Service
• UGC-CARE List (India)

Rights and permissions

Editorial policies

© Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature

• Find a journal
• Publish with us
• Track your research

• Youth Program
• Wharton Online

Research Papers / Publications

Financial Research Paper Topics – The Complete List to Choose From

Table of contents

• 1 How to Choose Financial Research Topics?
• 2 List of Finance Topics to Write About
• 3 Interesting Finance Topics
• 4 Research Topics for Finance Students
• 5 Finance Research Topics for MBA
• 6 Public Finance Topics
• 7 International Research Topics in Finance
• 8 Healthcare Finance Research Topics
• 9 Corporate Finance Topics
• 10 Business Finance Topics
• 11 Personal Finance Topics
• 12 Conclusion

A search for the right financial research paper topic is constant. Indeed, we can understand this because knowing the reasonable topics in finance puts us ahead of the game. Students majoring in business are obliged to make presentations and submit essays, projects, and research papers on banking and accounting at one point in their career.

The challenges of picking the best finance topics are, however, always within. For this reason, we’ve done extensive research and have composed a great list of financial research paper topics and divided them into groups for you to choose from.

If you’re in doubt about how to choose your topic, we’ve got that covered too. Read our easy guide on which steps to take to ensure your paper topic is appropriate, along with our vital tips on what to pay attention to when choosing them.

How to Choose Financial Research Topics?

To choose the proper topic and get prepared for the process of research paper writing , you should first explore something that nobody has explored so far. Other than that step of selecting a unique topic, here are some other helpful tips we recommend in selecting the best and most appropriate financial research topic:

• Find a question that has no answers yet in the field of your study and give it additional research to find a suitable solution;
• Read several finance theses and papers to get a good idea for choosing your topic;
• Always find a general viewpoint for your financial research topic and use your study to narrow it down to something specific;
• Do online research and find what topics may be a burning issue to work on them. This type of research will make the research paper topic valid, compelling, suitable for your particular research, and unique;
• Talk about your topic with your friends or other people who have experience in writing papers. You can consult your professors too.

List of Finance Topics to Write About

We offer you a list of exciting finance topics you can write about divided into groups. This way, you can choose the best topic from your target group and make sure you can cover it to a T. Have fun researching.

Interesting Finance Topics

Perhaps you want to write an interesting business paper. You’ll need to choose among some of the most recurring finance paper topics and write a persuasive paper. Here’s our list of the ten options we find most engaging.

• A comparative study on the set-backs and benefits of acquisition and merger
• Possible solutions to the Capital Asset Pricing Model
• Future commerce and the impact of manipulating commodity
• A comparative analysis of the Continuous-time model application
• Building stability for retail investors using the Systematic Investment Strategy
• US’ economy and income tax
• How does the American economy function with the current banking operations
• Financial statement analysis and the ratio analysis – is it a practical component?
• Senior citizen investment – a case study of this portfolio
• Multi-level marketing and its applications in different economies of the world

Research Topics for Finance Students

Finance students have to write research papers throughout their years of study. Sometimes, it may be hard to find the most engaging financial topics to write about, which is why our list should help.

• The differences and similarities between traditional finance and behavioral one
• Consumer satisfaction in e-banking
• The best risk management methods for the manufacturing industry – a detailed analysis
• A derivative marketplace and its financial risks – identification and measuring
• Potential risks for the banking sector and how to avoid them?
• The new technologies behind banking in commercial banks

Finance Research Topics for MBA

The following list of research topics in finance would help you intrigue your professors and look at the discipline from a new perspective.

• Investment analysis of your chosen company
• Capital management – a detailed report
• Saving taxes – considerations and financial plans
• Life insurance investments and the involvement of investors in them
• A comparative analysis between traditional products and UIL

Public Finance Topics

Public finance topics are a type of finance research paper topics that covers taxation, government borrowing, and other aspects.

• Accounting and government budgeting
• The austerity related to finance and government education
• The theory and practice of government taxation
• How does the government raise money through borrowing
• The government’s revenue collection plan
• Budgeting and accounting of the government

International Research Topics in Finance

Since business transactions are happening worldwide, and local trade is no longer the only option, we must study international business.

• What can we do to prevent global economic crises?
• Can the banking industry lower the impact of the recurring financial crisis?
• Can a country achieve funding healthcare for homeless people?
• Which sectors of healthcare need more funding?
• The problems of high prices of medication in the US

Healthcare Finance Research Topics

Here are some of the most relevant topics for healthcare finance:

• What’s better – paid or free healthcare?
• Healthcare finance – the origins
• Is financing healthcare a privilege or a right?
• Healthcare policies in the U.S. through history
• How can first-world countries improve healthcare?
• How much impact does the government have on its healthcare?
• Can we achieve worldwide free healthcare?

Corporate Finance Topics

Corporate finance deals with structuring capital, financing, and making decisions for each investment. The following list of research topics in finance covers ways to make minimal mistakes in this field.

• Possible solutions to ethical concerns in corporate finance
• Small and medium-capitalization businesses – understanding their investment patterns
• Investment for mutual funds – a detailed analysis of its different streams
• How do equity investors manage their potential risks
• What are the potential pros and cons of SWIFT, and how does it work?

Business Finance Topics

Each decision we make in business has some financial implications. Therefore, we must understand the fundamentals to write finance topics that require management, analysis, valuation, etc.

• Establishing business enterprises and the application of business finance
• Business modernization and the role of business finance
• Selling our life insurance – Is tax an effective incentive here?
• Who do mutual funds change within the public and private sectors?
• Different investment options for different financial classes – Is there a preference?
• The choices and preferences of investors – A detailed analysis
• The investors’ perspective on investing in private insurance companies
• Corporate entities and increasing their accountability
• Business finance and its ethical concerns
• Small to medium business tax payments

Personal Finance Topics

Personal finance is a susceptible area, as we all like to tend to our finances appropriately. Here are some of the most exciting burning issues in this field:

• Possible saving strategies while you’re on a budget – An evaluation
• The effect of inflation and the increase in the interest rate on personal finance
• Employees and employers working from home – what are the benefits?
• Is free healthcare or affordable healthcare a common right every citizen should have?
• What are the best ways to save money when you’re on a budget?
• Credit scored – a detailed analysis
• The importance of vehicle and credit loans
• How does tax impact making our financial decisions?
• What are the best ways to properly manage credit?
• Mobile banking and its difficulties

Yes, choosing among numerous financial research paper topics can sometimes be overwhelming. Still, we’ve laid out all the inspirational ideas for them in categories so that you can find your best pick fast and easily. If you feel like you can’t write that paper yourself, that’s okay too.

Contact our services at PapersOwl for some first-class research writing. On the other hand, if you feel like you are a professional in this field, we have you covered for that too. You can write research papers for money through our service and make extra cash from your writing skills.

If you have any additional questions about finance research topics, please contact our college paper help . Our team of experts will tend to all of your questions promptly.

Readers also enjoyed

WHY WAIT? PLACE AN ORDER RIGHT NOW!

Just fill out the form, press the button, and have no worries!

We use cookies to give you the best experience possible. By continuing we’ll assume you board with our cookie policy.

FinancialResearch.gov

Promoting financial stability by delivering high-quality financial data, standards and analysis principally to support the Financial Stability Oversight Council and its member agencies.

Monitoring Tools

Hedge fund monitor (updated monthly and quarterly).

This monitor presents a set of interactive charts that provide insights into different characteristics of hedge funds, broken down into six categories: size, leverage, counterparties, liquidity, complexity, and risk management

Financial Stress Index (Updated daily)

This index is a daily market-based snapshot of stress in global markets. The OFR Financial Stress Index is positive when stress levels are above average, and negative when stress levels are below average.

Short-term Funding Monitor (Updated daily)

This monitor presents a set of curated charts that provide insights into different dimensions of how short-term funding markets are functioning, broken down into four categories: collateral, tenor, volume, and rates.

U.S. Money Market Fund Monitor (Updated monthly)

This monitor tracks the investment portfolios of money market funds by funds' asset types, investments in different countries, counterparties, and other characteristics.

Bank Systemic Risk Monitor (Updated quarterly)

This monitor presents key measures of systemic risks posed by the largest banks, including systemic importance scores for international and U.S. banks, the OFR's Contagion Index, and more.

OFR Resources

Legal entity identifier tracker, ofr developers' api, ofr highlights.

• Blog: How Wealth Influences Workers’ Job-Switching Behavior
• Staff Discussion Paper: Labor Market Recoveries Across the Wealth Distribution
• Press Release: OFR Announces the 2024 PhD Symposium
• Conference: 2024 PhD Symposium
• Blog: Banks' Supplementary Leverage Ratio
• Press Release: OFR Unveils New Hedge Fund Monitor for Public Use
• Blog: Low Home Equity Depresses Flood Insurance Take-up
• Working Paper: What’s at Stake? Understanding the Role of Home Equity in Flood Insurance Demand
• Blog: How Do Global Banks React to Natural Disasters?
• Working Paper: Global Banks and Natural Disasters
• Conference: Cornell-OFR Conference on Global Climate Finance and Risks
• Working Paper: Do Credit Default Swaps Still Lead? The Effects of Regulation on Price Discovery
• Brief: Bank Health and Future Commercial Real Estate Losses
• Brief: Household Liquidity Measurement: A New Approach
• Blog: How Does Competition Affect Bank Adaptation to Climate Risks?
• Working Paper: Bank Competition and Strategic Adaptation to Climate Change
• Conference: 2024 Financial Stability Conference – Call for Papers
• Blog: U.S. Money Market Funds Hit Record at End of Q1 2024
• Public Appearances: Opening Remarks Delivered at the OFR’s 2024 Rising Scholars Conference
• Press Release: The repurchase agreement (repo) market provides trillions of dollars of daily funding and facilitates liquidity for U.S. Treasuries and other securities.
• FRAC: March 28, 2024 meeting of the Financial Research Advisory Committee
• Brief: Liquidity Coverage Ratios of Banks During/After COVID-19
• Blog: U.S. Money Market Funds Reach $6.4 Trillion at End of 2023
• Conference: 2024 Rising Scholars Conference: The Future of Financial Stability
• Press Release: 2024 Rising Scholars Conference Announcement
• Blog: OFR Congratulates CFTC and SEC on Initiation of Reporting on UPI for OTC Derivatives
• Blog: Lenders Value Borrower Relationships
• Working Paper: The Value of Lending Relationships
• Brief: The Uneven Distribution of Climate Risks and Discounts
• Blog: Model Shows Network Density Affects Derivatives Trade Costs
• Working Paper: Intermediation Networks and Derivative Market Liquidity
• Blog: Economic Narratives Shape How Investors Perceive Risks
• Working Paper: Crash Narratives
• Brief: Some U.S. Banks May Remain Vulnerable to Losses in Their Securities Portfolios: Introducing Two New Forward-looking Metrics to Assess Future Risk
• Conference: Rising Scholars Call For Papers
• Blog: Wind, Fire, Water, Hail: What Is Going on In the Property Insurance Market and Why Does It Matter?
• Press Release: OFR Finds Elevated Threats to U.S. Financial Stability Due to Inflation, Ongoing Geopolitical Risks, and Global Conflicts
• Report: Office of Financial Research 2023 Annual Report to Congress
• Blog: OFR, University of Auckland Researchers Create Model to Analyze Effects of Trend Inflation on Economic Stability
• Working Paper: Trend Inflation Under Bounded Rationality
• Conference: 2023 Financial Stability Conference
• Public Appearances: Remarks by OFR Acting Director James Martin at the 2023 PhD Symposium
• Blog: Limiting Short Selling During Periods of Individual Stock Stress Reduces Volatility and Raises Prices
• Working Paper: Are Short-selling Restrictions Effective?
• Press Release: OFR Launches LinkedIn Page to Raise Awareness of Financial-Stability Risks
• Blog: Twelve Years of Promoting Financial Stability
• Brief: Work-from-Home and the Future Consolidation of the U.S. Commercial Real Estate Office Sector: The Decline of Regional Malls May Provide Insight
• Press Release: Office of Financial Research Launches Joint Analysis Data Environment for FSOC
• Public Appearances: Remarks by OFR Acting Director James Martin to the Financial Stability Oversight Council
• Joint Analysis Data Environment (JADE)
• Working Paper: The Transition to Alternative Reference Rates in the OFR Financial Stress Index
• Press Release: OFR Updates Financial Stress Index with Alternative Reference Rate Indicators
• Working Paper: Technology Shocks and Predictable Minsky Cycles
• Press release: OFR’s 2023 Interagency Data Inventory Catalogs More Than 500 Data Collections
• Blog: Five Office Sector Metrics to Watch
• From the Director: OFR Plays a Leading Role in Developing Standards for Emerging Technologies
• Blog: OFR Data Analysis Shows High Growth, High Concentration in Digital Asset Market
• Brief: An Early Look into Digital-Assets Regulatory Data
• From the Director: Remarks by James Martin to the Financial Research Advisory Committee
• FRAC: May 18, 2023 meeting of the Financial Research Advisory Committee
• Blog: Threats to Sustainability Stem Particularly from Factors That Stymie Growth and Have High Levels of Risk
• Working Paper: Sustainability with Risky Growth
• From the Director: Update on OFR’s Efforts to Fill Key Gap in Financial Data
• Blog: Why Is So Much Repo Not Centrally Cleared?
• Brief: Why Is So Much Repo Not Centrally Cleared?
• Public Appearances: Remarks of James Martin at the OFR's Rising Scholars Conference
• Blog: OFR Identifies Factors That May Have Contributed to the 2019 Spike in Repo Rates
• Working Paper: Anatomy of the Repo Rate Spikes in September 2019
• Conference: Rising Scholars
• Blog: OFR Creates Model Justifying Long-held View About Inflation Determinants
• Working Paper: Can Supply Shocks be Inflationary with a Flat Phillips Curve?
• Public Appearances: Remarks of James Martin, Acting Director of the Office of Financial Research, at the RegTech 2023 Data Summit
• Press Release: OFR Advances Data-and-Analytics Platform Following Successful Pilot
• Blog: OFR Models One Theory on the Cause of March 2020’s Treasury Market Fragility
• Working Paper: Fragility of Safe Assets

You are now leaving the OFR’s website.

You will be redirected to:

You are now leaving the OFR Website. The website associated with the link you have selected is located on another server and is not subject to Federal information quality, privacy, security, and related guidelines. To remain on the OFR Website, click 'Cancel'. To continue to the other website you selected, click 'Proceed'. The OFR does not endorse this other website, its sponsor, or any of the views, activities, products, or services offered on the website or by any advertiser on the website.

Thank you for visiting www.financialresearch.gov.

Financial Innovation

Financial Innovation Maintains Top 5% Global Ranking with Latest Impact Factor of 6.9

We are pleased to announce that Financial Innovation has achieved the latest impact factor of 6.9, placing 9th out of 231 journals in the Business, Finance category, and 3rd out of 67 journals in the Social Science, Mathematical Methods category.

• Most accessed

Exploring the coherency and predictability between the stocks of artificial intelligence and energy corporations

Authors: Christian Urom, Gideon Ndubuisi, Hela Mzoughi and Khaled Guesmi

Editor’s introduction

Authors: Gang Kou

Herding and investor sentiment after the cryptocurrency crash: evidence from Twitter and natural language processing

Authors: Michael Cary

From CFOs to crypto: exploratory study unraveling factors in corporate adoption

Authors: José Campino and Bruna Rodrigues

Does the U.S. extreme indicator matter in stock markets? International evidence

Authors: Xiaozhen Jing, Dezhong Xu, Bin Li and Tarlok Singh

Most recent articles RSS

View all articles

Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry

Authors: Ye Guo and Chen Liang

Indian stock market prediction using artificial neural networks on tick data

Authors: Dharmaraja Selvamuthu, Vineet Kumar and Abhishek Mishra

A systematic review of blockchain

Authors: Min Xu, Xingtong Chen and Gang Kou

Cashless payment and economic growth

Authors: Hock-Han Tee and Hway-Boon Ong

Cryptocurrency trading: a comprehensive survey

Authors: Fan Fang, Carmine Ventre, Michail Basios, Leslie Kanthan, David Martinez-Rego, Fan Wu and Lingbo Li

Most accessed articles RSS

Journal News

• Financial Innovation Announces 2023 Annual Awards Winners
• Record-Breaking Impact Factor: 8.4! Financial Innovation Ranks TOP 3 Globally
• Financial Innovation Honors Exceptional Contributors with 2022 Awards

A Special Tribute to Advisory Board Member, Dr. Peter Carr.

Article collections

• Financial innovation for Emission Trading Scheme Published on: 12 September 2023
• Blockchain and digital finance Published on: 12 September 2023
• COVID-19 and Financial and economic systems Published on: 13 May 2022  
• Impact of COVID-19 and cryptocurrencies on the global financial market Published on: 19 April 2021    
• Analytical and decision-making technique innovation in financial market Published: 19 November 2020    more collections

Call for papers

Financial Innovation for a Sustainable Future Guest Editor: Anna Min Du, Brian M. Lucey, Samuel A. Vigne

Greenwashing and Fintech in the Digital Age: Challenges and Opportunities for Sustainable Development Guest Editor: Umer Shahzad,   Gagan Deep Sharma, Mohamed Elheddad, Nadia Doytch, Cosimo Magazzino

Aims and scope

Financial Innovation (FIN) is a Springer OA journal sponsored by Southwestern University of Finance and Economics. It provides a global academic forum for exchanging research findings across all fields in financial innovation in the era of electronic business that spans over several technological waves such as mobile computing, blockchain, and generative artificial intelligence (GenAI). It seeks to promote interactions among researchers, policy-makers, and practitioners, and to foster research ideas on financial innovation in the areas of new financial instruments as well as new financial technologies, markets and institutions.  FIN emphasizes emerging financial products, processes and services that are enabled by the introduction of disruptive technologies. FIN is peer-reviewed and publishes both high-quality academic (theoretical or empirical) and practical papers in the broad ranges of financial innovation. It has been indexed in SSCI, Scopus, Google Scholar, CNKI, CQVIP and so on. Topic areas of interest include, but are not limited to, agentic financial workflow, asset pricing, behavioral finance, big data analytics in finance, computational financial intelligence, corporate finance, derivative pricing and hedging, disruptive financial models, extreme risks and insurance, financial economics, financial engineering, financial instruments, financial intermediation, financial market, financial risk management and analysis, GenAI-centric financial process automation, high frequency and algorithmic trading, household finance, human-AI collaboration in finance, innovative financial services, international finance, internet and mobile finance, legal and social issues of new finance, public finance and taxation, and other relevant topics. In particular, FIN welcomes research articles that study real-world impacts surrounding applications and management of blockchain, artificial intelligence, big data, Internet-of-Things, and other advanced computing such as GenAI adoption in banking and other finance services.

Latest Tweets

Your browser needs to have JavaScript enabled to view this timeline

• Editorial Board
• Sign up for article alerts and news from this journal
• Follow us on Twitter

Affiliated with

Financial innovation  is affiliated with  southwestern university of finance and economics., annual journal metrics.

Citation Impact 2023 Journal Impact Factor: 6.9 5-year Journal Impact Factor: 6.8 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP): 2.149 SCImago Journal Rank (SJR): 1.162

Speed 2023 Submission to first editorial decision (median days): 18 Submission to acceptance (median days): 334

Usage 2023 Downloads: 1,182,275 Altmetric mentions: 122

• More about our metrics

This journal is indexed by

• Social Science Citation Index(SSCI)
• Current Contents/ Social & Behavioral Sciences
• EBSCO Discovery Service
• Google Scholar
• Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China 
• OCLC WorldCat Discovery Service
• Research Papers in Economics(RePEc)
• ISSN: 2199-4730 (electronic)

2021 Working Papers

• Center for Financial Research
• Researchers
• Research Fellows
• Senior Advisor
• Special Advisor
• 2023 Fellows
• 2022 Fellows
• Visiting Scholar
• Working Papers
• Conference Agenda
• Conference Videos
• Speaker Information
• Poster Videos
• Poster Session Videos
• Previous Conference Programs
• Other Conferences
• 2021-2022 FDIC Academic Challenge
• 2020-2021 FDIC Academic Challenge
• Prior Years
• Research Assistants
• Internships
• Visiting Scholars

Working Papers presented as PDF files on this page reference Portable Document Format (PDF) files. Adobe Acrobat, a reader available for free on the Internet, is required to display or print PDF files. ( PDF Help )  

The Center for Financial Research (CFR) Working Paper Series allows CFR staff and their coauthors to circulate preliminary research findings to stimulate discussion and critical comment. Views and opinions expressed in CFR Working Papers reflect those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the FDIC or the United States. Comments and suggestions are welcome and should be directed to the authors. References should cite this research as a “FDIC CFR Working Paper” and should note that findings and conclusions in working papers may be preliminary and subject to revision.

Last Updated: August 4, 2024

Top of page

Book/Printed Material Legal institutions and financial development

Back to Search Results

About this Item

• Legal institutions and financial development
• "Why do some countries have growth-enhancing financial systems, while others do not? Why have some countries developed the necessary investor protection laws and contract-enforcement mechanisms to support financial institutions and markets, while others have not? This paper reviews existing research on the role of legal institutions in shaping financial development"--National Bureau of Economic Research web site.
• Beck, Thorsten
• Levine, Ross
• National Bureau of Economic Research

Created / Published

• Cambridge, MA : National Bureau of Economic Research, c2004.
• -  Finance--Law and legislation
• -  Title from PDF file as viewed on 1/13/2005.
• -  Includes bibliographical references.
• -  Also available in print.
• -  Mode of access: World Wide Web.
• -  System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader.

Call Number/Physical Location

• https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gdc/gdcebookspublic.2005615697
• http://papers.nber.org/papers/W10417 External

Library of Congress Control Number

Access advisory.

• Unrestricted online access

Online Format

Lccn permalink.

• https://lccn.loc.gov/2005615697

Additional Metadata Formats

• MARCXML Record
• MODS Record
• Dublin Core Record
• General Collections (198,759)
• Library of Congress Online Catalog (1,584,900)
• Book/Printed Material

Contributor

• Law and Legislation

Rights & Access

More about Copyright and other Restrictions

For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources .

Cite This Item

Citations are generated automatically from bibliographic data as a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate.

Chicago citation style:

Beck, Thorsten, Ross Levine, and National Bureau Of Economic Research. Legal Institutions and Financial Development . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. Pdf. https://www.loc.gov/item/2005615697/.

APA citation style:

Beck, T., Levine, R. & National Bureau Of Economic Research. (2004) Legal Institutions and Financial Development . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2005615697/.

MLA citation style:

Beck, Thorsten, Ross Levine, and National Bureau Of Economic Research. Legal Institutions and Financial Development . Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2004. Pdf. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, <www.loc.gov/item/2005615697/>.

• DOI: 10.62517/jhve.202416108
• Corpus ID: 271550484

Research on the Construction of Financial Accounting Courses based on SPOC Model

• Published in Journal of Higher Vocational… 1 January 2024
• Education, Business, Computer Science
• Journal of Higher Vocational Education

Related Papers

Showing 1 through 3 of 0 Related Papers

• More Blog Popular
• Who's Who Legal
• Instruct Counsel
• My newsfeed
• Save & file
• View original
• Follow Please login to follow content.

add to folder:

• My saved (default)

Register now for your free, tailored, daily legal newsfeed service.

Find out more about Lexology or get in touch by visiting our About page.

Cabinet paper released: Fit for purpose financial services reform

Following the Government's consultation in May/June on options to reform certain aspects of financial services legislation (see our previous update here ), the Government has today released its Cabinet paper detailing its decisions.

The reforms relate to consumer credit legislation, financial services conduct legislation, financial services dispute resolution and the Financial Markets Authority's (FMA) regulatory powers. A summary of these changes is set out below.

The Cabinet paper notes that the Government is intending to introduce a Bill to the House in December 2024 that would implement these changes.

Please contact us if you would like a more detailed conversation about these reforms or next steps.

The key decisions in the paper are to:

Consumer credit legislation

• Remove the director and senior manager due diligence duty (and related liability) under section 59B of the Credit Contract and Consumer Finance Act 2003 (CCCFA) for all consumer credit providers. This represents a departure in approach from the Deposit Takers Act 2023, under which directors will be subject to a due diligence duty to ensure compliance by the deposit taker with its prudential obligations.
• Limit the effect of section 99(1A) (which provides that a borrower is not liable for the costs of borrowing in relation to a period of non-compliant section 17 (initial) or section 22 (agreed variation) disclosure), by requiring proof of actual harm arising from the non-compliance.
• Consider further potential changes to CCCFA variation and pre-debt collection disclosure.

Financial services conduct legislation and FMA powers

• Consolidate the market services licensing regime under the Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (FMCA) so that the FMA will be required to issue a single licence covering each class of market service provided by a licensee. This would also involve deeming existing market services licensees to hold a licence that covers each class of market service for which it is currently licensed.
• Introduce a requirement for creditors under consumer credit contracts to be licensed by the FMA as a provider of that class of market service, remove the existing fit and proper certification regime under the CCCFA and deem creditors that currently hold a fit and proper certification and financial institutions (who are currently exempt from the requirement) to be licensed under the new regime.
• Make some minor changes to simplify the minimum requirements for a financial institution's fair conduct programme under the FMCA conduct of financial institutions (COFI) regime.
• Require market services licensees to obtain the FMA's approval of a change in control (rather than just notifying the FMA of the change, as is currently the case).
• Grant the FMA the power to carry out an on-site inspection of a financial markets participant without notice.

Financial services dispute resolution

• Amend the Financial Service Providers (Registration and Dispute Resolution) Act 2008 to introduce requirements in relation to independent reviews of the schemes (in particular, shifting conduct of these reviews away from the schemes themselves to an independent third party appointed by the responsible Minister).
• Further consider issues relating to reporting metrics and improving access to and awareness of the schemes.

Filed under

• New Zealand
• Russell McVeagh
• Due diligence
• Financial Markets Conduct Act 2013 (New Zealand)

Popular articles from this firm

Reserve bank consults on non-core standards - implications for locally incorporated deposit takers *, a general introduction to banking regulation in new zealand *, local water done well - councils' guide to the next 12 months *, consumer data right consultations begin for banking and electricity sectors *, new zealand sets sail with scope of offshore renewable energy regulatory regime announcement *.

If you would like to learn how Lexology can drive your content marketing strategy forward, please email [email protected] .

Professional development

The New ICO GDPR Certification for the Legal Sector - An Introduction to LOCS:23 - Learn Live

Private Company Acquisitions - An Essential Guide - Learn Live

Wayleaves & Easements in Land Transactions - The Nuts & Bolts for Lawyers - Learn Live

ChatGPT & Generative AI - An Advanced Guide to The Legal & Regulatory Aspects - Learn Live

Funds From China - AML, Customer Due Diligence & How to Minimise Risk - Learn Live

Related practical resources PRO

• Checklist Checklist: Key checks for firms to consider when approving financial promotions (UK) Recently updated
• Checklist Checklist: Privacy and data security due diligence in M&A (USA)
• Checklist Checklist: FCPA due diligence of third-party intermediaries (USA)

Related research hubs

• Open access
• Published: 05 September 2024

The creation of a pediatric surgical checklist for adult providers

• Diana Ioana Rapolti 1 ,
• Phyllis Kisa 2 ,
• Martin Situma 2 ,
• Elsa Nico 1 ,
• Thom Lobe 1 ,
• Thomas Sims 1 ,
• Doruk Ozgediz 3 &
• Greg Klazura 1  

BMC Health Services Research volume  24 , Article number:  1029 ( 2024 ) Cite this article

Metrics details

To address the need for a pediatric surgical checklist for adult providers.

Pediatric surgery is unique due to the specific needs and many tasks that are employed in the care of adults require accommodations for children. There are some resources for adult surgeons to perform safe pediatric surgery and to assist such surgeons in pediatric emergencies, we created a straightforward checklist based on current literature. We propose a surgical checklist as the value of surgical checklists has been validated through research in a variety of applications.

Literature review on PubMed to gather information on current resources for pediatric surgery, all papers on surgical checklists describing their outcomes as of October 2023 were included to prevent a biased overview of the existing literature. Interviews with multiple pediatric surgeons were conducted for the creation of a checklist that is relevant to the field and has limited bias.

Forty-two papers with 8,529,061 total participants were included. The positive impact of checklists was highlighted throughout the literature in terms of outcomes, financial cost and team relationship. Certain care checkpoints emerged as vital checklist items: antibiotic administration, anesthetic considerations, intraoperative hemodynamics and postoperative resuscitation. The result was the creation of a checklist that is not substitutive for existing WHO surgery checklists but additive for adult surgeons who must operate on children in emergencies.

The outcomes measured throughout the literature are varied and thus provide both a nuanced view of a variety of factors that must be taken into account and are limited in the amount of evidence for each outcome. We hope to implement the checklist developed to create a standard of care for pediatric surgery performed in low resource settings by adult surgeons and further evaluate its impact on emergency pediatric surgery outcomes.

Fulbright Fogarty Fellowship, GHES NIH FIC D43 TW010540.

Peer Review reports

Introduction

Surgery is a vital element of healthcare with the potential to cause serious harm when performed in an unsafe manner. A recent World Health Organization (WHO) survey estimates complications occur in about a quarter of surgical patients [ 1 ]. A large portion of cases in which those serious complications occur are preventable and are related to non-technical skills [ 2 ].

To reduce adverse events such as these, the WHO developed a Surgical Safety Checklist (SSC) in 2008. The checklist comprises three phases and 19 items addressing a variety of perioperative safety measures. The mechanism for improving surgical safety is two-fold: through direct action it standardizes what the team does for every procedure and indirectly it promotes a culture of safety in the operating room [ 3 ]. This checklist and others inspired by it have been implemented worldwide with a variety of results.

There is heterogeneity in terms of outcomes studied, however, overall multiple papers suggest that checklists are beneficial: decreasing cost, complications and mortality while improving teamwork and communication. The current literature also highlights the importance of staff perception of SSC with staff attitudes towards SSC affecting how often it is utilized and how it is altered to better adapt to their context [ 4 ].

As the focus of research on surgical checklists has increasingly shifted to include more tailored checklists, their application in pediatric surgery remains largely unexplored. This gap in the literature is of particular importance as it could assist adult surgeons who often must operate on children in emergency circumstances. This is especially true in rural settings and in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) like Uganda where general surgeons perform the majority of general pediatric surgeries [ 5 , 6 ]. In the USA as many as 40% of all pediatric inpatient surgical procedures are performed in adult hospitals [ 7 ]. Furthermore, children are far more complex than just smaller adults yet the WHO SSC does not consider and fully address the intricacies of pediatric surgery. Given the potential worldwide impact of a pediatric surgery checklist for adult general surgeons, we reviewed existing literature on surgical checklists and created a fundamental checklist that surgeons in a variety of resource settings can utilize. Resuscitation, consent, pain control and postoperative care for pediatric patients all require special consideration when the adult surgeon is called to operate on a child. Low and high resource settings may contract or expand this checklist based on their resources and needs. This essential checklist of considerations serves as a guide for adult surgeons needing to operate on children.

The literature review was conducted using PubMed and the University of Illinois library. Papers with text words and subject headings including “surgical checklist” were identified and reviewed. Reference lists from papers identified in the PubMed search were also reviewed and included when appropriate.

We used “surgical checklist” as the keyword search due to the limited availability of pediatric specific checklists and our desire to evaluate all existing papers evaluating checklists’ outcomes to learn the process of creating an effective checklist from them. Two studies out of 42 explicitly mentioned pediatric surgery cases, multiple papers did include patients of all ages however did not provide exact breakdowns. D.R. and E.N. performed independent review of the existing literature for qualifying studies which were then discussed with G.K. to ensure they fit inclusion criteria. We included all papers Jan 2008-October 2023 on the topic. All authors reviewed the list of included papers.

Pediatric surgeons at the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC) Division of Pediatric Surgery and the Paediatric Surgical Foundation of Uganda (PSFU) identified checklist items that they felt were both vital and specific to pediatric general surgery. Dr. Phyllis Kisa from Mulago National Referral Hospital and Dr. Martin Situma from Mbarara Regional Referral Hospital in Uganda participated in the creation of this checklist and provided valuable insight into its potential real world application in LMICs from their own clinical experience. Dr. Lobe, Dr. Sims, and Dr. Rojnica from the UIC Division of Pediatric Surgery also helped create checklist items they deemed essential for adult surgeons performing pediatric surgery in their setting.

We then integrated checklist items from UIC and PSFU with key findings from our comprehensive literature review to create three age appropriate, contextually adaptable checklists for pediatric surgery.

The majority of papers reviewed employed the WHO SSC and its specific adaptations. (Table 1 ) [ 8 ]. No existing pediatric surgery checklists were identified in our review of the literature.

Checklist effect on complications and mortality

Checklists have been shown to reduce postoperative complications, including SSI and mortality. The WHO SSC specifically targets mortality [ 9 , 21 ], SSI [ 12 ], pneumonia [ 51 ], return to the operating room [ 14 ], urinary tract infection, intubation, and sepsis [ 29 ]. The WHO SSC has shown positive changes in regards to all of these targets [ 45 , 52 ]. Thromboembolism (DVT), however, was not a target. Investigations have shown that although the WHO SSC does affect measures like mortality and SSI it does not affect postoperative measures of safety and quality that are not targeted, like DVT [ 51 ]. Maternal sepsis rates were also found to be reduced with the use of the WHO SSC with adherence negatively correlating with sepsis rates [ 11 ]. Further, there is evidence that intraoperative blood loss and incidence of postoperative intestinal fistula formation was lower with the SSC [ 15 ]. Impact on mortality and SSI has been suggested to be more significant in emergency settings in low and middle income countries [ 18 , 19 ].

Checklist effect on teamwork, communication, and culture of safety

The impact of SSC implementation on teamwork and communication was almost unanimously positive across all the studies. After SSC intervention, Molina et al. [ 53 ] reported improvements in team discussions, physician receptiveness to quality improvements, and overall communication by 15%, 9%, and 11.9%, respectively [ 53 ]. Zingiryan et al. [ 54 ] reported improved communication in 76.4% of participants [ 54 ]. White et al. (2018) reported improved teamwork and communication in 91% and 89% of participants [ 55 ]. Tan et al. (2021) reported improved communication in 85% of participants [ 56 ]. One study, however, stood out as an exception; it demonstrated that while nurses and anesthesiologists experienced significantly fewer communication failures, surgeons found no difference in communication with SSC use [ 57 ]. Despite this outlier, other studies note that although nursing staff involvement is especially important for compliance, support from surgeons is also critical [ 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. Notably, safety culture also improved and was likely correlated with fidelity to a checklist [ 63 ]. However, that fidelity appeared to be compromised when staff perceived the checklists as “add ons” [ 64 ].

Checklist financial impact

Few studies investigated the financial impact of SSC; however, those that did noted SSC implementation was a cost effective health intervention. Checklist implementation costs, length/cost of hospital stay, blood transfusion, antibiotics used in the OR, the cost of OR time, and the economic gain from additional years of life expectancy were considered in studies that did evaluate the financial impact of SSC. In their single-center assessment, Healey et al. (2020) determined that for every 100 admissions the SSC cost $900 to implement but saved $55,899 overall [ 10 ]. Yu et al. (2020) discovered significantly lower hospitalization costs while Haugen et al. [ 20 ] witnessed a 40% reduction in blood transfusion costs with implementation of the SSC [ 15 , 20 ]. The SSC incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for one year of life loss averted was $31–118 and for every $1 spent on checklist implementation $9–62 was saved [ 65 ].

Checklist creation

Research indicates that checklists perform best when they are targeted, simple, and contextually appropriate [ 38 , 66 ]. Almeida et al. (2021) analyzed all surgeries performed at their hospital or in their country to gain a more comprehensive view of SSC impact [ 12 ]. Their findings highlighted the need for a tailored checklist [ 12 , 66 ]. Others found that involving hospital staff in checklist creation helps create a contextually appropriate checklist [ 38 ].

Although contextually appropriate checklists are best, this of course has its limits. A checklist made for just one setting has more limited utility. With this in mind, using findings from our literature review, and receiving input from pediatric surgeons in HICs and LMICs we created three age specific, adaptable, general pediatric surgery checklists: Neonatal, Infant, and Toddler/Child.

These checklists have room for contextually-appropriate modifications depending on the operation and resources available. Below is the Neonatal checklist as an example. All three checklists are also located in the appendix.

We also determined that there are important points on neonatal, infant, and child physiology that the provider should be aware of prior to following the checklist, administering resuscitation, and delivering anesthesia (Appendix 2). This information complements the checklists and should serve as a reference for providers who care for the sick surgical child. Broselow Tape is an additional reference that can be used to estimate appropriate tube sizes, medication doses, and defibrillator shock doses but its accuracy has been shown to be limited in recent studies [ 67 ].

Pediatric surgery checklist (Appendix 1)

Resuscitation [ 68 ]

Access as large bore as able to place: 24 gauge for neonates, 22 gauge for infants,

Weigh neonate

Initial bolus resuscitation with crystalloid fluids: 10–20 cc/kg (0.9% NaCl or LR)

Maintenance fluid rate by weight using the 4–2-1 rule

Urine output:

 < 1 year: 2–3 cc/kg/hr

1–3 years: 1.5–2 cc/kg/hr

 > 3 years: 1–1.5 cc/kg/hr

Lab value targets

Potassium > 3.7

Bicarb > 28

HGB > 10

If bowel is resected it will lower HBG and more transfusion may be required

Achieve normothermia—use skin to skin contact, heating blankets, and warm saline to maintain the neonate’s temperature between 36.5 and 37.5 degrees celsius [ 69 ]

Abdominal concerns

Perform a digital rectal exam

Decompress the neonate with an NG tube

Concern for sepsis? If yes then IV antibiotics such as penicillin/ampicillin and gentamicin [ 70 , 71 , 72 ]

Weight-based dosing according to institution protocols

Pain Control [ 68 ]

Weight-based per institution protocols and available medications (paracetamol, morphine etc.)

Do NOT use NSAIDS for patients with age < 6 months, asthma, systemic steroids and bleeding disorders

Do NOT use Aspirin for patients with age < 12 years

Consent obtained from legal guardian

Preop and Anesthesia [ 73 ]

Parents educated on patient’s condition, procedure, and expectations in culturally appropriate and sensitive manner

Size appropriate pediatric monitoring equipment available and functioning

Size appropriate pediatric respiratory equipment available and functioning

Avoid Halothane if possible [ 68 ]

Breast Milk up to 4 h before scheduled procedure

Clear Liquids up to 2 h before scheduled procedure

Formula and Solids up to 6 h before scheduled procedure

Endotracheal tube size

Use little finger as a measure

Perioperative Anxiety (most prevalent ages 1–5 y/o) [ 74 ]

Mother present if possible, to soothe child—even during induction if necessary

Oral midazolam administered if necessary

Surgery [ 68 , 73 ]

Formulate plan for maintaining child’s temperature during the operation

Adjust electrocautery and laparoscopic insufflation settings for patient size, weight and age, place grounding away from site of surgery or potential spillage

Laparoscopic insufflation settings for patient size, weight and age

Weight based dosing of prophylactic antibiotics

Post-operative [ 68 , 73 ]

Antiemetics available

Parent/guardian present to help differentiate pain from anxiety.

Avoid overdistention of stomach if mask ventilation necessary

Post-operative fluid status assessed

Research focusing on a variety of surgical subspecialties including general surgery, neurosurgery, plastic surgery, otolaryngology, orthopedics have shown the positive impact of checklists on clinical outcomes [ 3 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 , 24 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 39 , 40 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 46 , 47 , 49 , 50 ]. The evidence for checklist impact overall, however, is quite heterogeneous in terms of outcomes studied and the estimated magnitude of the impact of the checklist. Table 1 attached in the appendix displays the current literature on checklists and shows this variation in existing literature. Nevertheless, the consensus impact of SSC remains generally positive.

One challenge in evaluating checklist implementation is that different research groups have investigated different post-surgical outcomes. Studies have focused on surgical site infections, in-hospital mortality, overall mortality, blood loss, reoperation, embolism and other adverse outcomes. Although this complicates the overall picture when comparing studies and some types of post-surgical outcome have limited evidence, it also provides a more complete description of the many elements that might be improved through the use of the SSC.

Another critical element of SSC use explored throughout the literature is the variability in adherence and attitudes towards SSC and their impact on clinical outcomes. Overall, staff attitudes are critical for utilization compliance [ 58 ]. This perhaps suggests that regular training and education on the purpose of SSC are important for engagement of the team. Training should specifically target collaboration with the surgical team since their cooperation is the most commonly cited obstacle to successful implementation [ 60 ]. These trainings should also have implementation procedures which consider previous experiences and feedback in order to most effectively create a culture of safety. When implementing a SSC it is also important to consider the burden on a workforce in under-resourced settings that is often stretched too thin. Ultimately, SSC’s should not create more work but rather decrease workload through improved patient outcomes.

Although a majority of providers have positive opinions of surgical checklists, there remains a gap in knowledge about their use. In order to bridge this gap there is some evidence that digital SSC displayed on OR monitors increases engagement and accessibility. Many settings, however, do not have an OR computer monitor and efforts to bridge this gap must be made elsewhere [ 61 ]. As with the consideration of not creating more work it is vital to adapt these findings to the local resources as the goal of the SSC is to standardize surgical care and provide guidance.

Towards the goal of providing standardized guidance for pediatric patients, Ugandan pediatric surgeons also developed the Pediatric Emergency Surgery Course (PESC). It is a three day course targeted at rural general surgeons and healthcare providers [ 75 ]. Similar to this checklist the course aims to improve resuscitation and referral patterns for complex surgical conditions such as high anorectal malformations. It also aims to increase provider confidence treating less complex conditions such as pyloric stenosis. The course has been reviewed favorably, demonstrating statistically significant improvements in provider knowledge [ 75 ]. In the future, checklist implementation could coincide with educational interventions such as the PESC. Not only should future work coincide with contextually appropriate training but also investigations and feedback should be gathered from providers who use the checklist so improvements can be made.

As stakeholders improve surgical outcomes and safety locally and globally special consideration should be given to pediatric surgery checklists. Surgical disease represents roughly 28% of the world’s burden of disease [ 76 ]. This burden disproportionately affects children in LMICs; up to 85% of children in LMICs have a surgically-treatable condition by age 15 [ 77 , 78 ]. The lack of a pediatric surgery checklist for any setting further demonstrates the need and potential benefits of a pediatric surgery checklist that can be adapted for different resource levels. Further research on the topic is necessary especially regarding the differences between implementing such a checklist in HIC and LMIC hospitals. As the first checklist seeking to inform surgical care on children for providers without significant specialized training and in urgent, and often resource limited settings, it is important to evaluate its implementation and effectiveness for adult general surgeons.

Although this checklist had input from pediatric surgeons in HICs and LMICs, UIC, Mulago and Mbarara were the only institutions represented in its creation. Our pediatric checklist seeks to integrate as much knowledge from the pediatric surgeons involved in its creation, however it is limited to their experiences and the resources available in their institutions. We acknowledge that other checklists exist already and some may argue against the utility of this checklist and its specificity to pediatric general surgery. It has however been shown throughout this paper that specific checklists have a role to play in different surgical subspecialties, thus supporting our work in the creation of this framework for pediatric general surgery [ 74 , 79 , 80 , 81 , 82 , 83 ].

We have sought to create a comprehensive checklist with input from multiple pediatric surgeons. from both high and low resource settings. We acknowledge that SCC implementation is a process in itself requiring multidisciplinary review and feedback. Effective implementation requires adaptation to specific context in order to achieve local buy-in. We have had extensive conversations with surgeons in high and low resource settings to determine the best way of making this checklist easily adaptable regardless of resource availability. Our cross cultural checklist based on a comprehensive literature review illustrates the importance of adapting checklists to local practices to enhance them instead of implementing a generic checklist. The aim of the pediatric SCC is ultimately to enhance current practice and fill in gaps which exist in pediatric surgery by creating a framework that is both standardized and flexible to the context.

This iteration was based on a panel of pediatric surgeons from different resource levels. A next step would be to obtain multidisciplinary feedback from other providers such as nurses, anesthesiologists during the implementation portion of this checklist.

Although there exist books with pediatric surgery considerations, a concise checklist indicating clear actions that are important for providers is necessary for settings with limited resources. Countries such as Uganda with few pediatric surgeons, general surgeons are required to fill the gaps and provide care to children without a clear standard of care. The next step for standardizing pediatric surgical care in resource limited settings would be evaluating the effectiveness of our pediatric surgery checklist in practice by adult general surgeons in a variety of settings in HICs and LMICs.

The benefits of surgical checklists are far reaching: improved teamwork, communication, clinical outcomes, and patient safety all while saving hospitals and patients money. Keeping in mind that checklists are most effective when they are tailored to the context and the patient, we created three general pediatric surgery checklists that can be adapted to different settings based on resource availability and specific needs. This is the first set of checklists developed specifically for pediatric surgery and providers should carefully weigh their benefits as they consider how to appropriately use them in their practice. This peer reviewed checklist steeped in robust literature review is a critical first step in further standardization of pediatric surgical care and highlights the most important considerations in pediatric surgery in a way that is accessible and concise for general surgeons to use in their practice.

Availability of data and materials

Literature review performed with materials from the University of Illinois library.

Safe surgery saves lives frequently asked questions. World Health Organization; 2014. http://www.who.int/patientsafety/safesurgery/faq_introduction/en/ .

Berner JE, Ewertz E. The importance of non-technical skills in modern surgical practice. Cir Esp Engl Ed. 2019;97(4):190–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cireng.2019.03.017 .

Article   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Haynes AB, Weiser TG, Berry WR, et al. Changes in safety attitude and relationship to decreased postoperative morbidity and mortality following implementation of a checklist-based surgical safety intervention. BMJ Qual Saf. 2011;20(1):102–7. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjqs.2009.040022 .

Conley DM, Singer SJ, Edmondson L, Berry WR, Gawande AA. Effective surgical safety checklist implementation. J Am Coll Surg. 2011;212(5):873–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2011.01.052 .

Judhan RJ, Silhy R, Statler K, et al. The integration of adult acute care surgeons into pediatric surgical care models supplements the workforce without compromising quality of care. Am J Surg. 2015;81(9):854–8.

Article   Google Scholar  

Grabski DF, Ajiko M, Kayima P, et al. Access to pediatric surgery delivered by general surgeons and anesthesia providers in Uganda: results from 2 rural regional hospitals. Surgery. 2021;170(5):1397–404. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2021.05.007 .

Sømme S, Bronsert M, Morrato E, Ziegler M. Frequency and variety of inpatient pediatric surgical procedures in the United States. Pediatrics. 2013;132(6):1466–72. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1243 .

World Health Organization. WHO guidelines for safe surgery, safe surgery saves lives. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2009/9789241598552_eng. pdf. 2009 .

Moore M, Mitchell S, Weller J, et al. A retrospective audit of postoperative days alive and out of hospital, including before and after implementation of the WHO surgical safety checklist. Anesthesia. 2022;77(2):185–95. https://doi.org/10.1111/anae.15554 .

Article   CAS   Google Scholar  

Healey A, Søfteland, Harthug S, et al. A Health economic evaluation of the world health organization surgical safety checklist: a single center assessment. Ann Surg. 2022;275(4):679–684. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004300 .

Wurdeman T, Staffa S, Barash D, et al. Surgical safety checklist use and post-caesarean sepsis in the Lake Zone of Tanzania: results from safe surgery 2020. World J Surg. 2022;46(2):303–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-021-06338-3 .

de Almeida S, de Menezes F, Martino, et al. Impact of a surgical safety checklist on surgical site infections, antimicrobial resistance, antimicrobial consumption, costs and mortality. J Hosp Infect. 2021;116:10–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhin.2021.05.003 .

Ngonzi J, Bebell LM, Boatin AA, et al. Impact of an educational intervention on WHO surgical safety checklist and pre-operative antibiotic use at a referral hospital in southwestern Uganda. Int J Qual Health Care. 2021;33(3). https://doi.org/10.1093/intqhc/mzab089 .

Storesund A, Haugen A, Flaatten H, et al. Clinical efficacy of combined surgical patient safety system and the World Health Organization’s checklists in surgery. JAMA Surg. 2020;155(7):562–70. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0989 .

Article   PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Yu D, Zhao Q. Effects of a perioperative safety checklist on postoperative complications following surgery for gastric cancer: a single-center preliminary study. Surg Innov. 2020;27(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/1553350619894836 .

Chhabra A, Singh A, Kuka PS, Kaur H, Kuka AS, Chahal H. Role of perioperative surgical safety checklist in reducing morbidity and mortality among patients: an observational study. Niger J Surg. 2019;25(2):192–7. https://doi.org/10.4103/njs.NJS_45_18 .

de Jager E, Gunnarsson R, Ho YH. Implementation of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist correlates with reduced surgical mortality and length of hospital admission in a high-income country. World J Surg. 2019;43(1):117–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00268-018-4703-x .

Gama CS, Backman C, de Oliveira AC. Effect of surgical safety checklist on colorectal surgical site infection rates in 2 countries: Brazil and Canada. Am J Infect Control. 2019;9:1112–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2019.03.002 .

GlobalSurg Collaborative. Pooled analysis of WHO surgical safety checklist use and mortality after emergency laparotomy. Br J Surg. 2019;106(2):103–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11051 .

Haugen AS, Waehle HV, Almeland SK, et al. Causal analysis of World Health Organization’s surgical safety checklist implementation quality and impact on care processes and patient outcomes: secondary analysis from a large stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial in Norway. Ann Surg. 2019;269(2):283–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002584 .

Ramsay G, Haynes AB, Lipstiz SR, et al. Reducing surgical mortality in Scotland by use of the WHO surgical safety checklist. Br J Surg. 2019;106(8):1005–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.11151 .

Article   CAS   PubMed   Google Scholar  

Wang H, Zheng T, Chen D, et al. Impacts of the surgical safety checklist on postoperative clinical outcomes in gastrointestinal tumor patients: a single-center cohort study. Med Baltim. 2019;98(28). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000016418 .

Anderson KT, Bartz-Kurycki MA, Masada KM, et al. Decreasing intraoperative delays with meaningful use of the surgical safety checklist. Surgery. 2018;163(2):259–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surg.2017.08.009 .

Rodella S, Mall S, Marino M, et al. Effects on clinical outcomes of a 5-year surgical safety checklist implementation experience: a large-scale population-based difference-in-differences study. Health Serv Insights. 2018;11. https://doi.org/10.1177/1178632918785127 .

Schmitt CM, Buchbender M, Musazada S, Bergauer B, Neukam FW. Evaluation of staff satisfaction after implementation of a surgical safety checklist in the ambulatory of an oral and maxillofacial surgery department and its impact on patient safety. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 2018;76(8):1616–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joms.2018.03.032 .

Shankar R. Implementation of the WHO surgical safety checklist at a teaching hospital in India and evaluation of the effects on perioperative complications. Int J Health Plann Manage. 2018;33(4):836–46. https://doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2533 .

Westman M, Marttila H, Rahi M, Rintala E, Löyttyniemi E, Ikonen T. Analysis of hospital infection register indicates that the implementation of WHO surgical safety checklist has an impact on early postoperative neurosurgical infections. J Clin Neurosci. 2018;53:188–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2018.04.076 .

Haynes AB, Edmondson L, Lipstiz SR, et al. Mortality trends after a voluntary checklist-based surgical safety collaborative. Ann Surg. 2017;266(6):923–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000002249 .

Naidoo M, Moodley J, Gathiram P, Sartorius B. The impact of a modified World Health Organization surgical safety checklist on maternal outcomes in a South African setting: a stratified cluster-randomised controlled trial. S Afr Med J. 2017;107(3):248–57. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2017.v107i3.11320 .

Anwer M, Manzoor S, Muneer N, Qureshi S. Compliance and effectiveness of WHO surgical safety check list: a JPMC audit. Pak J Med Sci. 2016;32(4):831–5. https://doi.org/10.12669/pjms.324.9884 .

Lacassie HJ, Ferdinand C, Guzmán S, Camus L, Echevarria GC. World Health Organization (WHO) surgical safety checklist implementation and its impact on perioperative morbidity and mortality in an academic medical center in Chile. Med Baltim. 2016;95(23). https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000003844 .

García-París J, Coheña-Jiménez M, Montaño-Jiménez P, Córdoba-Fernández A. Implementation of the WHO “safe surgery saves lives” checklist in a podiatric surgery unit in Spain: a single-center retrospective observational study. Patient Saf Surg. 2015;9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-015-0075-4 .

Toor AA, Farooka MW, Ayyaz M, Sarwar H, Malik AA, Shabbir F. Pre-operative antibiotic use reduces surgical site infection. J Pak Med Assoc. 2015;65(7):733–6.

PubMed   Google Scholar  

Baradaran Binazir M, Alizadeh M, Jabbari Bayrami H, Azhough R, Movassaghi R, Nikasa P. The effect of a modified world health organization surgical safety checklist on postoperative complications in a tertiary hospital in iran. Iran J Public Health. 2015;44(2):292–4.

PubMed   PubMed Central   Google Scholar  

Kim RY, Kwakye G, Kwok AC, et al. Sustainability and long-term effectiveness of the WHO surgical safety checklist combined with pulse oximetry in a resource-limited setting: two-year update from Moldova. JAMA Surg. 2015;150(5):473–9. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamasurg.2014.3848 .

Lepänluoma M, Rahi M, Takala RSK, Löyttyniemi E, Ikonen T. Analysis of neurosurgical reoperations: use of a surgical checklist and reduction of infection-related and preventable complication-related reoperations. J Neurosurg. 2015;123(1):145–52. https://doi.org/10.3171/2014.12.JNS141077 .

Helmiö P, Blomgren K, Lehtivuori T, Palonen R, Aaltonen LM. Towards better patient safety in otolaryngology: characteristics of patient injuries and their relationship with items on the WHO surgical safety checklist. Clin Otolaryngol. 2015;40(5):443–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/coa.12396 .

Biskup N, Workman AD, Kutzner E, Adetayo OA, Gupta SC. Perioperative safety in plastic surgery: is the World Health Organization checklist useful in a broad practice? Ann Plast Surg. 2016;76(5):550–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/SAP.0000000000000427 .

Chaudhary N, Varma V, Kapoor S, Mehta N, Kumaran V, Nundy S. Implementation of a surgical safety checklist and postoperative outcomes: a prospective randomized controlled study. J Gastrointest Surg. 2015;19(5):935–42. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11605-015-2772-9 .

Haugen AS, Søfteland E, Almeland SK, et al. Effect of the World Health Organization checklist on patient outcomes a stepped wedge cluster randomized controlled trial. Ann Surg. 2015;261(5):821–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000000716 .

Urbach DR, Govindarajan A, Saskin R, Wilton AS, Baxter NN. Introduction of surgical safety checklists in Ontario. Canada N Engl J Med. 2014;370(11):1029–38. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMsa1308261 .

Boaz M, Bermant A, Ezri T, et al. Effect of surgical safety checklist implementation on the occurrence of postoperative complications in orthopedic patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2014;16(1):20–5.

Lepänluoma M, Takala R, Kotkansalo A, Rahi M, Ikonen TS. Surgical safety checklist is associated with improved operating room safety culture, reduced wound complications, and unplanned readmissions in a pilot study in neurosurgery. Scand J Surg. 2013;103(1):66–72. https://doi.org/10.1177/1457496913482255 .

Kwok AC, Funk LM, Baltaga R, et al. Implementation of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist, including introduction of pulse oximetry, in a resource-limited setting. Ann Surg. 2013;257(4):633–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e3182777fa4 .

Lübbeke A, Hovaguimian F, Wickboldt N, et al. Effectiveness of the surgical safety checklist in a high standard care environment. Med Care. 2013;51(5):425–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MLR.0b013e31828d1489 .

Tillman M, Wehbe-Janek H, Hodges B, Smythe WR, Papaconstantinou HT. Surgical care improvement project and surgical site infections: can integration in the surgical safety checklist improve quality performance and clinical outcomes? J Surg Res. 2013;184(1):150–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jss.2013.03.048 .

Rosenberg NM, Urman RD, Gallagher S, Stenglein J, Liu X, Shapiro FE. Effect of an office-based surgical safety system on patient outcomes. Eplasty. 2012;12:e59. 

Bliss LA, Ross-Richardson CB, Sanzari LJ, et al. Thirty-day outcomes support implementation of a surgical safety checklist. J Am Coll Surg. 2012;215(6):766–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2012.07.015 .

van Klei WA, Hoff RG, van Aarnhem EEHL, et al. Effects of the introduction of the WHO “surgical safety checklist” on in-hospital mortality: a cohort study. Ann Surg. 2012;255(1):44–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0b013e31823779ae .

Yuan CT, Walsh D, Tomarken JL, Alpern R, Shakpeh J, Bradley EH. Incorporating the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist into practice at two hospitals in Liberia. Jt Comm J Qual Patient Saf. 2012;38(6):254–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1553-7250(12)38032-x .

Sotto KT, Burian BK, Brindle ME. Impact of the WHO surgical safety checklist relative to its design and intended use: a systematic review and meta-meta-analysis. J Am Coll Surg. 2021;233(6):794–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2021.08.692 .

Bergs J, Hellings J, Cleemput I, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of the effect of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist on postoperative complications. Br J Surg. 2014;101(3):150–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs.9381 .

Molina G, Jians W, Edmondson L, et al. Implementation of the surgical safety checklist in South Carolina Hospitals is associated with improvement in perceived perioperative safety. J Am Coll Surg. 2016;222(5):725–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2015.12.052 .

Zingiryan A, Paruch JL, Osler TM, Hyman NH. Implementation of the surgical safety checklist at a tertiary academic center: impact on safety culture and patient outcomes. Am J Surg. 2017;214(2):193–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjsurg.2016.10.027 .

White MC, Randall K, Ravelojaona VA, et al. Sustainability of using the WHO surgical safety checklist: a mixed-methods longitudinal evaluation following a nationwide blended educational implementation strategy in Madagascar. BMJ Glob Health. 2018;3(6). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001104 .

Tan J, Ngwayi JRM, Ding Z, et al. Attitudes and compliance with the WHO surgical safety checklist: a survey among surgeons and operating room staff in 138 hospitals in China. Patient Saf Surg. 2021;15(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13037-020-00276-0 .

Takala RSK, Pauniaho SL, Kotkansalo A, et al. A pilot study of the implementation of WHO surgical checklist in Finland: improvements in activities and communication. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2011;55(10):1206–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-6576.2011.02525.x .

Domingo L, Sala M, Miret C, et al. Perceptions from nurses, surgeons, and anesthetists about the use and benefits of the surgical checklist in a teaching hospital. J Healthc Qual Res. 2021;37(1):52–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhqr.2021.06.003 .

Sokhanvar M, Kakemam E, Goodarzi N. Implementation of the surgical safety checklist in hospitals of Iran; operating room personnel’s attitude, awareness and acceptance. Int J Health Care Qual Assur. 2018;31(6):609–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJHCQA-03-2017-0051 .

Verwey S, Gopalan PD. An investigation of barriers to the use of the World Health Organization surgical safety checklist in theatres. S Afr Med J. 2018;108(4):336–41. https://doi.org/10.7196/SAMJ.2018.v108i4.12780 .

Alloni R, De Benedictis A, Nobile L, et al. Compliance with the surgical safety checklist results of an audit in a teaching hospital in Italy. Ann Ital Chir. 2016;87(5):401–5.

Santana HT, Rodrigues MCS, do Socorro Nantua Evangelista M. Surgical teams’ attitudes and opinions towards the safety of surgical procedures in public hospitals in the Brazilian Federal District. BMC Res Notes. 2016;9:276. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13104-016-2078-3 .

Haugen AS, Søfteland E, Sevdalis N, et al. Impact of the Norwegian National Patient Safety Program on implementation of the WHO surgical safety checklist and on perioperative safety culture. BMJ Open Qual. 2020;9(3). https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjoq-2020-000966 .

Waehle HV, Haugen AS, Wiig S, Søfteland E, Sevdalis N, Harthug S. How does the WHO surgical safety checklist fit with existing perioperative risk management strategies? An ethnographic study across surgical specialties. BMC Health Serv Res. 2020;20(1):111. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-4965-5 .

White MC, Leather AJM, Sevdalis N, Healey A. Economic case for scale-up of the WHO surgical safety checklist at the national level in Sub-Saharan Africa. Ann Surg. 2022;275(5):1018–24. https://doi.org/10.1097/SLA.0000000000004498 .

Dharampal N, Cameron C, Dixon E, Ghali W, Quan ML. Attitudes and beliefs about the surgical safety checklist: just another tick box? Can J Surg. 2016;59(4):268–75. https://doi.org/10.1503/cjs.002016 .

Knight J, Nazim M, Riggs D, et al. Is the Broselow tape a reliable indicator for use in all pediatric trauma patients?: A look at a rural trauma center. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2011;27(6):479–82. https://doi.org/10.1097/PEC.0b013e31821d8559 .

Kisa P. Pediatric emergency surgery course manual. 2022.

Situma M. Pediatric emergency surgery course manual. 2021.

Lexicomp Editorial Advisory Panel. Penicillin G (intravenous and short-acting intramuscular): drug information. In: UpToDate.  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/penicillin-g-intravenous-and-short-acting-intramuscular-drug-information?sectionName=Pediatric&topicId=9749&search=penicillin%20g&usage_type=panel&anchor=F207675&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E96&showDrugLabel=true&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F207675 .

Lexicomp Editorial Advisory Panel. Ampicillin: drug information. In: UpToDate.  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ampicillin-drug-information?sectionName=Pediatric&topicId=8737&search=ampicillin&usage_type=panel&anchor=F134982&source=panel_search_result&selectedTitle=1%7E150&showDrugLabel=true&kp_tab=drug_general&display_rank=1#F134982 .

Lexicomp Editorial Advisory Panel. Gentamicin (systemic): pediatric drug information. In: UpToDate.  https://www.uptodate.com/contents/gentamicin-systemic-drug-information?source=auto_suggest&selectedTitle=1~3---2~4---genta&search=gentamicin%20systemic .

Lobe T, Sims T, Rojnica M. Pediatric surgery considerations. 2022.

Butterworth JF, Mackey DC, Wasnick JD. Morgan and Mikhail’s clinical anesthesiology. 5th ed. 2013.

Ullrich S, Kisa P, Ruzgar N, et al. Implementation of a contextually appropriate pediatric emergency surgical care course in Uganda. J Pediatr Surg. 2021;56(4):811–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpedsurg.2020.10.004 .

Shrime MG, Bickler SW, Alkire BC, Mock C. Global burden of surgical disease: an estimation from the provider perspective. Lancet Glob Health. 2015;3. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2214-109X(14)70384-5 .

Mullapudi B, Grabski DF, Ameh EA. Estimates of number of children and adolescents without access to surgical care. Bull World Health Organ. 2019;97(4):254–8.

Butler EK, Tran TM, Nagarajan N, Canner J, Fuller AT, Kushner A, Haglund MM, Smith ER. SOSAS 4 country research group. Epidemiology of pediatric surgical needs in low-income countries. PLoS One. 2017;12(3):e0170968. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0170968 .

Cameron JL, Cameron AM, editors. Current surgical therapy. 12th ed. Elsevier.

Delgado B, Safadi A, Bajaj T. Clark’s rule. In: StatPearls. 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK541104/ .

Wade CI, Martinez T. Young’s rule. In: StatPearls. 2022. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK554603/ .

Mosteller RD. Simplified calculation of body-surface area. N Engl J Med. 1987;317(17):1098.

Holliday MA, Segar WE. The maintenance need for water in parenteral fluid therapy. Pediatrics. 1957;19(5):823–32.

Download references

Acknowledgements

University of Illinois at Chicago Department of Surgery, Mulago National Referral Hospital.

Greg Klazura received funding from Fulbright Fogarty Fellowship (GHES NIH FIC D43 TW010540).

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

University of Illinois, Chicago, IL, USA

Diana Ioana Rapolti, Elsa Nico, Thom Lobe, Thomas Sims & Greg Klazura

Department of Surgery, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda

Phyllis Kisa & Martin Situma

University of California, San Francisco, USA

Doruk Ozgediz

You can also search for this author in PubMed   Google Scholar

Contributions

D.R. wrote the main manuscript text and prepared the figures with guidance from G.K.. D.R. and E. N. performed literature review, all papers were discussed with G.K.. P.K., M.S, T.L., T.S. and D.O. contributed valuable insight into important considerations for pediatric surgery. P.K. and M.S. provided guidance on how to adapt checklist to low resource settings and the needs of surgeons in LMICs. E.N. contributed to the background of the main manuscript text. All authors reviewed the manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Phyllis Kisa .

Ethics declarations

Ethics approval and consent to participate.

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Competing interests.

The authors declare no competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher’s note.

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Supplementary material 1., supplementary material 2., rights and permissions.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License, which permits any non-commercial use, sharing, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if you modified the licensed material. You do not have permission under this licence to share adapted material derived from this article or parts of it. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ .

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article.

Rapolti, D.I., Kisa, P., Situma, M. et al. The creation of a pediatric surgical checklist for adult providers. BMC Health Serv Res 24 , 1029 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11405-1

Download citation

Received : 16 August 2023

Accepted : 06 August 2024

Published : 05 September 2024

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-024-11405-1

Share this article

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

• Surgical checklists
• Pediatric surgery
• Low-resource settings
• Pediatric perioperative care

BMC Health Services Research

ISSN: 1472-6963

• General enquiries: [email protected]