Show that you understand the current state of research on your topic.
The length of a research proposal can vary quite a bit. A bachelor’s or master’s thesis proposal can be just a few pages, while proposals for PhD dissertations or research funding are usually much longer and more detailed. Your supervisor can help you determine the best length for your work.
One trick to get started is to think of your proposal’s structure as a shorter version of your thesis or dissertation , only without the results , conclusion and discussion sections.
Download our research proposal template
Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We’ve included a few for you below.
Like your dissertation or thesis, the proposal will usually have a title page that includes:
The first part of your proposal is the initial pitch for your project. Make sure it succinctly explains what you want to do and why.
Your introduction should:
To guide your introduction , include information about:
As you get started, it’s important to demonstrate that you’re familiar with the most important research on your topic. A strong literature review shows your reader that your project has a solid foundation in existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you’re not simply repeating what other people have already done or said, but rather using existing research as a jumping-off point for your own.
In this section, share exactly how your project will contribute to ongoing conversations in the field by:
Following the literature review, restate your main objectives . This brings the focus back to your own project. Next, your research design or methodology section will describe your overall approach, and the practical steps you will take to answer your research questions.
? or ? , , or research design? | |
, )? ? | |
, , , )? | |
? |
To finish your proposal on a strong note, explore the potential implications of your research for your field. Emphasize again what you aim to contribute and why it matters.
For example, your results might have implications for:
Last but not least, your research proposal must include correct citations for every source you have used, compiled in a reference list . To create citations quickly and easily, you can use our free APA citation generator .
Some institutions or funders require a detailed timeline of the project, asking you to forecast what you will do at each stage and how long it may take. While not always required, be sure to check the requirements of your project.
Here’s an example schedule to help you get started. You can also download a template at the button below.
Download our research schedule template
Research phase | Objectives | Deadline |
---|---|---|
1. Background research and literature review | 20th January | |
2. Research design planning | and data analysis methods | 13th February |
3. Data collection and preparation | with selected participants and code interviews | 24th March |
4. Data analysis | of interview transcripts | 22nd April |
5. Writing | 17th June | |
6. Revision | final work | 28th July |
If you are applying for research funding, chances are you will have to include a detailed budget. This shows your estimates of how much each part of your project will cost.
Make sure to check what type of costs the funding body will agree to cover. For each item, include:
To determine your budget, think about:
If you want to know more about the research process , methodology , research bias , or statistics , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Methodology
Statistics
Research bias
Once you’ve decided on your research objectives , you need to explain them in your paper, at the end of your problem statement .
Keep your research objectives clear and concise, and use appropriate verbs to accurately convey the work that you will carry out for each one.
I will compare …
A research aim is a broad statement indicating the general purpose of your research project. It should appear in your introduction at the end of your problem statement , before your research objectives.
Research objectives are more specific than your research aim. They indicate the specific ways you’ll address the overarching aim.
A PhD, which is short for philosophiae doctor (doctor of philosophy in Latin), is the highest university degree that can be obtained. In a PhD, students spend 3–5 years writing a dissertation , which aims to make a significant, original contribution to current knowledge.
A PhD is intended to prepare students for a career as a researcher, whether that be in academia, the public sector, or the private sector.
A master’s is a 1- or 2-year graduate degree that can prepare you for a variety of careers.
All master’s involve graduate-level coursework. Some are research-intensive and intend to prepare students for further study in a PhD; these usually require their students to write a master’s thesis . Others focus on professional training for a specific career.
Critical thinking refers to the ability to evaluate information and to be aware of biases or assumptions, including your own.
Like information literacy , it involves evaluating arguments, identifying and solving problems in an objective and systematic way, and clearly communicating your ideas.
The best way to remember the difference between a research plan and a research proposal is that they have fundamentally different audiences. A research plan helps you, the researcher, organize your thoughts. On the other hand, a dissertation proposal or research proposal aims to convince others (e.g., a supervisor, a funding body, or a dissertation committee) that your research topic is relevant and worthy of being conducted.
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
McCombes, S. & George, T. (2023, November 21). How to Write a Research Proposal | Examples & Templates. Scribbr. Retrieved July 23, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-process/research-proposal/
Other students also liked, how to write a problem statement | guide & examples, writing strong research questions | criteria & examples, how to write a literature review | guide, examples, & templates, "i thought ai proofreading was useless but..".
I've been using Scribbr for years now and I know it's a service that won't disappoint. It does a good job spotting mistakes”
Home » How To Write A Research Proposal – Step-by-Step [Template]
Table of Contents
Writing a Research proposal involves several steps to ensure a well-structured and comprehensive document. Here is an explanation of each step:
4. Literature Review:
The format of a research proposal may vary depending on the specific requirements of the institution or funding agency. However, the following is a commonly used format for a research proposal:
1. Title Page:
2. Abstract:
3. Introduction:
5. Research Objectives:
6. Methodology:
7. Timeline:
8. Resources:
9. Ethical Considerations:
10. Expected Outcomes and Significance:
11. References:
12. Appendices:
Here’s a template for a research proposal:
1. Introduction:
2. Literature Review:
3. Research Objectives:
4. Methodology:
5. Timeline:
6. Resources:
7. Ethical Considerations:
8. Expected Outcomes and Significance:
9. References:
10. Appendices:
Title: The Impact of Online Education on Student Learning Outcomes: A Comparative Study
1. Introduction
Online education has gained significant prominence in recent years, especially due to the COVID-19 pandemic. This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes by comparing them with traditional face-to-face instruction. The study will explore various aspects of online education, such as instructional methods, student engagement, and academic performance, to provide insights into the effectiveness of online learning.
2. Objectives
The main objectives of this research are as follows:
3. Methodology
3.1 Study Design
This research will utilize a mixed-methods approach to gather both quantitative and qualitative data. The study will include the following components:
3.2 Participants
The research will involve undergraduate students from two universities, one offering online education and the other providing face-to-face instruction. A total of 500 students (250 from each university) will be selected randomly to participate in the study.
3.3 Data Collection
The research will employ the following data collection methods:
3.4 Data Analysis
Quantitative data will be analyzed using statistical software, employing descriptive statistics, t-tests, and regression analysis. Qualitative data will be transcribed, coded, and analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and themes.
4. Ethical Considerations
The study will adhere to ethical guidelines, ensuring the privacy and confidentiality of participants. Informed consent will be obtained, and participants will have the right to withdraw from the study at any time.
5. Significance and Expected Outcomes
This research will contribute to the existing literature by providing empirical evidence on the impact of online education on student learning outcomes. The findings will help educational institutions and policymakers make informed decisions about incorporating online learning methods and improving the quality of online education. Moreover, the study will identify potential challenges and opportunities related to online education and offer recommendations for enhancing student engagement and overall learning outcomes.
6. Timeline
The proposed research will be conducted over a period of 12 months, including data collection, analysis, and report writing.
The estimated budget for this research includes expenses related to data collection, software licenses, participant compensation, and research assistance. A detailed budget breakdown will be provided in the final research plan.
8. Conclusion
This research proposal aims to investigate the impact of online education on student learning outcomes through a comparative study with traditional face-to-face instruction. By exploring various dimensions of online education, this research will provide valuable insights into the effectiveness and challenges associated with online learning. The findings will contribute to the ongoing discourse on educational practices and help shape future strategies for maximizing student learning outcomes in online education settings.
Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer
Discover the world's research
The Office of Research Strategy and Development’s Proposal Toolkit is a new PIN-protected online tool for investigators to find important information meant to support proposal development and funding strategies. Examples of information to be found on the website include sample letters of support and other non-disciplinary grant templates, NIH paylines and research priorities, as well as HSPH-specific policies and processes. Faculty, research scientists, and post-docs can access curated lists of funding opportunities, links to funding search engines, and other resources to help in finding funding and developing proposals.
Resources available in the toolkit include:
Learn about which offices to go to for questions relating to proposal support, funding, faculty development, and more in the graphic below.
As you learn about grantsmanship and write your own applications and progress reports, examples of how others presented their ideas can help. NIH also provides attachment format examples, sample language, and more resources below.
On This Page:
Nih formats, sample language, and other examples.
With the gracious permission of successful investigators, some NIH institutes have provided samples of funded applications, summary statements, and more. When referencing these examples, it is important to remember:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)
National Cancer Institute (NCI)
National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI)
National Institute on Aging (NIA)
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD)
NIH provides additional examples of completed forms, templates, plans, and other sample language for reference. Your chosen approach must follow the instructions in your funding opportunity and the How to Apply - Application Guide .
This page last updated on: June 10, 2024
Course guides.
The goal of a research proposal is to present and justify the need to study a research problem and to present the practical ways in which the proposed study should be conducted. The design elements and procedures for conducting the research are governed by standards within the predominant discipline in which the problem resides, so guidelines for research proposals are more exacting and less formal than a general project proposal. Research proposals contain extensive literature reviews. They must provide persuasive evidence that a need exists for the proposed study. In addition to providing a rationale, a proposal describes detailed methodology for conducting the research consistent with requirements of the professional or academic field and a statement on anticipated outcomes and/or benefits derived from the study's completion.
Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005.
Your professor may assign the task of writing a research proposal for the following reasons:
A proposal should contain all the key elements involved in designing a completed research study, with sufficient information that allows readers to assess the validity and usefulness of your proposed study. The only elements missing from a research proposal are the findings of the study and your analysis of those results. Finally, an effective proposal is judged on the quality of your writing and, therefore, it is important that your writing is coherent, clear, and compelling.
Regardless of the research problem you are investigating and the methodology you choose, all research proposals must address the following questions:
Common Mistakes to Avoid
Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal . The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Sanford, Keith. Information for Students: Writing a Research Proposal . Baylor University; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal . International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal . University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
Beginning the Proposal Process
As with writing a regular academic paper, research proposals are generally organized the same way throughout most social science disciplines. Proposals vary between ten and twenty-five pages in length. However, before you begin, read the assignment carefully and, if anything seems unclear, ask your professor whether there are any specific requirements for organizing and writing the proposal.
A good place to begin is to ask yourself a series of questions:
In general, a compelling research proposal should document your knowledge of the topic and demonstrate your enthusiasm for conducting the study. Approach it with the intention of leaving your readers feeling like--"Wow, that's an exciting idea and I can’t wait to see how it turns out!"
In general your proposal should include the following sections:
I. Introduction
In the real world of higher education, a research proposal is most often written by scholars seeking grant funding for a research project or it's the first step in getting approval to write a doctoral dissertation. Even if this is just a course assignment, treat your introduction as the initial pitch of an idea or a thorough examination of the significance of a research problem. After reading the introduction, your readers should not only have an understanding of what you want to do, but they should also be able to gain a sense of your passion for the topic and be excited about the study's possible outcomes. Note that most proposals do not include an abstract [summary] before the introduction.
Think about your introduction as a narrative written in one to three paragraphs that succinctly answers the following four questions :
II. Background and Significance
This section can be melded into your introduction or you can create a separate section to help with the organization and narrative flow of your proposal. This is where you explain the context of your proposal and describe in detail why it's important. Approach writing this section with the thought that you can’t assume your readers will know as much about the research problem as you do. Note that this section is not an essay going over everything you have learned about the topic; instead, you must choose what is relevant to help explain the goals for your study.
To that end, while there are no hard and fast rules, you should attempt to address some or all of the following key points:
III. Literature Review
Connected to the background and significance of your study is a section of your proposal devoted to a more deliberate review and synthesis of prior studies related to the research problem under investigation . The purpose here is to place your project within the larger whole of what is currently being explored, while demonstrating to your readers that your work is original and innovative. Think about what questions other researchers have asked, what methods they have used, and what is your understanding of their findings and, where stated, their recommendations. Do not be afraid to challenge the conclusions of prior research. Assess what you believe is missing and state how previous research has failed to adequately examine the issue that your study addresses. For more information on writing literature reviews, GO HERE .
Since a literature review is information dense, it is crucial that this section is intelligently structured to enable a reader to grasp the key arguments underpinning your study in relation to that of other researchers. A good strategy is to break the literature into "conceptual categories" [themes] rather than systematically describing groups of materials one at a time. Note that conceptual categories generally reveal themselves after you have read most of the pertinent literature on your topic so adding new categories is an on-going process of discovery as you read more studies. How do you know you've covered the key conceptual categories underlying the research literature? Generally, you can have confidence that all of the significant conceptual categories have been identified if you start to see repetition in the conclusions or recommendations that are being made.
To help frame your proposal's literature review, here are the "five C’s" of writing a literature review:
IV. Research Design and Methods
This section must be well-written and logically organized because you are not actually doing the research, yet, your reader must have confidence that it is worth pursuing . The reader will never have a study outcome from which to evaluate whether your methodological choices were the correct ones. Thus, the objective here is to convince the reader that your overall research design and methods of analysis will correctly address the problem and that the methods will provide the means to effectively interpret the potential results. Your design and methods should be unmistakably tied to the specific aims of your study.
Describe the overall research design by building upon and drawing examples from your review of the literature. Consider not only methods that other researchers have used but methods of data gathering that have not been used but perhaps could be. Be specific about the methodological approaches you plan to undertake to obtain information, the techniques you would use to analyze the data, and the tests of external validity to which you commit yourself [i.e., the trustworthiness by which you can generalize from your study to other people, places, events, and/or periods of time].
When describing the methods you will use, be sure to cover the following:
Develop a Research Proposal: Writing the Proposal . Office of Library Information Services. Baltimore County Public Schools; Heath, M. Teresa Pereira and Caroline Tynan. “Crafting a Research Proposal.” The Marketing Review 10 (Summer 2010): 147-168; Jones, Mark. “Writing a Research Proposal.” In MasterClass in Geography Education: Transforming Teaching and Learning . Graham Butt, editor. (New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2015), pp. 113-127; Juni, Muhamad Hanafiah. “Writing a Research Proposal.” International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 1 (September/October 2014): 229-240; Krathwohl, David R. How to Prepare a Dissertation Proposal: Suggestions for Students in Education and the Social and Behavioral Sciences . Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press, 2005; Procter, Margaret. The Academic Proposal . The Lab Report. University College Writing Centre. University of Toronto; Punch, Keith and Wayne McGowan. "Developing and Writing a Research Proposal." In From Postgraduate to Social Scientist: A Guide to Key Skills . Nigel Gilbert, ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 59-81; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal . International Network on Personal Meaning. Trinity Western University; Writing Academic Proposals: Conferences, Articles, and Books . The Writing Lab and The OWL. Purdue University; Writing a Research Proposal . University Library. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.
An official website of the United States government
The .gov means it’s official. Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Before sharing sensitive information, make sure you’re on a federal government site.
The site is secure. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the official website and that any information you provide is encrypted and transmitted securely.
Email citation, add to collections.
Your saved search, create a file for external citation management software, your rss feed.
Affiliations.
Knowing how to properly prepare a research proposal is a real challenge - and being able to prepare an excellent research proposal is increasingly a requirement to compete for funding with assurances of success. With this in mind, we aim to share with the reader our experience (in many cases, unsuccessful) as applicants on the most important aspects of preparing a research proposal and securing its approval and funding. This article aims not only to list theoretical recommendations but also to share some personal and eminently practical suggestions on the following elements of a research proposal: the title, the abstract, the introduction, the objectives, the methodology, the work plan or schedule, the proposal's consistency and coherence, its viability, its applicability, the importance of the principal investigator and the research team, the proposal's limitations and alternatives, its budget, its references, and, finally, the research proposal's form or wording. In summary, a research proposal is a carefully written plan that includes all the scientific, ethical and logistical aspects of the study to be conducted. Writing a good research proposal requires considerable effort and a great deal of time, but it's worth it.
Keywords: Ciencias de la salud; Health sciences; Protocol; Protocolo; Proyecto de investigación; Research proposal.
Copyright © 2020 Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.
PubMed Disclaimer
Full text sources.
NCBI Literature Resources
MeSH PMC Bookshelf Disclaimer
The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Unauthorized use of these marks is strictly prohibited.
Here is a sample that showcases why we are one of the world’s leading academic writing firms. This assignment was created by one of our expert academic writers and demonstrated the highest academic quality. Place your order today to achieve academic greatness.
View a different grade
This research will be conducted to fulfil the study’s aim to analyse the influence of public health on health promotion intervention within the case of Saudi Arabia as a developing country. To fulfil the research’s aim and objectives, the researcher will use a qualitative approach and secondary data sources regarding public health promotion intervention in Saudi Arabia.
The researcher will examine relevant secondary sources and then present a systematic overview of the literature to understand the impact of public health on the public health promotion intervention in the region of Saudi Arabia.
From the overview of past literature, it can be found that there is an increased interest of researchers and practitioners concerning public health and its promotion (Baum, 2016). The information and know-how regarding public health are important because public health programs and public health interventions are based on this knowledge and research (Boulware et al., 2016).
Now, several different elements tend to impact public health and programs related to public health. The governmental and health organisations have shifted their focus from removing and preventing the disease towards the socio-economic, behavioural, and environmental factors that significantly impact public health (Wiene et al., 2017).
From the research point of view, there have been very few researches in the past that have been carried out in this regard. Different countries aim to improve public health by introducing effective programs and interventions (Watts et al., 2015). The health sector continually works towards ensuring that their public health-related goals are met efficiently to make a significant mark.
The promotion of public health is undeniably an essential aspect of public health. Several types of research have been carried out in this regard (Rosenbaum, 2011). Health promotion is carried out to raise awareness among the public regarding the negative consequences of a disease or notify the public regarding living a healthy lifestyle.
Health promotion is an expression in practical terms as a source that lets the public lead a productive life regarding social, economic, and individual perspectives. Health is a source for a routine life, not an object that can be ignored easily (Anderson et al., 2005). According to WHO, public health is a fundamental human right, and all individuals should have the right to get rudimentary resources (WHO, 2018).
The interventions for the promotion of public health are carried out to ensure that public health is not at stake and that the public is aware of the importance of their health (Nutley, Smith, & Davies, 2000). Through public health intervention, the government can control several health problems.
Regarding Saudi Arabia’s public health, WHO has notified that more than 60% of the population is inactive, which is quite alarming concerning the individuals’ health (WHO, 2011). Physical activity is of great importance because it mainly decreases the many common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and heart disease.
It also prevents one of the major problems regarding health, i.e., obesity (Frohlich & Potvin, 2008). It has been established that with time, the health sector of Saudi Arabia has been experiencing growth. However, there are still specific problems faced (Almalki, FitzGerald, & Clark, 2011).
One of the major problems of the health sector of Saudi Arabia is that there is a language barrier among physicians, doctors, and patients. Although some research has been carried out in the context of public health and its impact on health promotion intervention, there is still a need for more research to evaluate public health in terms of promotion.
Yet, according to Sharaf (2010), social media platforms, particularly Twitter, have inculcated new prospects for definitely influencing audiences’ health at large. As Saudi Arabia is coined to be the country with the highest number of Twitter users, practitioners believe that Twitter can contribute to the propagation of health promotion ideas.
According to Mckenzie (2016), with the help of developing different health intervention promotion programs, public health is improving daily. The researcher needs to carry out more research to ensure that public health is impacted efficiently. The country’s major goal is to ensure that the public is provided with high-quality healthcare services.
The well-being of society is promoted. According to Peltzer (2011), the health care promotional campaigns and interventions are focused more on developed nations than developing nations. Several different factors tend to have a significant impact on the health promotion intervention. Socio-economic factors play a critical role in people’s lives, affecting each individual’s health in many ways.
Every country has its characteristics that dominate other factors compared to other places according to specific policies and particular laws. But few general ones can be easily recognised in all parts of the world.
The present research’s main aim is to analyse the influence of public health on the health promotion intervention within the case of Saudi Arabia as a developing country. The objectives of the study are as follows,
Based on the preliminary overview of the literature review on this topic, the research question that is going to be answered by this research is:
How can public health be determined through various factors affecting public health promotion in the context of Saudi Arabia?
This research will be carried out to analyse the impact of public health on public health promotion intervention, specifically in Saudi Arabia. In terms of the public health of Saudi Arabia, the company is experiencing significant improvement; however, they are still lacking in providing high-quality health care advice through public health promotion intervention. One of the important problems prevalent in the region is a language barrier among physicians, doctors, and patients.
The study has established that certain researches have been carried out concerning public health and its impact on evaluating the health promotion intervention. This particular research is significant because it focuses on analysing how public health in the region of Saudi Arabia impacts their health promotion intervention.
There are not many academic types of research carried out on Saudi Arabia’s public health. This research will contribute positively towards the existing body of literature mainly inclined towards Western countries’ general health (Glanz & Bishop, 2010). One of the significant hindrances with the effective provision of public health to a country’s citizens is that there is no consistent framework of public health that promotes the evaluation of public health promotion intervention (Frieden, 2010).
This research is particularly significant because it will look into different factors that combine to form the public health of Saudi Arabia. Moreover, it will also address the issues faced by the country regarding the implementation and evaluation of their health campaigns. The major rationale behind this research is that there are very few research studies carried out.
The following study comprises five significant sections: introduction, literature review, methodology, findings and conclusion, and recommendations. The first chapter of the study highlights the research study’s topic, the research problem, aims and objectives of the study, rationale, and significance. It provides a brief introduction to the analysis.
The second chapter of this study was a literature review. In this chapter, the researcher identifies the study variables and includes different theories and backgrounds concerning the view and opinions of various researchers. It consists of a theoretical framework and the development of a hypothesis.
The third chapter of the study was methodology. This section identified the methods and techniques used in a research study to examine the results. Data collection methods and techniques are described in this chapter, along with ethical considerations and limitations.
The fourth chapter of the study was findings and analysis. This chapter analyses and evaluates the data obtained from different sources based on other techniques and methods. A significant portion of this section includes an analysis of results and discussion.
The last chapter of the study is the conclusion and recommendations. It concludes the entire research along with summarised findings of the study.
Public health intervention and promotion.
Public Health is known for inhibiting the disease, health promotions, healthily improving lifestyle, and systematised society effort. The central focus is on the health betterment of the population and doing interventions to prevent disease. The protection, promotion, prolonging of public life, and betterment of society’s health are the main goals of public health (Brownson, 2017).
The progress in the social machinery by health promotions satisfies the people regarding maintenance and betterment of health. Better cure of advanced and severe diseases is required, specifically in developing countries. The interventions of Public health regarding the reduction in risk factors related to health are significant. The preventions are done of medicines to preserve or promote health and decrease the suffering when health is impaired (Gostin, 2016).
There are significant disciplines in which health sectors mostly perform to promote health. A healthy nutrient balances health and any disease, and reproductive health is taken care of the most because it includes mental, physical, and social health that should be healthy. In environmental health, the approach is to classify the particular biological or physical aspects that present all health risks.
It can be replaced and modified to protect people from it, like sanitisation of water, disposal of waste management, etc. (Frieden, 2010). The combination of health education and economics is beneficial for health promotions and their interventions. It helps in the substitution use of resources and their effective utilisation in the health service sector.
Many types of research have been done that focus on the distribution, frequency, biostatistics, and causes of disease. Such researches are an action to attain more information about the technical or scientific overview of public health. The health service sector management tries to work together and utilise the available resources to achieve the goal (Fleming, 2014).
Health promotion is the central part of public health, defined as the betterment of health in the population. It presents wide-ranging environmental and social conditions directed towards changing the negative aspects of such states to ease their effect on individual and public health. It enables individuals to elevate control over the factors of health and thus improve their health.
Contribution in health promotion is vital to endure promotions’ actions and efforts (Naidoo, 2016). Health promotion is an expression in practical terms as a source which let public to lead a productive life regarding social, economic and individual prospective because health is a source for a routine life, not an object that can be ignored easily.
It emphasises the physical capabilities of a person. WHO has recognised public health as a fundamental human right, and all individuals should have the right to get rudimentary resources (Lupton, 2014). The prospective health concept applies that the organisations that rule social, physical, and economic conditions should take responsibility for their activities in terms of their effect on the public and health (Leischik, 2016).
After the research many years, health promotion is now getting in trend. It became clear that health promotion interventions should be seen in the framework of difficult interrelationships encircling the public, societies, and health care sectors (Duplaga, 2015) and (Sitko, 2016). The approaches have found out that the effective interventions and consequent promotions that are in practice.
The interventions of health promotions should be for the betterment of local practice. The advanced interventions in public health lead to many issues and challenges regarding promotions. Interventions are commonly recognised by combining factors of a supplied intervention like theory and all with factors present in the local context such as funding etc. Interventions help a lot in controlling and preventing health problems (Kok, 2012).
The WHO reports show that 60% of the overall population of Saudi Arabia is physically inactive, which is not suitable for health at all. According to recent studies, physical activity is one of the significant health-promoting practices (Kraus, 2015). Physical activity mainly decreases the many common diseases like diabetes, hypertension, cancer, and heart disease.
It also prevents one of the major problems regarding health, i.e., obesity. It improves an individual’s mental health by decreasing depression and anxiety, showing the inverse relation of health outcomes with the amount of physical activity performed (Alahmed, 2017).
The health sector of Saudi Arabia has ranked the growth of health care services at the overall rate of care, due to which betterment has been seen in the health range of Saudi Arabia (Almalki, 2011). Besides such improvements, the major issue in Saudi Arabia’s health sector is the language hurdle among the physician and their patients. Many interventions have been taken to solve this issue by health promotions using posters, leaflets, or other ways (Vyas, 2012).
After facing constant failure, alternative techniques have been applied, i.e., spreading awareness by using promotional items in health promotions, which was beneficial to give important messages to the public (Al Aboud, 2013). It succeeds whenever implemented correctly, which was also seen in TB patients (Alahmed, 2017).
Public Health revolves around the study of highlighting the issues that affect human health. It focuses on the preventive measures of diseases and prolonging humans’ lives by bringing awareness through different campaigns and promotions that could improve the public’s health. The research has been done to work on the public health sector as it is one of the significant elements that influence any country’s environment.
It is also essential to look out for the reasons that can affect the promotions and interventions to maintain public health stability. Social determinants include the status and affiliations that determine health (Shaw, 2008). In socio-economic factors, social attributes play a critical role in people’s lives, affecting each individual’s health in many ways.
The socio-economic factors are one of the major influences for public health in any country, whereas; cultural factors are based on the thoughts and behaviours shared by a group of people in any country. Culture always has a significant impact on all aspects of life. It contributes to every individual in an integrated pattern of values and morals.
In political factors, government policies and programs also profoundly affect health interventions in many ways (Mackenbach, 2014). At the same time, national health factors are about taking account of public health to local needs and includes the development level for the entire health sector.
Income is one of the main features that can affect public health promotion. It is directly proportional to individuals’ health related to the amount of money that a person is earning. When the making is high, the health is automatically influenced better, but if it is low, it can affect the quality of the food you take or the health services that are not affordable (Abel-Smith, 2016).
It can also be described as an example that not everyone can afford to see experienced doctors of sickness or other major health issues due to their high fees. It also goes in a way that they cannot purchase better foods to remain healthy. Income also influences the location one chose to live in as the surrounding influences health at a higher level. It can be perceived as lower earnings can lead to poorer health choices and increased health risks (Stoddart, 2017).
It is a crucial element that determines people’s social and economic position related to health outcomes. Education helps learn about the positive and negative aspects of health classified as better or poor health status. It elaborates the benefits of a healthy diet, increases the knowledge, and guides in making good choices compared to those who are not well educated or more aware of effective food products (Rosen, 2015).
The factor of employment contributes to health promotion intervention to enhance social status and self-esteem, leading to community life participation by bringing more opportunities that improve health and well-being. Career also surrounds being physically active or getting exhausted and tired due to long work hours that affect an individual’s health. The nature of the job is considered in this sector that can be classified as working at a farm, factory, chemicals or radiology, sports, and a proper organisation (Garthwaite, 2014).
There can be many cultures within a society, and it differs in views and norms that affect health in various ways. One major factor that developing countries face is social inequality which means all the people do not meet human needs. The lack of food, water, shelter, and clothing influences the health of the individuals. It affects the lifestyle and causes serious health problems as well. The easy access to these factors does create a difference in human beings’ lives as these are the most critical elements to survive (Berkman, 2014).
Developing countries like India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and others have some of the most disturbing factors that destroy a person’s health: early marriages. Children are forced to marry at the early stages in many rural areas in these developing countries, which is not suitable for their future health (García-Moreno, 2015). Since the people in rural areas are not so educated or aware of these things, it results in early pregnancies, labour complications, and severe infections that could lead to life-ending diseases.
Another factor that comes under the cultural environment is family. It means the number of people in a family that does make a difference at a greater rate. People in rural areas in developing countries usually have many children with very few gaps. They do not know the preventive measures or the effect of such fast pregnancies on health. Moreover, they also face financial issues due to less income, which cannot provide quality food and daily life necessities.
Poverty has been a critical factor in health determinants as it is directly linked with poor health. The less fortunate people are affected at so many levels that destroy their health. They are deprived of basic knowledge, money, and access to the services of health. Poor people cannot get treatment for diseases or see doctors due to a lack of money (Poverty and Health, 2014). Usually, only one member earns for the family that brings too much of a burden. Therefore, when everyday life’s basic needs are not easy for them to get, health is mostly the last thing to be given attention to for poor people.
The physical environment plays a great role in affecting people’s health positively or negatively. Clean air and water are two substantial means towards a healthy lifestyle. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation as well as polluted air develops major health issues. It also includes noise pollution, access to green and open space, transportation, housing, and food. Moreover, climate seasons influence the health of infants. They all are of equal importance in environmental conditions that directly affect health. Developing countries face air and noise pollution and the limited amount of clean water, which creates trouble for them, if not right away then in the future (Lü, 2015).
The living area of a person or improper untidy housing develops certain health conditions. Poor housing is associated with significant diseases like respiratory and skin infection, morbidity and mortality, and psychological effects. The overcrowded places usually do not consider a healthy lifestyle, whereas; homelessness develops sleep deprivation, mental health disorders, chronic stress, nutritional and psychic disorders.
This has a significant part, like other factors, in determining health. People develop various health problems at different stages of life. For example, the diseases found in infants like pneumonia, diarrhoea, and skin rashes would not be quickly adopted by elders. In this manner, gender differences like men and women rarely have the same types of diseases. There are few common diseases found in women, like thyroid or kidney issues, whereas; men are mostly heart problems. This variance is the reason for distinctive lifestyles acquired by both of them.
Orders completed by our expert writers are
Health Promotions has progressed a lot in the past years, but some of its procedures are limited due to the assessment methods (Peltzer, 2011). Research is much needed in the evaluation of health importance and interventions. Health promotions focus on developing more significant results that create demanding and expensive interventions for both the physician and the patient.
Such interventions are being studied deeply using a high level of standardised protocols (McKenzie, 2016). The effectiveness of health promotions does not show the positive or negative outcomes of busy, understaffed public health clinics and huge health sectors (Baum, 2016).
The medical trend focuses on the surgical interference that gives instant outcomes. As compared to the health promotions, less research is done on their interventions. There is little research on interventions that report the population. The interventions that show adequate randomised trials results are not effective when applied to the common public (Schmidt 2015).
According to the RE-AIM model, the intellectualising is done on the general population’s health that affects the applied interventions in health promotions as five elements that include efficacy, implementation, learning, reach, and management (Ward, 2018).
When health sector interventions have been taken in health promotions, their main focus is constantly developing countries. Like in Malawi, it has been applied, and their outcome was good. Health promotions are also designed specifically for children and young people. It depends on the requirement of public health. It helps in dealing with the mortality or morbidity issue and others also (Eldredge, 2016).
Overall, developing countries show the interventions in health promotions, and their applications differ a lot according to sustainability and effectiveness. If the government supports health promotions rightfully, it puts a high level of impact on public health.
In Ethiopia, hygiene practices are very poor, and the sanitary situation is insufficient, resulting in the elevation of transmissible diseases in the population and worsen public health. Health promotion interventions are done to spread knowledge and apply hygiene practices in rural schools of Ethiopia and improve their hygiene characteristics (Vivas, 2010).
Children were targeted for promotions because they are more approachable for adopting healthy attitudes by them it will spread among the families and community (Lopez-Quintero, 2009).
Brazil is also considered a developing country, in which health promotions have been implemented many times in the past and present. Currently, the major concern is heart diseases, hygiene, and unhealthy lifestyle issue. The health promotions did interventions for the betterment of living and unhealthy situation of people.
The infectious disease in Brazil was a high level of public health issue in the country before. Still, after many interventions regarding health promotions, including campaigns, such disease decreased from the government. Now circulatory diseases are the main reason for mortality. All of the issues needed basin sanitation awareness and health education.
The particular activities of health promotions include improving physical activity practices, reducing smoking, decreasing death and morbidity rate due to any disease or accident, reducing alcohol intake, adopting healthy habits, and inhibiting violence (Horta, 2017). Health promotion was also done in schools, leading to positive outcomes and a lot of betterment. The growth of the Brazilian Unified Health System has been influenced by Brazil’s public health sector (Ramos, 2014).
Research philosophy.
Research philosophy describes the set of beliefs that the researcher has while carrying out the research. It provides the significance of how the data will be analysed and used in the research. The research philosophies are categorised into different types that can be used according to the researcher’s analysis and feasibility. The research philosophies that are commonly used in the study are positivism, interpretivism, and realism (Merriam and Tisdell, 2015)
The study in hand has used the interpretivism philosophy for conducting the research. This philosophy is based on the social sciences and focuses on the disciplines and the school of thought that the respondents carry out in the research. On the other hand, the positivism philosophy is based on realistic data and carries out the information found in reality.
The realism philosophy is commonly observed in scientific research and collects data based on experiments and scientific tests. The researcher may face problems with interpretivism philosophy because the respondents are not observed to provide justified opinions for theirs. The problems may also be faced in interpreting views carried out by the researcher (Teherani et al., 2015). Concerning the attitudes and behaviours, interpretivism philosophy is highly suitable for the research that is being observed.
The following study will use interpretivism to identify the impact of public health on health promotion interventions within Saudi Arabia because the research is purely based on qualitative analysis; therefore, interpretivism philosophy helps to understand the in-depth information about variables.
According to the study of Sekaran and Bougie (2016) research approach is stated as the pattern that has been selected for conducting the research. The research approaches are mainly divided into inductive and deductive approaches that provide research patterns to get significant results.
Both the approaches have their existence and vary based on the hypothesis and models used in the research. The inductive approach provides the research pattern that starts with observation and tests conducted by the researcher. It moves on to the identification of patterns used in the research and finalises the theory.
On the other hand, the deductive approach is based on the theory that has been selected. The researcher carries out the hypothesis and develops observations and tests for accepting or rejecting the idea based on the theory. The statement and tests confirm and reject the hypothesis that carries out the result of the research carried out.
For the research in hand, the approach that has been used is the deductive approach as it has used the theory that has been used before and has developed. The researcher has also conducted tests and observations to identify whether the hypothesis can be accepted or rejected. The deductive approach justifies the research carried out and is correct (Silverman, 2016). Moreover, the researcher may not lead to falsification and gets the justified results of the approaches used.
The following study will use the inductive research approach because the underlying factors of public health promotions and their impact on health promotion interventions were analysed through systematic analysis of information. The deductive approach provides a structured way of examining Saudi Arabia’s case to assess the impact.
Marshall and Rossman (2014) have identified three types of research investigation under which the research is carried out. The types of investigation methods used in the researches are exploratory, explanatory, and descriptive research. The experimental research refers to the explore the new techniques and phenomenon that has not been used before.
As the name identifies, it provides the significance of starting the research from the groundwork. Exploratory research is aimed to find something new and carry out the research in a new direction. Descriptive research tends to explore and explain the phenomenon in detail. It provides additional information regarding the topic and fills the missing part of the research. It carries out the gap analysis and gets the work done until the gap is filled (Lewis, 2015).
Another type of investigation method followed by the researchers is explanatory research. It is also known as causal research and determines the identification of cause and effect relationships. The explanatory research is determined to explain the phenomenon that has been used before in previous researches.
It explains the description of topics and determines the causes and effects of the particular topic on another (McCusker and Gunaydin, 2015). The following research is based on the cause and effect relationship, and hence the type of investigation used in the next study is explanatory research. The cause and effect relationship used in the explanatory research has provided the best fit for the relationship between the variables.
For the following study, the researcher will use the descriptive method of investigation to examine the relationship between public health and health promotion interventions. The explanatory study will provide information about how public health impacts the various health promotion activities.
The studies of Choy, (2014) have determined the types of research design used in the following research. The design is categorised into three main types that are qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods. All three types are used according to the needs and requirements of the selected topic. Qualitative research is dependent upon the collection of behavioural data.
The data is collected and analysed in the form of statements and descriptions used to carry out the results. Another commonly used research design is the quantitative method. The data is collected in numeric and numbers that are analysed using statistical tools and techniques. Another commonly used method is mixed (Merriam and Tisdell, 2015).
The following research will use qualitative research design methods to examine how public health affects health promotion intervention. Using the qualitative method, the researcher will shed light on the existing articles and journals collected by different researchers and scholars.
The identified data collection methods used in the researches are categorised into primary and secondary research. The researcher collects data from the respondents based on the primary and secondary methods of collecting data. Both the methods have their ways of collecting data. The data collection for the primary research is interviews, questionnaires, experiments, and observation.
On the other hand, is the data collected from previous studies. The research, based on secondary data, uses the information available on the internet and carries out the data analysis (Mertens, 2014).
The study in hand has used the primary method of data collection. The data has been collected based on the qualitative methods and has gathered the information from the primary sources, including questionnaire surveys, interviews, and first-hand observation of the researcher. The researcher has faced some constraints while carrying out the primary data that is limited time and cost used for the research. Respondents are not ready to provide detailed information regarding their feelings and practices (Silverman, 2016).
The data collection method selected for this study is the secondary method of data collection. The researcher will use the second method to conduct a systematic review and answer the study’s research questions. The study will also select articles from 2010 to 2018, and a health-related database will be used for examining the information.
Inclusion criteria refer to the characteristics of the study’s characteristics that are included in particular research. On the other hand, exclusion criteria refer to specific characteristics or elements that disqualify the subjects from being included in the research. The inclusion criteria of this research are different studies related to public health and public health promotion.
Majorly the studies taken into account are those carried out in the region of Saudi Arabia and other parts of the Middle East. The exclusion criteria for the research are the studies that do not belong to credible journals and publishers.
Sampling is an integral part of the research and determines the population selected for carrying out the research. The selected population for collecting the data is known as the sample. The sampling method is further divided into non-probability and probability sampling. Probability sampling provides an equal chance to all the sample population for getting the responses. On the other hand is the non-probability sampling does not provide an equal chance to all the respondents (Silverman, 2016).
The following study is based on non-probability sampling. The technique that has been used in the study is convenience sampling. The researcher has carried out the respondents’ information based on convenience for gathering data through a systematic review of articles and journals. From 2010 to 2018, the articles will be selected for obtaining information about health promotions and interventions therefore, an article out from this domain will not be used.
According to Smith, (2015), data analysis is a critical stage of the research process. The tool that has been used in the following research is thematic analysis because the study is based on qualitative techniques. The interviews gathered by the researcher and the observations have been analysed using the method of thematic analysis.
The thematic analysis is based on the pinpointing and examination of the patterns within the data that has been collected. On the other hand, the tool for quantitative analysis is SPSS. As the study is qualitative, so the data has been analysed using themes and defining them according to the research. The researcher will use content analysis to analyse the information obtained from different sources and critically examine the data about health promotion interventions, particularly in Saudi Arabia.
The researcher will conduct a systematic review through existing studies and with the help of a descriptive approach. A systematic literature review is going to be carried out in five steps (Khan et al. 2003). The research question has been framed in the first step, after which relevant publications regarding the research questions are identified. The next step covers the assessment of the quality of the study. The next step is related to summarising the evidence that has been collected. Lastly, the findings collected from different relevant articles are interpreted.
It is an integral part of the research and identifies the researcher’s ethical considerations while carrying out the research. For the following research, the researcher has ensured the respondents that the data collected is valid and authentic. The confidentiality of the respondent’s information has been considered. The researcher has avoided any sort of unethical activity while carrying out the research.
Abel-Smith, B. (2016). An introduction to health: policy, planning and financing . Routledge.
Al Aboud, K., Jameel, W., Al Asmari, Z., Al Osaimy, H., Al Sobiani, A., Salam, S. A., & Al Zahrani, Y. (2013). Use of Public Health Promotion Items to Improve Health in Saudi Arabia. Central Asian Journal of Global Health , 2 (2).
Alahmed, Z., & Lobelo, F. (2017). Physical activity promotion in Saudi Arabia: A critical role for clinicians and the health care system. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health .
Almalki, M., FitzGerald, G., & Clark, M. (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview/Aperçu du système de santé en Arabie saoudite. Eastern Mediterranean health journal , 17 (10), 784.
Anderson, L. M., Brownson, R. C., Fullilove, M. T., Teutsch, S. M., Novick, L. F., Fielding, J., & Land, G. H. (2005). Evidence-based public health policy and practice: promises and limits. American Journal of Preventive Medicine , 28 (5), 226-230.
Baum, F. (2016). The new public health (No. Ed. 4). Oxford University Press.
Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., & Glymour, M. M. (Eds.). (2014). Social epidemiology . Oxford University Press.
Boulware, L. E., Cooper, L. A., Ratner, L. E., LaVeist, T. A., & Powe, N. R. (2016). Race and trust in the health care system. Public health reports .
Brinkmann, S., 2014. Interview. In Encyclopedia of critical psychology (pp. 1008-1010). Springer, New York.
Brownson, R. C., Deshpande, A. D., & Gillespie, K. N. (2017). Evidence-based public health . Oxford university press.
Choy, L.T., 2014. The strengths and weaknesses of research methodology: comparison and complimentary between qualitative and quantitative approaches. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 19(4), pp.99-104.
Duplaga, M. (2015). The evolving concept of health promotion: definitions, outcomes and classification of interventions. Zdr Publiczne Zarządzanie , 2015 , 141149.
Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., & Parcel, G. S. (2016). Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach . John Wiley & Sons.
Fleming, M. L., & Parker, E. (2014). Introduction to public health . Elsevier Australia.
Frieden, T. R. (2010). A framework for public health action: the health impact pyramid. American journal of public health , 100 (4), 590-595.
Frohlich, K. L., & Potvin, L. (2008). Transcending the known in public health practise: the inequality paradox: the population approach and vulnerable populations. American journal of public health , 98 (2), 216-221.
García-Moreno, C., Zimmerman, C., Morris-Gehring, A., Heise, L., Amin, A., Abrahams, N., … & Watts, C. (2015). Addressing violence against women: a call to action. The Lancet , 385 (9978), 1685-1695.
Garthwaite, C., Gross, T., & Notowidigdo, M. J. (2014). Public health insurance, labour supply, and employment lock. The Quarterly Journal of Economics , 129 (2), 653-696.
Glanz, K., & Bishop, D. B. (2010). The role of behavioural science theory in the development and implementation of public health interventions. Annual review of public health, 31, 399-418.
Gostin, L. O., & Wiley, L. F. (2016). Public health law: power, duty, restraint . Univ of California Press.
Horta, R. L., Andersen, C. S., Pinto, R. O., Horta, B. L., Oliveira-Campos, M., Andreazzi, M. A. R. D., & Malta, D. C. (2017). Health promotion in the school environment in Brazil. Revista de saude publica , 51 , 27.
Khan, K. S., Kunz, R., Kleijnen, J., & Antes, G. (2003). Five steps to conducting a systematic review. Journal of the royal society of medicine, 96(3), 118-121.
Kok, M. O., Vaandrager, L., Bal, R., & Schuit, J. (2012). Practitioner opinions on health promotion interventions that work: Opening the ‘black box of a linear evidence-based approach. Social science & medicine , 74 (5), 715-723.
Kraus, W. E., Bittner, V., Appel, L., Blair, S. N., Church, T., Després, J. P., … & Vafiadis, D. K. (2015). American Heart Association Physical Activity Committee of the Council on Lifestyle and Metabolic Health, Council on Clinical Cardiology, Council on Hypertension, and Council on Cardiovascular and Stroke Nursing. The National Physical Activity Plan: a call to action from the American Heart Association: a science advisory. Circulation , 131 (21), 1932-40.
Leischik, R., Dworrak, B., Strauss, M., Przybylek, B., Schöne, D., Horlitz, M., Mügge, A. and Dworrak, T., 2016. Plasticity of health. German Journal of Medicine , 1 , pp.1-17.
Lewis, S., 2015. Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches. Health promotion practice, 16(4), pp.473-475.
Lopez-Quintero, C., Freeman, P., & Neumark, Y. (2009). Hand washing among school children in Bogota, Colombia. American Journal of Public Health , 99 (1), 94-101.
Lü, J., Liang, L., Feng, Y., Li, R., & Liu, Y. (2015). Air pollution exposure and physical activity in China: current knowledge, public health implications, and future research needs. International journal of environmental research and public health , 12 (11), 14887-14897.
Lupton, D. (2014). Health promotion in the digital era: a critical commentary. Health promotion international , 30 (1), 174-183.
Macfarlane, A. (2005). What are the main factors that influence disease prevention and health promotion programmes in children and adolescents? Copenhagen, WHO Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report .
Mackenbach, J. P. (2014). Political determinants of health.
Mackey, A. and Gass, S.M., 2015. Second language research: Methodology and design. Routledge.
Marshall, C. and Rossman, G.B., 2014. Designing qualitative research. Sage publications.
McCusker, K. and Gunaydin, S., 2015. Research using qualitative, quantitative or mixed methods and choice based on the research. Perfusion, 30(7), pp.537-542.
McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., & Thackeray, R. (2016). Planning, implementing & evaluating health promotion programs: A primer. Pearson.
McKenzie, J. F., Neiger, B. L., & Thackeray, R. (2016). Planning, implementing & evaluating health promotion programs: A primer . Pearson.
Merriam, S.B. and Tisdell, E.J., 2015. Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation. John Wiley & Sons.
Mertens, D.M., 2014. Research and evaluation in education and psychology: Integrating diversity with quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods. Sage publications.
Ministry of Health. Survey of Health Information in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 2013.
Naidoo, J., & Wills, J. (2016). Foundations for Health Promotion-E-Book . Elsevier Health Sciences.
Peltzer, K., & Pengpid, S. (2011). Health Behaviuor Interventions In Developing Countries. Malawi Medical Journal , 26 (2), 50-50.
Poverty and Health, (2014). Retrieved from <http://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/brief/poverty-health> (Accessed on 19/04/2018)
Ramos, L. R., Malta, D. C., Gomes, G. A. D. O., Bracco, M. M., Florindo, A. A., Mielke, G. I., … & Hallal, P. C. (2014). Prevalence of health promotion programs in primary health care units in Brazil. Revista de saude publica , 48 (5), 837-844.
Rosen, G. (2015). A history of public health . JHU Press.
Rosenbaum, S. (2011). The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for public health policy and practice. Public health reports , 126 (1), 130-135.
Schmidt, H., Gostin, L. O., & Emanuel, E. J. (2015). Public health, universal health coverage, and Sustainable Development Goals: can they coexist?.
Sekaran, U. and Bougie, R., 2016. Research methods for business: A skill-building approach. John Wiley & Sons.
Sharaf, F. (2010). Impact of health education on compliance among patients of chronic diseases in Al Qassim, Saudi Arabia. International journal of health sciences, 4(2), 139.
Shaw, D. (2008). Social determinants of health. Clinical Medicine , 8 (2), 225-226.
Silverman, D. ed., 2016. Qualitative research. Sage.
Sitko, S. J., Kowalska-Bobko, I., Mokrzycka, A., Zabdyr-Jamróz, M., Domagała, A., Magnavita, N., … & Golinowska, S. (2016). Institutional analysis of health promotion for older people in Europe-concept and research tool. BMC health services research , 16 (5), 327.
Smith, J.A. ed., 2015. Qualitative psychology: A practical guide to research methods. Sage.
Stoddart, G. L., & Evans, R. G. (2017). Producing health, consuming health care. In Why are some people healthy and others not? (pp. 27-64). Routledge.
Taylor, S.J., Bogdan, R. and DeVault, M., 2015. Introduction to qualitative research methods: A guidebook and resource. John Wiley & Sons.
Teherani, A., Martimianakis, T., Stenfors-Hayes, T., Wadhwa, A. and Varpio, L., 2015. Choosing a qualitative research approach. Journal of graduate medical education, 7(4), pp.669-670.
Vivas, A., Gelaye, B., Aboset, N., Kumie, A., Berhane, Y., & Williams, M. A. (2010). Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of hygiene among school children in Angolela, Ethiopia. Journal of preventive medicine and hygiene , 51 (2), 73.
Vyas, A. N., Landry, M., Schnider, M., Rojas, A. M., & Wood, S. F. (2012). Public health interventions: reaching Latino adolescents via short message service and social media. Journal of medical Internet research , 14 (4).
Ward, S., Chow, A. F., Humbert, M. L., Bélanger, M., Muhajarine, N., Vatanparast, H., & Leis, A. (2018). Promoting physical activity, healthy eating and gross motor skills development among preschoolers attending childcare centres: Process evaluation of the Healthy Start-Départ Santé intervention using the RE-AIM framework. Evaluation and program planning , 68 , 90-98.
Watts, N., Adger, W. N., Agnolucci, P., Blackstock, J., Byass, P., Cai, W., … & Cox, P. M. (2015). Health and climate change: policy responses to protect public health. The Lancet , 386 (10006), 1861-1914.
Weine, S., Eisenman, D. P., Kinsler, J., Glik, D. C., & Polutnik, C. (2017). Addressing violent extremism as public health policy and practice. Behavioral sciences of terrorism and political aggression , 9 (3), 208-221.
WHO, (2011). Health care system in Saudi Arabia: an overview. Retrieved from http://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/volume-17-issue-10/article-11.html (Accessed on 4/20/18)
WHO, (2018). Public health services. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/europe/health-topics (Accessed on 4/20/18)
World Health Organization. (2009). Milestones in health promotion: Statements from global conferences.
World Health Organization. (2012). Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international report from the 2009/2010 survey. Copenhagen: WHO .
Yoshikawa, H., Aber, J. L., & Beardslee, W. R. (2012). The effects of poverty on the mental, emotional, and behavioural health of children and youth: implications for prevention. American Psychologist , 67 (4), 272.
How to write a masters dissertation proposal.
To write a Masters dissertation proposal:
USEFUL LINKS
LEARNING RESOURCES
COMPANY DETAILS
All students must submit a minimum of two products produced in the practicum setting for the practicum organization that demonstrate the attainment of five MPH Foundational Competencies .
Practicum-Appropriate Activities Practicum Appropriate Site Products
Practicum activities must allow for application of graduate-level public health skills and be public health practice, applied research, and/or policy focused. Below are examples of practicum activities:
Analysis and Assessment
Policy Development and Program Planning
Communication and Advocacy
Site products are tangible outputs from the student’s practicum experience, supervised by a Site Supervisor with expertise in the practicum project area, and must demonstrate attainment of five MPH Foundational Competencies.
The following are practicum site products that UWSPH students completed in recent years:
Author information.
Subject area.
The development of new medical treatments and cures would not happen without health research and the active role of research volunteers. Behind every discovery of a new medicine and treatment are thousands of people who were involved in health research. Thanks to the advances in medical care and public health, we now live on average 10 years longer than in the 1960's and 20 years longer than in the 1930's. Without research, many diseases that can now be treated would cripple people or result in early death. New drugs, new ways to treat old and new illnesses, and new ways to prevent diseases in people at risk of developing them, can only result from health research. The research proposal is an important step in developing a research project. In the first instance it helps you to further define your research question and enables you to demonstrate how you intend to go about answering that question. Secondly, the research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people understand the scope of the research, the significance of the research. This Paper attempts to provide the researchers, the various steps involved in formulating a health research protocol.
Online paypal payment, ijmce recommendation, monthly archive.
IJCR is following an instant policy on rejection those received papers with plagiarism rate of more than 20% . So, All of authors and contributors must check their papers before submission to making assurance of following our anti-plagiarism policies.
The spectrum represents the stages of research involved in bringing more treatments to all people more quickly.
The translational science spectrum shows the stages of translational research. The stages do not happen in a straight line or in one direction. Each stage builds upon and informs the others. At all stages, our staff and grantees come up with new approaches, prove their usefulness and share the findings. Patient involvement is a key feature of all stages in translation.
Basic research involves scientific exploration that can reveal fundamental mechanisms of biology, disease or behavior. Every stage of the translational research spectrum builds upon and informs basic research. NCATS scientists typically do not conduct basic research; however, insights gained from the center’s studies along the translational spectrum can inform basic research.
Preclinical research connects the basic science of disease with human medicine. During this stage, scientists develop model interventions to further understand the basis of a disease or disorder and find ways to treat it. Testing is carried out using cell or animal models of disease; samples of human or animal tissues; or computer-assisted simulations of drug, device or diagnostic interactions within living systems.
Clinical research includes studies to better understand a disease in humans and relate this knowledge to findings in cell or animal models; testing and refinement of new technologies in people; testing of interventions for safety and effectiveness in those with or without disease; behavioral and observational studies; and outcomes and health services research. The goal of many clinical trials is to obtain data to support regulatory approval for an intervention.
Clinical implementation involves the adoption of interventions that have been demonstrated to be useful in a research environment into routine clinical care for the general population. This stage also includes implementation research to evaluate the results of clinical trials and to identify new clinical questions and gaps in care.
Public health includes studying health outcomes at the population level to determine the effects of diseases and efforts to prevent, diagnose and treat them. Findings help guide scientists working to assess the effects of current interventions and to develop new ones.
We offer a collection of helpful educational resources and virtual classes to advance your knowledge of translational science.
Our [eight] translational science principals characterize effective translational science approaches.
Translational science focuses on understanding the scientific principles underlying each step of the translational process.
Last updated on April 22, 2024
The master’s essay is the culminating project for students in a master’s degree program in PFRH. The goal of the essay is for scholars to apply the skills and knowledge they have acquired during their coursework and fieldwork to a public health issue of interest to them. Students select their topic and identify a faculty essay advisor. Students also choose an essay format, such as a research report, structured literature review, program evaluation, research proposal, or legislation position paper. In addition to the written essay, students present their findings in 10-minute presentations to faculty, staff, and other students in PFRH. Many students publish their master’s essays in peer-reviewed scholarly journals. The master’s essay is completed in the last two terms of enrollment in the master’s degree program.
Violence Against Transgender Women and Transfeminine People in Hostile Legal Environments: A Scoping Review and Ecological Analysis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries |
Navigating Identity and Understanding Barriers: A Comprehensive Examination of Mental Health Challenges and Current Policies Surrounding LGBT Youth in the United States |
Contraception and Sexual Activity in Transgender Males: A Scoping Review |
Youth-Led Reproductive Health Work at a Global Scale: A Case Study with USAID/Jhpiego Affiliates |
Prenatal Melamine, Aromatic Amine, and Psychosocial Stress Exposures and Their Association with Gestational Diabetes in a San Francisco Pregnancy Cohort |
Maternal Mediterranean-style diet adherence during pregnancy and metabolomic signature in postpartum plasma: Findings from the Boston Birth Cohort |
The Vegan Diet During Pregnancy and the Implications for Fetal Growth and Development: A Scoping Reivew |
The Evolution and Analysis of the US Food and Drug Administration’s Regulation of Mifepristone Through a Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategy Program |
Population-level Estimates of Equitable Gender Norms: |
The impact of green space valuation on depression among adolescents in Baltimore, Maryland |
Pre- and postnatal maternal psychosocial factors and children’s cardiovascular health: a systematic review |
A Scoping Review of Telemedicine-Provided Abortion Care: Evidence on Efficacy, Safety, and Patient Satisfaction |
Abortion in Muslim-majority countries: a scoping literature review |
Interplay Between Sickle-Cell Disease and Uterine Fibroids |
Disparities in Cervical Cancer Prevention for Black women |
Gaps in the Family and Medical Leave Act and the Need for Paid Leave Expansion in the United States: A Legislation Position Paper |
A Qualitative Exploration of Experiences Related to Receipt of Pre-Abortion Ultrasound in United States Crisis Pregnancy Centers |
Addressing economic violence and intimate partner violence among vulnerable young women in Kenya: A qualitative study |
Maternal Health Issues in New Jersey: An Analysis of the Changing Landscape |
The Association between Young People’s Adversity and Their Sexual & Reproductive Health Based on the Adverse Behaviors and Experiences Survey |
The Association between Women’s Perception of Community Support for and Utilization of Maternity Healthcare Services in Ethiopia |
Risk Factors Associated with Custody Loss of Opioid-Exposed Newborns during Delivery Hospitalization |
School-Based Mental Health Interventions: Recent Advancements and Best Practices |
Scoping Review: Violence against Women and Girls Response Interventions in Conflict Settings |
Systematic Review and Meta-analysis: Perinatal Oral health and Pregnancy Complications in the United States (2003 - 2023) |
Breastfeeding Practices and Guidelines in High-Risk Pregnancies: A Scoping Review |
Post-Dobbs Reproductive Landscape: Addressing Maternal Morbidity & Mortality Alongside |
Exploring Challenges and Opportunities to Enhancing Support and Care in Abortion Services: Evaluating Training Gaps, Counseling Disparities, and Referral Systems Within Healthcare Assistance Programs |
Quality of family planning care among women wishing to delay or space pregnancies in Rajasthan, India |
Evaluating the Implementation of a Personal-Agency-Based Youth Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights Curriculum and Its Effect on Personal-Agency Outcomes Among Out-of-School Young People (Ages 10-25) in Masindi, Uganda: A Proposal |
Paternal involvement and its influence on the social, cognitive, and emotional development of children from birth to pre-k: A Systematic Review |
Reforming Labor Laws to Reduce Stunting in Ecuador |
Mobilizing Healthcare: A Narrative Review and Conceptual Framework For Mobile Health Clinic Advocacy |
The Integration of Men into Ante-Natal Care (ANC) in Sub-Sharan Africa: A Case Study of Nigerian Context |
Lived definitions of Intersectional Stigma, Discrimination, and Violence: Findings from cognitive interviews with gay men and other men who have sex with men, and transgender women |
Shifting Paradigms: Examining Gender Roles Among Nairobi Youth |
Better for All the World: Understanding the Present and Historical Reproductive Subjugation of Disabled Americans Through Forced Sterilization and Imagining a Better Reproductive Future for All |
Nurturing Roots: A Process Evaluation of “Show Me Strong Kids,” a Grassroots Child Health Initiative that Relies on Local Collaboration |
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Maternal Drug Use: A scoping review |
Feasibility pilot of Ecological Momentary Assessment (EMA) to understand micro-environments on college campuses |
Child Marriage, Displacement, and the Perceived Impact of Family Planning on Marriage Dynamics among Adolescent Women in Yemen |
Health Professional PAC Campaign Contributions to Members of Congress – Voting Patterns on Abortion and Contraceptive Bills |
Conflict and Consent: Factors Associated with Marriage Decision-Making for Adolescent Girls in Yemen's Humanitarian Crisis |
Scoping Review of Implementation of Technological Interventions Addressing Gender-based Violence: Learning from the Dissemination/Implementation of a Web-Based Safety Planning Tool in Nairobi |
An Assessment of the Influence of Comprehensive Sex Education Programs on Public School Students in the United States |
A scoping review on the measurement of contraceptive preferences |
Y2CONNECT.org Baltimore- A Mobile Friendly Youth-Focused Solution to Connect Adolescents to Local Cross-Sector Resources |
Understanding and Addressing Postpartum Depression in the United States |
Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Postpartum Morbidity |
Maternal Stress And In-Utero Autoimmune Disease Programming: Implications for Racial Health Inequities |
The Multi-level Predictors of Adherence to Nutritional Supplementation During Pregnancy in Low- and Middle-Income Countries |
Factors and Barriers Informing Male Engagement in Fertility and Family Planning Decisions in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Literature Review |
Exploring the Experiences of FGM/C Affected Migrant Women in Western Nations: A Scoping Review of Accessing Sexual and Reproductive Health Services |
Empathy Training As A Means For Provider Behavior Change In Private Family Planning Clinics In Burkina Faso: A Qualitative Analysis Of The Provider’s Perspective |
The Bridge: Promoting Clinical research participation among Black pregnant and postpartum birthing people |
Where there are no Data: A Case Study on Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention in Nicaragua |
Quality of Contraceptive Counseling and Person-Centered Care: A Cross-sectional Study Among a National Sample of Women in Ethiopia |
Does current contraceptive choice affect what other methods women are told about? A secondary analysis of counseling comprehensiveness in Ethiopia |
Addressing the Role Slavery and Racial Stereotypes Play in the Low Occurrence of Initiation and Continuation of Breastfeeding Among Black Mothers |
Bumps in the Road: Assessing Facility Preparedness to Address Intimate Partner Violence During Pregnancy in Ethiopia |
Identifying Community Strategies to Promote Breastfeeding Practices among American Indian and Alaska Natives: A Systematic Review of US and Canadian studies |
Scoping Review: Child Marriage and Childbearing among Adolescent Girls under Humanitarian Setting of LMIC |
Use of Misoprostol to Prevent Postpartum Hemorrhage in Low-Resource Settings |
Can expansion of nurse-midwifery care improve birth outcomes of marginalized populations in the United States: A Systematic Review |
Exploring the prospective relationship between psychosocial beliefs in adolescence and later parenting in Baltimore City |
Fetal and Infant Mortality Review Quality of Care Checklist: A Pilot Project in Baltimore City |
Police Violence and Youth Traumatic Stress: A Systematic Review |
Do covert contraceptive users engage with the health system differently? Understanding women’s care experiences in Kenya |
A Scoping Review about the Effect of Abortion Access on Women’s Wages and Employment |
Impact of testosterone therapy with and without oophorectomy among transmasculine and gender diverse individuals: A scoping review |
A Systematic Review of Acceptability of STI Self-Sampling and Self-Testing in Young Adults in the United States |
Missed Opportunities in STI Screening of Pregnant Women: A study of the literature and practice patterns concerning STI and perinatal infections |
Determinants of Young Women’s Contraceptive Knowledge and Services in Nigeria Tanesha Mondestin Haitian Women's Birth Equity: A Case Study of the Maternal Health Crisis for Black Migrants in the United States |
Barriers to Proper Nutrition on College Campuses and its Contribution to Malnutrition among Undergraduate Students |
Process and Outcomes of the HIV Hard-To-Reach Study in Uganda |
Vaginal microbiomes and risk of preterm Birth in HIV positive women: A scoping review |
Evaluation of the Quality of Online Asynchronous Humanitarian Health Education |
Lessons Learned Around Pediatric Home Equipment Decisions: From Social Context to Technological Platforms |
Variation and Correlates of Psychosocial Wellbeing Among Women with Preeclampsia in the nuMoM2b Cohort |
Picture This: Identifying Barriers in the Home Environment Among Families of Children with Medical Complexity |
Summarizing the Evidence for Screening and Prevention of Postpartum Depression in Rural Women in High Income Countries |
Illinois Crisis Pregnancy Centers: A Public Health Case Study on State-Sponsored Reproductive Coercion |
Future directions for sexual and reproductive health: A scoping review of evidence on utility and use of online-to-offline interventions in low- and middle-income countries |
Literature Review on Barriers Associated with WIC Participation and How COVID-19 Related Changes Impacted the Program |
Preterm birth and the vaginal microbiome: a literature review |
Assessing pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) awareness and its association with PrEP uptake within nine sub-Saharan African countries using Google Health Trends and PEPFAR data |
Assessment of Data Systems Utilized by USAID’s Key Populations Program in South Africa: An Evaluation of Barriers and Facilitators Guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research |
Improving Family Economic Well-being through Home Visiting: The Moderating Effects of Maternal Motivation on Program Impacts |
Maternal and Child Health Promotion in Ceará, Brazil: A Field Observation Using the Health-Promoting Family Conceptual Framework |
Social Environments of Sexual Violence on College Campuses in the United States: Rethinking the Value of Bystanders |
Prioritizing Warning Signs Education in Home Visiting Programs: A Qualitative Evaluation of the EMPOWER Moms Pilot |
Utilization of Critical Race Theory in Public Health Research |
Patterns of contraceptive use and unmet need in late reproductive age in Southeast Asia |
Evaluating the Reproductive Autonomy Scale in Egypt: A Qualitative Approach |
Barriers to contraceptive use among adolescent girls in Sub-Saharan Africa and insights on how to address the barriers |
Machine Learning & Predictive Analytics for Children’s Public Health and Social Services Using Administrative Data |
Women’s Empowerment as a Pathway to Improving Maternal Health in sub-Saharan Africa |
Communication Strategies for the Title V Maternal & Child Health Block Grant: A Case Study |
Substance Use and Breastfeeding: A systematic review on cannabis, buprenorphine, and methadone use during breastfeeding |
Perceived Barriers to Post-Partum Weight Loss: A Scoping Review and Lived Experiences of Participants in the Healthy for Two/Healthy for You Study |
The Impact of Bodily Autonomy Violations on HIV Partner Disclosure: Results from the PLHIV Stigma Index 2.0 in Ukraine |
The Steel Frame of India: Training the Indian Administrative Service Officers to Strengthen the Public Health System |
Characterizing the Hereditary Risk for Aggressive Prostate Cancer |
Assessing Teachers’ Experiences in Implementing Trauma-Informed Approaches in School-Based Sex Education in Baltimore City: A Qualitative Analysis |
A Qualitative Analysis of Health Teachers’ Experiences with, and Perceptions of, Condom Programming in Schools |
A Qualitative Exploration of Reproductive Coercion Experiences in Geo-culturally Diverse sub-Saharan African Settings |
The COVID-19 pandemic revealed the crucial role of public health, while simultaneously exposing deep political divides and systemic flaws. Confidence in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention plummeted by about 20 points per a State Policy Network opinion poll, showing how quickly public trust can be lost and how hard it is to regain.
Despite these issues, there is optimism among public health professionals — in both red and blue states — according to research conducted by Ross C. Brownson, the Steven H. and Susan U. Lipstein Distinguished Professor at the Brown School and founder of the Prevention Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, and Jonathan Samet, a professor and former dean of the Colorado School of Public Health.
The authors, who spoke with public health leaders nationally, distilled the feedback in their essay, “Reimagining Public Health,” which is the lead article in a June special issue of Health Affairs, one of the nation’s foremost health policy journals. “We were surprised to find such optimism, even from those in the trenches,” Brownson said. “The pandemic has sparked a call for focused change and an opportunity to address the flaws within the system. By learning from the past and committing to transparency and effective communication, we can restore faith in public health and ensure better preparedness for future crises.”
In the essay, Brownson and Samet make a number of recommendations to restore this faith, including finding common ground, tapping trusted local messengers, countering misinformation, communicating the powerful message of prevention efforts and revamping training for the current and future public health workforce.
Rebuilding faith in public health begins with finding common ground, i.e., issues that most people support, Brownson said. One good example is the opioid epidemic. “If you look at most public health issues, there’s often a clear red-blue divide along political lines,” he said. “If you look at something like opioid addiction, though, there’s basically no red-blue divide.”
Data suggests that people across political affiliations overwhelmingly support action against opioid addiction. Focusing initially on issues where people agree, rather than divisive ones, can lead to collaborative solutions. This approach promotes constructive dialogue, bridges political divides and spurs action on topics where there is less agreement, Brownson said.
Trust in local leaders and government significantly outweighs trust in national institutions. “If you look at how many people trust Congress, it’s down around 30%,” he said. “If you ask someone how much they trust their local leaders, it’s about 70%.”
Given this, Brownson said, it makes sense to identify and recruit respected local figures, akin to community opinion leaders, who can authentically advocate for public health. These influencers may not have formal public health training but can inspire action through community connections and personal stories, such as having a family member affected by diabetes.
By empowering local voices, public health efforts can foster trust, enhancing outcomes. “Imagine a Taylor Swift-like effect,” Brownson said, laughing, “… well-known people with a large following talking about the value of public health. That would be amazing.”
These messengers would be part of a multipronged approach that also would include understanding local audience segmentation and engaging community members in public health decision-making.
Imagine a Taylor Swift-like effect … well-known people with a large following talking about the value of public health. That would be amazing. Ross C. Brownson
Non-polarizing language is crucial for effectively communicating public health issues in diverse political environments, Brownson said. For instance, in red states, discussing “weather events” instead of “climate change” may make people more receptive to the message. “In Florida, talking about sea level rise in terms of its potential to harm property values and cause economic issues may engage people more effectively than focusing on the health impacts of climate change. The wrong word can be a conversation stopper,” Brownson said.
“It’s about getting to the same end point by using different language. This is something we don’t focus on enough.”
Flexible messaging is key to advancing public health initiatives. By avoiding divisive language, public health officials can encourage a willingness to act.
Given that false information spreads on social media three to four times faster than accurate information, it is crucial to identify where disinformation originates and counteract the superspreaders of misinformation, Brownson said. Public health advocates need to “flood the zone” with accurate, transparent and proactive communication. This means disseminating positive messages that highlight the importance of public health initiatives.
Officials should emphasize the tangible public health benefits that people often take for granted. “In many parts of the world, you can’t trust the tap water to be safe,” Brownson said. “In the U.S., we take clean air and water for granted because we prevent problems before they arise. It’s an invisible effort. So, how do we make people aware of these invisible successes?”
By consistently sharing these narratives and making the benefits of public health clear, officials can enhance public appreciation of their work, leading to better-informed communities.
Climate change and health equity are two areas that significantly impact public health, yet they receive far less emphasis than they deserve, the authors assert.
Many public health entities have yet to consider climate change as a fundamental aspect of their work, but doing so can lead to resilient communities and better health outcomes for all. Instead of reacting only to events like wildfires and floods, Brownson said, a proactive approach would focus on comprehensive surveillance of extreme weather events, sea level rise and other climate-related phenomena.
Implementing policies that address the root causes of climate change, such as reducing greenhouse gas emissions and promoting sustainable practices in industries and at home, is essential. Attention to these root causes is particularly important in marginalized communities. While there is a tendency to underinvest in public health until a crisis hits, incorporating climate change into core public health functions can break this cycle and ensure sustained preparedness.
Another considerable challenge is how best to address inequities in the U.S. public health system. The system is highly decentralized, with thousands of independent state and local health departments, federal agencies, nonprofits and community organizations, and health-care providers, resulting in disparities in resource distribution and service delivery.
To ensure everyone has an equal opportunity to be healthy, Brownson said it is essential to fully engage the public, prioritize policies that allocate resources equitably, implement programs tailored to the needs of marginalized populations and build supportive partnerships. “We need to reorient thinking to see public health as a common good rather than a commodity,” he said.
Only 14% of the U.S. public health workforce holds a public health degree. There is a pressing need to equip students and current professionals with the skills to navigate the public health system, which is a fragmented system of systems.
Methods of teaching epidemiology and other core public health disciplines have remained largely unchanged for the past few decades. Public health training must be modernized, Brownson said, to include new competencies such as: entrepreneurial thinking to implement transformational change; systems thinking to address complex societal problems; effective communication, conveying scientific data via real-world narratives; and resilience to weather times of uncertainty and stress.
WashU is significantly committing to this area, with the launch of a planned School of Public Health in 2026. “These are the types of issues that could be addressed in the new school. Besides core technical skills, what other skill sets do today’s students need to have? There could be a greater emphasis on technological advancements, cultural competence, leadership abilities, adaptability and lifelong learning, among many other areas,” Brownson said.
Post-COVID, there has been an uptick in students majoring in public health. A new generation is eager and enthusiastic to tackle the challenges ahead, Brownson said. And new technologies, such as advances in data science, surveillance systems, telehealth and vaccine development, offer promising opportunities.
“We have the tools,” Brownson said. “We’re in a moment of time when there is good agreement that something needs to change. And so it’s about putting the tools in the hands of practitioners and giving them the training they need to change the world. Working in public health is a unique opportunity to make people’s lives better and healthier, and this is a moment to seize with political will and perseverance.”
Listen to Ross Brownson discuss his recent essay on the podcast “ A Health Podyssey. ”
Recent stories.
Can we predict who will develop migraine headaches?
WashU researchers shine light on amyloid architecture
The infrastructure of fragmentation
SCOTUS Chevron decision not as dramatic as some had feared
WashU Expert: What’s at stake in Biden’s gamble
Ten Commandments display probably not legal
Missouri woman who served 43 years in prison is free after her murder conviction was overturned
A scientist took a psychedelic drug — and watched his own brain ‘fall apart’
Vaccines Significantly Reduce the Risk of Long Covid, Study Finds
Former President Donald Trump will speak at the Republican National Convention on Thursday after he formally clinched the party’s nomination , bringing renewed attention to Project 2025, a conservative think tank’s wide-ranging blueprint for a potential second Trump term that covers everything from recruiting like-minded personnel to eliminating entire agencies—a platform assembled partly by ex-Trump staffers, though the former president has tried to distance himself.
Then-President Donald Trump gives a speech at the Heritage Foundation's President's Club Meeting on ... [+] October 17, 2017, in Washington D.C.
Project 2025, spearheaded by the Heritage Foundation with help from more than 100 other conservative groups , is a multi-part plan for the next conservative administration—namely a Trump presidency—which includes a LinkedIn-style database for presidential personnel hopefuls, training programs for executive branch positions and an as-yet-unreleased “playbook” laying out what Trump should do in his first 180 days.
Though the project is led by the Heritage Foundation and other private third-party groups and is not formally tied to Trump, who has tried to distance himself from the operation, its proposals were developed in part by former members of his administration and other Trump allies, and the ex-president has previously praised Heritage for its policy work.
The project has drawn the most attention for its “Mandate for Leadership,” a 900-page proposed policy agenda that describes itself as a “plan to unite the conservative movement and the American people against elite rule and woke culture warriors,” laying out plans for all aspects of the executive branch.
Personnel: Project 2025 broadly proposes to insert far more political appointees who are ideologically aligned with the president into the executive branch—replacing many of the nonpartisan career civil servants who serve in it now—proposing an executive order that would put political appointees into any “confidential, policy-determining, policymaking, or policy-advocating positions” (which Trump previously did at the end of his presidency, but President Joe Biden then overturned it).
Federal Agencies: It proposes a scaled-down federal government, including the abolishment of multiple agencies—including the Department of Education, Department of Homeland Security, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Consumer Financial Protection Bureau—whose remaining departments would be folded into other agencies or privatized, including the Transportation Security Administration.
Transgender Rights: Transgender rights and gender identity beyond biological sex are roundly rejected, with such steps as reinstating the ban on transgender Americans serving in the military, prohibiting public school educators from referring to students by anything other than their birth name and pronouns without parental permission, and ensuring no federal funds are used to provide gender-affirming care.
DEI and LGBTQ Rights: Project 2025 seeks to eliminate diversity, equity and inclusion programs from throughout the federal government and in universities, and while it doesn’t outlaw same-sex marriage, it supports “nuclear families” that include a “married mother, father, and their children,” and calls for restricting laws that bar discrimination on the basis of sex to exclude sexual orientation and gender identity.
Climate Change: The proposal would undo much of the federal government’s climate work, including by leaving the Paris Climate Agreement, overhauling the Department of Energy to promote oil and natural gas and deemphasize green energy sources, removing the Department of Agriculture’s focus on sustainability and curtailing climate research.
Abortion: While Project 2025 doesn’t explicitly call for an abortion ban, it would take many steps to restrict the procedure, including directing the Food and Drug Administration to revoke its approval of abortion drug mifepristone, using the Comstock Act to block any abortion equipment or medication from being mailed—which abortion rights advocates have said would be a “backdoor” way to ban abortion—barring federal funds being used to provide healthcare coverage for abortion and requiring states to report all abortions that take place there to the federal government.
Education: Project 2025 emphasizes a “school choice” policy that directs public funds to be used for students to attend private or religious schools, bars “critical race theory” from being taught in federally funded schools and advocates for legislation that would allow parents to sue schools they feel have acted improperly—such as by teaching controversial subjects or requiring students to disclose information about their religious beliefs.
Student Loans: Student loan relief efforts would come to an end—including the public service loan forgiveness program and income-driven repayment plans—as the proposal states “borrowers should be expected to repay their loans.”
Big Tech: TikTok would be banned, and the proposal calls for reforming Section 230 —which shields tech companies and social media networks from being sued over content on their platforms—and allowing laws like those passed in Florida and Texas that seek to punish social media companies who ban or suspend users based on their “viewpoints.”
Justice Department: Project 2025 calls for a “top-to-bottom overhaul” of the DOJ and FBI that gets rid of what it calls an “unaccountable bureaucratic managerial class and radical Left ideologues,” proposing an agency that would be more focused on violent crime and filing litigation that’s “consistent with the President’s agenda” and filled with far more political appointees; it also proposes prohibiting the FBI from investigating misinformation or making “politically motivated” moves against U.S. citizens.
Taxes: Project 2025 would seek to get rid of current tax rates and most deductions and credits, instead proposing a 15% rate for anyone under the Social Security wage base ( $168,000 in 2024) and 30% for taxpayers earning more than that—which means the lowest-income taxpayers will now pay more and some higher earners will pay less, and it would also lower the corporate income tax rate to 18%.
Federal Reserve: The project seeks to reform the Federal Reserve by “tak[ing] the monetary steering wheel out of [its] hands and return[ing] it to the people,” which the authors propose could be done by getting rid of the government’s control over the nation’s money entirely—instead leaving it up to banks—or returning to the gold standard, in which the dollar’s value would be tied to a specific weight of gold.
Foreign Relations: Project 2025 emphasizes opposing China, which it describes as “a totalitarian enemy of the United States,” and directs the U.S. to pull out of international organizations when they don’t serve the administration’s interests, including the World Health Organization and various United Nations agencies.
Healthcare: Project 2025 does not seek to overturn the Affordable Care Act, but would make significant cuts to Medicaid and impose work requirements to receive coverage, as well as reform Medicare—including by making Medicare Advantage, a paid supplement to Medicare, the default option for patients.
Get Forbes Breaking News Text Alerts: We’re launching text message alerts so you'll always know the biggest stories shaping the day’s headlines. Text “Alerts” to (201) 335-0739 or sign up here .
Trump has denied any connection to Project 2025, claiming on Truth Social last week that he has “nothing to do with them,” has “no idea” who’s behind the plan and finds some of its ideas “absolutely ridiculous and abysmal.” But many aren’t buying his claims: The team behind Project 2025 includes 140 people who worked for Trump in his administration, according to CNN , including six former Cabinet secretaries and four people he nominated as ambassadors. The ex-president has also seemingly endorsed the project in the past, saying at a 2022 dinner for the Heritage Foundation that the group was “going to lay the groundwork and detail plans for exactly what our movement will do … when the American people give us a colossal mandate.”
Experts have warned Project 2025’s proposals could have seismic impacts on how the federal government operates if carried out. In an article for Justia , criminal defense attorney and former prosecutor John May suggested Project 2025’s language endorsing the executive branch being able to “restrain the excesses” of the judicial branch and Congress means “if the President wants to, the President can defy any decision of the Supreme Court, any legislation by Congress, maybe even the act of impeachment and removal from office.”
The main team behind Project 2025 includes Heritage Foundation director Paul Gans and former Trump White House personnel leaders Spencer Chretien (who also served as Trump’s special assistant) and Troup Hemenway, according to the project’s website. Other groups listed as participating in the project include ex-Trump adviser Stephen Miller’s America First Legal, legal group Alliance Defending Freedom, Liberty University, Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America and Turning Point USA. The 900-page policy agenda was co-authored by a series of conservative figures, with chapters penned by such Trump allies as former Housing Secretary Dr. Ben Carson, former Deputy Homeland Security Secretary Ken Cuccinelli, former HHS Civil Rights Director Roger Severino and former Trump advisor Peter Navarro, who went to prison in March for contempt of Congress.
Trump will not be under any obligation to follow Project 2025’s proposals if he wins the presidency, though history suggests he’ll listen to at least some of them. The Heritage Foundation made a similar policy proposal for Trump ahead of his presidency in 2016, and boasted two years into his tenure that Trump had already followed 64% of its recommendations, CBS News notes .
One area that Project 2025 doesn’t touch on is Social Security benefits and any potential cuts to the program, even as proposals outline changes to numerous other government “entitlements.” Changing Social Security and making cuts to its spending has been a priority for the GOP for decades, though the American public has long opposed slashing benefits. Republicans’ efforts have waned under Trump, however, and the ex-president publicly claimed in March he “will never do anything that will jeopardize or hurt Social Security or Medicare,” after he came under fire for suggesting otherwise in an interview with CNBC.
While much of Project 2025’s policy agenda concerns federal agencies, the proposal has also gotten attention for its call to outlaw all pornography, which it claims is tied to “the omnipresent propagation of transgender ideology and sexualization of children” and is not protected under the First Amendment. Project 2025 calls not only for pornography to be made illegal, but also for anyone involved with its production and distribution to be imprisoned, for any librarians or educators who “purvey it” to be registered as sex offenders and for telecommunications and technology firms that facilitate its distribution to be shut down.
The Heritage Foundation’s practice of laying out a policy roadmap for a future Republican administration actually dates back to the Reagan era, founder Edwin J. Feulner noted in the afterword of the 2025 edition. The organization first laid out a blueprint in 1981 that President Ronald Reagan ultimately adopted, fulfilling half of its recommendations by the end of his first year in office. The Heritage Foundation has continued to come out with blueprints for potential conservative presidents each election since, it notes, and its 2025 Mandate for Leadership was published in 2023. While it came out last year, Project 2025 gained new attention in the past week since Trump disavowed it—sparking a wave of reports highlighting his ties to the figures behind the project that debunk his claims. Democrats have also used the controversial proposal as a key talking point and argument for why the left should unite behind President Joe Biden and focus on defeating Trump, particularly as Biden’s candidacy has come under widespread scrutiny in the wake of the president’s poor debate performance in June.
One Community. Many Voices. Create a free account to share your thoughts.
Our community is about connecting people through open and thoughtful conversations. We want our readers to share their views and exchange ideas and facts in a safe space.
In order to do so, please follow the posting rules in our site's Terms of Service. We've summarized some of those key rules below. Simply put, keep it civil.
Your post will be rejected if we notice that it seems to contain:
User accounts will be blocked if we notice or believe that users are engaged in:
So, how can you be a power user?
Thanks for reading our community guidelines. Please read the full list of posting rules found in our site's Terms of Service.
Education, environmental, labor, and health leaders to discuss impacts of 2025 funding bills
WASHINGTON— T he Endocrine Society’s Chief Policy Officer will be among the speakers at House Appropriations Committee Ranking Member Rosa DeLauro’s (CT-03) press conference to highlight the dangers of 2025 federal government funding proposals that would cut funding for biomedical research and public health. DeLauro will be joined by the Endocrine Society’s Chief Policy Officer Mila Becker and other education, environmental, labor, and health experts and community leaders to discuss the impact steep cuts would have on hardworking Americans. The press conference will take place Tuesday, July 23, at 10:15 AM in Ranking Member DeLauro’s United States Capitol Office (H-323). Ranking Member DeLauro will provide donuts and coffee. Space is limited. Please RSVP to [email protected] by 9:00 AM tomorrow. DETAILS: WHO: House Appropriations Committee Ranking Member Rosa DeLauro (CT-03) Chief Policy Officer of the Endocrine Society Mila Becker President and CEO of National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Association Clare Coleman Superintendent of Mayfield City Schools Michael J. Barnes Secretary-Treasurer of AFL CIO Fred Raymond Executive Director at Coalition on Human Needs Debbie Weinstein Public Citizen Co-President Rob Weissman League of Conservation Voters Senior Government Affairs Advocate David Shadburn WHAT: Press conference on how House 2025 funding bills will harm the programs and services that hardworking Americans depend on. WHEN: Tuesday, July 23, 2024, at 10:15 AM WHERE: H-323 in the U.S. Capitol Space is limited. Please RSVP to [email protected] by 9:00 AM.
About Endocrine Society
Endocrinologists are at the core of solving the most pressing health problems of our time, from diabetes and obesity to infertility, bone health, and hormone-related cancers. The Endocrine Society is the world’s oldest and largest organization of scientists devoted to hormone research and physicians who care for people with hormone-related conditions.
The Society has more than 18,000 members, including scientists, physicians, educators, nurses, and students in 122 countries. To learn more about the Society and the field of endocrinology, visit our site at www.endocrine.org . Follow us on X (formerly Twitter) at @TheEndoSociety and @EndoMedia .
Colleen Williams Senior Communications Manager, Public Relations Phone: (202)-971-3611 [email protected]
Jenni Glenn Gingery Director, Communications and Media Relations Phone: (202)-971-3655 [email protected]
The Endocrine News podcast brings you the latest research and clinical advances from experts in the field, whether you are in your car, office, or out for a run.
Our top-ranked peer-reviewed journals are among the first to publish major developments and discovery milestones.
For 100 years, the Endocrine Society has been at the forefront of hormone science and public health. Read about our history and how we continue to serve the endocrine community.
IMAGES
VIDEO
COMMENTS
PDF | On May 1, 2015, Sriram Chandramohan published How to write a research proposal in public health", International Journal of Current Research, 7, (5), 16525-16529. | Find, read and cite all ...
Research proposal examples. Writing a research proposal can be quite challenging, but a good starting point could be to look at some examples. We've included a few for you below. Example research proposal #1: "A Conceptual Framework for Scheduling Constraint Management".
Here is an explanation of each step: 1. Title and Abstract. Choose a concise and descriptive title that reflects the essence of your research. Write an abstract summarizing your research question, objectives, methodology, and expected outcomes. It should provide a brief overview of your proposal. 2.
It puts the proposal in context. 3. The introduction typically begins with a statement of the research problem in precise and clear terms. 1. The importance of the statement of the research problem 5: The statement of the problem is the essential basis for the construction of a research proposal (research objectives, hypotheses, methodology ...
steps. It begins with selecting a study topic, reviewing. the literature, setting goals, choosing a study design and. appropriate statistical tools, and formulating a research proposal. to obtain ...
A core function of public health is to inform, educate, and empower. As such, writing is an essential tool for public health professionals, and strong written communication skills are critical for addressing the health needs of the communities served by public health professionals. Writing in public health requires
Faculty, research scientists, and post-docs can access curated lists of funding opportunities, links to funding search engines, and other resources to help in finding funding and developing proposals. Resources available in the toolkit include: Institutional Info; Funding Opportunities; Proposal Development Resources; NIH Resources; Proposal ...
NIAID Sample Forms, Plans, Letters, Emails, and More. National Cancer Institute (NCI) Behavioral Research Grant Applications (R01, R03, R21) Cancer Epidemiology Grant Applications (R01, R03, R21, R37) Implementation Science Grant Applications (R01, R21, R37) Healthcare Delivery Research Grant Applications (R01, R03, R21, R50)
Explain what kind of results will justify or disprove your hypothesis. Budget: Explain how much money you need. Explain the details of the budget (how much you want to spend for what). Conclusion: Describe why your research is important. References: List the sources you have used for writing the research proposal, including a few main citations ...
This is your step-by-step guide on how to write successful research proposals in the health sciences, whether it is for a thesis or dissertation review committee, an ethical review committee or a grant funding committee. Using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research approaches, follow the journey of Liang and Natasha, two fictional researchers who will help you complete your proposal ...
A proposal needs to show how your work fits into what is already known about the topic and what new paradigm will it add to the literature, while specifying the question that the research will answer, establishing its significance, and the implications of the answer. [ 2] The proposal must be capable of convincing the evaluation committee about ...
Writing Research Proposals in the Health Sciences by Zevia Schneider; Jeffrey Fuller This is your step-by-step guide on how to write successful research proposals in the health sciences, whether it is for a thesis or dissertation review committee, an ethical review committee or a grant funding committee. Using quantitative, qualitative, and mixed research approaches, follow the journey of ...
Understand the purpose of a scientific abstract; Describe the structure of a scientific abstract and the writing approaches for each section; Discuss "tricks of the trade" to improve chances for abstract acceptance. Write an abstract for submission to an upcoming public health conference! Call for Abstracts: Nov. 1, 2019 - Jan. 10, 2020.
disease prevention. Collaborative agreements, guidelines for proposal writing, team building, budgeting, peer-review process, and transitioning from proposal to research project implementation. Additionally: During the quarter we will be developing your Soft Money Skillset & Toolbox™, which is essential for success in Public Health.
International Journal of Public Health and Clinical Sciences 1 (September/October 2014): 229-240 ... "Developing and Writing a Research Proposal." In From Postgraduate to Social Scientist: A Guide to Key Skills. Nigel Gilbert, ed. (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2006), 59-81; Wong, Paul T. P. How to Write a Research Proposal. International Network on ...
Science*. Writing / standards*. Knowing how to properly prepare a research proposal is a real challenge - and being able to prepare an excellent research proposal is increasingly a requirement to compete for funding with assurances of success. With this in mind, we aim to share with the reader our experience (in many cases, unsucc ….
This chapter provides an overview of the steps for preparing and designing a grant application suitable for submission to a funding agency, with particular emphasis on research projects relevant to health emergency and disaster risk management (Health EDRM). The chapter discusses the components of a grant proposal, how to choose the most ...
Introduction. Research is an activity aimed at obtaining new knowledge and applying it to solve problems or questions. Scientific research, in particular, uses the steps of scientific method to study a certain aspect of reality, either theoretically or experimentally. 1 The basis of the research process is the research proposal or protocol, a document that outlines in detail the organisation ...
How To Write a Research Paper in Public Health; So you want to write and publish a scientific paper or an academic paper, and you want to publish it in a pee...
Writing a thesis proposal requires the student to be explicit regarding plans to execute the thesis. The format can be adapted to individual project needs and constraints as deemed appropriate by the thesis chair. I. Title Page: Project title, student's name, chair of committee, committee members, and date.
Abstract. This research will be conducted to fulfil the study's aim to analyse the influence of public health on health promotion intervention within the case of Saudi Arabia as a developing country. To fulfil the research's aim and objectives, the researcher will use a qualitative approach and secondary data sources regarding public health ...
Practicum activities must allow for application of graduate-level public health skills and be public health practice, applied research, and/or policy focused. Below are examples of practicum activities: Analysis and Assessment. Analyze, interpret, or summarize available data to help the Site disseminate community-based public health ...
The research proposal is an important step in developing a research project. In the first instance it helps you to further define your research question and enables you to demonstrate how you intend to go about answering that question. Secondly, the research proposal is able to give an overview of the research project so that other people ...
Clinical Research. Clinical research includes studies to better understand a disease in humans and relate this knowledge to findings in cell or animal models; testing and refinement of new technologies in people; testing of interventions for safety and effectiveness in those with or without disease; behavioral and observational studies; and outcomes and health services research.
Students also choose an essay format, such as a research report, structured literature review, program evaluation, research proposal, or legislation position paper. In addition to the written essay, students present their findings in 10-minute presentations to faculty, staff, and other students in PFRH.
Similarity Report and AI Writing guidance: Academic integrity tools: Creating PeerMark assignments guidance: Class and assignment management: Creating and managing QuickMarks, rubrics and grading PeerMark assignments guidance: Grading and feedback: User profile guidance for administrators and instructors: User profile settings
Despite these issues, there is optimism among public health professionals — in both red and blue states — according to research conducted by Ross C. Brownson, the Steven H. and Susan U. Lipstein Distinguished Professor at the Brown School and founder of the Prevention Research Center at Washington University in St. Louis, and Jonathan Samet, a professor and former dean of the Colorado ...
Climate Change: The proposal would undo much of the federal government's climate work, including by leaving the Paris Climate Agreement, overhauling the Department of Energy to promote oil and ...
WASHINGTON— T he Endocrine Society's Chief Policy Officer will be among the speakers at House Appropriations Committee Ranking Member Rosa DeLauro's (CT-03) press conference to highlight the dangers of 2025 federal government funding proposals that would cut funding for biomedical research and public health. DeLauro will be joined by the Endocrine Society's Chief Policy Officer Mila ...
medicaid.salud.pr.gov