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Chapter	8th edition (16:9 aspect ratio)	7th edition (4:3 aspect ratio)
Chapter 1: Introduction	(7/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 2: Application Layer	(9/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 3: Transport Layer	(7/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 4: Network Data Plane	(7/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 5: Network Control Plane	(7/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 6: Link Layer and LANs	(7/2023)	(7/2016)
Chapter 7: Wireless and Mobile Networks	(7/2023)	(6/2016)
Chapter 8: Network Security	(2/2023)	(6/2016)
Chapter 9: Multimedia Networking	moved to Ch2, Ch4, and archives;	(6/2016)

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Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts.

Published by Franklin Freeman Modified over 9 years ago

Presentation on theme: "Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks and Networking Concepts."— Presentation transcript:

Communication and Networking Services Networking Services.

Introduction to Computers Section 7A. home Network A group of connected computers that communicate, exchange information and share resources.

Network+ Guide to Networks, Fourth Edition

LANs and WANs Network size, vary from –simple office system (few PCs) to –complex global system(thousands PCs) Distinguish by the distances that the network.

Networking Basics lesson 17. This lesson includes the following sections: The Uses of a Network How Networks are Structured Network Topologies for LANs.

Computer networks SATISH MISHRA,PGT CS,KV TRIMULGHERRY.

Lesson 1-Introducing Basic Network Concepts

Understanding Networks I. Objectives Compare client and network operating systems Learn about local area network technologies, including Ethernet, Token.

Network+ Guide to Networks, Fourth Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking.

CPMT 1449 Computer Networking Technology – Lesson 1

Introduction to Networks Networking Concepts IST-200 VWCC 1.

Information Systems Today: Managing in the Digital World TB4-1 4 Technology Briefing Networking.

CSCI 1101 Intro to Computers 6. Local Area Networks.

Network+ Guide to Networks 6 th Edition Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking.

Chapter 5 Networks Communicating and Sharing Resources

Chapter 1 An Introduction to Networking

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Fundamentals of computer networking

Learn the fundamental principles of computer networking to prepare you for the Azure admin and developer learning paths.

Learning objectives

In this module, you will:

List the different network protocols and network standards.
List the different network types and topologies.
List the different types of network devices used in a network.
Describe network communication principles like TCP/IP, DNS, and ports.
Describe how these core components map to Azure networking.

Prerequisites

Introduction min
Network types and topologies to use when you design a network min
Types of network devices to use when you build a network min
Network protocols to use when you implement a network min
IP address standards and services min
Summary min

Computer Networks: A Systems Approach

(7 reviews)

Larry Peterson, Princeton University

Bruce Davie, VMWare

Publisher: Larry Peterson and Bruce Davie

Language: English

Formats Available

Conditions of use.

Learn more about reviews.

Reviewed by Godmar Back, Associate Professor, Virginia Tech on 12/30/21

This book covers networks from a systems perspective, focusing on the design principles underlying the construction of large networks, their protocols and the applications they support. It provides a comprehensive coverage of the protocols and... read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 4 see less

However, there are areas that could use more depth in my opinion, such as the IPv4/IPv6 transition, NAT, and modern web applications, to pick three.

Content Accuracy rating: 5

The information in the book is accurate from my perspective. It is also unbiased. The primary author has made multiple seminal contributions to the field of networking that, aside from their technical merit, contributed to consensus and community building.

Moreover, the book includes "perspectives" at the end of each chapter in which the authors discuss their view of recent developments. These perspectives nicely augment and complement the factual descriptions provided by the rest of the text.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 4

The 2019 update includes a discussion of several recent developments (such as QUIC, TCP/BBR, or blockchains).

Some discussion that provides only historical context could be shortened, especially regarding technologies that were never widely deployed (e.g., IP multicast).

Clarity rating: 5

The book is well written and easily accessible. It is targeted at undergraduates in a 3rd or 4th year networking course, but could be used in a 1st graduate level course as well.

The bottom-up approach that starts with the lower layers of the networking stack makes some forward references necessary, which is unavoidable. Overall, the textbook focuses on explaining problems and then outlining the fundamental ideas underlying their solutions - rather than restricting itself to a description of only the solutions themselves.

Consistency rating: 4

Overall, the book is well written and certainly internally consistent.

A possible point of improvement would be rethink the inclusion of fragment written in a C-like language - this evokes a level of detail with respect to using the book's description for an actual implementation that it doesn't otherwise have.

Modularity rating: 4

The book is modular, devoting chapters to the layers used in networking (link layer, network layer, transport layer, etc.) as well as devoting chapters to cross-cutting issues such as security, multimedia, data representation, and so on. The size of each chapter/section is about right for the level of detail provided. I would feel comfortable assigning it to students.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 5

The table of contents makes it clear where to read about which topic. Because of the nature of certain topics, some subjects could be covered at multiple levels (e.g. reliable data transmission is both a link layer and a transport layer issue, routing/forwarding occurs primarily at the network layer, but also for overlay networks or switched Ethernet.) The book strikes a good balance in sorting these topics and is certain to highlight connections and relationships.

Interface rating: 4

This book is created and maintained using the Sphinx toolchain and is available as HTML, PDF, and ePub format. I read the HTML version and examined the PDF version, which results in professional quality documents that are full-text searchable and easily navigable. The authors use illustrations frequently and to good effect.

Unfortunately, some of the URLs embedded were broken (e.g., https://blockstack.org/whitepaper.pdf)

Grammatical Errors rating: 5

Perhaps unsurprisingly, aside from the (infrequent) typo, I wasn't able to spot any mistakes.

Cultural Relevance rating: 5

The emergence of the Internet has had profound cultural impact, and this book tells its story.

The book comes with 5 (online) companion books that dive even deeper into some of the topics the book covers. It is also open for contributions by anybody, which could further improve its content and relevance in the future.

Reviewed by Cong Pu, Assistant Professor, Marshall University on 12/5/21

Comprehensiveness rating: 3 see less

This book tries to use a systematic view to explain the computer network by focusing on several major components in the Internet, so several topics have to be grouped together. For example, "Internetworking" section, it covers switch, Ethernet, IP, and outing. Actually, those topics are located in the different layers of Internet stack. Introducing all those topics which are spanned over several layers might confuse the students.

The good thing about this textbook is that there are sample codes available. The instructor can use the sample codes to explain the issue/problems of computer network, no need to write the program by themselves.

Content Accuracy rating: 4

The information and content in this textbook are relatively accurate. One thing is that this textbook did not contain many examples to explain certain topics. In that case, the instructor might need to customize the example based on the information and content of the textbook.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 3

All the topics in this textbook are definitely related to the computer networks. However, some interesting topics are not included. For example, wireless/mobile network, the layering of Internet stack, Internet of Things.

This textbook also include network security and cryptography. I am not sure whether it is the required topic for undergraduate computer network class.

Clarity rating: 4

The technical terms are properly explained in the textbook. For some major concepts, the use example is missing. Take the "Addresses" as an example, the textbook just explains the format of the address. However, it failed to explain how the different portion of address is used.

The presentation of textbook is consistent, and the content are well-written and easy to read.

The textbook groups the related topics into section, which is easier for reader to get familiar with all topics in one section. However, this design strategy also has a downside. Since different topic might be existing in the different layer of Internet stack, coving them in one section might be difficult.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 3

For the organization, this textbook has some places to improve. Some topics can be grouped in a more proper way.

Interface rating: 5

The content of textbook is easy to access, and navigate.

The textbook is well-written and easy to read.

The "cultural" is not relevant to this textbook.

I don't suggest the instructor adopts this textbook as a only textbook for computer network class. The reason is that this textbook does not include all required topics. Some other OER textbooks should be used along with this one.

Reviewed by Shahab Hussain, Adjunct Professor, North Shore Community College on 6/10/20

This book presents majority of the networking critical areas and explains latest hot topics in the industry. More pictures, charts and tables can make it more attractive for students. read more

This book presents majority of the networking critical areas and explains latest hot topics in the industry. More pictures, charts and tables can make it more attractive for students.

This book provides an unbiased approach with all possible ways and does not specifically attached to any industry networking equipment provider other than in few real life examples.

Relevance/Longevity rating: 5

The latest version of the book contains 5G and SDN topics as well as some details of cloud networking. Due to changing technologies the future updates will be required and authors agility is appreciable so far.

This book presents the material with clarity, details and relevant real examples as possible

Consistency rating: 5

Authors tried their best to be focused and deliver required information with good sequence and consistency.

Modularity rating: 5

Content of this book is very well organized in chapters.

Authors did excellent work by putting every critical area and topic in separate chapters making the flow transition smooth.

The book's interface is well written without navigation, distortion of images / charts, or other display failures. Visual display works well.

Grammatical Errors rating: 4

Could not find any grammatical errors during review of the book text.

No negative impact or relation on any culture or community.

I like this book’s title and material included. This book can be an excellent reference & textbook for network related courses. I will provide with any further comments and updates necessary when I use it in class.

Reviewed by Mya T. Bowen, Assistant Professor, Roxbury Community College on 5/29/20, updated 7/14/20

This book will be used to identify problems in the information technology industry. Every chapter presents a problem to be analyzed by students which is suitable for developing the critical thinking skills of students. read more

This book provides an unbiased presentation of relevant concepts and issues with the information technology industry.

This book has a copyright of 2019; based on the topics presented, the content is relevant to students considering or pursuing a career in information technology.

This book presents the material with clarity; any areas that may be unclear can be researched and expounded upon during class discussions.

This book presents consistent and relevant terminology in each chapter.

This book presents the material in page formats that are not overwhelming to the reader.

This book 's structure presents a well organized, logical, and clear flow of information regarding each topic.

The book's interface works well. I did not find any issues with navigating from page to page, or chapter to chapter.

This book did not present any grammatical errors that I identified while reading it.

The book did not present any culturally insensitive or offensive material.

I am going to use this book for my IT problem-solving course during the Fall 2020 semester; I am hoping to identify feedback from students to be added to this review in the future.

Reviewed by Yiheng Liang, Asst. Prof., Bridgewater State University on 5/27/20

Almost all important areas in computer networks are covered in this book. read more

Comprehensiveness rating: 5 see less

Almost all important areas in computer networks are covered in this book.

I have not checked every word and every piece of information from this book. But from what I had looked at, this book appears to be accurate and unbiased.

This book is about computer networks, of course. However, like all tech books, they will have to update with new content, e.g. SDN, 5G, ...

This depends on who will read the book. For me, I have no difficulty reading this book.

Did not see a major problem.

Modularity rating: 3

This book is a bit "heavy" for some students in computer science to follow in a single semester. It is a challenge for the instructors to pick up specific contents that will be suitable for a typical one-semester course.

I am not sure that putting the "applications" as the last chapter is a good approach. Additionally, some terms are addressed earlier in the book, but the concept is later introduced. For example, the term "Content Distribution Networks" is mentioned in previous chapters but it is only formally introduced in chapter 9.

The content of this book is not intended to distract or confuse the reader.

Did not observe any obvious grammatical error.

Like most tech books, this book is culturally neutral.

Lack of homework questions, lab questions, and programming assignments. This book will be better served as a reference book, not a textbook.

Reviewed by Pamela Jensen, Instructor, Minnesota State University System on 3/7/20

The bool appears to be comprehensive, but a little wordy. Perhaps say the same thing without repetition and stay focused on the subject. read more

The bool appears to be comprehensive, but a little wordy. Perhaps say the same thing without repetition and stay focused on the subject.

I did not find any errors

This is fairly fundamental networking, however it is a topic that changes rapidly, which is not the fault of the author

I understood it fairly easily, but this could be difficult depending on the audience and their ability and familiarity with the subject.

Nicely laid out.

The book is logically divided into subjects that could be used individually.

Organization/Structure/Flow rating: 4

I like how they started with the application layer of the OSI model that is the easiest to understand. I would stick with the OSI format throughout the course.

The interface is fairly straightforward. I personally like ebooks with links to appropriate videos, but then it would not be a "textbook".

I did not find any errors, however I am not an English instructor.

This is not a cultural subject.

I would consider using part of this book in my class

Reviewed by Jon Craton, Assistant Professor, Anderson University on 2/8/20

This book does an excellent job of covering all of the major topic areas in computer networking. It provides a good overview of networking and then dives into the details of the most important sections of the network stack. read more

I found no inaccuracies of note in the content of the text.

This book covers historical networking topics well. It also highlights the primary tools used in modern networked mobile and web applications (HTTPS, REST, etc) and explains the forces that have caused much of the industry to settle on these tools. This book should remain relevant for years, especially if it continues to be regularly updated.

There's a lot of jargon in computer networking, but this book does a good job of recognizing this and carefully introducing new terms. It could perhaps benefit from an index of important terms and acronyms.

I found the book to be consistent throughout. I think that it could benefit from using a structure and set of chapter names the connect more tightly to established layers of the one of the common network stack models, or simply being more upfront in defining its own view into the network stack to provide readers more direction on where the text is headed and what content is found in each chapter.

The text is well structured to be divided into course topics.

The book begins with a high-level overview of networked application and then explores the network stack from the bottom up. This is the approach that several other texts use, and I find it to be a clear way to teach the content.

I had no problems viewing or navigating the text or figures.

The text appears to be well edited and largely free of grammatical errors.

I did not note any content in the text that I found to be inappropriate or offensive nor any content that I would expect is probable to offend others.

Overall, this is a helpful text that provides a good overview of the most important concepts in computer networking and could be easily applied for teaching and learning this topic.

Chapter 1: Foundation
Chapter 2: Direct Connections
Chapter 3: Internetworking
Chapter 4: Advanced Internetworking
Chapter 5: End-to-End Protocols
Chapter 6: Congestion Control
Chapter 7: End-to-End Data
Chapter 8: Network Security
Chapter 9: Applications

Ancillary Material

Larry Peterson and Bruce Davie

About the Book

Suppose you want to build a computer network, one that has the potential to grow to global proportions and to support applications as diverse as teleconferencing, video on demand, electronic commerce, distributed computing, and digital libraries. What available technologies would serve as the underlying building blocks, and what kind of software architecture would you design to integrate these building blocks into an effective communication service? Answering this question is the overriding goal of this book—to describe the available building materials and then to show how they can be used to construct a network from the ground up.

About the Contributors

Larry Peterson is CTO at the Open Networking Foundation and the Robert E. Kahn Professor of Computer Science (Emeritus) at Princeton University

Bruce Davie is VP & CTO at VMWare for Asia Pacific and Japan

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Computer issue plagues BART commute for thousands of riders

By Andrea Nakano , Carlos Castañeda

Updated on: August 8, 2024 / 11:22 PM PDT / CBS San Francisco

The evening commute was a mess for BART riders as the system suffered a network computer outage meltdown on Thursday.

It forced several stations to close and thousands of riders to find alternate ways to get to their final destinations.

BART rider Michael Brazil got on at the 12th Street stop in Oakland and was supposed to go to Fremont. But his ride was cut short.

"I was shocked," said Brazil. "I had no idea what was going on."

Brazil, like everyone else on his train, was ushered off at the Bay Fair station in San Leandro.

"I just had my headphones on and they just kind of told me you need to get off the BART," he said. "I didn't really hear what was going on, but I saw everyone was leaving so I had to just go."

Brazil became one of many that had to find an alternate way home. Four BART stations were closed, and trains had to turn around here due to a computer issue. BART provided bus bridges as it dealt with the network computer outage. Many ended up calling friends and family for rides since Uber was in high demand.

"I was going to Uber, but it was really expensive because everyone was trying to Uber so fares were pretty high," said BART rider Sarah Izadi.

BART said the system went offline around 10 a.m. Thursday. It's still looking into what caused the network to fail.

It's a computer networking issue that's impacted our train control system," said Chris Filippi, a BART spokesperson. "So what it practically means for us is if we can't sense train control on the trackway we can't safely run trains there. "

BART is in the very early stages of upgrading the system entirely to hopefully avoid issues like the one Thursday. It will also allow them to improve service by being able to run more trains.

"We actually are pursuing a train control replacement program," said Filippi. "We want to switch from our current system, which we've had since we started service 50 years ago to a new and advanced communications-based train control system."

Riders for the most part handled the delay in stride even though many say the outage added at least an hour to their commute.

BART said it will be years before the new system is in place, but it is a priority to replace the train control system.

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Technical issue disrupts computers, phones for McLaren Health Care system

LANSING — McLaren Health Care said Monday afternoon it is dealing with an unspecified information technology problem.

"McLaren Health Care is experiencing a disruption to our information technology platforms and telephone systems," the health system said a statement posted to McLaren Greater Lansing's website late Monday afternoon. "We are working to determine the extent of the disruption and do not have a timeframe to restore functionality.

"We sincerely apologize for any inconvenience this may cause our patients."

David Jones, a spokesperson for McLaren Greater Lansing, confirmed the problem is affecting the McLaren Health Care network, not just the health system's properties in the Lansing area. He declined further comment.

It was unclear if the disruption was affecting patient care.

The health care system includes 13 hospitals, two HMOs, ambulatory surgery centers, diagnostics and a physicians network, according to online information posted by McLaren. McLaren Health Care's website did not appear to be working late Monday afternoon.

Check back for updates.

Contact Ken Palmer at [email protected] . Follow him on X @KBPalm_lsj.

Introduction To Computer Networks

Sep 04, 2014

510 likes | 889 Views

Introduction To Computer Networks. Presented By Md. Asadul Islam Lecturer,Dept. Of CSE,KUET. Referances. Computer Networking By F.Kuross & W.Ross Computer Networks By Tanenbaum Data Communication and Networking By A.Forouzan And WWW. Network.

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Introduction To Computer Networks Presented By Md. Asadul Islam Lecturer,Dept. Of CSE,KUET

Referances • Computer Networking • By F.Kuross & W.Ross • Computer Networks • By Tanenbaum • Data Communication and Networking • By A.Forouzan • And WWW.

Network • A network can be defined as a number of autonomus device connected together in such a way that they can share resources. • The purpose of a network is to share resources • A resource may be: • A file • A folder • A printer • A disk drive • Or just about anything else that exists on a computer.

Network(More defination) • A network is simply a collection of computers or other hardware devices that are connected together, either physically or logically, using special hardware and software, to allow them to exchange information and cooperate. • Networking is the term that describes the processes involved in designing, implementing, upgrading, managing and otherwise working with networks and network technologies.

Applications of Networks • Resource Sharing • Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers) • Software (application software) • Information Sharing • Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases) • Search Capability (WWW) • Connectivity and Communication • Email • Message broadcast • Remote computing • Distributed processing (GRID Computing) or Performance Enhancement and Balancing • Internet Access • Data Security and Management • Entertainment

Fundamental Network Classifications Local Area Networks (LANs): • A local area network (LAN) is a computer network covering a small geographic area, like a home, office, or group of buildings Metropolitan Area Network (MAN): • Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) • Covered by even a large local area network (LAN) but smaller than the area covered by a wide area network (WAN). • It is also used to mean the interconnection of several local area networks by bridging them with backbone lines. Wide Area Networks (WANs): • Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is called WAN (Wide Area Network) • A network that uses routers and public communications links • The largest and most well-known example of a WAN is the Internet. • WANs are used to connect LANs and other types of networks together.

Packet Transmission Modes • Unicast • Transmission to single specific receiver • Broadcast • Transmission to all network nodes • Multicast • Transmission to specific subset of nodes • Anycast • Transmission to one of a specific subset of nodes

Network Topology • Defines the way in which computers, printers, and other devices are connected. • Describes the layout of the wire and devices as well as the paths used by data transmissions.

Bus Topology • A bus is the simplest physical topology. It consists of a single cable that runs to every workstation • This topology uses the least amount of cabling, but also covers the shortest amount of distance. • Each computer shares the same data and address path. With a logical bus topology, messages pass through the trunk, and each workstation checks to see if the message is addressed to itself. If the address of the message matches the workstation’s address, the network adapter copies the message.

Star & Tree Topology • The star topology is the most commonly used architecture in Ethernet LANs. • When installed, the star topology resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel. • Larger networks use the extended star topology also called tree topology. When used with network devices that filter frames or packets, like bridges, switches, and routers, this topology significantly reduces the traffic on the wires by sending packets only to the wires of the destination host. Star Topology Tree Topology

Ring Topology • A frame travels around the ring, stopping at each node. If a node wants to transmit data, it adds the data as well as the destination address to the frame. • The frame then continues around the ring until it finds the destination node, which takes the data out of the frame. • Single ring – All the devices on the network share a single cable • Dual ring – The dual ring topology allows data to be sent in both directions. Ring Topology Dual Ring Topology

Mesh Topology • The mesh topology connects all devices (nodes) to each other for redundancy and fault tolerance. • It is used in WANs to interconnect LANs and for mission critical networks like those used by banks and financial institutions. • Implementing the mesh topology is expensive and difficult. Mesh Topology

Topology(cont.) Advantages and Disadvantages of Network Topologies

Intranet, Internet & Extranet • Internet: • Is a worldwide system of computer networks • The Internet is an open, public space. • Intranet: • An intranet is a private network • that is contained within an enterprise. • It may consist of many interlinked local area networks and also use leased lines in the wide area network. • An intranet may be accessible from the Internet, but as a rule it's protected by a password and accessible only to employees or other authorized users. • Extranet: • Is a portion of an organization's Intranet • accessible to authorized outside users without full access to an entire organization's intranet.

millions of connected computing devices: hosts = end systems running network apps PC Mobile network server Global ISP wireless laptop cellular handheld Home network Regional ISP access points wired links Institutional network router What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view • communication links • fiber, copper, radio, satellite • transmission rate = bandwidth • routers: forward packets (chunks of data)

protocolscontrol sending, receiving of msgs e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, Ethernet Internet: “network of networks” loosely hierarchical public Internet versus private intranet Internet standards RFC: Request for comments IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force Mobile network Global ISP Home network Regional ISP Institutional network What’s the Internet: “nuts and bolts” view Introduction

communication infrastructure enables distributed applications: Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, file sharing communication services provided to apps: reliable data delivery from source to destination “best effort” (unreliable) data delivery What’s the Internet: a service view Introduction

Protocols define format, order of msgs sent and received among network entities, and actions taken on msg transmission, receipt a human protocol and a computer network protocol: TCP connection response Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-ross Got the time? 2:00 <file> time What’s a protocol? Hi TCP connection request Hi Q: Other human protocols? Introduction

network edge: applications and hosts A closer look at network structure • access networks, physical media: wired, wireless communication links • network core: • interconnected routers • network of networks Introduction

end systems (hosts): run application programs e.g. Web, email at “edge of network” peer-peer client/server The network edge: • client/server model • client host requests, receives service from always-on server • e.g. Web browser/server; email client/server • peer-peer model: • minimal (or no) use of dedicated servers • e.g. Skype, BitTorrent Introduction

Bit: propagates betweentransmitter/rcvr pairs physical link: what lies between transmitter & receiver guided media: signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax unguided media: signals propagate freely, e.g., radio Twisted Pair (TP) two insulated copper wires Category 3: traditional phone wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet Category 5: 100Mbps Ethernet Physical Media Introduction

Coaxial cable: two concentric copper conductors bidirectional baseband: single channel on cable legacy Ethernet broadband: multiple channels on cable HFC Physical Media: coax, fiber Fiber optic cable: • glass fiber carrying light pulses, each pulse a bit • high-speed operation: • high-speed point-to-point transmission (e.g., 10’s-100’s Gps) • low error rate: repeaters spaced far apart ; immune to electromagnetic noise Introduction

signal carried in electromagnetic spectrum no physical “wire” bidirectional propagation environment effects: reflection obstruction by objects interference Physical media: radio Radio link types: • terrestrial microwave • e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels • LAN (e.g., Wifi) • 11Mbps, 54 Mbps • wide-area (e.g., cellular) • 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps • satellite • Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or multiple smaller channels) • 270 msec end-end delay • geosynchronous versus low altitude Introduction

mesh of interconnected routers the fundamental question: how is data transferred through net? circuit switching: dedicated circuit per call: telephone net packet-switching: data sent thru net in discrete “chunks” The Network Core Introduction

End-end resources reserved for “call” link bandwidth, switch capacity dedicated resources: no sharing circuit-like (guaranteed) performance call setup required Network Core: Circuit Switching Introduction

network resources (e.g., bandwidth) divided into “pieces” pieces allocated to calls resource piece idle if not used by owning call (no sharing) dividing link bandwidth into “pieces” frequency division: total frequency bands are divided into several users eg : television broad casting time division: total available time is divided into several user eg: telephone system wdm: Total wave lengnth is divided in to number of users eg: optical networking Network Core: Circuit Switching Introduction

Example: 4 users FDM frequency time TDM frequency time Circuit Switching: FDM and TDM Introduction

Numerical example • How long does it take to send a file of 640,000 bits from host A to host B over a circuit-switched network? • All links are 1.536 Mbps • Each link uses TDM with 24 slots/sec • 500 msec to establish end-to-end circuit Let’s work it out! Introduction

each end-end data stream divided into packets user A, B packets share network resources each packet uses full link bandwidth resources used as needed Bandwidth division into “pieces” Dedicated allocation Resource reservation Network Core: Packet Switching resource contention: • aggregate resource demand can exceed amount available • congestion: packets queue, wait for link use • store and forward: packets move one hop at a time • Node receives complete packet before forwarding Introduction

Sequence of A & B packets does not have fixed pattern, bandwidth shared on demand  statistical multiplexing. TDM: each host gets same slot in revolving TDM frame. D E Packet Switching: Statistical Multiplexing 100 Mb/s Ethernet C A statistical multiplexing 1.5 Mb/s B queue of packets waiting for output link Introduction

takes L/R seconds to transmit (push out) packet of L bits on to link at R bps store and forward: entire packet must arrive at router before it can be transmitted on next link delay = 3L/R (assuming zero propagation delay) Example: L = 7.5 Mbits R = 1.5 Mbps transmission delay = 15 sec Packet-switching: store-and-forward L R R R more on delay shortly … Introduction

1 Mb/s link each user: 100 kb/s when “active” active 10% of time circuit-switching: 10 users packet switching: with 35 users, probability > 10 active at same time is less than .0004 Packet switching allows more users to use network! Packet switching versus circuit switching N users 1 Mbps link Q: how did we get value 0.0004? Introduction

Packet-switching: Pipelining Discard error packet Carry packet header Network Core: Packet Switching

Differences Between Circuit & Packet Switching

Types of ISPs Tier3 • Tier-1 ISPs: Backbone networks • Tier-2 ISPs: National coverage • Tier-3 ISPs: Directly attached to customers Tier2 P P Tier1 P P P P P P P P P ISP Interconnection of ISP

packets experience delay on end-to-end path four sources of delay at each hop nodal processing: check bit errors determine output link queueing time waiting at output link for transmission depends on congestion level of router transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing Delay in packet-switched networks

Transmission delay: R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) time to send bits into link = L/R Propagation delay: d = length of physical link s = propagation speed in medium (~2x108 m/sec) propagation delay = d/s transmission A propagation B nodal processing queueing Delay in packet-switched networks Note: s and R are very different quantitites!

R=link bandwidth (bps) L=packet length (bits) a=average packet arrival rate Queueing delay (revisited) traffic intensity = La/R • La/R ~ 0: average queueing delay small • La/R -> 1: delays become large • La/R > 1: more “work” arriving than can be serviced, average delay infinite!

Why layering? Dealing with complex systems: • explicit structure allows identification, relationship of complex system’s pieces • layered reference model for discussion • modularization eases maintenance, updating of system • change of implementation of layer’s service transparent to rest of system • e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t affect rest of system • layering considered harmful? Introduction

application: supporting network applications FTP, SMTP, HTTP transport: process-process data transfer TCP, UDP network: routing of datagrams from source to destination IP, routing protocols link: data transfer between neighboring network elements PPP, Ethernet physical: bits “on the wire” application transport network link physical Internet protocol stack Introduction

presentation: allow applications to interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, compression, machine-specific conventions session: synchronization, checkpointing, recovery of data exchange Internet stack “missing” these layers! these services, if needed, must be implemented in application needed? Application Presentation session Transport Network link physical ISO/OSI reference model Introduction

TCP/IP Referances Model

network link physical link physical M M M Ht M Hn Hn Hn Hn Ht Ht Ht Ht M M M M Ht Ht Hn Hl Hl Hl Hn Hn Hn Ht Ht Ht M M M source Encapsulation message application transport network link physical segment datagram frame switch destination application transport network link physical router Introduction

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Unveiling the Structure in Mental Disorder Presentations

1 Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
2 National Center for PTSD, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven
3 Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich (USZ), Zurich, Switzerland
4 University of Zurich (UZH), Zurich, Switzerland
5 Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Community Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
6 Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut
7 Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire
8 Mental Health Informatics Section, Office of Mental Health and Suicide Prevention, Department of Veterans Affairs, Washington, DC
9 Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
10 Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut
11 Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut

Question Is there a common pattern of symptom combinations across mental disorders?

Finding This cross-sectional study found a specific pattern across 4 empirical samples (N = 155 474), with 41.7% to 99.8% of symptom combinations being reported by less than 1% of the sample, while the 1% most frequent combinations were highly prevalent in 33.1% to 78.6% of the corresponding sample. Because of the interdependence of a disorder’s symptoms, not all symptom combinations are equally likely.

Meaning Polythetic definitions lead to a common pattern of symptom heterogeneity: the presence of few prototypical and many atypical symptom combinations.

Importance DSM criteria are polythetic, allowing for heterogeneity of symptoms among individuals with the same disorder. In empirical research, most combinations were not found or only rarely found, prompting criticism of this heterogeneity.

Objective To elaborate how symptom-based definitions and assessments contribute to a distinct probability pattern for the occurrence of symptom combinations.

Design, Setting, and Participants This cross-sectional study involved a theoretical argument, simulation, and secondary data analysis of 4 preexisting datasets, each consisting of symptoms from 1 of the following syndromes: posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, schizophrenia, and anxiety. Data were obtained from various sources, including the National Institute of Mental Health Data Archive and Department of Veteran Affairs. A total of 155 474 participants were included (individual studies were 3930 to 63 742 individuals in size). Data were analyzed between July 2021 and January 2024.

Exposure For each participant, the presence or absence of each assessed symptom and their combination was determined. The number of all combinations and their individual frequencies were assessed.

Main Outcome and Measure Probability or frequency of unique symptom combinations and their distribution.

Results Among the 155 474 participants, the mean (SD) age was 47.5 (14.8) years; 33 933 (21.8%) self-identified as female and 121 541 (78.2%) as male. Because of the interrelation between symptoms, some symptom combinations were significantly more likely than others. The distribution of the combinations’ probability was heavily skewed with most combinations having a very low probability. Across all 4 empirical samples, the 1% most common combinations were prevalent in a total of 33.1% to 78.6% of the corresponding sample. At the same time, many combinations (ranging from 41.7% to 99.8%) were reported by less than 1% of the sample.

Conclusions and Relevance This study found that within-disorder symptom heterogeneity followed a specific pattern consisting of few prevalent, prototypical combinations and numerous combinations with a very low probability of occurrence. Future discussions about the revision of diagnostic criteria should take this specific pattern into account by focusing not only on the absolute number of symptom combinations but also on their individual and cumulative probabilities. Findings from clinical populations using common diagnostic criteria may have limited generalizability to the large group of individuals with a low-probability symptom combination.

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Telecoms networks and broadband communications

Nokia drones-as-a-service network takes flight for Swisscom

Switzerland’s leading telecoms provider to deploy largest drones-as-a-service network to enhance safety and operational efficiency for public and industrial use cases.

Joe O’Halloran, Computer Weekly

Swisscom Broadcast has selected Nokia to deploy 300 units in its drones-as-a-service network across Switzerland to support the nation’s public safety and Industry 4.0 efforts, marking the second nationwide deployment of the flying devices after a similar implementation by Belgium’s Citymesh.

In addition, the collaboration will look to enable the advancement of industrial use cases, drone automation, beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, and the expansion of 3GPP technologies for drone use in Switzerland.

Looking at what it can offer the project, Nokia noted that in addition to increasing the safety of first responders, drones support resource optimisation and help to save the lives of those involved in incidents. The drones, which are operated remotely, gather relevant information within the first minutes following an emergency, enhancing first responders’ situational awareness.

The comms tech provider added that it was confident public safety agencies in Switzerland could now tap into the nationwide drone network by simply requesting a drone flight, similar to a ride-sharing service, from Swisscom Broadcast. These users will also be backed by a service portfolio from Nokia and Swisscom Broadcast that offers expertise, compliance and data collection, along with analysis of the collected data.

The drones will also be used to boost worker safety within Swiss industry, such as by inspecting tall or hard-to-reach infrastructure, which removes the need for workers to climb or walk around hazardous areas.

The deployment will look to facilitate reliable drones-as-a-service operations at scale in Switzerland with Nokia Drone Networks , a turnkey drone-in-a-box solution that integrates the drone, a docking station, a ground control station, a payload with video and thermal cameras, related software and service components. The solution also supports interfaces and application programming interfaces (APIs) for easy third-party integrations, such as traffic monitoring systems, video management software, dispatch solutions, and industrial inspection and process monitoring systems.

Drone networks are an integral part of the Nokia mission-critical industrial edge computing MXIE platform architecture , and are designed to enable easy onboarding of additional applications for industrial customers with edge computing needs , such as creating 3D maps or detecting assets.

The collaboration with Swisscom Broadcast will also enable the advancement of industrial use cases, automation, beyond visual line of sight (BVLOS) operations, and the expansion of 3GPP technologies for drone use in Switzerland.

The deployment is expected to be available in all areas of Switzerland. Nokia and Swisscom said they would cooperate with competent regulatory bodies to ensure all operations comply with regulatory frameworks, especially from spectrum and aviation safety standpoints.

“We are pleased to select Nokia as a partner for this important infrastructure project in Switzerland. Together, we can speed up the go-to-market of our drones-as-a-service offering to our customers in the industrial and public safety landscape in Switzerland,” said Swisscom Broadcast CEO Dominik Müller. “The integration of our existing People Density Tool and our drone operations expertise with Nokia’s industrial-grade hardware, in combination with an open and future-proof software architecture, is an important key to support such large-scale projects.”

Nokia’s president of cloud and network services, Raghav Sahgal, added: “We are proud to partner with Swisscom Broadcast, a true innovator in drones-as-a-services operation, for this important project to establish a nationwide drones-as-a-service network in Switzerland. It will undoubtedly help Swiss enterprises gain access to a superior drones-as-a-service offering to enhance worker and public safety.”

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McLaren confirms cyberattack across its 13 Michigan hospitals, physician network

For the second time in a year, cybercriminals have attacked McLaren Health Care's technology platforms, the Grand Blanc-based health system said Wednesday afternoon, confirming the cause of a disruption earlier this week to all 13 of its Michigan hospitals, surgery, infusion and imaging centers along with its network of 113,000 medical providers throughout Michigan, Indiana and Ohio.

"McLaren Health Care can now confirm the disruption ... was the result of a criminal cyber attack," said a statement sent to the Free Press. "Our information technology team continues to work with external cyber security experts to analyze the nature of the attack and mitigate the impacts of the threat actors. At this time, we have not determined if any patient or employee data was compromised."

The disruption began early Monday, and crippled some parts of the system's operations.

For a short time, ambulances were diverted from McLaren Port Huron Hospital, and some appointments had to be canceled because physicians couldn't access radiology reports, lab test results or orders for additional testing and procedures.

"Immediately after becoming aware of the attack, our hospitals and outpatient clinics instituted downtime procedures to ensure care delivery within our facilities," the McLaren statement said. "Several information technology systems continue to operate in downtime procedures while we work to fully restore functionality to our system. We have policies and procedures in place and train for information technology disruptions. We are grateful for the response from our frontline caregivers and staff who have come together to provide care under these circumstances."

No estimate was given for how long the disruption will last, and spokesperson David Jones did not answer questions from the Free Press about whether this incident involved ransomware and whether it was related to last year's cyberattack from the ransomware gang known as BlackCat/AlphV .

"Currently, our facilities are largely operational and able to care for our communities and will continue to do so until operations are fully restored," the updated statement said. "Our emergency departments continue to be operational, most surgeries and procedures continue to be performed, and our physician offices continue to see as many patients as possible. During this time of limited access to our systems, and out of an abundance of caution, some non-emergent appointments, tests, and treatments are being rescheduled.

"In addition, we are also actively working with our vendor partners and insurance providers to ensure our supply chain is not impacted and insurance authorizations are processed for care and treatments."

About 730,000 people are enrolled in McLaren's insurance plans in Michigan and Indiana. It also provides hospice care and pharmacy services, and operates clinical laboratories.

More: McLaren Health Care's Michigan hospitals hit by 'disruption' to computer, phone systems

The health system advised patients to keep their previously scheduled appointments unless the medical provider asks them to reschedule. It also asked patients to bring paper copies of the following to all appointments:

A list of current medications or prescription bottles
Printed physician orders for imaging studies or treatments
Printed results of recent lab tests, if available, via the McLaren or Karmanos patient portal
A list of allergies

In late August 2023, McLaren shut down its computer network in response to a ransomware attack that potentially leaked patient data onto the dark web.

A ransomware gang known as BlackCat/AlphV claimed responsibility then, posting online that it stole 6 terabytes of McLaren's data, including the personal information of 2.5 million patients.

Cyberattacks and the data breaches that often accompany them are a growing problem in health care , not only exposing the protected health data of patients but also affecting the ability to provide health care.

More: Cyberattack hits Ascension hospitals' computer networks: 'It's affecting everything'

Last year alone, 725 data breaches were reported to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Office for Civil Rights and more than 133 million records containing protected health data were exposed, according to the HIPAA Journal.

A cybersecurity breach in May that struck all 140 Ascension hospitals in the U.S. , including in Michigan, forced the Catholic, nonprofit health system to postpone or cancel some appointments, divert ambulances to other hospitals and cut off electronic access to medical records, lab test results, radiology imaging and even impaired the ability for doctors to issue medical orders.

Contact Kristen Shamus: [email protected]. Subscribe to the Free Press .

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group of students with laptops working at a table

Bachelor's Programs

Each year, the School of Computer Science admits students to undergraduate programs ranging from a traditional B.S. in computer science to a bachelor of computer science and arts.

Whatever option you choose, you’re guaranteed to find a rigorous program dedicated to the real-world training and practical problem solving that has been the hallmark of computer science education at CMU since its inception.

B.S. in Computer Science

Carnegie Mellon's undergraduate major in computer science combines a solid core of computer science courses with the ability to gain substantial depth in another area through a required minor in a second subject. The curriculum also gives you numerous choices for science and humanities courses. Computing is a discipline with strong links to many fields, and our program gives you unparalleled flexibility to pursue these fields. Our mathematics and probability component ensures that you'll have the formal tools to remain current as technologies and systems change, but at the same time you'll gain insight into the practical issues of building and maintaining systems by participating in intensive project-oriented courses.

Unlike other universities, where research rarely occurs at the undergraduate level, CMU CS students often have part-time or summer jobs — or receive independent study credit — working on research while pursuing their bachelor's degree. If you're interested in a research/graduate school career, we offer an intensive course of research, equivalent to four classroom courses, culminating in the preparation of a senior research honors thesis.

Requirements

Current Computer Science Undergraduate Curriculum

Computer Science Undergraduate curriculum information for prior years are available on the Previous Course Catalogs webpage .

How to Apply

SCS Undergraduate Majors

Including the B.S. in CS, the School of Computer Science offers five bachelor's degrees.

Information on the other four degrees can be found on the respective websites for the degree:

Artificial Intelligence
Computational Biology
Human-Computer Interaction
Current Semester Courses
Upcoming Semester Courses
Schedule of Classes
Undergraduate Catalog
How to Apply as Incoming First-Year
Incoming Student Course Transfer
B.S. in CS Curriculum
B.S. in CS Concentrations
B.S. in CS External Course Transfer
B.S. in CS Program Contacts
Guidelines for Internal Transfer or Dual Degree
Minor and Additional Major in Computer Science
Other SCS Undergraduate Programs
Summer Research for International Students
Master's Programs
Doctoral Programs
Student Resources

Olympic golf leaderboard: Women's final scores, updates from Round 4 at Le Golf National

Lydia Ko has collected them all! Olympic medals, that is.

The New Zealander completed her collection of all three Olympic medals at the 2024 Paris Olympics by winning the women’s golf tournament on Sunday. Ko entered the final round in a tie with Switzerland's Morgane Metraux. While Metraux and other golfers struggled throughout the fourth and final round of the tournament at Le Golf National, Ko was a steady presence outside of one mistake-filled hole. Ko won bronze at the Tokyo Olympics and silver at the Rio Olympics.

2024 PARIS OLYMPICS Follow USA TODAY's full Summer Olympics coverage here

Ko clinched the victory on the final, Par-5 18th hole, where she earned a birdie to finish with a score of 10-under. With that, she ensured she finished ahead of Germany’s Esther Henseleit (-8), who finished the final round 6-under to put herself into position for the silver medal.

The 27-year-old golfer had three birdies and a bogey on her front nine and built up a five-shot advantage through 12 holes. However, a triple bogey on the 13th hole opened the door for Henseleit and other golfers. Ko entered the final hole with a one-shot lead but held on for the victory.

China’s Lin Xiyu finished with the bronze medal, shooting 7-under for the tournament. Lin sunk a birdie on Hole 18 to pull out of a five-way tie to win the medal and avoid a potential playoff.

Zhang Rose finished shooting 5-under for the day and in a tie for eighth place. Her teammate and No. 1 golfer in the world, Nelly Korda , shot 1-under and finished tied for 22nd. Korda shot 3-over for the day, while Rose was 2-over to fall out of contention for a medal.

Here's what the leaderboard looks like from Sunday's fourth and final round of women's golf at the 2024 Paris Olympics, including pairings, tee times, leaderboard, how to watch information and more:

Olympic golf leaderboard today

Results are courtesy of the official Olympic leaderboard.

Below are the top 20 golfers, including ties, atop the leaderboard for Round 4. For full results, click here .

1. Lydia Ko (New Zealand) : -10 (F)
2. Esther Henseleit (Germany): -8 (F)
3. Lin Xiyu (China) : -7 (F)
T4. Hannah Green (Australia): -6 (F)
T4. Bianca Pagdanganan (Philippines) : -6 (F)
T4. Amy Yang (Republic of Korea): -6 (F)
T4. Miyu Yamashita (Japan): -6 (F)
T8. Hsu Wei-Ling (Chinese Taipei): -5 (F)
T8. Rose Zhang (United States): -5 (F)
T10. Maja Stark (Sweden): -4 (F)
T10. Yin Ruoning (China) : -4 (F)
T10. Mariajo Uribe (Columbia): -4 (F)
T13. Brooke M. Henderson (Canada): -3 (F)
T13. Ashleigh Buhai (South Africa): -3 (F)
T13. Albane Valenzuela (Switzerland): -3 (F)
T13. Dottie Ardina (Philippines): -3 (F)
T13. Azahara Munoz (Spain): -3 (F)
T18. Morgane Metraux (Switzerland): -2 (F)
T18. Atthaya Thitikul (Thailand) : -2 (F)
T18. Chien Pei-Yun (Chinese Taipei) -2 (F)
T18. Celine Boutier (France): -2 (F)

Olympic women's golf Round 4 pairings

Here's a look at the golf pairings and tee times for Round 4 at the 2024 Paris Olympics courtesy of Golf Week:

All times Eastern

3 a.m.: Ursula Wikstrom (Finland), Leona Maguire (Ireland), Noora Komulainen (Finland)
3:11 a.m.: Ines Laklalech (Morocco), Perrine Delacour (France), Maria Fassi (Mexico)
3:22 a.m.: Alessandra Fanali (Italy), Ashley Lau (Malaysia), Sara Kouskova (Czech Republic)
3:33 a.m.: Emily Kristine Pedersen (Denmark), Paula Reto (South Africa), Anne van Dam (Netherlands)
3:44 a.m.: Madelene Stavnar (Norway), Ana Belac (Slovenia), Carlota Ciganda (Spain)
3:55 a.m.: Diksha Dagar (India), Stephanie Meadow (Ireland), Alena Sharp (Canada)
4:11 a.m.: Alexandra Forsterling (Germany), Aditi Ashok (India), Yuka Saso (Japan)
4:22 a.m.: Nanna Koerstz Madsen (Denmark), Sarah Schober (Austria), Shannon Tan (Singapore)
4:33 a.m.: Emma Spitz (Austria), Gaby Lopez (Mexico), Charley Hull (Great Britain)
4:44 a.m.: Lilia Vu (U.S.), Klara Davidson Spilkova (Czech Republic), Albane Valenzuela (Switzerland)
4:55 a.m.: Hyo Joo Kim (Korea), Jin Young Ko (Korea), Celine Borge (Norway)
5:06 a.m.: Pei-yun Chien (Chinese Taipei), Linn Grant (Sweden), Georgia Hall (Great Britain)
5:17 a.m.: Minjee Lee (Australia), Dottie Ardina (Philippines), Manon De Roey (Belgium)
5:33 a.m.: Wei-Ling Hsu (Chinese Taipei), Ashleigh Buhai (South Africa), Azahara Munoz (Spain)
5:44 a.m.: Bianca Pagdanganan (Philippines), Patty Tavatanakit (Thailand), Maja Stark (Sweden)
5:55 a.m.: Brooke Henderson (Canada), Esther Henseleit (Germany), Pia Babnik (Slovenia)
6:06 a.m. : Ruoning Yin (China), Hannah Green (Australia), Amy Yang (Korea)
6:17 a.m.: Nelly Korda (U.S.), Xiyu Janet Lin (China, Celine Boutier (France)
6:28 a.m.: Miyu Yamashita (Japan), Atthaya Thitikul (Thailand), Mariajo Uribe (Colombia)
6:39 a.m.: Morgane Metraux (Switzerland), Lydia Ko (New Zealand), Rose Zhang (U.S.)

Who is competing for Team USA in Olympic women's golf?

The Team USA roster for the 2024 Paris Olympics includes Korda, Zhang and Lilia Vu. Korda won the gold medal honors in the Tokyo Olympics.

Is there a cut line in Olympic women's golf?

There is no cut line in Olympic women's golf, meaning all 60 golfers who compete in the 2024 Paris Olympics advance to the fourth and final round at Le Golf National. This is different than how it is run at the LPGA.

Is there a playoff in Olympic women's golf?

Yes. If there's a tie at the end of Saturday's final round of golf, a playoff will determine who wins the tournament. However, if there is a tie in silver (second place) and bronze (third place), a playoff will also decide who wins those spots, which differs from the LPGA.

Olympic women's golf live TV coverage

TV channel: Golf Channel

The fourth and final round of the women's golf tournament the 2024 Paris Olympics at Le Golf National, will air live on the Golf Channel.

Olympic women's golf streaming options

Streaming: NBCOlympics.com | NBC app | NBC Olympics app | Peacock | Fubo (free trial)

Action from Saturday's fourth and final round of women's golf at the 2024 Paris Olympics can be streamed on the NBC app, NBC Olympics app, or NBCOlympic.com using your TV provider credentials. The tournament can also be streamed on Fubo, which carries the Golf Channel and offers a free trial to select users, or on Peacock .

We occasionally recommend interesting products and services. If you make a purchase by clicking one of the links, we may earn an affiliate fee. USA TODAY Network newsrooms operate independently, and this doesn’t influence our coverage.

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Olympic golf leaderboard: Women's final scores, results from Round 4
Zhang Rose finished shooting 5-under for the day and in a tie for eighth place. Her teammate and No. 1 golfer in the world, Nelly Korda, shot 1-under and finished tied for 22nd.Korda shot 3-over ...