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Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)

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What Is Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

Kirchhoff’s Current Law, often shortened to KCL, states that “The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero.”

This law is used to describe how a charge enters and leaves a wire junction point or node on a wire.

Armed with this information, let’s now take a look at an example of the law in practice, why it’s important, and how it was derived.

Parallel Circuit Review

Let’s take a closer look at that last parallel example circuit:

Solving for all values of voltage and current in this circuit:

At this point, we know the value of each branch current and of the total current in the circuit. We know that the total current in a parallel circuit must equal the sum of the branch currents, but there’s more going on in this circuit than just that. Taking a look at the currents at each wire junction point (node) in the circuit, we should be able to see something else:

Currents Entering and Exiting a Node

At each node on the positive “rail” (wire 1-2-3-4) we have current splitting off the main flow to each successive branch resistor. At each node on the negative “rail” (wire 8-7-6-5) we have current merging together to form the main flow from each successive branch resistor . This fact should be fairly obvious if you think of the water pipe circuit analogy with every branch node acting as a “tee” fitting, the water flow splitting or merging with the main piping as it travels from the output of the water pump toward the return reservoir or sump.

If we were to take a closer look at one particular “tee” node, such as node 6, we see that the current entering the node is equal in magnitude to the current exiting the node:

From the top and from the right, we have two currents entering the wire connection labeled as node 6. To the left, we have a single current exiting the node equal in magnitude to the sum of the two currents entering. To refer to the plumbing analogy: so long as there are no leaks in the piping, what flow enters the fitting must also exit the fitting. This holds true for any node (“fitting”), no matter how many flows are entering or exiting. Mathematically, we can express this general relationship as such:

Kirchhoff’s Current Law

Mr. Kirchhoff decided to express it in a slightly different form (though mathematically equivalent), calling it Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL):

Summarized in a phrase, Kirchhoff’s Current Law reads as such:

“The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero”

That is, if we assign a mathematical sign (polarity) to each current, denoting whether they enter (+) or exit (-) a node, we can add them together to arrive at a total of zero, guaranteed.

Taking our example node (number 6), we can determine the magnitude of the current exiting from the left by setting up a KCL equation with that current as the unknown value:

The negative (-) sign on the value of 5 milliamps tells us that the current is exiting the node, as opposed to the 2 milliamp and 3 milliamp currents, which must both be positive (and therefore entering the node). Whether negative or positive denotes current entering or exiting is entirely arbitrary, so long as they are opposite signs for opposite directions and we stay consistent in our notation, KCL will work.

Together, Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws are a formidable pair of tools useful in analyzing electric circuits. Their usefulness will become all the more apparent in a later chapter (“ Network Analysis ”), but suffice it to say that these Laws deserve to be memorized by the electronics student every bit as much as Ohm’s Law .

Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL): “The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero”

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Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kirchhoff’s Laws are the basic laws used in electrostatics to solve complex circuit questions. Kirchhoff’s Laws were given by Gustav Robert Kirchhoff who was a famous German Physicist. He gave us two laws Kirchhoff’s Current Law and Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law which are discussed in this article.

These laws deal with the flow of current and the voltage applied in the complex circuit and provide a way to solve these complex circuits. In this article, we will learn about Kichhoff’s Current Law, Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, their applications, examples, and others in detail.

History of Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff was a German physicist who was born in Prussia a state under German Empire on 12 March 1824. He gave his contribution to the field of electrical circuits, black body radiation, and spectroscopy. He was the one who coined the term ‘Black Body Radiation’. Kirchhoff’s Circuit Law is the combination of Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) which were published in 1845 as part of his doctoral dissertation.

The image added below shows the Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Circuit analysis is carried out using these laws. They are helpful in the calculation of current flow and voltage flow in various streams across the network.

Kirchhoff’s Laws Definition

Kirchhoff’s Laws are the basic laws used in circuit analysis to solve complex circuit problems. Gustav Robert Kirchhoff gave us two laws Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) and Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) which are widely used in circuit analysis. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL) is based on the conservation of energy, whereas Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) is based on the conservation of charge. These laws help us to calculate the resistance or impedance connected to the circuit and the current flowing through them.

Different Names of Kirchhoff’s Laws

Kichhoff’s Current Law is often called Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is often called Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule

Kirchhoff’s Current Law or Kirchhoff’s First Law

Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that

“The total current or charge entering a junction or node is precisely equal to the total current or charge exiting the node, as no charge is lost at the node”.

To put it another way, the algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must be zero. Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL) is also known as Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule.

Note:

Kirchhoff’s First law is similar to the Law of Conservation of charge . As a result, a Nord or junction is a point in a circuit that does not serve as a charge source or sink. Therefore, n ∑ k=1 I K = 0 Where n denotes the total number of branches at the node with currents flowing toward or away from it. i.e. I (exiting) +I (entering) = 0

For Example ,

In the figure shown below the node or the junction has five branches. The three incoming currents, i 3 , i 4, and i 5, and the two incoming currents, i 1 and i 2 . Hence, According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the sum of total incoming and outgoing currents at the node will now equal zero. Consider the current entering the node as positive and the current exiting the node as negative then the algebraic sum can be represented as

(-I 1 ) + (-I 2 ) + (I 3 ) + (I 4 ) + (I 5 ) = 0 ⇒ I 3 + I 4 + I 5 = I 1 + I 2

It should be kept in mind that individual currents are not necessarily the same but the sum of currents entering and exiting are the same. It should be noted that there are no set rules for assigning positive and negative signs to the current. However, to avoid confusion entering current is taken as positive, and exiting current is taken as negative.

Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law or Kirchhoff’s Second Law

Kirchhoff’s Second Law states that

The voltage drop around a loop equals the algebraic sum total of the voltage drop across every electrical component linked in the same loop for any closed network and is equal to zero.

Kirchhoff’s Second Law is similar to the Law of Conservation of energy. Because the net change in the energy of a charge after it completes a closed route must be zero.

For Example,

Consider a section of a resistor network with an internal closed loop, as seen in the diagram given below. In the closed loop, we wish to write the voltage change. The total of all voltage drops between the components (mentioned as R) linked in the loop PQRSP is zero, According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

So for a closed loop,

n ∑ k=1 V k =0

The total number of electrical components in the loop is given by n.

V PQ + V QR + V RS + V SP = 0

How to Apply Kirchhoff’s Laws

When using Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the currents exiting a junction must be considered negative, while the currents entering the junction must be considered positive.

Also, while using Kirchoff’s Voltage Law, we keep the same anti-clockwise or clockwise orientation from the beginning of the loop and account for all voltage decreases as negative and increases as positive. This brings us back to the initial point when the total voltage loss is zero.

Sign Conventions for Kirchhoff’s Law

Use the following convention to assign sign in the circuit provided

Take Positive sign for current entering the junction and negative for current leaving the junction In a loop, a rise in potential difference or EMF from lower to higher is always seen as positive i.e. moving from negative to positive terminal In a loop, a reduction in potential difference or EMF from higher to lower is always seen as negative i.e. moving from positive to negative terminal. If the looping direction is the same as the current flowing through the circuit, the voltage drop across the resistor is considered negative.

Uses of Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Law is used for following

It is used to find out how much current is flowing and how much voltage is dropped in various areas of the complicated circuit. It aids in determining the direction of current in various circuit loops. Kirchhoff’s Laws can help you comprehend how energy moves via an electric circuit.

Limitations of Kirchhoff’s Laws

There are various limitations associated with Kirchhoff’s Laws which are:

Kirchhoff’s Law has one fundamental flaw: it implies that there is no changing magnetic field throughout the loop’s region, which might induce a change in magnetic flux and the creation of EMF in the circuit. This might result in a calculation mistake for high-frequency AC circuits. Kirchhoff also ignored the impact of the electric field generated by other circuit components. Kirchhoff’s Current Law works with the premise that current only travels through conductors and wires. While parasitic capacitance can no longer be overlooked in High-Frequency circuits. Because conductors or wires are serving as transmission lines in certain circumstances, electricity may start flowing in an open circuit.

Kirchhoff’s Law Solved Examples

Example 1: Find the value of I from the circuit in the figure below.

Apply Kirchhoff’s First Law to the point P in the supplied circuit. Consider the sign convention: positive arrows point toward P, whereas negative arrows point away from P. As a result, we now have the following: 0.2 A – 0.4 A + 0.6 A – 0.5 A + 0.7 A – I = 0 1.5 A – 0.9 A – I = 0 0.6 A – I = 0 I = 0.6A

Example 2: Find the value of the current passing through the resistance R 1 = 10 Ω in the circuit below using Kirchhoff’s principles, when R 2 and R 3 both are equal and their value is 5 Ω.

Applying Kirchhoff’s Law in the above circuit, Let’s take the current ‘ i’ passing through the loop in the clockwise direction -10 + 5(i) + 5(i) + 10(i) + 5 = 0 20i -5 = 0 20i = 5 i = 5 / 20 =1/4 The current passing through R 1 is 1/4 Ampere.

Also, Check

Faraday’s Law Ampere’s Law Coulomb’s Law

FAQs on Kirchhoff’s Law

Q1: who gave kirchhoff’s laws.

Kirchhoff’s law was discovered by a German Physicist, Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Q2: What is Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law?

Kirchhoff’s Second Law also called Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law states that ” For any closed network Voltage around a loop is equal to the sum of voltage drop in the same loop and it is equal to zero.”

Q3: What is Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

Kirchhoff’s First Law also called Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that ” Total current entering in a junction is equal to the total current leaving that junction.”

Q4: Kirchhoff’s Second Law is also known as?

Kirchhoff’s second law is also known as Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law.

Q5: How many Kirchhoff Laws are there?

There are two Kirchhoff laws Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

Q6: Why does Kirchhoff’s Law Fail at High Frequency?

Because the rules KCL and KVL are incompatible with high-frequency AC circuits, Kirchhoff’s laws fail at high frequencies. At higher frequencies, the interference of induced EMF caused by changing magnetic fields becomes more severe.

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KirchhoffÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Current Law: This law is also called Kirchhoff's point rule, Kirchhoff's junction rule (or nodal rule), and Kirchhoff's first rule. It states that, "In any network of conductors,the algebraic sum of currents meeting at a point (or junction) is zero".

KirchhoffÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Voltage Law: This law is also called Kirchhoff's second law, Kirchhoff's loop (or mesh) rule, and Kirchhoff's second rule and states that, "The algebraic sum of all IR drops and EMFs in any closed loop (or mesh) of a network is zero".

Here, n is the total number of voltages measured.

Together, Kirchhoff's Voltage and Current Law is a formidable pair of tools useful in analysing electric circuits.

Example 1: - Let's take a look at an example circuit, number the points in the circuit for voltage reference:

If we were to connect a voltmeter between points 2 and 1, red test lead to point 2 and black test lead to point 1, the meter would register +45 volts. Typically the "+" sign is not shown, but rather implied for positive readings in digital meter displays. However, for this lesson the polarity of the voltage reading is very important and so positive numbers are shown explicitly:

When a voltage is specified with a double subscript (the characters "2-1" in the notation "E2-1"), it means the voltage at the first point (2) as measured in reference to the second point (1). A voltage specified as "Ecg" would mean the voltage as indicated by a digital meter with the red test lead on point "c" and the black test lead on point "g": the voltage at "c" in reference to "g".

If we were to take that same voltmeter and measure the voltage drop across each resistor, stepping around the circuit in a clockwise direction with the red test lead of our meter on the point ahead and the black test lead on the point behind, we would obtain the following readings:

We should already be familiar with the general principle for series circuits stating that individual voltage drops add up to the total applied voltage, but measuring voltage drops in this manner and paying attention to the polarity (mathematical sign) of the readings reveals another facet of this principle; that the voltages measured as such all add up to zero:

This principle is known as Kirchhoff's Voltage Law (discovered in 1847 by Gustav R. Kirchhoff, a German physicist), and it can be stated as such: "The algebraic sum of all voltages in a loop must equal zero." By algebraic, it means accounting for signs (polarities) as well as magnitudes. By loop, it means any path traced from one point in a circuit around to other points in that circuit, and finally back to the initial point. In the above example the loop was formed by following the points in this order: 1-2-3-4-1. It doesn't matter which point we start at or which direction we proceed in tracing the loop; the voltage sum will still equal zero. To demonstrate, we can tally up the voltages in loop 3-2-1-4-3 of the same circuit:

This can be easily verified using the simulator to create the above mentioned circuit and measuring the voltages across the resistances using the voltmeter, in a clockwise direction. Example 2:- Let's take a closer look at that last parallel example circuit:

Solving the values of voltage and current in this circuit:

At this point, we know the value of each branch current and the total current in the circuit. We know that the total current in a parallel circuit must equal the sum of the branch currents, but there's more going on in this circuit than just that. Taking a look at the currents at each wire junction point (node) in the circuit, we should be able to see something else:

At each node on the negative "rail" (wire 8-7-6-5) we have current splitting off the main flow to each successive branch resistor. At each node on the positive "rail" (wire 1-2-3-4) we have current merging together to form the main flow from each successive branch resistor. This fact should be fairly obvious if you think of the water pipe circuit analogy with every branch node acting as a "tee" fitting, the water flow splitting or merging with the main piping as it travels from the output of the water pump toward the return reservoir or sump. If we were to take a closer look at one particular "tee" node, such as node 3, we see that the current entering the node is equal in magnitude to the current exiting the node:

From the right and from the bottom, we have two currents entering the wire connection labelled as node 3. To the left, we have a single current exiting the node equal in magnitude to the sum of the two currents entering. To refer to the plumbing analogy: so long as there are no leaks in the piping, the flow that enters the fitting must also exit the fitting. This holds true for any node ("fitting") no matter how many flows enter or exit. Mathematically, we can express this general relationship as;

Mr. Kirchhoff decided to express it in a slightly different form (though mathematically equivalent), calling it Kirchhoff's Current Law (KCL):

Summarised in a phrase, Kirchhoff's Current Law reads as such: "The algebraic sum of all currents entering and exiting a node must equal zero." That is, if we assign a mathematical sign (polarity) to each current denoting whether they enter (+) or exit (-) a node, we can add them together to arrive at a total of zero, which is guaranteed.

Taking our example node (number 3), we can determine the magnitude of the current exiting from the left by setting up a KCL equation with that current as the unknown value:

... solving for I ...

The negative (-) sign on the value of 5 milliamps tells us that the current is exiting the node, as opposed to the 2 milliamp and 3 milliamp currents, which must, were both positive (and therefore entering the node). Whether negative or positive denotes current entering or exiting is entirely arbitrary, so long as they are opposite signs for opposite directions and we stay consistent in our notation, KCL will work.

Verifying the KirchhoffÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã¢â€žÂ¢s Current Law using the simulator:

Cite this Simulator:

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Electronics

EXPERIMENT 1: Kirchhoff`s Voltage and Current Laws

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Current Electricity
Kirchhoffs Law

Kirchhoff's Law

Kirchhoff’s circuit laws lie at the heart of circuit analysis. With the help of these laws and the equation for individual components (resistor, capacitor and inductor), we have the basic tool to start analyzing circuits. In this article, we will discuss Kirchhoff’s current and voltage law and how to employ them in circuit analysis.

History about Gustav Robert Kirchhoff

Gustav Robert Kirchhoff, a German physicist, was born on March 12, 1824, in Konigsberg, Prussia. His first research topic was the conduction of electricity. This research led to Kirchhoff formulating the Laws of Closed Electric Circuits in 1845. These laws were eventually named after Kirchhoff and are now known as Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Laws. Since these laws apply to all electric circuits, understanding their fundamentals is paramount in understanding how an electronic circuit functions. Although these laws have immortalised Kirchhoff in Electrical Engineering, he has additional discoveries. He was the first person to verify that an electrical impulse travelled at the speed of light. Furthermore, Kirchhoff made a major contribution to the study of spectroscopy, and he advanced the research into blackbody radiation.

What Are Kirchhoff’s Laws?

In 1845, a German physicist, Gustav Kirchhoff, developed a pair of laws that deal with the conservation of current and energy within electrical circuits. These two laws are commonly known as Kirchhoff’s Voltage and Current Law. These laws help calculate the electrical resistance of a complex network or impedance in the case of AC and the current flow in different network streams. In the next section, let us look at what these laws state.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law goes by several names: Kirchhoff’s First Law and Kirchhoff’s Junction Rule. According to the Junction rule, the total of the currents in a junction is equal to the sum of currents outside the junction in a circuit.
Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law goes by several names: Kirchhoff’s Second Law and Kirchhoff’s Loop Rule. According to the loop rule, the sum of the voltages around the closed loop is equal to null.

Kirchhoff’s First Law or Kirchhoff’s Current Law

According to Kirchhoff’s Current Law,

The total current entering a junction or a node is equal to the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost.

Put differently, the algebraic sum of every current entering and leaving the node has to be null. This property of Kirchhoff law is commonly called conservation of charge, wherein I(exit) + I(enter) = 0.

Kirchhoff’s Second Law or Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law

According to Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law,

The voltage around a loop equals the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and equals zero.

Put differently, the algebraic sum of every voltage in the loop has to be equal to zero and this property of Kirchhoff’s law is called conservation of energy.

Kirchhoff’s Law Solved Example

You need to choose the direction of the current. In this problem, let us choose the clockwise direction.
When the current flows across the resistor, there is a potential decrease. Hence, V = IR is signed negative.
If the current moves from low to high, then the emf (E) source is signed positive because of the energy charging at the emf source. Likewise, if the current moves from high to low voltage (+ to -), then the source of emf (E) is signed negative because of the emptying of energy at the emf source. In this solution, the direction of the current is the same as the direction of clockwise rotation. – IR 1 + E 1 – IR 2 – IR 3 – E 2 = 0 Substituting the values in the equation, we get –2I + 10 – 4I – 6I – 5 = 0 -12I + 5 = 0 I = -5/-12 I = 0.416 AThe electric current that flows in the circuit is 0.416 A. The electric current is signed positive which means that the direction of the electric current is the same as the direction of clockwise rotation. If the electric current is negative then the direction of the current would be in anti-clockwise direction.

Watch the video and practise more numericals on Kirchhoff’s Law

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

State kirchhoff’s current law.

Kirchhoff’s Current Law states that the total current entering a junction or a node equals the charge leaving the node as no charge is lost.

What is Kirchhoff’s First Law also known as?

Kirchhoff’s First Law is also known as Kirchhoff’s Current Law.

State Kirchhoff’s voltage law

Kirchhoff’s voltage law states that the voltage around a loop equals the sum of every voltage drop in the same loop for any closed network and equals zero.

Who put forth Kirchhoff’s laws?

Kirchhoff’s second law is also known as.

Kirchhoff’s second law is also known as Kirchhoff’s voltage law.

Watch the video and learn basic electrical circuit concepts and learn to solve problems on Electrical Circuit, KCL, and KVL.

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To verify the Kirchhoff's voltage law and Kirchhoff's current law for the given circuit

Aim: verification of kirchoff's laws, apparatus required.

S.No.	Name Of The Equipment	Range	Type	Quantity
1	RPS	0-30V	-	1 NO
2	Voltmeter	0-20 V	Digital	4 NO
3	Ammeter	0-20mA	Digital	4 NO
4	Bread board	-	-	1 NO
5	Connecting wires	-	-	Required number.
6	Resistors	470 Ω		2 NO
		1 kΩ		1 NO
		680 Ω		1 NO

Circuit Diagrams

Given circuit.

1. KVL Circuit

Practical Circuit for KVL

practical-circuit-diagram-for-kirchoffs-law

2. KCL Circuit

Practical Circuit for KCL

Theory for Kirchhoff's Current and Kirchhoff's Volatage Law

a) Kirchhoff's Voltage law states that the algebraic sum of the voltage around any closed path in a given circuit is always zero. In any circuit, voltage drops across the resistors always have polarities opposite to the source polarity. When the current passes through the resistor, there is a loss in energy and therefore a voltage drop. In any element, the current flows from a higher potential to lower potential. Consider the fig shown above in which there are 3 resistors are in series. According to kickoff's voltage law.

V = V1 + V2 + V3

b) Kirchhoff's current law states that the sum of the currents entering a node equal to the sum of the currents leaving the same node. Consider the fig shown above in which there are 3 parallel paths. According to Kirchhoff's current law.

I = I1 + I2 + I3

Procedure for Kirchhoff's Voltage law:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2a).

2. Measure the voltages across the resistors.

3. Observe that the algebraic sum of voltages in a closed loop is zero.

Procedure for Kirchhoff's current law:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2b).

2. Measure the currents through the resistors.

3. Observe that the algebraic sum of the currents at a node is zero.

Observation Table for KVL

S.No.	Voltage Across Resistor	Theoretical	Practical
1
2
3

Observation Table for KCL

S.No.	Current Through Resistor	Theoretical	Practical
1
2
3

Precautions

Avoid loose connections.
Keep all the knobs in minimum position while switch on and off of the supply.

Viva Questions

What is another name for KCL & KVL?
Define network and circuit?
What is the property of inductor and capacitor?

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Electrical Lab Experiment list

1 To conduct Open circuit vs Short circuit tests on single phase transformer
2 To measure the displacement vs to determine the characteristics of LVDT (Linear Variable Differential Transformer).
3 To plot the transistor (BJT) characteristics of CE configuration.
4 To find the forward vs reverse bias characteristics of a given Zener diode.
5 To perform Swinburne's test on the given DC machine
6 To verify the Kirchhoff's voltage law vs Kirchhoff's current law for the given circuit
7 To measure the strain using strain gauge.

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Electrical Circuits I: Experiment 2 - Kirchhoff's Law

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Brief History of Novgorod in Dates

The first and the only republic in russia, becoming a part of moscow state.

Adam Olearius - Travel to Moskovia from Persia and back - VII century

Important dates in history of Novgorod

St. Sofia Cathedral today - photo by Damien / flickr.com/photos/dtra87/19532705786/

Nature Trips Around Novgorod Region

Stalin's Skyscrapers
Trans-Siberian Railway History and Facts

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Veliky Novgorod

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Veliky Novgorod city, Russia

The capital city of Novgorod oblast .

Veliky Novgorod - Overview

Veliky Novgorod or Novgorod the Great (just Novgorod until 1999) is a city in the north-west of Russia, the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast. It is one of the oldest and most famous cities in Russia with more than a thousand years of history.

The population of Veliky Novgorod is about 224,800 (2022), the area - 90 sq. km.

The phone code - +7 8162, the postal codes - 173000-173902.

Novgorod city flag

Novgorod city coat of arms.

Novgorod city map, Russia

Novgorod city latest news and posts from our blog:.

7 January, 2022 / Nikolai Bugrov's Summer Dacha in Volodarsk .

27 September, 2020 / The Nikolo-Vyazhischi Convent near Veliky Novgorod .

30 August, 2020 / Staraya Russa - one of the oldest Russian towns .

31 March, 2019 / Vitoslavlitsy Museum of Folk Architecture .

28 January, 2019 / Veliky Novgorod Kremlin .

History of Veliky Novgorod

Foundation of novgorod and the novgorod republic.

The official founding year of Novgorod is 859, when it was first mentioned in the chronicle. In 862, the so-called “vocation of the Varangians” led by Rurik took place on Novgorod land, which was the beginning of the formation of the Old Russian state. In 882, after the death of Rurik, Prince Oleg became the ruler of Novgorod. He captured Kiev and moved the capital of the state to it. It was the beginning of the Kievan Rus state.

Novgorod was the second town of the Kievan Rus by cultural, economic, and political influence. In 1045-1050, the Cathedral of St. Sophia was built - the main Orthodox church of Novgorod and one of the oldest preserved stone churches in Russia.

The convenient location of Novgorod at the intersection of trade routes “from the Varangians to the Greeks” made it the largest center of intra-Russian and international trade. Constant contacts of the town with the island of Gotland, German towns and the Hansa led to the opening of the first foreign missions on the territory of Novgorod.

The first attempts of Novgorod to gain independence from the Kievan Rus were taken in the 11th century. Novgorod boyars, with the support of the local population, wanted to get rid of the burden of Kiev taxation and to create their own army. In 1136, due to the retreat of Prince Vsevolod Mstislavovitch from the battlefield at Zhdanaya mountain, he was exiled from Novgorod, and a republican government was established in the region.

From 1136 to 1478, Novgorod was the capital of the Russian medieval state known as the Novgorod Republic. In the 12th century, the Novgorod land included part of the Baltic, part of Karelia, the southern part of Finland, the southern coast of Lake Ladoga, the banks of the Northern Dvina River, and vast areas of the European north up to the Urals.

More Historical Facts…

During the Mongol invasion of Rus, Novgorod avoided destruction due to its remote location. It was the only old Russian town that avoided decline in the 11th-12th centuries. In 1259, with the support of Prince Alexander Nevsky, the Mongols conducted a census in Novgorod to collect tribute. In 1280, in Novgorod, a document was drawn up known as “Russian Truth” - the very first set of laws in Russia. Until the 15th century, Novgorod’s possessions expanded to the east and northeast.

Areas northeast of Novgorod were rich in fur-bearing animals and salt. These resources were of great importance for the economy of the Novgorod Republic, which was based on trade. The town was part of the trade route from Scandinavia to Byzantium. The Russian folk hero Sadko was a merchant from Novgorod.

The Novgorod Republic was characterized by some features of the social system and feudal relations: a significant social and landowning weight of the Novgorod boyars and their active participation in trade and other activities. The main economic factor was not land, but capital. This led to a special social structure of society and an unusual form of government for medieval Rus.

The veche - a gathering of a part of the male population of the town - had broad powers. It invited, judged and expelled Novgorod princes; elected the mayor and the military leader; resolved issues of war and peace; passed and repealed laws; set the size of taxes and duties; elected representatives of the authorities in the Novgorod lands and tried them.

From the 14th century, the Tver and Moscow principalities, and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania attempted to subdue the Novgorod Republic. In 1470, Novgorod people asked the Metropolitan of Kiev to appoint a bishop for them (Kiev belonged to the Grand Duchy of Lithuania at that time). After it, Ivan III, the Grand Prince of Moscow, accused them of treason. In 1471, he announced a military campaign against Novgorod. Moscow troops defeated Novgorod militia during the battle on the Shelon River and took the town.

In 1478, after a series of wars against Moscow, Novgorod lost its independence and the Novgorod Republic ceased to exist. The veche was abolished, the veche bell was taken to Moscow; power in the town was granted to the governors appointed by the Grand Prince of Moscow. A lot of boyar families were expelled from Novgorod.

Novgorod in the 16th-19th centuries

The oprichnina pogrom perpetrated in the winter of 1569/1570 by the army personally headed by Ivan the Terrible inflicted enormous damage on Novgorod. The reason for the pogrom was a denunciation and suspicion of treason. The town was plundered, the property of churches, monasteries and merchants was confiscated, thousands of residents were killed. In 1571, the population of Novgorod was about 5,000 people.

From 1611 to 1617, during the Time of Troubles, Novgorod was occupied by the Swedes. After the occupation, half of the town was burnt down. The population decreased to only about 500 residents. Nikon (the most famous Russian Patriarch) was the metropolitan of Novgorod in 1648-1652.

In 1700, the Great Northern War began. After the defeat at Narva, Peter I hastily prepared the fortifications of Novgorod for a possible siege of the Swedes. Swedish troops did not reach Novgorod; nevertheless, the Novgorod regiment played an important role in the Battle of Poltava in 1709.

In 1703, in connection with the founding of St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, a lot of craftsmen from Novgorod were involved in its construction. At the same time, Novgorod finally lost its former importance as a trade center and turned into an ordinary provincial town. In 1727, a separate Novgorod Governorate was formed with its center in Novgorod.

In the first half of the 19th century, Novgorod became the center of military settlements. At the same time, there was almost no industrial production in the town. In 1841-1842, the writer Alexander Herzen was in exile in Novgorod.

One of the brightest pages in the history of Veliky Novgorod in the 19th century was the celebration of the 1000th anniversary of the Russian state in 1862. In honor of this event, a monument to the Millennium of Russia was erected in the center of the Novgorod Kremlin. In 1875, 17,384 people lived in Novgorod, along with military units. 12 small enterprises employed only 63 workers.

Novgorod in the 20th century

Despite the increased interest in its history, Novgorod both at the end of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century remained a typical provincial town of the Russian Empire, despite its status as a regional capital. In 1914, the population of Novgorod was about 28,200 people.

In 1927, as a result of the administrative-territorial reform carried out in the USSR, the Novgorod Governorate became part of Leningrad Oblast. The Leningrad leadership viewed the Novgorod land as a rural region. No industrialization was planned.

From August 15, 1941 to January 20, 1944, during the Second World War, Novgorod was occupied by German and Spanish troops (“The Blue Division”). The war caused huge and in many ways irreparable damage to the monuments of the city itself and its environs. All wooden buildings burned down. The most valuable collections of archeology, history and art were plundered from the Novgorod museum, which was not completely evacuated in time. Almost the entire city infrastructure and industrial enterprises were destroyed, world famous monuments of Novgorod architecture were turned into ruins.

On July 5, 1944, Novgorod Oblast was formed. The transformation of Novgorod into the administrative and economic center of a separate region had a beneficial effect on the acceleration of its restoration. On November 1, 1945, Novgorod was included in the list of 15 Soviet cities subject to priority restoration. In addition, a special decree was issued on the restoration of architectural monuments. One of the first to be restored was the Millennium of Russia monument.

In the post-war years, the presence of large undeveloped areas and wastelands after the dismantling of the rubble of destroyed buildings in the city center made it possible to begin extensive archaeological research. The results of these studies were numerous finds of objects of old Russian art and everyday life. One of the most important finds was the discovery of the first birch bark letter on July 26, 1951. Archaeological research continues to this day.

In the 1950s-1970s, the main restoration work of architectural monuments was carried out. Novgorod became known as the center of all-Union and international tourism. In 1964, not far from the old Yuryev Monastery on the shore of Lake Myachino, the creation of the Vitoslavlitsy Museum of Folk Wooden Architecture began. In 1967, the population of the city was about 107,000 people.

In 1992, 37 unique monuments of old Russian culture in Novgorod were included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List. The population of the city reached its maximum and amounted to 235 thousand people.

On June 11, 1999, the President of the Russian Federation Boris Yeltsin signed the federal law “On renaming the city of Novgorod, the administrative center of Novgorod Oblast, into the city of Veliky Novgorod.” Also in the 1990s, a lot of streets in the city center received their historical names back.

Monuments of Veliky Novgorod

Victory Monument in Veliky Novgorod

Author: Sergey Duhanin

Light tank T-70 in Veliky Novgorod

Author: Konstantin Matekhin

Monument to the Millennium of Russia in Veliky Novgorod

Veliky Novgorod - Features

Veliky Novgorod is deservedly called “the father of Russian cities”. In this place the Russian statehood was born. The city stands on the banks of the Volkhov River, 6 km from Lake Ilmen, 575 km north-west of Moscow and 190 km south-east of St. Petersburg. Due to similar names, Veliky Novgorod is often confused with Nizhny Novgorod. And this applies not only to foreigners, but also to residents of Russia.

The Volkhov River divides the city into two parts: Sofia and Torgovaya (Trade) sides. The Sofia side got its name from the Sofia Cathedral, which is about one thousand years old. The main part of the city is located here, including the Novgorod Kremlin and the historic center, as well as new districts.

In the old days, there was a large market on the Trade side - Torg. Today, it is built up mainly with private houses. The Yaroslav’s Courtyard is also located here. It is a historical and architectural complex on the site where the residence of Yaroslav the Wise (Prince of Novgorod in 988-1015) used to be.

The climate of Veliky Novgorod is moderately continental, with cold snowy winters and moderately warm summers. The average temperature in January is minus 9.2 degrees Celsius, in July - plus 17.3 degrees Celsius.

Novgorod Oblast has a unique transport and geographical position. The main highway, rail, air, and water transport routes connecting St. Petersburg and Moscow pass through its territory. Public transport in the city is represented by buses, trolleybuses.

The region’s largest employer is the chemical fertilizer plant “Acron”, which produces ammonia, saltpeter, nitric acid, and other substances. This enterprise is one of the world’s largest fertilizer producers. The plant in Veliky Novgorod employs about 5 thousand people.

Tourism is gradually becoming more and more important in the city’s economy. Veliky Novgorod is rightly called the city-museum of Old Rus. No other city in Russia has so many remarkable architectural monuments and monumental paintings of the 11th-17th centuries. The architecture of Veliky Novgorod is unique because a lot of old churches have survived here. A significant part of them were erected in the period from the 11th to the 16th centuries. In some churches, old wall paintings have been preserved, which are of great cultural value.

The main discovery made on the territory of Veliky Novgorod is more than 1,000 preserved birch bark letters of various contents written in the 11th-15th centuries. These include business letters, love letters, recipe notes, Bible commentaries, commercial calculations, and even student scribbles.

Main Attractions of Veliky Novgorod

Novgorod Detinets (Kremlin) - the fortress of Veliky Novgorod located on the left bank of the Volkhov River, the oldest preserved kremlin in Russia and the most northern one. The first mention of it in chronicles dates back to 1044. It is an architectural monument of federal significance. Novgorod Detinets as part of the historic center of Veliky Novgorod is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

The construction of the stone fortress was completed by the end of the 15th century. About 1.5 kilometers of fortress walls, nine towers, and old churches have survived to this day. A road going through the Novgorod Kremlin leads to the bridge connecting the Sofia and Torgovaya sides of the city. The 41-meter watchtower known as “Kokuy” offers a great view of the entire city and its surroundings.

Today, it is the cultural and tourist center of Veliky Novgorod. Here you can find the main expositions of the Novgorod Museum-Reserve (the exposition of the Old Russian arts and crafts and jewelry in the Chamber of Facets; “History of the Novgorod Region”, “Old Russian icon painting”, “Russian art of the 18th-20th centuries”), restoration workshops, a library, philharmonic society, college of arts, and a music school. The Novgorod Kremlin is surrounded by a spacious park. A walk from the railway station to the Novgorod Kremlin takes about 20 minutes.

Saint Sophia Cathedral (1045-1050) - the main Orthodox church in Veliky Novgorod located on the territory of the Novgorod Kremlin, one of the oldest churches in Russia. Churches of this type were built in Rus only in the 11th century. Sophia Cathedral was built in the Byzantine style, has a pyramidal structure and 6 domes. This is one of the symbols of Veliky Novgorod.

The belfry of St. Sophia Cathedral rises above the Novgorod Kremlin in the form of a wall with five spans in the upper part. This type of structure was invented during the reign of the Novgorod Archbishop Euthymius II and then repeated in Russia only twice.

Monument to the Millennium of Russia (1862) - a magnificent monument more than 15 meters high erected opposite the St. Sophia Cathedral in honor of the millennium anniversary of the legendary vocation of the Varangians to Rus. The monument consists of 128 figures. At the very top you can see an angel - the personification of Orthodoxy and a woman depicting Rus, below - princes, church hierarchs and enlighteners, who took part in important historical events that happened over the thousand-year history of Russia.

Yaroslav’s Courtyard and Torg - an architectural complex located opposite the Novgorod Kremlin, on the other bank of the Volkhov River. Both banks are connected by a pedestrian bridge. Several monuments of the 12th-16th centuries have survived on its territory, including the Nikolsky Cathedral (1113) and the Church of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa (the 13th century). The place was named after Prince Yaroslav the Wise. In old times, fairs were held here. The most recent construction is the arcade of the Gostiny Dvor, which consists of several dozen white-stone arches.

St. George’s (Yuriev) Monastery . Founded in 1030, it is one of the oldest monasteries in Russia, a cultural heritage site of federal significance. The monastery is located on the southern outskirts of Veliky Novgorod on the bank of the Volkhov River. On the territory of the monastery there are St. George, Spassky, and Holy Cross Cathedrals, a four-tiered bell tower 52 m high, and several old churches. Crowned with three silvery domes, St. George’s Cathedral is a wonderful example of Old Russian architecture. The Vitoslavlitsy Museum is located nearby. Yur’yevskoye Highway, 10.

Museum of Folk Wooden Architecture “Vitoslavlitsy” . This open-air exhibition was opened in 1964. 22 wooden architectural monuments of the 16th-20th centuries - churches, residential buildings, and outbuildings - were brought here from different districts of the Novgorod region.

Inside the peasant huts, you can see recreated old interiors: “Winter Life”, “Wedding”, “Wool Felting Craft”, and others. Folk festivals are also held on the territory of the museum. On the second floor of the souvenir shop there is the Museum of Irons with a unique collection of irons of the 18th-20th centuries. Yur’yevskoye Highway, 14.

Center for Musical Antiquities named after V.I. Povetkin . The unique collection of this museum acquaints visitors with the old musical instruments of Rus. Here you can also hear old Russian music. Most of the exhibits date back to the 10th-15th centuries. For the guests of the center, folk songs of the Russian North-West and North are performed. Choir concerts are held on holidays. Il’ina Street, 9b.

Art Museum . The permanent exhibition of this museum is dedicated to Russian art of the 17th-20th centuries. It was opened in the historic building of the Noble Assembly in 2001. The rich collection of the museum includes paintings, drawings, sculptures, miniatures, etc.

Among the most valuable exhibits are paintings created by such masters as K. Bryullov, I. Repin, A. Aivazovsky and sculptures, including M. Antokolsky and M. Vrubel. The museum’s collection of Russian art objects is considered one of the best outside Moscow and St. Petersburg. Sofiyskaya Square, 2.

Museum of Artistic Culture of the Novgorod Land . This museum was opened in one of the buildings of the Desyatinnyy monastery in 2002. The exposition is composed of works by Novgorod artists of the late 20th - early 21st centuries. In addition to paintings, visitors can look at porcelain and glass products made by local craftsmen. Desyatinnyy Lane, 6.

Novgorod city of Russia photos

Pictures of veliky novgorod.

Veliky Novgorod architecture

Author: Elena Abramova

Veliky Novgorod Detinets (Kremlin)

Author: Ismail Soytekinoglu

Veliky Novgorod Fortress

Picturesque churches of Veliky Novgorod

St. Sophia Cathedral in Veliky Novgorod

Author: Zaritsky Igor

Peter and Paul Church in Veliky Novgorod

Church of Clement, Pope of Rome in Veliky Novgorod

Old churches of Veliky Novgorod

Church of the Transfiguration on Ilyin in Veliky Novgorod

Author: Sergey Popov

Myrrhbearers Church in Veliky Novgorod

The questions of our visitors

There are several ways of going from the airport of St. Petersburg to Veliky Novgorod.

The fastest one and of course the most expensive is to go by taxi from the airport straight to the destination city. The price is about 4,500-5,000 Rubles (about 70-80 USD).

Another way is to go by train. From the airport you should go to Vitebsky railway station, departure: 7:53, arrival: 13:06 local time. Also you can go to Moskovsky railway station. There are two trains: the first one departs at 8:12 and the second one - at 17:18). Not sure about the price of the tickets but much cheaper than going by taxi.

The third variant is to go by bus. You should go to the bus station at Obvodnoy Canal Embankment. The first bus departs at 7:30; the latest - at 21:30.

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