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History of pollution

Pollution control.

What is pollution?

Does pollution cause climate change, how can we reduce pollution.

• How does water pollution affect aquatic wildlife?
• Is red tide caused by water pollution?

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• World Wildlife Fund - Pollution
• The Canadian Encyclopedia - Pollution
• CORE - Analysis of Environmental Pollution in Developing Countries
• National Geographic Society - Pollution
• Energy Education - Pollution
• LiveScience - Pollution Facts & Types of Pollution
• pollution - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
• environmental pollution - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)
• Table Of Contents

Pollution occurs when an amount of any substance or any form of energy is put into the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed or safely stored. The term pollution can refer to both artificial and natural materials that are created, consumed, and discarded in an unsustainable manner.

What kinds of pollution are there?

Air pollution , water pollution , and land pollution are three major forms of environmental pollution. Pollution can also refer to excessive human activity, such as light and noise pollution , or to specific pollutants such as plastic or radioactive material. Learn more in this infographic.

Air pollution is the main cause of climate change . Human activities such as burning fossil fuels and mass deforestation lead to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere , which traps heat inside the atmosphere through a process called the greenhouse effect . This impacts climate patterns and sea levels around the world.

Pollution can be reduced through processes such as recycling and the proper treatment of water and toxic waste . The reduction of corporate fossil fuel extraction is another way to counter air pollution . According to the Carbon Majors Report prepared by the Carbon Disclosure Project in 2017, more than 70 percent of greenhouse gas emissions comes from only 100 companies.

How many people die annually from pollution?

Air pollution is estimated to kill 7 million people every year. Radioactive and toxic waste in water can cause many diseases, including fatal conditions such as typhoid fever and cholera . Consumption of contaminated water causes approximately 485,000 deaths every year.

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pollution , the addition of any substance ( solid , liquid , or gas ) or any form of energy (such as heat , sound, or radioactivity ) to the environment at a rate faster than it can be dispersed, diluted, decomposed, recycled, or stored in some harmless form. The major kinds of pollution, usually classified by environment, are air pollution , water pollution , and land pollution . Modern society is also concerned about specific types of pollutants, such as noise pollution , light pollution , and plastic pollution . Pollution of all kinds can have negative effects on the environment and wildlife and often impacts human health and well-being.

Although environmental pollution can be caused by natural events such as forest fires and active volcanoes , use of the word pollution generally implies that the contaminants have an anthropogenic source—that is, a source created by human activities. Pollution has accompanied humankind ever since groups of people first congregated and remained for a long time in any one place. Indeed, ancient human settlements are frequently recognized by their wastes— shell mounds and rubble heaps, for instance. Pollution was not a serious problem as long as there was enough space available for each individual or group. However, with the establishment of permanent settlements by great numbers of people, pollution became a problem, and it has remained one ever since.

Cities of ancient times were often noxious places, fouled by human wastes and debris. Beginning about 1000 ce , the use of coal for fuel caused considerable air pollution, and the conversion of coal to coke for iron smelting beginning in the 17th century exacerbated the problem. In Europe, from the Middle Ages well into the early modern era, unsanitary urban conditions favoured the outbreak of population-decimating epidemics of disease, from plague to cholera and typhoid fever . Through the 19th century, water and air pollution and the accumulation of solid wastes were largely problems of congested urban areas. But, with the rapid spread of industrialization and the growth of the human population to unprecedented levels, pollution became a universal problem.

By the middle of the 20th century, an awareness of the need to protect air, water, and land environments from pollution had developed among the general public. In particular, the publication in 1962 of Rachel Carson ’s book Silent Spring focused attention on environmental damage caused by improper use of pesticides such as DDT and other persistent chemicals that accumulate in the food chain and disrupt the natural balance of ecosystems on a wide scale. In response, major pieces of environmental legislation, such as the Clean Air Act (1970) and the Clean Water Act (1972; United States), were passed in many countries to control and mitigate environmental pollution.

Giving voice to the growing conviction of most of the scientific community about the reality of anthropogenic global warming , the  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change  (IPCC) was formed in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) to help address greenhouse gas emissions. An IPCC special report produced in 2018 noted that human beings and human activities have been responsible for a worldwide average temperature increase between 0.8 and 1.2 °C (1.4 and 2.2 °F) since preindustrial times, and most of the warming over the second half of the 20th century could be attributed to human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels .

The presence of environmental pollution raises the issue of pollution control . Great efforts are made to limit the release of harmful substances into the environment through air pollution control , wastewater treatment , solid-waste management , hazardous-waste management , and recycling . Unfortunately, attempts at pollution control are often surpassed by the scale of the problem, especially in less-developed countries . Noxious levels of air pollution are common in many large cities, where particulates and gases from transportation, heating, and manufacturing accumulate and linger. The problem of plastic pollution on land and in the oceans has only grown as the use of single-use plastics has burgeoned worldwide. In addition, greenhouse gas emissions, such as methane and carbon dioxide , continue to drive global warming and pose a great threat to biodiversity and public health .

Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment. These harmful materials are called pollutants.

Biology, Ecology, Health, Earth Science, Geography

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Pollution is the introduction of harmful materials into the environment . These harmful materials are called pollutants . Pollutants can be natural, such as volcanic ash . They can also be created by human activity, such as trash or runoff produced by factories. Pollutants damage the quality of air, water, and land. Many things that are useful to people produce pollution. Cars spew pollutants from their exhaust pipes. Burning coal to create electricity pollutes the air. Industries and homes generate garbage and sewage that can pollute the land and water. Pesticides —chemical poisons used to kill weeds and insects— seep into waterways and harm wildlife . All living things—from one-celled microbes to blue whales—depend on Earth ’s supply of air and water. When these resources are polluted, all forms of life are threatened. Pollution is a global problem. Although urban areas are usually more polluted than the countryside, pollution can spread to remote places where no people live. For example, pesticides and other chemicals have been found in the Antarctic ice sheet . In the middle of the northern Pacific Ocean, a huge collection of microscopic plastic particles forms what is known as the Great Pacific Garbage Patch . Air and water currents carry pollution. Ocean currents and migrating fish carry marine pollutants far and wide. Winds can pick up radioactive material accidentally released from a nuclear reactor and scatter it around the world. Smoke from a factory in one country drifts into another country. In the past, visitors to Big Bend National Park in the U.S. state of Texas could see 290 kilometers (180 miles) across the vast landscape . Now, coal-burning power plants in Texas and the neighboring state of Chihuahua, Mexico have spewed so much pollution into the air that visitors to Big Bend can sometimes see only 50 kilometers (30 miles). The three major types of pollution are air pollution , water pollution , and land pollution . Air Pollution Sometimes, air pollution is visible . A person can see dark smoke pour from the exhaust pipes of large trucks or factories, for example. More often, however, air pollution is invisible . Polluted air can be dangerous, even if the pollutants are invisible. It can make people’s eyes burn and make them have difficulty breathing. It can also increase the risk of lung cancer . Sometimes, air pollution kills quickly. In 1984, an accident at a pesticide plant in Bhopal, India, released a deadly gas into the air. At least 8,000 people died within days. Hundreds of thou sands more were permanently injured. Natural disasters can also cause air pollution to increase quickly. When volcanoes erupt , they eject volcanic ash and gases into the atmosphere . Volcanic ash can discolor the sky for months. After the eruption of the Indonesian volcano of Krakatoa in 1883, ash darkened the sky around the world. The dimmer sky caused fewer crops to be harvested as far away as Europe and North America. For years, meteorologists tracked what was known as the “equatorial smoke stream .” In fact, this smoke stream was a jet stream , a wind high in Earth’s atmosphere that Krakatoa’s air pollution made visible. Volcanic gases , such as sulfur dioxide , can kill nearby residents and make the soil infertile for years. Mount Vesuvius, a volcano in Italy, famously erupted in 79, killing hundreds of residents of the nearby towns of Pompeii and Herculaneum. Most victims of Vesuvius were not killed by lava or landslides caused by the eruption. They were choked, or asphyxiated , by deadly volcanic gases. In 1986, a toxic cloud developed over Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Lake Nyos sits in the crater of a volcano. Though the volcano did not erupt, it did eject volcanic gases into the lake. The heated gases passed through the water of the lake and collected as a cloud that descended the slopes of the volcano and into nearby valleys . As the toxic cloud moved across the landscape, it killed birds and other organisms in their natural habitat . This air pollution also killed thousands of cattle and as many as 1,700 people. Most air pollution is not natural, however. It comes from burning fossil fuels —coal, oil , and natural gas . When gasoline is burned to power cars and trucks, it produces carbon monoxide , a colorless, odorless gas. The gas is harmful in high concentrations , or amounts. City traffic produces highly concentrated carbon monoxide. Cars and factories produce other common pollutants, including nitrogen oxide , sulfur dioxide, and hydrocarbons . These chemicals react with sunlight to produce smog , a thick fog or haze of air pollution. The smog is so thick in Linfen, China, that people can seldom see the sun. Smog can be brown or grayish blue, depending on which pollutants are in it. Smog makes breathing difficult, especially for children and older adults. Some cities that suffer from extreme smog issue air pollution warnings. The government of Hong Kong, for example, will warn people not to go outside or engage in strenuous physical activity (such as running or swimming) when smog is very thick.

When air pollutants such as nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide mix with moisture, they change into acids . They then fall back to earth as acid rain . Wind often carries acid rain far from the pollution source. Pollutants produced by factories and power plants in Spain can fall as acid rain in Norway. Acid rain can kill all the trees in a forest . It can also devastate lakes, streams, and other waterways. When lakes become acidic, fish can’t survive . In Sweden, acid rain created thousands of “ dead lakes ,” where fish no longer live. Acid rain also wears away marble and other kinds of stone . It has erased the words on gravestones and damaged many historic buildings and monuments . The Taj Mahal , in Agra, India, was once gleaming white. Years of exposure to acid rain has left it pale. Governments have tried to prevent acid rain by limiting the amount of pollutants released into the air. In Europe and North America, they have had some success, but acid rain remains a major problem in the developing world , especially Asia. Greenhouse gases are another source of air pollution. Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane occur naturally in the atmosphere. In fact, they are necessary for life on Earth. They absorb sunlight reflected from Earth, preventing it from escaping into space. By trapping heat in the atmosphere, they keep Earth warm enough for people to live. This is called the greenhouse effect . But human activities such as burning fossil fuels and destroying forests have increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. This has increased the greenhouse effect, and average temperatures across the globe are rising. The decade that began in the year 2000 was the warmest on record. This increase in worldwide average temperatures, caused in part by human activity, is called global warming . Global warming is causing ice sheets and glaciers to melt. The melting ice is causing sea levels to rise at a rate of two millimeters (0.09 inches) per year. The rising seas will eventually flood low-lying coastal regions . Entire nations, such as the islands of Maldives, are threatened by this climate change . Global warming also contributes to the phenomenon of ocean acidification . Ocean acidification is the process of ocean waters absorbing more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Fewer organisms can survive in warmer, less salty waters. The ocean food web is threatened as plants and animals such as coral fail to adapt to more acidic oceans. Scientists have predicted that global warming will cause an increase in severe storms . It will also cause more droughts in some regions and more flooding in others. The change in average temperatures is already shrinking some habitats, the regions where plants and animals naturally live. Polar bears hunt seals from sea ice in the Arctic. The melting ice is forcing polar bears to travel farther to find food , and their numbers are shrinking. People and governments can respond quickly and effectively to reduce air pollution. Chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a dangerous form of air pollution that governments worked to reduce in the 1980s and 1990s. CFCs are found in gases that cool refrigerators, in foam products, and in aerosol cans . CFCs damage the ozone layer , a region in Earth’s upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects Earth by absorbing much of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation . When people are exposed to more ultraviolet radiation, they are more likely to develop skin cancer, eye diseases, and other illnesses. In the 1980s, scientists noticed that the ozone layer over Antarctica was thinning. This is often called the “ ozone hole .” No one lives permanently in Antarctica. But Australia, the home of more than 22 million people, lies at the edge of the hole. In the 1990s, the Australian government began an effort to warn people of the dangers of too much sun. Many countries, including the United States, now severely limit the production of CFCs. Water Pollution Some polluted water looks muddy, smells bad, and has garbage floating in it. Some polluted water looks clean, but is filled with harmful chemicals you can’t see or smell. Polluted water is unsafe for drinking and swimming. Some people who drink polluted water are exposed to hazardous chemicals that may make them sick years later. Others consume bacteria and other tiny aquatic organisms that cause disease. The United Nations estimates that 4,000 children die every day from drinking dirty water. Sometimes, polluted water harms people indirectly. They get sick because the fish that live in polluted water are unsafe to eat. They have too many pollutants in their flesh. There are some natural sources of water pollution. Oil and natural gas, for example, can leak into oceans and lakes from natural underground sources. These sites are called petroleum seeps . The world’s largest petroleum seep is the Coal Oil Point Seep, off the coast of the U.S. state of California. The Coal Oil Point Seep releases so much oil that tar balls wash up on nearby beaches . Tar balls are small, sticky pieces of pollution that eventually decompose in the ocean.

Human activity also contributes to water pollution. Chemicals and oils from factories are sometimes dumped or seep into waterways. These chemicals are called runoff. Chemicals in runoff can create a toxic environment for aquatic life. Runoff can also help create a fertile environment for cyanobacteria , also called blue-green algae . Cyanobacteria reproduce rapidly, creating a harmful algal bloom (HAB) . Harmful algal blooms prevent organisms such as plants and fish from living in the ocean. They are associated with “ dead zones ” in the world’s lakes and rivers, places where little life exists below surface water. Mining and drilling can also contribute to water pollution. Acid mine drainage (AMD) is a major contributor to pollution of rivers and streams near coal mines . Acid helps miners remove coal from the surrounding rocks . The acid is washed into streams and rivers, where it reacts with rocks and sand. It releases chemical sulfur from the rocks and sand, creating a river rich in sulfuric acid . Sulfuric acid is toxic to plants, fish, and other aquatic organisms. Sulfuric acid is also toxic to people, making rivers polluted by AMD dangerous sources of water for drinking and hygiene . Oil spills are another source of water pollution. In April 2010, the Deepwater Horizon oil rig exploded in the Gulf of Mexico, causing oil to gush from the ocean floor. In the following months, hundreds of millions of gallons of oil spewed into the gulf waters. The spill produced large plumes of oil under the sea and an oil slick on the surface as large as 24,000 square kilometers (9,100 square miles). The oil slick coated wetlands in the U.S. states of Louisiana and Mississippi, killing marsh plants and aquatic organisms such as crabs and fish. Birds, such as pelicans , became coated in oil and were unable to fly or access food. More than two million animals died as a result of the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Buried chemical waste can also pollute water supplies. For many years, people disposed of chemical wastes carelessly, not realizing its dangers. In the 1970s, people living in the Love Canal area in Niagara Falls, New York, suffered from extremely high rates of cancer and birth defects . It was discovered that a chemical waste dump had poisoned the area’s water. In 1978, 800 families living in Love Canal had to a bandon their homes. If not disposed of properly, radioactive waste from nuclear power plants can escape into the environment. Radioactive waste can harm living things and pollute the water. Sewage that has not been properly treated is a common source of water pollution. Many cities around the world have poor sewage systems and sewage treatment plants. Delhi, the capital of India, is home to more than 21 million people. More than half the sewage and other waste produced in the city are dumped into the Yamuna River. This pollution makes the river dangerous to use as a source of water for drinking or hygiene. It also reduces the river’s fishery , resulting in less food for the local community. A major source of water pollution is fertilizer used in agriculture . Fertilizer is material added to soil to make plants grow larger and faster. Fertilizers usually contain large amounts of the elements nitrogen and phosphorus , which help plants grow. Rainwater washes fertilizer into streams and lakes. There, the nitrogen and phosphorus cause cyanobacteria to form harmful algal blooms. Rain washes other pollutants into streams and lakes. It picks up animal waste from cattle ranches. Cars drip oil onto the street, and rain carries it into storm drains , which lead to waterways such as rivers and seas. Rain sometimes washes chemical pesticides off of plants and into streams. Pesticides can also seep into groundwater , the water beneath the surface of the Earth. Heat can pollute water. Power plants, for example, produce a huge amount of heat. Power plants are often located on rivers so they can use the water as a coolant . Cool water circulates through the plant, absorbing heat. The heated water is then returned to the river. Aquatic creatures are sensitive to changes in temperature. Some fish, for example, can only live in cold water. Warmer river temperatures prevent fish eggs from hatching. Warmer river water also contributes to harmful algal blooms. Another type of water pollution is simple garbage. The Citarum River in Indonesia, for example, has so much garbage floating in it that you cannot see the water. Floating trash makes the river difficult to fish in. Aquatic animals such as fish and turtles mistake trash, such as plastic bags, for food. Plastic bags and twine can kill many ocean creatures. Chemical pollutants in trash can also pollute the water, making it toxic for fish and people who use the river as a source of drinking water. The fish that are caught in a polluted river often have high levels of chemical toxins in their flesh. People absorb these toxins as they eat the fish. Garbage also fouls the ocean. Many plastic bottles and other pieces of trash are thrown overboard from boats. The wind blows trash out to sea. Ocean currents carry plastics and other floating trash to certain places on the globe, where it cannot escape. The largest of these areas, called the Great Pacific Garbage Patch, is in a remote part of the Pacific Ocean. According to some estimates, this garbage patch is the size of Texas. The trash is a threat to fish and seabirds, which mistake the plastic for food. Many of the plastics are covered with chemical pollutants. Land Pollution Many of the same pollutants that foul the water also harm the land. Mining sometimes leaves the soil contaminated with dangerous chemicals. Pesticides and fertilizers from agricultural fields are blown by the wind. They can harm plants, animals, and sometimes people. Some fruits and vegetables absorb the pesticides that help them grow. When people consume the fruits and vegetables, the pesticides enter their bodies. Some pesticides can cause cancer and other diseases. A pesticide called DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) was once commonly used to kill insects, especially mosquitoes. In many parts of the world, mosquitoes carry a disease called malaria , which kills a million people every year. Swiss chemist Paul Hermann Muller was awarded the Nobel Prize for his understanding of how DDT can control insects and other pests. DDT is responsible for reducing malaria in places such as Taiwan and Sri Lanka. In 1962, American biologist Rachel Carson wrote a book called Silent Spring , which discussed the dangers of DDT. She argued that it could contribute to cancer in humans. She also explained how it was destroying bird eggs, which caused the number of bald eagles, brown pelicans, and ospreys to drop. In 1972, the United States banned the use of DDT. Many other countries also banned it. But DDT didn’t disappear entirely. Today, many governments support the use of DDT because it remains the most effective way to combat malaria. Trash is another form of land pollution. Around the world, paper, cans, glass jars, plastic products, and junked cars and appliances mar the landscape. Litter makes it difficult for plants and other producers in the food web to create nutrients . Animals can die if they mistakenly eat plastic. Garbage often contains dangerous pollutants such as oils, chemicals, and ink. These pollutants can leech into the soil and harm plants, animals, and people. Inefficient garbage collection systems contribute to land pollution. Often, the garbage is picked up and brought to a dump, or landfill . Garbage is buried in landfills. Sometimes, communities produce so much garbage that their landfills are filling up. They are running out of places to dump their trash. A massive landfill near Quezon City, Philippines, was the site of a land pollution tragedy in 2000. Hundreds of people lived on the slopes of the Quezon City landfill. These people made their living from recycling and selling items found in the landfill. However, the landfill was not secure. Heavy rains caused a trash landslide, killing 218 people. Sometimes, landfills are not completely sealed off from the land around them. Pollutants from the landfill leak into the earth in which they are buried. Plants that grow in the earth may be contaminated, and the herbivores that eat the plants also become contaminated. So do the predators that consume the herbivores. This process, where a chemical builds up in each level of the food web, is called bioaccumulation . Pollutants leaked from landfills also leak into local groundwater supplies. There, the aquatic food web (from microscopic algae to fish to predators such as sharks or eagles) can suffer from bioaccumulation of toxic chemicals. Some communities do not have adequate garbage collection systems, and trash lines the side of roads. In other places, garbage washes up on beaches. Kamilo Beach, in the U.S. state of Hawai'i, is littered with plastic bags and bottles carried in by the tide . The trash is dangerous to ocean life and reduces economic activity in the area. Tourism is Hawai'i’s largest industry . Polluted beaches discourage tourists from investing in the area’s hotels, restaurants, and recreational activities. Some cities incinerate , or burn, their garbage. Incinerating trash gets rid of it, but it can release dangerous heavy metals and chemicals into the air. So while trash incinerators can help with the problem of land pollution, they sometimes add to the problem of air pollution. Reducing Pollution Around the world, people and governments are making efforts to combat pollution. Recycling, for instance, is becoming more common. In recycling, trash is processed so its useful materials can be used again. Glass, aluminum cans, and many types of plastic can be melted and reused . Paper can be broken down and turned into new paper. Recycling reduces the amount of garbage that ends up in landfills, incinerators, and waterways. Austria and Switzerland have the highest recycling rates. These nations recycle between 50 and 60 percent of their garbage. The United States recycles about 30 percent of its garbage. Governments can combat pollution by passing laws that limit the amount and types of chemicals factories and agribusinesses are allowed to use. The smoke from coal-burning power plants can be filtered. People and businesses that illegally dump pollutants into the land, water, and air can be fined for millions of dollars. Some government programs, such as the Superfund program in the United States, can force polluters to clean up the sites they polluted. International agreements can also reduce pollution. The Kyoto Protocol , a United Nations agreement to limit the emission of greenhouse gases, has been signed by 191 countries. The United States, the world’s second-largest producer of greenhouse gases, did not sign the agreement. Other countries, such as China, the world’s largest producer of greenhouse gases, have not met their goals. Still, many gains have been made. In 1969, the Cuyahoga River, in the U.S. state of Ohio, was so clogged with oil and trash that it caught on fire. The fire helped spur the Clean Water Act of 1972. This law limited what pollutants could be released into water and set standards for how clean water should be. Today, the Cuyahoga River is much cleaner. Fish have returned to regions of the river where they once could not survive. But even as some rivers are becoming cleaner, others are becoming more polluted. As countries around the world become wealthier, some forms of pollution increase. Countries with growing economies usually need more power plants, which produce more pollutants. Reducing pollution requires environmental, political, and economic leadership. Developed nations must work to reduce and recycle their materials, while developing nations must work to strengthen their economies without destroying the environment. Developed and developing countries must work together toward the common goal of protecting the environment for future use.

How Long Does It Last? Different materials decompose at different rates. How long does it take for these common types of trash to break down?

• Paper: 2-4 weeks
• Orange peel: 6 months
• Milk carton: 5 years
• Plastic bag: 15 years
• Tin can: 100 years
• Plastic bottle: 450 years
• Glass bottle: 500 years
• Styrofoam: Never

Indoor Air Pollution The air inside your house can be polluted. Air and carpet cleaners, insect sprays, and cigarettes are all sources of indoor air pollution.

Light Pollution Light pollution is the excess amount of light in the night sky. Light pollution, also called photopollution, is almost always found in urban areas. Light pollution can disrupt ecosystems by confusing the distinction between night and day. Nocturnal animals, those that are active at night, may venture out during the day, while diurnal animals, which are active during daylight hours, may remain active well into the night. Feeding and sleep patterns may be confused. Light pollution also indicates an excess use of energy. The dark-sky movement is a campaign by people to reduce light pollution. This would reduce energy use, allow ecosystems to function more normally, and allow scientists and stargazers to observe the atmosphere.

Noise Pollution Noise pollution is the constant presence of loud, disruptive noises in an area. Usually, noise pollution is caused by construction or nearby transportation facilities, such as airports. Noise pollution is unpleasant, and can be dangerous. Some songbirds, such as robins, are unable to communicate or find food in the presence of heavy noise pollution. The sound waves produced by some noise pollutants can disrupt the sonar used by marine animals to communicate or locate food.

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March 6, 2024

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Types of Pollution

Pollution  is defined as introducing harmful substances (solid, liquid, or gas) or any form of energy (light, heat, sound, or radioactivity) into the environment. The harmful elements that damage air, water, and land quality and cause pollution are called pollutants.

Pollution is primarily human-made, but nature can have an adverse effect also sometimes acts as a source of pollution.

What are the Different Types of Pollution: Causes and Effects

The three major types of environmental pollution are air, water, and soil. Besides these three main types, there are noise, light, thermal, and radioactive pollutions.

1. Air Pollution

The air in our atmosphere has a roughly stable chemical composition consisting of nitrogen, oxygen, argon, carbon dioxide, and trace amounts of other gases. Any change in the air composition due to the addition of unwanted gases such as sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides, chemicals, particulate matter, and biological molecules is called air pollution.

Among all other types of pollution, air pollution is found to have the most diverse impact on Earth.

Sources/Causes

Air pollution can happen from both human-made (anthropogenic) and natural sources. Some of the significant sources of air pollution are given below:

• Burning of fossil fuels such as coal, oil, and natural gas
• Exhaust from automobiles and industries
• Indiscriminate cutting of trees (deforestation)
• Wildfires resulting from burning stubble and farm residues
• Release of methane from microbial decay
• Excessive discharge of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) released from aerosols sprays, refrigerants, and air conditioners
• Release volcanic ash and gases
• Respiratory disorders in humans such as asthma, lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and other lung problems
• Formation of smog that reduces visibility
• Formation of acid rain
• Depletion of the ozone layer
• Global warming
• Hazards to wildlife
• Planting of trees (afforestation) purifies the air
• Use of renewable energy such as sunlight and wind energy and reducing dependence on nonrenewable sources such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas
• Increasing efficiency in energy usage
• Use of eco-friendly vehicles
• Cleaning of industry emissions before their release into the atmosphere
• Reducing dependence on vehicles

2. Water Pollution

Water pollution occurs when toxic pollutants and particulate matter are introduced into water bodies such as oceans, rivers, lakes, ponds, and aquifers, making them impure and toxic. These contaminants are primarily generated by human activities and sometimes by natural disasters.

Among all other types of pollution, water pollution is found to have the maximum adverse consequences on the ecosystem.

• Industrial and domestic sewage discharge
• Oil spills and natural gas leakage into water bodies from underground sites called petroleum seeps
• Social practices such as washing, bathing, and littering in water bodies and religious practices
• Agricultural runoff containing pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry, debris, and manures
• Mining and drilling sometimes make underground water contaminated
• Floods and storm carrying dust and debris to the water bodies
• Algal bloom (eutrophication) caused due to an increase in nutrients of the water bodies
• Reducing dissolved oxygen in the water bodies thus disrupting aquatic life
• Disturbing the pH and salinity of the water bodies leading to loss of aquatic life
• Increasing the risk of water-borne diseases such as hepatitis, cholera, diarrhea, and typhoid in humans
• Increasing the level of toxins and pollutants at each successive level of the food chain (biomagnification)
• Proper disposing of domestic, agricultural, and industrial wastes before releasing them into water bodies
• Using sewage treatment methods such as precipitation, ion exchange, reverse osmosis , and coagulation
• Reducing reusing, and recycling of water
• Using plants such as water hyacinth that absorbs heavy metals in areas contaminated with radioactive pollutants

3. Soil Pollution

Sometimes called land pollution, it refers to the degradation of land quality due to unwanted chemicals and other factors in the soil. Such chemicals change the soil’s chemical and biological properties, thus affecting plant growth. Green plants, being the primary producer, absorb those pollutants, which are then passed through the food chain, affecting the whole ecosystem.

Soil pollution can seep into groundwater or run off to the nearest streams and lakes, creating a vicious pollution cycle.

• Intensive farming leading to the overuse of agrochemicals such as pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides, slurry, debris, and manures
• Improper disposal of wastes from paper mills, sugar factories, petroleum, and chemical industries
• Dust particles such as silica dust
• Urban wastes consisting of garbage and rubbish materials, dried sludge, and sewage from households and commercial bodies
• Accidental oil spills from oil refineries
• Radioactive pollutants such as radium, thorium, and uranium from power plants
• Acid rain, increasing the acidity of the soil
• Deforestation that increases soil erosion causing low soil fertility
• Loss of soil fertility making it unfit for agriculture
• Adverse effect on the growth of flora and fauna in the soil
• Groundwater pollution
• Increasing the salinity of the soil, making it unfit for agriculture
• Causing respiratory problems, neuromuscular blockage, and various forms of cancer, especially lung cancer
• Causing nausea, headache, eye irritation, skin rash, and depression
• Use of organic matures instead of artificial fertilizers in agriculture
• Planting of trees (Afforestation)
• Treating solid wastes such as garbage, domestic refuse, and industrial materials before dumping them in landfills
• Recovering and recycling of materials such as plastics, cloth, and glass before dumping

4. Other Types of Pollution

1. Light Pollution

Light pollution refers to the excessive amount of light in the night sky. It occurs due to excessive, misdirected, and inefficient lighting systems by humans. It is also called photo pollution that disrupts the ecosystem by reducing the distinction between night and day.

Although light pollution seems to have a lesser impact than any other form, it is expected to have consequences similar to air or water pollution.

• Increased energy consumption through over-illumination from artificial light sources such as street lighting, domestic lighting, and garage
• Poor planning by engineers while placing street lights and signage
• Overpopulation increases electricity consumption, which increases glare
• Smog and fog due to air pollution reflect light emitted by cities, making the surrounding look much brighter
• Produce behavioral changes in animals. Nocturnal animals, who are active at night, venture out during the daytime. In contrast, diurnal animals, which are active during the day, remain active at night
• Affecting migration pattern in seasonal birds
• Difficulty for astronomers to see the stars properly
• Affecting newly hatched turtles that rely on starlight to guide them from the beach to the ocean. They often head in the wrong direction.
• Causing flowering and developmental patterns in plants
• Inducing smog by destroying nitrate radicals, helping in the dispersion of smog, and causing air pollution
• Inducing a delay in melatonin secretion in humans, which delays sleep at night
• Reducing the use of decorative lightings that produce more light and consumes more energy
• Use of covered bulbs or light that face downwards
• Switching to an LED light that reduces luminance without compromising visibility
• Proper planning during installation of street lights and signage
• Switching off street lights during daytime
• Using glare-free lighting in the outdoors
• Stopping light-trespass

2. Noise Pollution

It refers to the excessive amount of sound in the surroundings disrupting the natural balance. The acceptable amount of sound is about 60 to 65 decibels, which is the same as our everyday conversation.

Sound levels above 85 decibels are harmful depending on the duration of exposure. Noise above 140 decibels can cause permanent hearing loss. Also, the duration of exposure to the sound is found to have negative health impacts.

• Noise from heavy machines in factories, mills, and industries
• Traffic noise from vehicles (trains and buses) and airplanes
• Construction noises from boring and drilling machines
• Noise from firecrackers and loudspeakers in social events
• Household noises from television, mixer grinders, and music systems
• Loss of hearing and behavioral disorders
• Loss of focus on work leading to low work output
• Stress and Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Lack of sleep and fatigue
• Difficulty in speech and impairment
• Hearing disorders like tinnitus
• Songbirds, such as robins, fail to communicate and find food
• Disrupting sonar, used by marine animals to communicate and locate food
• Honking in public places like hospitals, academic institutions such as schools and colleges should be banned
• Installing adequate soundproof systems in commercial buildings and hospitals
• Afforestation as trees can absorb sound
• Restricting the use of firecrackers during festivities and doing open public rallies

Apart from the types of pollution discussed, there are other forms of pollution called  thermal or heat pollution  and  radioactive pollution .

Thermal pollution is caused due to excessive heat in the environment released from industrial power plants, deforestation, urban sprawl, and air pollution. It increases the Earth’s atmosphere causing drastic climate change and extinction of wildlife. In contrast, radioactive pollution   results from   accidental leakage from nuclear power plants and improper disposal of nuclear wastes. It can cause massive, long-lasting impacts such as cancer, infertility, blindness, and congenital disabilities.

Ans . Air pollution.

Ans . The seven types of pollution are air, water, soil, light, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution.

Ans . Smog is a type of air pollution. It is a combination of fog and particulate matter that remain suspended in the air.

Ans . Carbon monoxide is a gaseous air pollutant.

Ans . Groundwater pollution can occur due to chemical spills from industries, household runoff during transportation, illegal dumping of wastes, mining operations, and atmospheric depositions.

• Pollution – Nationalgeographic.org
• Pollution: Types, Sources and Characteristics – Open.edu
• Pollution Facts & Types of Pollution – Livescience.com
• Pollution: Sources & Types – Geo.libretexts.org
• How Many Types Of Pollution Are There? – Worldatlas.com

Article was last reviewed on Friday, February 17, 2023

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Pollution and Its Types, Effects, Causes, Controlling Measures

Pollution is the accumulation of contaminants in the environment that is harmful to humans, the environment, and natural resources. Check the detailed article on Pollution and Its Types.

Table of Contents

Pollution is the accumulation of contaminants in the environment that is harmful to humans, the environment, and natural resources. The environment is what surrounds an organism and is made up of various elements that support life, such as air, water, land, soil, etc. For the organism to thrive, these basic components must exist in a certain proportion and keep the environment in a rhythmic balance. There are several different categories of pollution, including air, water, soil, noise, land, thermal, and light pollution. Check the detailed article on Pollution and Its Types.

Any unfavorable modification or alteration in this ratio of the biological components constitutes pollution. Physical, economic, and social emergencies are caused by numerous types of pollution that result from rising pollution levels. The essential characteristics of pollution, including its types, causes, effects, and control measures will be highlighted in this article.

What is Pollution?

The biological elements of the planet are contaminated by pollution, which has a negative effect on typical ecological processes. Pollution is defined as any unnatural and harmful changes in any dimension (such as the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of any ecosystem component) that have the potential to have dangerous repercussions on a variety of life forms and property.

One of the main problems facing civilization is pollution, which affects both people and other living things and is getting worse every day. Human activities harm the environment because they contaminate the soil we use to grow plants, the water we drink, and the air we breathe.

Types of Environmental Pollution

There are primarily 7 types of pollution that can arise on Earth. The sources, impacts, and preventative actions for each of the pollution categories mentioned in this article are detailed below.

Air Pollution

Air pollution is brought on by several pollutants, including carbon monoxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), dust, mold spores, nitrogen oxides, pollen, and sulfur dioxide. Gases and solid particles in the atmosphere contribute to air pollution. In communities, hazardous gases are also produced through the use of coal, dry grass, dry farm waste, and leaves as home fuels. Some additional sources of Air Pollution are:

• Automobile pollution
• Burning of garbage
• Decayed plants and animals
• Indoor air pollution
• Industrial air pollution
• Radioactive elements.

The main impacts of air pollution are disorders of the lungs and respiratory systems and an increase in the risk of heart disease in people. Additionally, it might cause bronchitis and asthma. The environment may also be impacted since it produces more greenhouse emissions. To reduce air pollution, households and businesses should run on better-designed machinery and smokeless fuels.

• To keep the ecosystem in balance and control the impact of the rising greenhouse gases, afforestation—the planting of additional trees—should be promoted.
• The National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and the National Air Quality Monitoring Program (NAMP) are two more actions the government took to reduce air pollution.

Water Pollution

When hazardous substances, such as chemical contaminants, untreated waste discharges, and sewage, are dumped into rivers, lakes, and seas, water pollution results. Farming practices that use excessive amounts of fertilizers and pesticides, which can harm water bodies, are among the origins of water pollution. Environmental Pollution of water has the following causes:

• Agricultural pollutants are dumped into the water bodies.
• Disposal of radioactive substances into seawater.
• Industrial effluents enter oceans.
• Trading of marine.
• Offshore oil rigs.
• Recreational sports.
• Sewage is disposed of into the sea by rivers.

When the amount of mercury in the water grows, water pollution has the potential to lead to both dropsy illness in fish and Minamata disease in people. Additionally, it causes eutrophication (an oversupply of nutrients) and biological amplification (an increase in the concentration of harmful substances).

By changing the methods used to prevent water pollution from the environment, water usage must be controlled or decreased. For reuse, wastewater needs to undergo thorough treatment.

Soil Pollution

When levels of pollutants or harmful compounds rise and build up on the soil surface, it results in environmental pollution of the soil. Salinity and decreased soil fertility are two impacts of soil contamination. Drains become blocked as a result, which causes the release of unpleasant scents and gases. The contaminants that cause soil pollution are:

• Inorganic ions and metals
• Salts (e.g., carbonates, nitrates, phosphates, sulfates)
• Organic compounds (such as alcohols, DNA, fatty acids, hydrocarbons, lipids, proteins, PAHs, etc.).

We need to cease using plastic if we want to reduce soil pollution. To prevent soil pollution, plastic use should be decreased, and sewage should be properly treated before being used as fertilizer on planted areas.

Thermal Pollution

Thermal pollution is the loss of water quality caused by any procedure that raises the temperature of the water around it. Thermal pollution is the loss of water quality caused by any procedure that raises the temperature of the water around it.

When industrial enterprises and power plants use water as a coolant, environmental contamination results. Some of the sources of thermal pollution are industrial boilers, coal-fired power plants, oil refineries, nuclear and electric power plants, and steel-melting companies.

The repercussions of thermal pollution include a reduction in the amount of dissolved oxygen in the water, the extinction of numerous fish and invertebrate species, and the destruction of their eggs that have been laid in the water bodies.

There are certain scientific methods for preventing thermal environmental pollution, such as building cooling ponds or buildings and creating artificial lakes. These lakes are created by humans and offer a potential substitute for natural water supplies for cooling power plants.

Noise Pollution

Unwanted sound, or noise pollution, causes excruciating ear agony. Decibels (dB) are used to measure sound levels; noise levels about 90 dB produce auricular weakening, while sound levels beyond 100 dB might result in permanent hearing loss. The sound of the ship’s water contributes to noise pollution by interfering with whales’ ability to navigate and even destroying aquatic animals.

• The machinery in the industries makes noises like grinding and thunder.
• This kind of pollution is brought on by exploding rocks and soil, drilling tube wells, large earth-moving equipment, and ventilation fans at construction sites.
• The loud sound of loudspeakers and the horns on cars are other sources of this environmental pollution.

Noise pollution can lead to high blood pressure, stress-related illnesses, speech impediment, hearing loss, unbalanced sleep patterns, and decreased productivity.

By keeping roadside cars in good condition and employing soundproof technology in busy areas, noise pollution can be reduced. Horn usage on roads should be kept to a minimum. Silencers must be installed on industrial machinery and automobiles to prevent excessive noise.

Light Pollution

Light pollution, also known as photo pollution and frequently seen in urban areas, is caused by the additional light in the night sky. Because it ruins the ecology, this kind of environmental pollution makes it difficult to discern between day and night.

Artificial indoor or outdoor light, street lighting, display and advertisement lighting, security lights, luminous athletic arenas, etc. are the culprits. The effects of light pollution on ecosystems, the night sky, astronomical research, astronomical observations, energy waste, and the health of living things are all negative.

Light pollution has an adverse effect on wildlife rhythms, increases carbon dioxide levels, disrupts sleep cycles, and distorts the appearance of stars in the night sky. Control Measures for light pollution are:

• Lights should be turned off whenever unused, especially at night.
• The overutilization of indoor lights should be minimized.
• Lights should be pointed towards the ground whenever you are going outside your home.

Radioactive Pollution

The deposition or introduction of radioactive materials into an environment when their presence is unplanned or the levels of radioactivity are unwanted is known as radioactive contamination. Due to the ionizing radiation it emits, this kind of pollution is dangerous to human health. Radiation of this kind has enough power to harm DNA in genes and cells. Radioactivity can occur in one of two ways:

• Naturally occurring radioactivity
• Man-made radioactivity

One of the most infamous cases that resulted in radioactive pollution was the Chernobyl disaster. Other examples include:

• Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Disaster
• Nuclear fallout (after atmospheric nuclear explosions)
• Criticality accidents

Effects of Environmental Pollution

All living things are susceptible to the dangers of environmental contamination. Wheezing, coughing, respiratory problems, and other conditions can all be brought on by air pollution. It can also irritate the skin, nose, and throat.

• Asthma, heart attacks, and other respiratory issues can all be brought on by air pollution.
• Acid rain, ozone layer degradation, and global warming are further effects of air pollution.
• When consumed by people, environmental pollution of water can kill aquatic life and possibly result in diseases like typhoid and jaundice.
• Water that has been contaminated has very little dissolved oxygen (DO), making it unsafe to consume.
• The quality of plants cultivated can be impacted by soil or land contamination, which might interfere with the subsurface life of microorganisms.

Environmental Pollution Control Measures

Different types of environmental contamination can be controlled by implementing some appropriate actions. For the protection of people and other living things, pollution management is necessary.

• Given that plastic takes years to disintegrate in the ecosystem, its usage should be outlawed.
• Both interior and outdoor lighting should not be used needlessly. Crackers ought to be prohibited since they significantly harm the environment.
• Reusable materials can help reduce environmental pollution, and they should be vigorously promoted and recycled for use in the future.
• More people should choose public transportation because it consumes less energy and gas.
• Since fans consume less electricity and energy to run, they should be used more frequently than air conditioners.

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Pollution and Its Types FAQs

What are the causes of pollution.

The primary cause of pollution is a pollutant. It is a substance that causes various types of pollution.

What are the effects of pollution?

Different environmental pollutants impose different effects on human health. For instance, air pollution increases the risk of respiratory infections, heart disease etc.

Why is environmental pollution a global concern?

Pollution is among the most severe challenge worldwide. Various types of pollution occur due to increased pollutant levels on the Earth’s atmosphere, water, land, soil, etc.

How can environmental pollution be controlled?

Some measures individuals and communities can adopt to manage environmental pollution are:

1. Families and industrial enterprises should function with better-design machines and smokeless fuels to lessen air pollution. 2. Adequately maintaining roadside vehicles and using soundproof instruments in loud places can help to bring down noise pollution. 3. The usage of plastic should be reduced to control soil pollution.

What are the types of environmental pollution?

Seven types of environmental pollution are known. These include air, water, soil, thermal, noise, light, and Radioactive pollution.

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JSmol Viewer

Real time vessel detection model using deep learning algorithms for controlling a barrier system.

1. Introduction

• Camera Calibration: We need to calibrate the camera to obtain the intrinsic parameters (focal length and principal point) and distortion coefficients. This step is crucial for accurate measurements in real-world units.
• Object Detection: This is the focus of this paper. We detect and track the ship in each frame. The model provides us with bounding box coordinates for the ship.
• Distance Measurement: We determine the real-world distance between the camera and a reference point on the ship. This information comes from a lidar sensor.
• Speed Calculation: We calculate the speed of the ship using the change in position of the ship over time. The speed ( v ) can be calculated using the formula v = ∆ d ∆ t , where Δ d is the change in distance, and Δ t is the change in time between consecutive frames.
• Frame Rate: We consider the frame rate of the camera ( f frame ) when calculating the time difference between frames. The time difference ( Δt ) can be calculated as ∆ t = 1 f f r a m e .

2. Literature Review

• Architecture search: YOLO-NAS uses neural architecture search to find the most effective architecture for the task of object detection.
• Efficiency: YOLO-NAS aims to find a network architecture that is both accurate and computationally efficient.

3. Implementation of YOLOv5 and YOLOv8

3.1. tools and environment used, 3.2. dataset labeling, 3.3. data training, validation, and testing split.

• Flip—horizontal ( Figure 7 );
• Grayscale—applied to 15% of images ( Figure 7 ).
• Blur—up to 1.25 px ( Figure 8 );
• Noise—up to 3% pixels ( Figure 8 );
• Shear—±10° horizontal, ±10° vertical ( Figure 9 );
• Brightness—between −25% and +25% ( Figure 9 );

3.4. Model Training

4. results and discussion.

• Architectural Changes: YOLOv8 introduced architectural changes, such as using CSPDarknet53 as the backbone. This architecture impacts the model’s ability to capture features and representations, leading to improved performance. In this work, we are interested in capturing features of the ship’s superstructure that help identify the type of ship. However, a lightweight improved YOLOv5 is proposed in [ 34 ] for real-time localization of fruits, using the bneck module of MobileNetV3 instead of CSPDarknet53. In this study, the modified YOLOv5 reached the mAP of 0.969.
• Training Techniques: YOLOv8 incorporated training techniques, such as the use of CIOU (complete intersection over union) loss and focal loss. These techniques are aimed at improving the accuracy of object detection during the training process.
• Scales for Flexibility: YOLOv8 provides different scales (S, M, L, and X). This allows us to choose the scale that best fits our requirements. This adaptability was beneficial for customizing the models to the specific task of detecting ship profiles.
• Task Adaptability: YOLOv8 is designed to be adaptable to various object detection tasks, including custom applications. The architecture allows us to train models on our specific datasets.

5. Conclusions

Author contributions, institutional review board statement, informed consent statement, data availability statement, conflicts of interest.

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Folarin, A.; Munin-Doce, A.; Ferreno-Gonzalez, S.; Ciriano-Palacios, J.M.; Diaz-Casas, V. Real Time Vessel Detection Model Using Deep Learning Algorithms for Controlling a Barrier System. J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024 , 12 , 1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081363

Folarin A, Munin-Doce A, Ferreno-Gonzalez S, Ciriano-Palacios JM, Diaz-Casas V. Real Time Vessel Detection Model Using Deep Learning Algorithms for Controlling a Barrier System. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering . 2024; 12(8):1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081363

Folarin, Abisade, Alicia Munin-Doce, Sara Ferreno-Gonzalez, Jose Manuel Ciriano-Palacios, and Vicente Diaz-Casas. 2024. "Real Time Vessel Detection Model Using Deep Learning Algorithms for Controlling a Barrier System" Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 12, no. 8: 1363. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12081363

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Introduction to Air Pollution - Types, Effects, and Solutions

Dec 22, 2023

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Learn about air pollution and its effects on human health and the environment. Identify different forms of air pollution and the determinants of indoor and outdoor air quality. Discover common air pollutants and understand their impact.

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Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air Lecture 2

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Objectives • Define • Air • Air pollution • Identify the different forms of air pollution • Identify the determinants of indoor and outdoor air quality • Identify common air pollutants • Identify the effects of air pollution on human health and the environment

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Air supplies the oxygen essential to human life. • Pure air is a mixture of several gases that are invisible and odorless. Middlecamp CH et al. Chemistry in Context: Applying Chemistry to Society. 7th Ed. McGrawHill. 2012

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Older people are more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease and impairment of immune response. Increased susceptibility to air pollutants, especially fine particulates. • Humans may survive for up to three (3) minutes without air. • Adults ~ 12-20 breaths/min • Children ~ 15-30 breaths/min • Infants ~ 25-50 breaths/min • Children have higher respiratory rates and may receive higher doses of pollutants relative to their body weight. • Children’s respiratory systems are still maturing and are more susceptible to the effects of polluted air. Levy, B. et al. Occupational and Environmental Health. 2006. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Introduction Atmosphere The bottom two kilometers of the troposphere contain most of the air and weather (rain, clouds, wind) that affect us, along with most air pollutants. • Mixture of gases that surround the earth. • Sustains life by retaining heat and blocking out harmful radiation (ultraviolet radiation) from the sun. • The troposphere is the layer closest to the earth and the thinnest. BC Air Quality http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/what-is-air-quality.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air pollution • The presence of substances not normally found in air, and that in concentrations high enough can harm the environment, or the health of living organisms.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air pollutants Gases and vapors: form true solutions in the air and cannot be distinguished from the air. Aerosols: dispersions of solid or liquid particles in the air. • Air pollutants can be gases, liquids (vapor) or very small solid particles (dust or smoke) emitted into the atmosphere. • At levels harmful to the environment, or human, animal and plant health.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Emissions Airshed – geographic area that shares the same air. • Discharges of a pollutant from a particular source (a factory) or group of sources (vehicles) into the air.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Emission Sources 1. Natural and Man-made Sources 2. Point and Non-point Sources Point – single, largestationary sources of pollution –industrial facilities, power plants. Non-point – multiple, smaller sources that can be stationary or mobile: motor vehicles, airplanes, residential and business areas.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Types of emissions Anthropogenic - come from man-made sources. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), CO2. Human activity can also influence geogenic and biogenic emissions. Agriculture, deforestation, construction. • Geogenic - come from the non-living world, such as volcanic emissions, soil emissions, and natural fires. • Smoke, SO2, CO2. • Biogenic - come from the living world: plants, animals, microbes, soil. • VOCs and CH4 . http://www.envirocomp.org/books/chapters/1aap.pdf Daly, A. and P. Zannetti. 2007. An Introduction to Air Pollution – Definitions, Classifications, and History. Chapter 1 of AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION (P. Zannetti, D. Al-Ajmi, and S. Al-Rashied, Editors). Published by The Arab School for Science and Technology (ASST) (http://www.arabschool.org.sy) and The EnviroComp Institute (http://www.envirocomp.org/).

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Air Quality Poor air quality occurs when substances that are not normal components of the air (pollutants) are present in amounts that can harm human health or the environment. Pollutants can come from natural or man-made sources. • The state of the surrounding air. • Good air quality = clean, clear, unpolluted air. BC Air Quality http://www.bcairquality.ca/101/what-is-air-quality.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Factors Affecting Air Quality 1. The amountof pollutants 2. Thetypeof pollutants released into the air. • Physical and chemical propertiesof pollutants. 3. Topography(geography of the terrain) - mountains and valleys. 4. Weather- wind, temperature, air turbulence, air pressure, rainfall and cloud cover.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Types of air pollutants Secondary pollutants are the products of chemical reactions between pollutants in the air. Secondary acidic aerosols and other particles. Oxidant pollutants produced by photochemical reactions between hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides. Ground-level ozone is a secondary pollutant. • Primary pollutantsare emitted directly into the atmosphere. • Sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, particles.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Standards for Air Pollution “Criteria pollutants” Mobile and stationary sources. Common in the environment, posing the greatest overall threat to human health. Other more toxic materials that may be present in the air but in smaller amounts may be mutagenic, carcinogenic or reproductive toxins. • Six pollutants regulated by the US-EPA and most countries in the world: 1. Particulate matter 2. Carbon monoxide (CO) 3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) 4. Ozone (O3) 5. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) 6. Lead

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria Pollutants Particulate matter (PM) Particle size affects deposition in respiratory tract and health effects. • Airborne mixture of microscopic solid or liquid particles that form an aerosol. • Particles of various size, shape, composition and origin. • Smoke (combustion of fossil fuels, wood burning), dust, aerosols, metallic oxides, and pollen.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria Pollutants Particulate matter (PM) Increases risk for cancer. Increases risk of early death. Health impact of chronic exposure to PM: • Increases the risk of chronic respiratory diseases. • Worsens existing lung and cardiovascular disease. • Damages lung tissue. • Affects the immune system.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Carbon monoxide (CO) • Odorless, colorless gas formed from incomplete combustion of fossil fuels. • Largest source is motor vehicles. • Inhalation reduces the amount of oxygen in the bloodstream. • High concentrations can lead to headaches, dizziness, unconsciousness, and death.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Ground-level ozone (O3) Can cause eye irritation, chest pain, coughing, nausea, and pulmonary congestion. Permanent lung damage with chronic exposure. • Secondary pollutant that forms when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds react in the presence of sunlight. • Can damage all living organisms. • Can affect both healthy people and those with respiratory diseases. Ozone (O3). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/o3.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Most susceptible are children, the elderly, and people with asthma, cardiovascular disease or chronic lung disease. Can irritate lung tissues, cause respiratory illness, and aggravate existing cardiovascular disease. • Colorless, water-soluble, with a suffocating, pungent odor. • Primary source is the combustion of sulfur-containing fuels (oil and coal), metal smelting and other industries. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/so2.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) NO2 reacts in the air to form corrosive nitric acid (acid aerosol), as well as toxic organic nitrates. Large concentrations can reduce visibility and increase the risk of acute and chronic respiratory disease. Can irritate the lungs and lower resistance to respiratory infections such as influenza. • Nitrogen oxides (NOx) form from fossil fuel combustion at high temperatures – vehicles, electric utilities. • NO is the primary pollutant that converts to NO2 in the air. • Nitrogen oxides contribute to ozone formation, and damage to living organisms. Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/no2.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Criteria pollutants Lead (Pb) Fetuses and children are especially susceptible to low doses of lead. Neurological problems such as seizures, mental retardation, and/or behavioral disorders, slowed growth. Can affect Blood, kidneys, liver Nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems Enzymatic and energy transfer processes. • Combustion of solid waste, fossil fuels, emissions from iron and steel production, tobacco smoke, and battery plants/recycling. • Accumulates in blood, bone, and soft tissue – not easily excreted. Lead (Pb). http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/aqtrnd95/pb.html

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) Sources Natural and/or man-made. Mobile and/or stationary. Indoor and/or outdoor. Exposure – inhalation, ingestion, absorption. Accumulation in body tissues Some are persistent. • Compounds more toxic than criteria pollutants. • Carcinogenic potential, birth defects, and reproductive, neurological, developmental, and respiratory problems. • ~187 chemical pollutants. • Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). • Heavy metals – chromium, mercury, cadmium. • Regulatedseparately from criteria pollutants. http://www.epa.gov/haps/initial-list-hazardous-air-pollutants-modifications

Factors that control the risk of injury from pollutants 2. Degree of exposure and the effective dose . The effective dose may be difficult to determine. Atmospheric concentration of pollutants and/or concentrations of biomarkers maybe used. 3. Rate of removal 4. Individual susceptibility 1. Chemical and physical properties of the pollutant. • Solubility influences distribution in atmosphere and body tissues, and ultimately the effective dose.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Coughing and/or sneezing prevents irritants from entering deeper into the lungs.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Health Effects of Air pollutants Small particles (< 2.5 µm) may cause more health problems. Enter farther into the lugs. • Pollutants inside the lungs may cause irritation (chronic or recurrent) that lead to long-term illnesses. • Worsen asthma • Development or progression of chronic illnesses – lung cancer, obstructive pulmonary disease. • Affect the cardiovascular system. • Harm the developing fetus. Rom,W.N. Environmental Policy and Public Health. 2012. Jossey-Bass.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Health Effects of Air Pollutants Acute (short-term) exposure Chronic (long-term) exposure Heart disease, cancer Damage to reproductive, immune, neurological, and respiratory systems. Most at risk Children, elderly, those with pre-existing heart or lung disease, and asthma. • Headache, nausea, irritation of eyes, nose, throat, cough, upper respiratory infections – bronchitis, pneumonia, worsen asthma and emphysema.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Glossary of terms Aerosols - types Haze: very small (< 1 µm) particles that take up water vapor at low relative humidity. Mist: liquid droplets formed by atomization, nebulization, or spraying of liquids, range in size from 2 µm – 50 µm. • Dust: solid and irregular particles, > 1µm. Ex: drilling, grinding, abrasion of solids. • Fume: high temperature combustion or sublimation vapors that condensed and became solid particles, < 0.1 µm. Can form aggregate clusters (metal oxides).

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 Glossary of terms Aerosols - types Smog: term used to describe any atmospheric pollution mixture. Pollution aerosol composed of smoke and fog. • Smoke: combustion vapors of organic materials that condense into liquid droplets, < 0.5 µm, • Fog: droplets formed by condensation of water vapor on atmospheric nuclei at high relative humidity, > 1 µm.

Dr. IEcheverry, CAMS, KSU, 2nd3637 References • Frumkin H. Environmental Health: From Global to Local. 2nd Ed. Jossey-BSS, Wiley Imprint. 2010. • Middlecamp CH et al. Chemistry in Context: Applying Chemistry to Society. 7th Edition. McGrawHill. 2012. • Air Pollution – Our Nation’s Air http://www.epa.gov/airtrends/2011/report/airpollution.pdf • An Introduction to Indoor Air Quality (IAQ). Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html • Mold. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. http://www.cdc.gov/mold/faqs.htm

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