graduate level education mean

MA, MBA, BS, MS, MSW, PhD, PsyD: What Does it All Mean?

The benefits of college degrees, be it associate, B.A., M.A. or Ph.D level, have been touted and restated many times. Despite rising costs, the investment continues to be valuable one for a wide variety of people. That said, back it up a little bit: just what do all those different degree acronyms mean? Beyond that, what differentiates, say, a B.B.A. from a BSN?

To help answer those questions we put together the following list of definitions for what each degree acronym stands for as well as explanations of the meanings behind all the different terminology.

Associate Degrees

An associate degree is typically completed in two years of full-time study, but may take longer for part-time students. These undergraduate programs can be found at community colleges, vocational schools, technical colleges, and some universities. In general, associate degrees fall into three different categories: Associate of Arts (A.A.), Associate of Science (A.S.), or Associate of Applied Science (A.A.S.).

Associate degrees are a great fit for career-oriented students who want to enter a technical or vocational trade that requires some post secondary education. Along with often being the quickest and cheapest route to a formal degree, an associate program can also be a stepping stone to a four-year degree. Many schools offer students the option to apply credits earned from an associate degree, which is generally 60 semester credits, towards a bachelor’s degree.

Purdue University Global

• Experience world-class education online with more than 175 programs at associate’s, bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral levels.
• Apply eligible work experience and prior college credits toward up to 75% of your undergraduate degree.
• Competency-based ExcelTrack™ programs may allow you to earn your degree faster and for less money

Visit School

*Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics, 2018

A.A. Associate of Arts

The associate of arts is a basic-level undergraduate degree granted upon completion of a two-year program, usually at community or junior college, technical college or trade school. As such, these are typically a jumping off point towards pursuing a full bachelor’s degree.

A.S. Associate of Science

Similar to the A.A., the associate of science degree is the culmination of a two-year academic program. The A.S. is usually awarded to junior college students enrolled in science or tech-related programs.

Associate Degree Related Content

• Associate Degree Overview
• Associate Degree Programs in Medical Assisting
• Associate Degree Programs in Medical Billing & Coding

Bachelor’s Degrees

A bachelor’s degree is the most popular post-secondary degree option, and typically seen as the standard for employment in most professional fields. In most cases, a bachelor’s program takes four years of full-time study to complete. However, some majors may take longer, or schools may offer accelerated programs allowing students to finish their degree in less time.

The two most common types of bachelor’s degrees are the Bachelor of Arts (B.A.) and the Bachelor of Science (B.S.). There are a number of other options, though, that coincide with more specific major fields, such as the Bachelor of Science in Nursing (B.S.N.). Generally, a bachelor’s degree consists of 120 semester credits, with half being made up of general education or liberal arts courses. The other half is typically filled with courses geared toward a student’s particular major.

B.A. Bachelor of Arts

The usual degree path for majors in liberal arts, humanities or social sciences such as English, creative writing, fine arts or political science. A B.A. is typically awarded upon completion of a four-year undergraduate program at a traditional school or university.

B.S. Bachelor of Science

The bachelor’s typically awarded to undergraduates in science and technical fields.

B.F.A. Bachelor of Fine Arts

Awarded to majors like art history, theater, film studies and photography.

B.B.A. Bachelor of Business Administration

A business-oriented bachelor’s path, typically associated with management, accounting, marketing, etc.

B.Arch Bachelor of Architecture

A bachelor’s degree geared towards the architecture field.

BSN Bachelor of Science in Nursing

A degree path oriented towards the technical and hands-on training necessary to obtain a nursing license.

B.E. Bachelor of Engineering

Concentrates on engineering fields like electrical engineering, mechanical engineering and computer engineering.

Bachelor’s Degree Related Content

• Bachelor’s Degree Overview
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Criminal Justice
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Education
• Bachelor’s Degree Programs in Nursing

Master’s Degrees

Master’s degrees are graduate-level programs that typically take two years of additional full-time study after completion of a bachelor’s degree. Because most graduate students are already working professionals, many colleges and universities offer part-time or flexible master’s degree programs. These allow students to maintain their career while completing the degree at their own pace, but generally take longer than two years of study.

In order to apply for a master’s program, students usually must already possess a bachelor’s degree. Most students choose to pursue a master’s degree in order to advance in their chosen profession or enter a field that requires a high level of education. Many programs fall into one of two categories: Master of Arts (M.A.) or Master of Science (M.S.). The Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) is another popular option.

M.A. Master of Arts

The basic graduate-level degree granted to grad students in fields in the humanities, social sciences or fine arts.

M.B.A. Master of Business Administration

The Master of Business Administration is the master-level degree granted upon completion of a business administration or management-oriented program. In contrast to an M.A., M.B.A. programs are typically oriented around subjects more narrowly tailored towards business operations like accounting, marketing and analysis.

M.S. Master of Science

Typically awarded to graduate students in scientific or technical fields.

M.S.W. Master of Social Work

Similar to the M.B.A., the Master of Social Work is narrowly defined master’s degree focused on social work. M.S.W. programs may adhere to either a clinical track or practice track. The clinical track is oriented towards working with patients, while the practice track focuses on politics and policy as well as management.

Master’s Degree Related Content

• Master’s Degree Overview
• Master’s Degree Programs in Business (MBA)
• Master’s Degree Programs in Education
• Master’s Degree Programs in Health Care

Doctoral Degrees

A doctorate is the highest level of academic degree awarded by universities, and can take anywhere from three to eight years (or more) to complete. Some doctoral programs require students to already have a master’s before enrolling, while others can be started directly after completion of undergraduate study.

There are many different types of doctoral degrees, but the most common is the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.). Depending on the specific degree awarded, earning a doctorate can qualify graduates to teach at the university level, or work in a position that requires extensive training and education. Psychologists and medical doctors are two examples of professionals who must hold doctoral degrees in order to become licensed to practice in their field.

Ph.D Doctor of Philosophy

Despite what the name might suggest, this isn’t a degree for philosophers exclusively. A Ph.D is the doctorate-level degree granted in a variety of different disciplines. These are typically research-intensive programs pursued by those who’ve already acquired bachelor’s and master-level credentials in their field of study.

Psy.D. Doctor of Psychology

The Psy.D.is similar to a standard doctorate degree, but granted specifically for students pursuing psychology practice.

Doctoral Degree Related Content

• Doctoral Degree Overview
• Doctoral Degree in Psychology & Social Sciences

What do these letters stand for?

There are two parts; one can classify the educational level of the degree: “B” stands for bachelor’s degree; “M” stands for master’s degree; and “D” stands for doctoral degree. The second part denotes the discipline of the degree, like “S” for science, “A” for arts, or “Ph” for Philosophy.

What are the distinctions between arts and science degrees?

Depending on the school you attend and the kind of courses you take, you could earn an arts degree or a science degree. Typically, an “arts” degree means that you focused on a wide area of learning and discussion, while a “science” degree implies a deep, technical understanding of your subject.

What kinds of designations exist for doctoral students?

The highest degree you can earn in most liberal arts disciplines is a PhD, or Doctor of Philosophy. However, clinical and counseling psychologists earn a PsyD, Doctor of Psychology nomenclature; medical students earn M.D. degrees and law students can earn J.D. (Juris Doctor) degrees.

What about some of the other specialized degrees?

Distinctive nomenclature are named after applied disciplines, include Master of Social Work (MSW), Doctor of Social Work (DSW), Master of Education degree (MaEd), Master of Business Administration (MBA), or Doctor of Business Administration (DBA).

Now that you know some of the benefits of online learning, find a program that’s right for you. Browse our school listings below to get matched to an online school.

• Privacy Policy
• Terms of Use
• Disclosure: “What Determines Top/Best?”
• Do Not Sell My Personal Information (CA and NV)

Copyright © 2024 Worldwidelearn.com. All Rights Reserved.

The sources for school statistics and data is the U.S. Department of Education's National Center for Education Statistics and the Integrated Postsecondary Education Data System unless otherwise noted.

Disclosure: EducationDynamics receives compensation for many of the featured schools on our websites (see “Sponsored School(s)” or “Sponsored Listings” or “Sponsored Results” or “Featured Graduate School(s)”. So what does this mean for you? Compensation may impact where the Sponsored Schools appear on our websites, including whether they appear as a match through our education matching services tool, the order in which they appear in a listing, and/or their ranking. Our websites do not provide, nor are they intended to provide, a comprehensive list of all schools (a) in the United States (b) located in a specific geographic area or (c) that offer a particular program of study. By providing information or agreeing to be contacted by a Sponsored School, you are in no way obligated to apply to or enroll with the school.

This site does not provide a comprehensive list of all schools that offer a particular program of study.

This is an offer for educational opportunities that may lead to employment and not an offer for nor a guarantee of employment. Students should consult with a representative from the school they select to learn more about career opportunities in that field. Program outcomes vary according to each institution’s specific program curriculum. Financial aid may be available to those who qualify. The information on this page is for informational and research purposes only and is not an assurance of financial aid.

What is a Graduate Degree?

For those considering graduate school , it’s important to take the time to understand what an advanced degree program entails. Read on to learn about the different types of graduate programs, the time commitment, cost, and enrollment conditions required, and what students should expect at this level of advanced study.

An undergraduate degree —either a bachelor’s or associate degree—is considered a baseline educational requirement in many professions. As such, the pursuit of this degree has become commonplace among high school graduates. As of 2018, 69 percent of students chose to complete their undergraduate degree immediately after earning their high school diploma.

A graduate degree —including master’s degrees , doctorates , and PhDs —provides an advanced understanding of a specific topic or field, and demonstrates a commitment to lifelong learning that many employers value. Those who choose to enroll in graduate school often do so with a series of focused, career-oriented goals in mind, which sets the stage for a substantially different type of learning environment than one might experience during an undergraduate career.

Interested in earning an advanced degree?

Explore Northeastern’s 200+ programs to find the one that will best help you achieve your goals.

FIND YOUR PROGRAM

Types of Graduate Degrees

Students embarking on graduate school should begin by determining if an academic or professional degree is right for them.

Students who desire a career in a specific field (such as law, pharmaceuticals, medicine, or education) may opt to pursue a professional degree . These programs emphasize hands-on learning and often require students to obtain substantial real-world experience prior to graduation.

Academic (or research) degrees align with a single, specific area of study or field. Students in pursuit of these degrees are required to develop an in-depth understanding of their subject area and complete a thesis or capstone project to demonstrate their knowledge.

Learn More: Professional Degree Vs. Academic Degree: What’s the Difference?  

Master’s Degree

Although master’s degrees  may be the most common form of graduate study, there are various professional and academic graduate-level degrees that students should consider. Some of the most common include:

• Master of Arts Degree (MA): An MA is a type of academic master’s degree that correlates most directly with humanities-based subject areas such as communications, teaching, languages, and more. Classes in these programs are primarily discussion-based and might require fieldwork, a thesis, or a capstone project prior to graduation. Some common MA programs include Homeland Security , English , and Elementary Education .
• Master of Science Degree (MS) : An MS is another type of academic master’s degree which typically correlates with advanced study in fields that relate to science and mathematics. Courses in these programs often require extensive lab work or research and culminate with thesis or capstone projects, as well. Some common MS programs include Cybersecurity , Corporate & Organizational Communication , Leadership , and Project Management . 
• Master of Fine Arts (MFA): An MFA is a professional degree for artists in fields such as graphic design, music, theater, film, and more. Alongside a practical and abstract exploration of their art, graduates of these programs often receive the credentials necessary to teach at the undergraduate level. Some common MFA programs include Information Design & Visualization , Creative Writing, and Acting.
• Master of Professional Studies (MPS) : An MPS is an interdisciplinary degree focused on a single area of professional study. Unlike MA or MS degrees, these programs are typically more hands-on in nature and require an internship, work-study, or co-op experience prior to graduation. Some common MPS programs include Analytics , Informatics , and Digital Media .

Professional Doctorate

A professional doctorate is focused on the advanced practice of knowledge and skills, making it a degree for those who are more professionally oriented. While these programs also help to develop research skills, the main focus is to apply knowledge to industry to solve new and emerging problems.

• Juris Doctor (JD): This degree provides students with the practical skills and expansive knowledge needed to practice law in America. While JD programs share some commonalities with other graduate-level law degrees, such as a Master of Legal Studies or a Master of Laws , there are key differences between the three.
• Doctor of Education (EdD): This is another professional doctorate degree not to be confused with a PhD in Education . This type of program is for educators and professionals who want to direct and implement change within their organizations. These degrees are designed to prepare students to become leaders in their communities.
• Doctor of Medicine (MD): Students hoping to pursue a career in medicine or surgery pursue this professional doctorate degree.
• Doctor of Pharmacy (PharmD) : Individuals pursuing a career in the pharmaceutical industry must obtain a PharmD. These programs include components of research, teaching, and clinical practice.

Learn More: Why Earn a Professional Doctoral Degree?

Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

A PhD is a postgraduate doctoral degree based on extensive research in a given field. Students can earn a PhD in areas such as technology, humanities, social sciences, and more. Individuals who complete their PhDs often pursue a career in academia, though some may continue on to complete similar research for the remainder of their career. Some common PhD programs include Counseling Psychology , Bioengineering , and Pharmacology . PhDs are not to be confused with professional/clinical doctorates , which are designed to provide students with the practical skills needed to excel in their career. 

How Long Does it Take to Earn a Graduate Degree

The timeline for completion of a graduate degree will vary depending on three factors:

• The type of degree you pursue.
• Your desired subject area.
• The specific institution at which you are studying. 

On average, however, those enrolled in a master’s program full-time will likely complete their degree within one-and-a-half to three years. Individuals who pursue their master’s degree part-time might take longer than three years to complete it, depending on how many credits they enroll in each semester.

Most PhD and professional doctoral candidates will finish their degrees in five to six years, though the time commitment may vary depending on the subject area. Some more intensive degree programs, like an MD, can take up to eight years to complete.

Learn More: How Long Does It Take to Earn a Master’s Degree?

Graduate Degree Requirements

Requirements for different graduate programs vary greatly depending on the subject, institution, and whether or not it is a culminating degree. The most common requirement, however, is an undergraduate degree, as this acts as a base for advanced learning.

Other application requirements for specific graduate programs might include:

• A statement of purpose
• Your educational transcripts
• A portfolio of your work
• Professional/academic recommendations
• Any additional written assignments

You may also need to take and submit your scores for a subject-specific exam (e.g. LSAT, MCAT, etc.) or for the general Graduate Record Examination (GRE) , which is a requirement for many graduate programs globally.

The Cost of A Graduate Degree

The cost of a graduate degree will also vary greatly depending on what program and what institution you are considering. Yet, many people make incorrect assumptions about the price of graduate school based on their knowledge of undergraduate costs.

“Many of us have in our heads the sticker price of $30,000 to $40,000 per year for undergraduate education,” Sean Gallagher , executive director of the Center for the Future of Higher Education and Talent Strategy at Northeastern told U.S. News & Report in 2017. “So we say, ‘OK, it’s two years for a graduate degree, so it’s going to cost me $70,000 to $80,000 or more.’ And while there are certainly programs at that price point, there are many programs where you can get the entire graduate degree for between $20,000 and $40,000.”

No matter the program, graduate school will be both an educational and financial investment in your career. As such, institutions like Northeastern have adopted a variety of financial aid options for students to help hedge the cost of graduate studies. Students can utilize scholarships, grants, and even tuition reimbursement programs through their employers to help pay for their advanced education.

Learn More: Paying for Grad School: Where and How to Start

5 Characteristics of a Strong Graduate Program

#1) flexible learning options.

In most universities, graduate programs are designed to accommodate the needs of working professionals and are thus offered in a variety of exceedingly flexible formats.

Firstly, students at the graduate level can choose to enroll in either a part-time or full-time capacity. A part-time graduate program offers working professionals the opportunity to take on only as many classes as they can handle per semester, and work toward finishing their degree at their own speed. Full-time students, on the other hand, must be enrolled in a specific number of credit hours per semester as determined by the university, and will work toward completing their program in a linear manner. At Northeastern, for example, full-time students must be enrolled in nine quarter hours of graduate credits per semester.

Universities like Northeastern also offer a variety of graduate programs in online , on-ground, and hybrid formats to best fit the needs of any given students. Taking online or hybrid courses is an effective way for students who are already working in their field to balance their coursework with their other professional commitments, as well.

For those who aren’t ready to commit to an entire graduate program, some universities also offer graduate certificates in many in-demand areas of study. Certificate programs provide either a condensed understanding of basic advanced principles as they relate to an area of study, or a very niche look at a specific aspect of the subject. Though the amount of knowledge attained in a certificate program is vastly less than that of a full graduate degree, some prefer this condensed format of study for its reduced cost and shorter time commitment.

#2) A Focused Curriculum 

By the time a student reaches graduate school, they are likely no longer in the exploring phase of their education. Instead, these students have often experienced life as a working professional, determined which area of study best aligns with their passions, and have made the educated decision to become an expert on that topic through the pursuit of a graduate degree.

For this reason, many graduate programs offer students a far more unified educational experience than at the undergraduate level. Often, this will be reflected in a common curriculum that all students within a single program must follow. While they may still be able to pick the specific topics that most interest them off this predetermined list of classes, each course will relate back to their base area of study. This is done in an effort to give students a much more in-depth exploration of that specific topic rather than a surface-level understanding of many, unrelated ones.

Students in graduate school still have the opportunity to customize their education to best fit their needs, however. In fact, programs like those at Northeastern recognize that one of the most impactful offerings they can give their students is the chance to declare a concentration within their degree and tailor their studies in a way that aligns with their professional aspirations.

#3) Opportunities for Hands-On Learning

Northeastern University is known for its emphasis on experiential learning at all phases of a student’s educational journey, offering opportunities for real-world, hands-on learning through internships, work-study, co-ops, and more. There are also a variety of graduate-specific experiential learning opportunities for students, such as Northeastern’s Experiential Network (XN) initiative.

A Closer Look: Northeastern’s XN initiative offers students the opportunity to participate in six-week-long, virtual projects for active organizations within the university’s expansive network. These projects align with students’ academic work, allowing them to apply what they learn in the classroom to these real-world scenarios. Following the format of gig-economy work experiences, students spend 30-40 hours on each project and, in that time, practice making decisions and completing work that will have a genuine impact on these organizations’ success.

In general, graduate degrees tend to be research- or capstone-oriented in nature, meaning that, depending on a student’s area of study, they will be frequently honing their practical abilities alongside their theoretical skills. Graduate programs emphasize this type of learning in an effort to develop well-rounded professionals in each field. These hands-on learning opportunities also offer students unparalleled exposure to different facets of their industry—as well as different types of workplaces—which can then be used to help them make an educated employment decision after graduation.

#4) An Industry-Aligned Network

Students have a unique advantage when it comes to networking in grad school . Between the opportunities to make connections in the classroom, at university-hosted events, and even in the professional world through hands-on learning experiences, these students are in the ideal setting to build their network.

Connecting with Classmates

Your classmates in grad school will likely be equally as driven and passionate about the exact same area of study as you are. You will also have the opportunity to grow together throughout your time in the program, resulting in a slew of common experiences and relationships that will help to keep you connected with and looking out for one another throughout your career. Although they may start out as your classmates, these individuals have the potential to become powerful players in the professional industry post-graduation, as well.

Connecting with Professors

Smaller class sizes and a more collaborative learning environment allow students to develop more personal connections with their professors during grad school than in their undergraduate studies. These relationships can be some of the most important in regards to your career, as professors at top universities like Northeastern are industry leaders and have connections that can be used to make introductions or open doors to potential employment opportunities after graduation.

Connecting with Industry Professionals

Given the emphasis on hands-on learning in grad school, students have the chance to develop their professional networks in their region and with organizations that they may be able to work with post-graduation. Having these types of industry-aligned connections is vital in today’s competitive job market, especially since a connection that has worked with you first-hand in a professional environment can speak to your qualifications in a far more concrete and impactful way than those who are only able to speak to your abilities abstractly.

Students who take the time to develop their professional network while in graduate school — whether online or on-ground —have the potential to see the positive impact of those connections for the remainder of their professional career.

#5) Substantial Impact on Your Career 

Many students pursue graduate degrees to advance their careers. Whether that means getting a promotion, increasing their current salary, or even transitioning fields, these students are looking to make a positive change by showing employers the extent of their knowledge, network, and exposure to experiential learning.

While these goals are often achieved during the pursuit of a graduate degree, students’ careers can be impacted by graduate study in more ways than one. The overall career outlook for graduate degree holders, for instance, is incredibly positive compared to those with only a bachelor’s or associate degree.

For example, the current jobless rate for individuals with a master’s degree or higher is 12.5 percent lower than those who only hold a bachelor’s degree. Similarly, in regard to salary, those with a graduate degree earn 28 percent more than those with just an undergraduate degree on average. These individuals will also make over a million dollars more than those with just a high school diploma in their lifetime.

What’s more, graduates of advanced degree programs are some of the most in-demand within organizations today. When it comes to applying for a new role, 61 percent of employers are finding that the skills required for their open positions have evolved to require a higher education among applicants. By 2022, it is also expected that 18 percent of all jobs will require a graduate degree. Earning an advanced degree will help improve your skills and demonstrate your commitment to career development—two of the best ways to stand out in today’s competitive job market .

Explore Your Options at Northeastern

Ready to take the leap? Consider advancing your career with a graduate degree from Northeastern, a top-40 university . Evaluate the personal and professional benefits of a graduate degree, then explore Northeastern’s 200+ master’s , doctorate , and certificate programs to find the one that best aligns with your career goals.

Browse the Grad School Tips & Advice category of the Northeastern Graduate blog for more content like this from Northeastern University Graduate Programs .

Subscribe below to receive future content from the Graduate Programs Blog.

About shayna joubert, related articles.

Why Earn a Professional Doctoral Degree?

5 Tips to Get the Most out of Grad School

Is Earning a Graduate Certificate Worth It?

Did you know.

Advanced degree holders earn a salary an average 25% higher than bachelor's degree holders. (Economic Policy Institute, 2021)

Northeastern University Graduate Programs

Explore our 200+ industry-aligned graduate degree and certificate programs.

Most Popular:

Tips for taking online classes: 8 strategies for success, public health careers: what can you do with an mph, 7 international business careers that are in high demand, edd vs. phd in education: what’s the difference, 7 must-have skills for data analysts, in-demand biotechnology careers shaping our future, the benefits of online learning: 8 advantages of online degrees, how to write a statement of purpose for graduate school, the best of our graduate blog—right to your inbox.

Stay up to date on our latest posts and university events. Plus receive relevant career tips and grad school advice.

By providing us with your email, you agree to the terms of our Privacy Policy and Terms of Service.

Keep Reading:

5 Homeland Security Careers for the Future

The Top 3 Job Requirements For a Homeland Security Career

What Are Security Studies?

Should I Go To Grad School: 4 Questions to Consider

What does a graduate degree mean?

A graduate degree or master’s degree is an advanced degree that some students pursue after earning a bachelor’s degree. Earning a graduate degree signifies mastery of a particular field of study and focuses more intensely on a subject than a bachelor’s degree does. Graduate degrees usually take two years to attain.

Also Found On

Undergraduate vs. Graduate: Educate Yourself On The Difference

• Undergraduate Meaning
• Undergraduate Student And Degree
• Graduate Meaning
• Graduate Degree And Student
• Graduate Origin
• Postgraduate Meaning

⚡ Quick summary

The main difference between undergraduate and graduate is that undergraduate is always used in the context of the first level of college or university education (the level where you can earn a bachelor’s degree ). In terms like graduate student and graduate degree , graduate refers to a level of advanced education beyond the undergraduate level, especially a master’s degree or doctorate . The noun graduate is more general, simply referring to a person who has completed a level of education (someone who has graduated ).

The difference between undergraduate and graduate is a difference of degrees (*throws graduation cap in the air to celebrate the pun*).

The level of education that each word involves varies depending on how the word is being used, and there are situations in which both words can be used in the same situation. For example, you can become a graduate student after graduating with an undergraduate degree.

The word graduate can mean very different things depending on whether it’s used as a noun (as in recent   high school graduates ), an adjective (as in graduate student and graduate degree ), or a verb (as in I plan to graduate next May ). The same goes for its shortened form, grad , which can be used as a noun (as in Congrats, grads! ) or an adjective (as in grad program ).

Undergraduate can also be used both as a noun (as in I’m an undergraduate at Stanford University ) or an adjective (as in I’m working toward my undergraduate degree ). It can be shortened to undergrad in both cases.

By the end of this article, you’ll have an advanced degree in all the different ways graduate, grad , undergraduate , and undergrad are used, and what they mean in each case.

What does undergraduate mean?

An undergraduate is “a student in a university or college who has not received a first, especially a bachelor’s, degree.” For example, a college student might say I’m an undergraduate at the University of Texas if they were pursuing a bachelor’s degree there.

Undergraduate is also commonly used as an adjective in this same context, in terms like undergraduate student , undergraduate degree , and undergraduate studies.

Undergraduate is often shortened to undergrad as both a noun and an adjective.

In undergraduate, the prefix under- is used to indicate a lower rank or status. The educational status of an undergraduate student is below that of a graduate student.

What’s the difference between wisdom and knowledge ? Here’s a lesson on the two terms.

What is an undergraduate student ? And what is an undergraduate degree ?

An undergraduate student is a student who is pursuing a degree at the first level of higher education (meaning the level after high school) at a college or university. Undergraduate students are typically those working to earn a bachelor’s degree (or, less commonly, an associate’s degree ). These degrees are often referred to with the general term undergraduate degree.

Outside of the US, an undergraduate degree is sometimes called a first degree. There are also other types of undergraduate degrees outside of the US, such as a foundation degree (which, like an associate’s degree, is typically a two-year degree).

What does graduate mean?

As a noun, the word graduate  [  graj -oo-it ] refers to “a person who has received a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” In other words, a graduate is someone who has completed a particular level of schooling or an educational program—a child who just finished kindergarten and a doctor who just completed medical school are both graduates. It can even be used figuratively , as in She’s a graduate of the school of hard knocks.

As a verb, graduate [  graj -oo-eyt ] means “to receive a degree or diploma on completing a course of study.” The process of graduating—and the ceremony itself—is called graduation .

As an adjective, graduate [  graj -oo-it ] means something more specific. It’s used to indicate that a student, degree, or educational program is an advanced one, beyond the level of a bachelor’s degree. This sense of graduate is most commonly used in terms like graduate degree, graduate school , graduate program, and graduate student.

What is a graduate degree ? And what is a graduate student ?

Graduate degree typically refers to a degree beyond a bachelor’s, most commonly a master’s.

A graduate student is a student who’s pursuing an advanced degree after having earned their undergraduate degree (such as a bachelor’s degree) by graduating from an undergraduate program. Calling someone a graduate student most often means they are pursuing their master’s degree, but it may be another advanced degree, such as a PhD (You’d most commonly call such students PhD students. Or you might say they are working toward their doctorate or their doctoral degree.)

To earn a graduate degree, graduate students go to a division of a university known as graduate school , and such a program is often called a graduate program. In all of these terms, graduate is often shortened to grad : grad school , grad student , grad program . (A student doesn’t become a graduate student until they take graduate-level courses. For example, if a student graduates with a bachelor’s degree and then later pursues a different bachelor’s degree, they are still an undergraduate student .)

Some graduate studies are referred to in more specific ways: medical students go to medical school to earn their medical degree ; law students go to law school to earn their law degree.

Do you know the difference between these highly-esteemed graduate degrees and titles: PhD, MD, and Dr ?

Where does the word graduate come from?

Graduate comes from the Medieval Latin graduārī, meaning “to take a degree.” It ultimately derives from the Latin gradus, meaning “a step.” Each time you graduate, you take a step to the next level of education.

What does postgraduate mean?

The adjective postgraduate is sometimes used in the same way as the adjective sense of the word graduate, especially in the UK, as in postgraduate student or postgraduate studies.

Postgraduate should not be confused with postdoctoral , which refers to studies, research, or professional work above the level of a doctorate.

How to use undergraduate vs. graduate

The best way to sort out the different meanings of undergraduate and graduate is to determine whether each word is being used as a noun, an adjective, or a verb. Here’s an easy breakdown of the differences.

• undergraduate (noun): A college student pursuing a non-advanced degree, most commonly a bachelor’s degree. Can be shortened to undergrad.
• undergraduate (adjective): Used in the context of colleges and university programs ( undergraduate programs ) where students are pursuing a degree (generally referred to as an undergraduate degree ) that is not an advanced degree. Also sometimes shortened to undergrad.
• graduate (noun): A person who has completed a particular level of schooling or educational program. Can be shortened to grad.
• graduate (verb): To complete a level of schooling (and, typically, to receive a degree or diploma). You can graduate from kindergarten, high school, college, graduate school, medical school, etc.
• graduate (adjective): Used in the context of advanced schooling—a level beyond a bachelor’s degree, most commonly a master’s program. Used in terms like graduate student , graduate school , graduate degree , graduate program , graduate courses , etc. Often shortened to grad.

Examples of undergraduate, undergrad, graduate, and grad used in a sentence

Let’s look at some examples of these words in actual, real-life use to get the meanings straight.

• As an undergraduate, she had studied engineering; as a graduate student, she switched to architecture.
• I completed my undergraduate degree after five years and a lot of hard work.
• As a graduate student, you will be expected to complete a thesis.
• You should start thinking about graduate school applications before you graduate.
• Most of the applicants for this position are recent college graduates.
• I’m still an undergrad, but I’m hoping to start grad school next fall.
• I’m a UGA grad, but I almost went to Georgia Tech.

Go Behind The Words!

• By clicking "Sign Up", you are accepting Dictionary.com Terms & Conditions and Privacy policies.
• Email This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

No matter who is graduating, here are tips on how to craft a perfect congratulations card for their achievement.

Trending Words

[ mi- ton - uh -mee ]

• Name This field is for validation purposes and should be left unchanged.

• Talent Seekers
•  PARTNERS    Employers  Data & Insights  Colleges  Workforce  Demo

What Is a Graduate Degree?

Earning a four-year college degree is an amazing way to start yourself off on the path to a fulfilling, rewarding, and stable career. Those who have a bachelor’s degree or higher have the lowest rate of unemployment in the country, with 86 percent of bachelor’s earners holding a job . But getting a job immediately after you graduate isn’t the only option on the table. If you’re open to spending a few more years in academia, you might want to consider obtaining an even higher degree in grad school.

Advanced study in a field beyond your bachelor’s usually means more school, at least for two more years and, for many, even more. The path to a graduate degree is long, but it’s that way for a reason, as it allows you to zero-in on one specific thing and become a real expert in that field. But is it worth it? Longer programs come with significantly higher price tags and lengthy, stressful time commitments. In this guide, we’re going over everything you need to know about graduate school to determine whether this route might be one worth pursuing.

What is a graduate degree, exactly? It’s defined as an advanced academic degree in a specialized field of study, pursued after one has already obtained a bachelor’s degree. These degree programs lay the foundation for a number of high-paying careers across thousands of industries. Master’s degrees are the most common type of graduate degree, but they are generally given in three realms—the Master of Arts (MA), Master of Science (MS), and Doctor of Philosophy (PhD). 

Often, these kinds of degrees are terminal, meaning they are the highest level of formal education one can obtain in a broad academic or research track. Such is the case with degrees such as the Master of Fine Arts (MFA) and all PhDs. Others serve as stepping stones for degrees that are higher still, such as master’s programs that are prerequisites for PhD programs.

What About Law School, Med School, etc.?

Grad school is often distinguished from “professional school,” which generally refers to those post-undergraduate programs that ready students for a specific career rather than a field of study. For example, the Doctor of Medicine (MD) and advanced nursing degrees—like a Certified Registered Nurse Anesthetist (CRNA) or Nurse Practitioner (NP)—are considered professional degrees. The same goes for the Juris Doctor (law) and the Master of Business Administration (MBA).

How Long Does it Take to Get a Graduate Degree?

How long it takes to finish grad school depends entirely on your program, but the vast majority of non-professional master’s programs last between two and three years for full-time students. On the other hand, it will take you a lot longer to score that coveted PhD—the median amount of time it takes students to complete a PhD program is 7.7 years ! All in all, graduate students can expect to complete between six and 12 years of higher education in total (including their undergraduate years).

Is Grad School Worth It?

There’s no denying that graduate school can help you earn more money and build a more fulfilling career throughout your life. In fact, data shows that those full-time workers with a master’s degree actually earn around $12,000 more per year than those with a bachelor’s degree only. But grad programs aren’t cheap and tend to ring up for more than undergraduate ones.

With that being said, if you make it to graduate school, there’s a good chance you’re a good student, which means you’ll get a lot more opportunities to nab college scholarships . Additional funding opportunities often open up in grad school as well, including graduate assistantship programs that allow students to work on campus as a professor, tutor, or elsewhere in exchange for free tuition and a small stipend for living. 

So whether or not grad school is worth it totally depends on your situation. Given that it can lead to higher income potential, more job security, and an amazing title (who doesn’t want to be a master?) , pursuing a graduate degree may definitely be something you want to consider now or down the road!

Interested in talking with other students and professionals about getting a graduate degree? Join Community , our online discussion board covering topics from Career Exploration to Higher Education and more!

RELATED POSTS

Shaping Tomorrow: Tallo Partners with ASA for Youth Career Readiness

Event: Boeing STEM Signing Days 2024

Event: Empowering Tomorrow’s Workforce Virtual Symposium

Start charting your path today..

Connect with real educational and career-related opportunities.

Get Started

Principles and Characteristics of Graduate Education

Graduate education.

Graduate education distinguishes itself by advanced systematic study and experience in depth—a depth in understanding, knowledge, scholarly competence, inquiry, and discovery.  Graduates are equipped to contribute to their disciplines, to teach and transmit knowledge within their disciplines, to conduct research and produce creative works, to apply their learning in the everyday world, and ultimately to extend service to their disciplines and to humanity.  

Although diversity in focus, methodology, and implementation is expected across the spectrum of graduate programs at BYU, strong programs are characterized by selective admission of highly qualified students, graduate faculty committed to excellence, and rigorous programs of study conducted in a context of faith.  A few fundamental principles characterize all strong graduate programs.  These principles emerge from and complement the Mission and Aims of a BYU Education .  These principles are listed below followed by some characteristics that are required to realize these principles.

Principles of Graduate Education

Mastery of the subject matter.   Graduate education facilitates mastery over the content and skills of the discipline at a level appropriate to the degree sought.

Critical thinking.  Graduate education develops and refines critical thinking skills including a thorough knowledge of the assumptions of the discipline and an understanding of viable alternative assumptions.

Theoretical understanding.  Graduate education provides an understanding of the theoretical bases of the field of study.  It grounds application and performance in theory.

Proficiency in research and/or creative activities.   Graduate education develops proficiencies that advance the knowledge and activities of the discipline.  These proficiencies include good writing skills as well as the ability to present original insights and creative expressions.

Spiritual discernment and moral integrity.   Graduate education facilitates the growth of integrity and wisdom and the integration of faith into the pursuit of knowledge within the discipline.

Service orientation.  Graduate education instills responsibility to return the special benefits of graduate training to the larger community.

Wide representation of perspectives.  Graduate education presents an intellectually and culturally rich encounter with the discipline.  Study and inquiry are conducted in a context sensitive to ethnic and cultural diversity. 

Characteristics of Strong Graduate Programs

I.         Clear Definition of Purpose

• Only graduate degrees essential to the department’s mission and important to the larger mission of the university are offered by the department.
• The department has determined and clearly stated the aims for the future of its graduate program(s).   It has a plan for constant improvement and is pursuing it vigorously.
• The department has determined and clearly stated the focus and purpose of its graduate program(s).   It does not necessarily attempt to offer degrees or emphases in all areas of its discipline.   Students admitted pursue coursework, research, and degrees only in areas in which faculty are producing and publishing scholarly work and are well qualified to teach and direct research.
• The department regularly evaluates its graduate programs, faculty, facilities, and library holdings, identifying weak areas that need strengthening and determining if any programs or emphases should be dropped or added.
• The department does not see a graduate degree as simply an accumulation of credits.   Faculty members understand that graduate work at a university is inherently involved in the discovery of new knowledge, and they seek to understand and propound the theoretical principles that lie behind what can be observed and tested.  
• Graduate education extends beyond the acquisition of practical skills and endeavors to encompass the practical within the theoretical.   The department makes a concerted effort to educate graduate students to extend their understanding using both tools and theory.

II.        Qualified Graduate Faculty

Effective mentoring

• The department and college apply appropriate criteria for identifying graduate faculty.   There are sufficient numbers of well-prepared, full-time graduate faculty members in the department’s areas of specialty to support strong graduate work in those areas.   All department faculty members support the graduate programs of the department.
• Department faculty members keep current in their fields and continually update course content and teaching methods to engage students and immerse them in the discipline.
• Faculty members strengthen students spiritually by integrating spirituality into formal teaching, by teaching the ethics of the discipline, and by exemplifying integrity and devotion.

Scholarly productivity

• Graduate faculty members are active scholars or artist-scholars who do significant research and regularly publish in national or international refereed journals and presses, or who present or perform their artistic work for wide and authoritative critical review.   Their books, articles, papers, and creative work make significant contributions to their disciplines.
• Faculty members are involved in scholarly and creative activities in their discipline, participate in regional, national and international conferences, and work with colleagues at other universities and centers of learning.
• In disciplines where the norms of scholarship require external funding, faculty members actively seek funding to support their research programs and to enhance graduate student involvement in research or creative work.
• Faculty members use professional development leaves to extend their knowledge in their disciplines and to invigorate their research.

Dedication to service and citizenship

• Faculty members strive to assure that all activities support the mission of the university, build the Kingdom of God, and bless students, colleagues, and humanity.
• Faculty members contribute to the intellectual climate of the department and the university through service, including conscientious attention to committee assignments and collaboration in research, scholarship, or creative endeavors with colleagues and students.
• Faculty members contribute to the professional community through service such as conference organization and participation and editorship of journals and other forums.   Competing activities, such as paid consultation work, are kept to a minimum, and are engaged in only when such activities advance knowledge and skills in the discipline, strengthen research, and enhance the influence and respect of the university.

III.     High Academic Standards

Well-established admissions standards and practices

• The department has an active recruitment program to attract excellent students from undergraduate and graduate programs at other universities.   It does not rely solely on an applicant pool of its own undergraduates.  
• The department has clearly stated and effectively communicated admissions standards.   These standards are reviewed regularly and revised as needed.   The department sets high expectations and employs several criteria such as the undergraduate GPA, GRE scores, and professional experience in making admissions decisions.   It admits provisionally only if an applicant shows exceptional promise.
• The department admits students only when all or virtually all prerequisite requirements have been met.
• The department is consistent in applying its admission standards, and it is timely in making admissions decisions.   These decisions are made by a faculty admissions committee or by the faculty as a whole.   All graduate faculty members have some input in admissions decisions.
• The department attracts sufficient numbers of qualified applicants to offer fullfledged graduate programs with adequate course offerings and to provide a stimulating graduate culture for students.   Nevertheless, the department admits only as many students as it can effectively guide through a rigorous, carefully advised program.   It considers student-faculty ratios, especially in light of specialties that applicants wish to pursue.

Strong curriculum and rigorous course work

• The curriculum is well designed, relatively stable, and leads to strong preparation of students.   The department offers enough courses to support a full graduate program, and it lists no courses that are “on the books” but rarely taught.   The curriculum is appropriate for the preparation and specialties of the faculty and reflects leadership in the discipline.
• The classroom experience is qualitatively different from that in the undergraduate program.   The department does not double list courses by undergraduate and graduate numbers (such as 400 and 600) and avoids all practices that dilute the classroom experience for graduate students.   When advanced undergraduates register for 500-level courses, they do so with the understanding that the course is taught at a graduate level and that the expectations for them are the same as for graduate students.
• Credits earned through directed readings, independent or off-campus projects, or employment-related projects are kept to a minimum, and where such courses are approved by the department, they are as rigorous and demanding as regular courses.   In such courses, the teacher and student formulate an agreement of requirements and expectations and file that “contract” with the department office. The student receives credit only when the agreement has been fulfilled.
• Courses require extensive writing assignments of substance and consequence that train students to think critically.   Student papers adhere to high standards of composition, and they are carefully criticized and assessed, sometimes by both teacher and other students.
• All courses, even those considered to be applied courses, have a strong theoretical foundation based on current research.   They require investigation beyond classroom experiences and textbooks.   Where possible, they include demanding essay examinations.
• Every graduate course provides a course outline and syllabus in which the teacher’s expectations are clearly stated and the course description is comprehensive and clear.
• Graduate students have opportunities for learning outside the major department.
• The department enriches its graduate curriculum with presentations by visiting lecturers, with colloquia, and with other opportunities for learning outside the regular curriculum.
• Course grades accurately reflect student achievement and are not inflated.

Excellence in dissertations, theses, and projects

• The department offers a strong course in research methodology specific to the discipline.
• The department requires a culminating writing experience of its graduate students, regardless of whether the student is in a traditional or an applied program.   The final paper is usually a research-based dissertation or thesis, but may be a project or report in a master’s program.   All doctoral students prepare formal dissertations.
• Dissertations and theses are on topics of real consequence, and their content makes substantial contributions to some aspect of the discipline.   The contributions of projects are held to standards comparable to those of   dissertations and theses. By their excellence and uniqueness, these research and writing experiences impressively demonstrate the achievements, knowledge, and skills of the students at the time the graduate degree is completed.
• The prospectus is treated as a critical aspect of the student’s research.   It is prepared before intensive research begins and is subjected to broad department review.
• The research design, the preparation of the prospectus, the research itself, and the preparation of the dissertation, thesis, or project are carefully directed by the student’s advisory committee.   Problems in research design or methodology are discovered and corrected at the prospectus stage.
• The dissertation, thesis, or project engages a topic that the faculty adviser is well prepared to direct.
• The dissertation, thesis, or project is well written and   leads to a publishable piece of work.   Students are encouraged to publish their work and are assisted in the effort to find a publisher.   Where appropriate, faculty members and students publish collaboratively.

Well-developed procedures for preparing and conducting comprehensive and oral examinations

• Department comprehensive and oral examinations are demanding and fair.   They require currency in the field, thorough analysis of the questions or problems posed, and synthesis of knowledge in the discipline, all at a level appropriate for the degree to be awarded.   They also require grace and skill in expression.
• The examination questions are carefully conceived and well-written.    Test questions demand a grasp of essentials and the ability to analyze and synthesize.
• The department provides published and well-publicized criteria as to what constitutes acceptable performance on department oral and comprehensive examinations.   The purpose, format, range of content, and nature of examinations are described, and sample questions from past examinations are available for study.
• The department applies consistent and rigorous standards in the evaluation of examinations.   There is a mechanism for providing feedback and a clear policy on the retaking of failed comprehensive examinations.

IV.     Well-defined, Clearly Articulated, and Helpful Procedures

Broadly based college and department governance

• Graduate faculty members participate in all departmental decisions that affect the department’s academic programs, the quality of the degrees offered, and the professional lives of the faculty.
• All faculty members of appropriate status and rank have input in hiring, continuing status, and advancement in rank decisions in the department.   The department conducts a national search for new faculty members and makes hiring, continuing status, and promotion decisions according to a set of established, well-publicized criteria and procedures which are at least as rigorous as university guidelines and expectations.
• New faculty members are mentored in their preparation for continuing status review or advancement in rank nomination.
• Through peer-elected representatives, graduate students have a voice in departmental decisions that affect graduate programs.
• The goals of graduate programs are not based solely on expectations of external accrediting agencies.   Rather, they exceed the quality required by such agencies and thus maintain independence.
• Department programs are created, defined, and influenced by genuine, significant developments within the discipline consistent with available resources rather than by perceived market demands and short-lived trends.
• The department has a written assessment plan and uses it routinely to improve graduate programs.

Effective advisement of students

• Faculty members are conscientious in their advisement of students.   They keep regularly scheduled office hours and have frequent scholarly interaction with students.   They return thesis drafts and other materials promptly so that students experience no unnecessary delays in completion of their programs.
• The department recognizes that a student’s first responsibility is to his or her own academic program.   Care is taken to ensure that other duties, such as teaching undergraduate courses, enhance the graduate education experience and do not impede student’s progress toward a degree.   The number of courses a graduate student teaches is strictly limited.
• The department has a published set (a student handbook) of current policies, requirements, expectations, and procedures that describes with clarity and in detail what graduate students need to know to enter a program and successfully complete a degree in the department.
• University and department deadlines are well publicized.
• The department has formal orientation procedures or seminars to acquaint new students with the expectations and requirements of graduate study in the department and the university.
• Each student is well informed from the beginning, having been assigned a sponsor who assists in the selection of a permanent adviser.   That selection is made by the end of the first semester.
• The department conducts at least annual evaluations, at clearly designated times, of each student’s progress and informs the student of his or her status.   If marginal or unsatisfactory progress is noted, the department   informs the student of action required   to demonstrate satisfactory progress.
• The department has determined an optimum time length for program completion and moves its students through on schedule.
• A high percentage of the students on the department’s rolls are actually on campus pursuing degrees at any given time.
• The department graduates a high percentage of the students it admits.
• The department provides published information about financial aid opportunities for students in its programs.
• Students who have teaching assignments are well trained to perform those assignments ably.
• The department assists graduate students in finding employment or advanced educational opportunities suitable to their preparation and experience after they leave the department.

  Appropriate faculty assignments

• Faculty members who are teaching and advising in the graduate program are given ample opportunity for scholarly work and professional development.
• The department sets reasonable limits on the number of graduate advisees assigned to any one faculty member.  
• Faculty assignments in the graduate program are not performed on an “overload” basis.
• Faculty members who are teaching and advising in the graduate program are teaching neither in night school nor in off-campus programs on an “overload” basis.

Responsible class scheduling

• The department publishes and distributes to graduate students a multi-year schedule of course offerings, enabling students to plan their study.
• Graduate course offerings are sequenced appropriately and offered with sufficient frequency to prevent delays in degree completion.

V.         Adequate Resources

• The department regularly assesses its resources and makes realistic decisions about its graduate program(s) in light of these resources.
• The department provides research support—in the form of equipment, laboratories or studios, staff assistance, and funds (where possible)—for the   research programs of faculty members who teach and advise graduate students.
• The department works closely and continuously with the library to ensure that the collection supports the research and teaching needs of the department.   The department is aware of particularly valuable library resources in its discipline and informs graduate students of those resources.
• The department and its faculty members actively and persistently seek outside funding to support research and graduate students.   Department graduate students receive adequate financial support and early notification of that support.
• The department allows faculty members sufficient time to do superior work in both teaching and research, and to advise and mentor graduate students in a thorough manner.
• Graduate students have adequate space and opportunity for informal discussion and interaction, and those who teach undergraduates have adequate facilities for advising and helping their students with class assignments.   Graduate students also have access to facilities and equipment needed in their graduate research.
• The department encourages faculty members to consult, collaborate, and share resources (courses, computer labs, etc.) with colleagues who have common curricular interests in other departments and colleges.

Calculate for all schools

Your chance of acceptance, your chancing factors, extracurriculars, what's the difference between undergraduate and graduate-level degrees.

Hi everyone! I've seen people mentioning undergraduate and graduate level degrees, and I'm not sure about what separates the two. Can someone please explain the differences and what each entails? Also, what are some common graduate degree programs?

Hi there! Undergraduate and graduate-level degrees differ in terms of their academic focus, structure, and the stage of education at which they are pursued.

Undergraduate degrees, also referred to as bachelor's degrees, are typically the first level of higher education one pursues after completing high school. These degrees usually require four years of study and involve taking courses in general education as well as in a specific major. Majors can be in a variety of fields like economics, biology, psychology, history, or engineering, among others. Undergraduate education aims to provide you with broad knowledge in your chosen field and to serve as the foundation for your career or for further studies.

Graduate-level degrees, on the other hand, are pursued after completing an undergraduate degree. They are advanced academic programs that offer specialized knowledge in a specific field. Graduate degrees are usually divided into two categories: master's degrees and doctoral degrees.

Master's degrees can take between one and three years to complete, depending on the program and your enrollment status (full-time or part-time). They involve coursework, research, and occasionally internships or practicum experiences. Some common master's degree programs include Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Science (MS), Master of Arts (MA), and Master of Fine Arts (MFA).

Doctoral degrees, such as Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) or professional doctorates like Doctor of Medicine (MD) or Juris Doctor (JD), typically require several years of study beyond the master's level. Ph.D. programs usually involve a combination of coursework, research, teaching, and the completion of a dissertation, which is an extensive research project on a specialized topic within your field. MD and JD programs are professional degrees that specifically focus on medical and legal practice, respectively.

In summary, undergraduate degrees are the first level of higher education pursued after high school, whereas graduate-level degrees are advanced academic programs that offer specialized knowledge in a field. Graduate degrees can be further classified into master's programs, which are generally shorter and more focused on coursework, and doctoral programs, which require substantial research and the completion of a dissertation or involve professional practice.

About CollegeVine’s Expert FAQ

CollegeVine’s Q&A seeks to offer informed perspectives on commonly asked admissions questions. Every answer is refined and validated by our team of admissions experts to ensure it resonates with trusted knowledge in the field.

• Skip to main content
• All Articles
• Study abroad info Articles
• Study abroad info Applying to university

• Choosing where to study
• Choosing a subject
• Financing your studies
• Getting your visa
• Before you leave
• Housing & accommodation
• Once you arrive
• Post-study life

What is graduate education?

If you’ve been thinking about studying for a postgraduate qualification you would have come across references to graduate education. We explore what it is and what your options are.

If you’ve been exploring studying abroad in the USA or Canada, you may have noticed that some terms are different to other destinations. One of the more common terms you’ll come across is graduate education. The higher education system structure is slightly different in these two destinations when it comes to study levels. We explain what graduate education is, how it applies to international students, and what types of degrees fall into this category.

What does graduate education mean?

The best way to think of graduate education is as postgraduate study. Graduate education refers to the level of study you pursue after you have completed an undergraduate degree. This can be both a master’s degree or further  professional degree  qualification.

If you undertake graduate education, it’s aimed at developing the knowledge and skills you gained during your undergraduate degree. Some graduate degrees will focus on developing industry and professional  career skills . Others may emphasise the need for independent research, critical thinking, and advanced research.

Entry into a graduate course can depend on the subject/s you studied at the undergraduate level. Remember that for some careers and work you must have a graduate qualification. Such qualifications are also important for accreditation with  professional associations .

Find out more about some of the  top institutions for postgraduate studies in the USA .

What is a graduate school?

A graduate school is an institution or department within a university that concentrates solely on the teaching and awarding of postgraduate degrees. In the USA and Canada, you may see these named as a ‘graduate college’ or a ‘graduate school of…’ in other destinations around the world. You may be familiar with some of the famous graduate schools that are part of the  Ivy League . The most common qualifications offered by graduate schools are master’s and PhD degrees.

Not all graduate schools are the same and can roughly be divided into two categories, namely professional and  academic . Professional graduate schools focus on applied and practical teaching with a definite career in mind. Often  work placement  or  internship  will be part of the curriculum. Academic graduate schools have more of a leaning towards research and less on vocational training. The type of graduate school you attend will be closely related to the subject you choose to study.

Explore more about the most  popular postgraduate degrees  for international students.

How do you qualify for graduate education?

To be accepted to a graduate school, you will need to fulfil several key criteria. Firstly, you will need an undergraduate or  honour’s degree . This should be in the same or related field to the subject you intend to study. You will have to have achieved quite well academically at the undergraduate level. Most graduate schools look for a minimum of a 2:1 degree. This is equivalent to an average above 65 per cent or a GPA of 3.0 or more.

You may need to demonstrate your English language proficiency with an  IELTS test  score. Most graduate schools want an  IELTS score  above 6.5, with no band score lower than 6.0. This may vary depending on your potential course, and it’s important to check with the university. You do have the option of taking a  pre-sessional English  course or a  pathway programme . This will develop your academic and  English language skills .

Discover more about how to  prepare for the IELTS test .

What types of subjects are offered in graduate education?

As we’ve mentioned, you do have quite a lot of options when pursuing a graduate degree. A lot does depend on whether you are pursuing a professional or academic qualification as to what you might study. Some of the more popular graduate degrees include:

• Engineering
• Computer science
• Information technology

It’s always a good idea to think about what  career you’re aiming for  when choosing a graduate degree. Spend some time  considering your personality  as well and what may suit you.  

Now that you are up to speed on graduate education, it could be time for some additional study abroad research. Find out  how to compare universities , the  difference between a college and university , and how to  find a student lifestyle  that may suit you.

IELTS vs. TOEFL: Which should you take?

All international students who want to study in an English-speaking country must show they have the required level of English. There are a few English language exams that are accepted by universities all over the world. We’re going to focus on two of these: IELTS and TOEFL.   Before we continue, let’s look at what these names mean. IELTS is the International English Language Testing System. TOEFL is the Test of English as a Foreign Language.

Top 20 FAQs about the IELTS exam

What is the IELTS exam? The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is an English language exam which is recognised worldwide by more than 11,000 universities, employers and immigration government bodies. The IELTS test explained   What are the benefits of the IELTS test? As mentioned above, the IELTS exam is recognised all over the world and is used for university education and immigration purposes. It’s

Applying to university: Essential documents you need

You’ll learn as an international student, that nothing can be done unless you can successfully prove who you are. In countries where immigration policy and security are of utmost importance, this can be easier said than done, with long procedures involving lots of paperwork and waiting.   Originals vs. Copies However, you can make things a lot easier for yourself if you keep to hand a file containing the following important documentation. This

Understanding English language test scores

If you’ve been researching and investigating studying abroad you’ll know by now that being able to demonstrate your English language proficiency is an essential part of the application process if you intend to study at an English medium university. Universities require you to submit scores from approved English language tests to show that you can meet the criteria needed for academic study.   One thing that can prove tricky is understanding how the

Get in touch

Campus Network Outage: We are experiencing a network outage that affects access to MyDCE. Students can still access their courses at Canvas.Harvard.edu . The University is working to restore service as quickly as possible.

Graduate Certificate vs. Master’s Degree: What’s the Difference?

Learn the similarities and differences between these two postgraduate academic credentials.

Mary Sharp Emerson

Adding a postgraduate credential like a master’s degree or a graduate certificate to your resume can be a great way to advance your career. It might even be a stepping stone on the pathway to an exciting career change. 

Knowing which credential to choose, however, can be challenging.

A master’s degree and a graduate certificate can both be valuable. They have many similarities. But they are not interchangeable. 

Understanding the differences between them before you go back to school can help ensure that you choose the right one.

What is a Master’s Degree?

A master’s degree is an academic postgraduate credential designed to help you build broad, foundational expertise in a specific field or discipline. Completing a master’s usually (although not always) requires several years of coursework and a thesis or capstone project.

Master’s degrees are offered by a university or other accredited academic institution. To earn your master’s degree, you’ll have to successfully complete a set number of credit hours. 

Most master’s degree programs require 10-12 courses. To earn many of the master’s degrees at Harvard Extension School, for example, you’ll have to earn a B or higher in 12 courses (48 credits). However, each master’s degree program will define its requirements slightly differently. 

Depending on the specific program, you will likely have to complete several required courses. You’ll also have the option to tailor your program by choosing electives in areas of special interest to you.

You may also be required to complete a research or capstone project or a thesis. This project will allow you to customize your program even more, as well as further demonstrate expertise in a specialized area. 

Some master’s degree programs require a full-time, on-campus commitment. Many master’s degree programs today, however, can be completed part time (often partially or fully online). Although this takes longer than attending full time, you can continue to work while earning your degree.

Here are a few things to consider when choosing a master’s degree program .

Explore master’s degree programs at Harvard Extension School.

What is a Graduate Certificate?

Similar to a master’s degree, a graduate certificate is a credit-based academic credential offered by a university. However, a graduate certificate is more narrowly focused on a specialized field than a master’s degree.

Graduate certificates are a significantly smaller investment in time and money than a master’s. They usually require completion of between three and five graduate-level courses. Most graduate certificates at Harvard Extension require four courses, for example.

You can earn a graduate certificate as a stand-alone credential. Although a graduate certificate is not an academic degree, you may be able to stack your certificate coursework toward a master’s degree.

You can find graduate certificates in a wide range of fields. Technical certificate topics include cybersecurity and data science , for instance. 

If you’re in management, you may want to supplement your corporate knowledge with a certificate in nonprofit or strategic management . Or you may want to improve your leadership skills with a graduate certificate in social justice or equity, diversity, inclusion, and belonging . 

Most graduate certificates can be completed part time. Many offer a variety of class formats, including asynchronous or synchronous online courses and in-person courses. 

Explore Graduate Certificates at Harvard Extension School.

How is a graduate certificate different from a professional certification?

A graduate certificate is not the same as a professional or industry certification.

A professional certification is a nonacademic credential awarded by a professional or industry organization. Earning a professional certification usually requires passing a test or exam demonstrating knowledge of a set of skills or a specific tool. You may need to take a class or complete coursework to pass the exam. 

For example, to earn a Project Management Graduate Certificate at Harvard Extension School, you have to earn at least a B in four graduate-level courses in management, leadership, and strategy. To earn a Project Management Professional Certification , offered by the PMI Institute, you have to meet the PMI Institute qualification requirements and pass the PMP exam. 

Graduate Certificate vs. Master’s: What Are the Key Differences?

Understanding the key differences between a graduate certificate and a master’s degree is the first step in choosing between these two credentials. 

Here are some points of comparison that may help guide your decision-making process:

• Required number of courses: Graduate certificates usually require significantly fewer courses than a master’s degree. At Harvard Extension School, for instance, most graduate certificates require four courses. Most master’s programs require 10 to 12 courses. 
• Degree of specialization : A master’s degree is designed to give you broad and deep knowledge in a field. A graduate certificate is more narrowly focused; you can build specialized skills in an area. For example, you could earn a master’s degree in sustainability and a graduate certificate in sustainable food systems. 
• Level of commitment : Graduate certificates are designed with the working professional in mind. Most certificates can be completed online, with flexible live or on-demand class offerings. Master’s degree programs vary significantly in their flexibility and the extent to which they tailor to working professionals. Some master’s degrees, for example, may be fully in person or may require that a percentage of your classes be taken on campus.
• Cost and financial aid : Graduate certificates cost less to complete than master’s degree programs because you are required to complete fewer credits. However, once you are enrolled in a master’s degree program, you may be eligible for federal and state student loans and grants. Students working toward a certificate are not eligible for student loans, although private loans and employer tuition assistance may still be an option. 
• Admissions process : Starting a certificate may have fewer admissions requirements than enrolling in a master’s degree program. You may be able to complete a certificate simply by taking (and passing) the appropriate classes. The admissions process for a master’s degree program varies greatly. Some master’s degree programs, for example, require a formal application process. To begin the admissions process at Harvard Extension School, on the other hand, you first successfully complete a set number of courses in the master’s degree course of study. 

Graduate Certificate vs. Master’s: Which is Best for Me?

When it comes to choosing a graduate certificate or master’s degree, there’s no right or wrong choice. 

Both credentials—when earned from a reputable, accredited university—demonstrate advanced skills and knowledge in your field. And they also demonstrate your ability and commitment to lifelong learning, a trait highly valued by many employers.

Your choice will depend on the skills you hope to gain, your unique career goals, and the level of commitment—both in time and in money—you can make to a graduate program.

Benefits of a Graduate Certificate

A graduate certificate may be most valuable for individuals who want to fill a gap in your skillset or deepen your understanding of a topic area that relates to your work. A graduate certificate might also be best for you if you find yourself unable to commit to the time or cost that it would take to complete a master’s program. Graduate certificates are a great option for students seeking to continue their education while working full time.

Benefits of a Master’s Degree

A master’s degree demonstrates a broader, more advanced breadth of knowledge across a particular field. The knowledge and skills you gain from a master’s program may be transferable across multiple career paths. While it may take longer and cost more to earn your master’s degree, the long-term benefits should make the hard work and commitment worth it.

Stacking Your Credentials

In some cases, you may find you don’t have to choose. At Harvard Extension School, for instance, the courses you take to earn a certificate may also apply to a master’s degree program. Many graduate students complete one or more graduate certificates while completing a master’s degree.

Going back to school is a big decision — one that can have a critical impact on your career. The good news is that there are many options and opportunities for continuing your education. Whether you choose a graduate certificate or a master’s, both can be an excellent investment in your future.

Ready to get started? Find the program that’s right for you.

Browse all graduate programs at Harvard Extension School.

About the Author

Digital Content Producer

Emerson is a Digital Content Producer at Harvard DCE. She is a graduate of Brandeis University and Yale University and started her career as an international affairs analyst. She is an avid triathlete and has completed three Ironman triathlons, as well as the Boston Marathon.

Corporate Finance Career Path: How to Keep Your Growth on Track

Interested in a career in corporate finance? Here’s what you need to know to get started.

Harvard Division of Continuing Education

The Division of Continuing Education (DCE) at Harvard University is dedicated to bringing rigorous academics and innovative teaching capabilities to those seeking to improve their lives through education. We make Harvard education accessible to lifelong learners from high school to retirement.

Reference.com

What's Your Question?

• History & Geography
• Science & Technology
• Business & Finance
• Pets & Animals

What Is Graduate Level Education?

Graduate level education is the process of learning specialized knowledge about a field or discipline. When graduate level education is completed, a master’s or doctorate degree is awarded. All graduate programs require students to have at least one prior degree. Most graduate programs require a bachelor’s degree, but there are some programs that accept students with an associate degree.

Most graduate programs have several admission requirements. For example, many state and Ivy League colleges require students to take the GRE, or Graduate Record Examination. This is a standardized test that evaluates reading comprehension, writing ability, math skills and analytical skills.

Colleges with competitive admission also evaluate a candidate’s grade point average and the type of degree the candidate has earned. Nearly all graduate programs are designed to teach students specialized knowledge about a specific discipline. Consequently, students who have already completed coursework that aligns with the discipline of a graduate program typically have better odds of being accepted.

Other common graduate school admission requirements include a statement of intent and letter of recommendation. A statement of intent requires students to outline their career goals and academic interests. Letters of recommendation are usually written by faculty members and explain why the student is a good candidate for a graduate program.

MORE FROM REFERENCE.COM

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS A lock ( ) or https:// means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

•   Facebook
•   Twitter
•   Linkedin
•   Digg
•   Reddit
•   Pinterest
•   Email

Latest Earthquakes |    Chat Share Social Media  

Combining Graduate Education and Experience For GS-06—GS-11

Definitions:.

EXPERIENCE:  One year of work experience is twelve months working full-time (at least 35-40 hours per week). Part-time experience can be pro-rated (i.e., a year at 20 hours per week is credited as 6 months of experience). If your position consisted of mixed duties, experience credit is given for the percentage of time that you spent on qualifying duties (i.e., if you held a position for 2 years, full-time, consisting of 25% personnel work and 75% budget work, and then applied for a budget position you could calculate your experience as follows:. 2 yrs = 24 months. 24 months x 75% [percentage of time spent on budget duties] = 18 months of qualifying experience.)

GRADUATE EDUCATION:  In the absence of specific graduate program information, a year of graduate education is 18 semester hours or 27 quarter hours of graduate level college course work, or the number of credit hours the school attended has determined to represent 1 year of full time study. This education must have been obtained in an accredited college or university.

Step 1—Creditable Education

The following formula should be used to determine how much graduate study you have completed, based on the number of graduate credit hours you have earned:

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• Your Graduate School: 9 semester hours = 1/2 year
• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses
• Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%

Step 2—Qualifying Specialized Experience

Determine your qualifying specialized experience as a percentage of the specialized experience required for this position.

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF MONTHS OF PERTINENT EXPERIENCE DIVIDED BY 12.

• If you have 6 months of the right kind of experience, 6 divided by 12 = .50 (50%)
• If you have 5 months of the right kind of experience, 5 divided by 12 = .416 (42%)

Step 3—Combining Graduate Education and Specialized Experience

Now, take your percentage of graduate education and your percentage of specialized experience and add them together. In order to meet the requirements through a combination of education and experience, the total of the two percentages must be at least 100% or you do not qualify.

EXAMPLE # 1:

• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses  (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Pertinent experience totaled 6 months. (Formula: 6 divided by 12 = .50 or 50%)
• TOTAL: 44% + 50% = 94%  (LESS THAN 100% = NOT QUALIFIED)

EXAMPLE #2:

• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses  (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78%)
• Pertinent experience totaled 5 months. (Formula: 5 divided by 12 = .416 or 42%)
• TOTAL: 78% + 42% = 120%  (100% OR MORE = QUALIFIED)

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS  BEYOND YOUR FIRST 1/2 YEAR  OF PROGRESSIVE GRADUATE STUDY DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 9 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study.
• If you have 2 months of the right kind of experience, 2 divided by 12 = .166 (17%)
• If you have 9 months of the right kind of experience, 9 divided by 12 = .75 (75%)
• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 9 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Pertinent experience totaled 2 months. (Formula: 2 divided by 12 = .166 or 17%)
• TOTAL: 17% + 44% = 61%  (LESS THAN 100% = NOT QUALIFIED)
• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 9 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78 %)
• Pertinent experience totaled 9 months. (Formula: 9 divided by 12 = .75 or 75%)
• TOTAL: 78% + 75% = 153%  (100% OR MORE = QUALIFIED)

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS  BEYOND YOUR FIRST YEAR  OF PROGRESSIVE GRADUATE STUDY DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 18 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study.
• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 18 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 18 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78 %)

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS  BEYOND YOUR FIRST 1 1/2  YEARS OF PROGRESSIVE GRADUATE STUDY DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 27 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study.
• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 27 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 27 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78 %)
• TOTAL: 78% + 75% = 153%  (100% OR MORE = QUALIFIED)

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS  BEYOND YOUR FIRST 2 YEARS  OF PROGRESSIVE GRADUATE STUDY DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 36 hrs. of progressive graduate study.
• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 36 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 36 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78 %)

EXPERIENCE:  One year of work experience is twelve months working full-time (at least 35-40 hours per week). Part-time experience can be pro-rated (i.e., a year at 20 hours per week is credited as 6 months of experience). If your position consisted of mixed duties, experience credit is given for the percentage of time that you spent on qualifying duties (i.e., if you held a position for 2 years, full-time, consisting of 25% personnel work and 75% budget work, and then applied for a budget position you could calculate your experience as follows:. 2 yrs = 24 months. 24 months x 75% [percentage of time spent on budget duties] = 18 months of qualifying experience.)

FORMULA: YOUR NUMBER OF SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED GRADUATE CREDIT HOURS BEYOND YOUR FIRST 2 1/2 YEARS OF PROGRESSIVE GRADUATE STUDY DIVIDED BY THE NUMBER OF SEMESTER HOURS OR QUARTER HOURS REQUIRED FOR 1/2 YEAR OF FULL TIME GRADUATE STUDY (OR 9 SEMESTER HOURS OR 13.5 QUARTER HOURS, IF SUCH INFORMATION CANNOT BE OBTAINED)

• You have 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 45 hrs. of progressive graduate study.
• Graduate education totaled 4 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 45 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 4 divided by 9 = .444 or 44%)
• Graduate education totaled 7 semester hours of directly related graduate level courses beyond your first 45 semester hrs. of progressive graduate study. (Formula: 7 divided by 9 = .777 or 78 %)

< Return to Qualifications List

• Public Lectures
• Faculty & Staff Site >>

Finding Your Path

Maybe you’ve got a specific program in mind, or perhaps you are just interested in what is available at the UW and how to go about finding a program, applying, and paying for school.

Know that the Graduate School accepts applications from U.S. citizens, permanent residents (green card holders), immigrants and  international applicants .  Undocumented individuals  are eligible for admission to any graduate program at the University of Washington. Graduate School admission requirements and application procedures are the same for all applicants regardless of citizenship and visa status.

Our Commitment to Equity & Justice

Is Graduate School Right for You?

Going through the process of earning a graduate degree is expensive, time consuming, and asks a lot of you and the people around you. But it can also be a rewarding and enlightening part of moving to the next step in your life.

When considering whether to apply, ask yourself some questions: Why do I want to go to graduate school? What is my end goal? Is graduate school necessary to meet that goal? If so, what is the right program for me? Does UW have a program that fits my needs?

If you’ve decided to continue to the next step, you’ll want to find a good program…

Find a Program

Use our Search Tool

The Application Process

How to apply, after you apply, after you are accepted, paying for school.

Visit our Funding Information Section

How to Improve Education at Scale

• Posted June 26, 2024
• By Elizabeth M. Ross
• K-12 School Leadership
• K-12 System Leadership
• Organizational Change

The heavy use of data for accountability in K–12 schools, particularly excessive high-stakes tests , has left many educators wary and even sometimes fearful about how a laser focus on numbers can impact their work in negative ways. Data has often been used not to improve teaching and learning but to judge and compare students and teachers in high-pressure environments, according to Kathy Boudett , a senior lecturer at the Harvard Graduate School of Education. As the director of the Data Wise Project , Boudett and colleagues have long helped educators around the world use the Data Wise improvement process with the goal of better understanding and using data to create equitable schools where all students can thrive. Now, a new book, co-authored by Adam Parrott-Sheffer, Carmen Williams, and David Rease Jr., and Boudett and published by Harvard Education Press, expands the effort, with guidance and tools for leaders who support schools at the system level. System Wise: Continuous Instructional Improvement at Scale , includes a newly updated Data Wise framework which can be used by educators at the school and system level.

Boudett recently shared tips for making improvements across a school system:

• Take a humble approach.   Leaders who are “system wise” acknowledge the problems that exist in their school districts and the need to get better, and they also recognize that teachers are closest to the learners that everyone is trying to serve well and give those teachers the necessary space to use their expertise, explains Boudett. This work is not about leaders at the system level sharing their wisdom and expecting others to follow, she says.
• “Cultivate the soil” by creating the space and conditions for all teams to be successful.    School-based staff need to know that their efforts are not part of a compliance exercise and that district leaders trust them. They need resources and protected time carved out of their schedules to gather evidence with others in their school and access to experts who can assist them with analyzing data and developing strategies for improving practice. If a team is trying to boost its students’ writing skills, for example, it might be important for teachers to have access to a literacy coach for strategies, explains Boudett. Educators can examine existing data, such as student writing scores, but they will also need time to collect more nuanced evidence  from their students as part of their inquiry work.
• A: A shared commitment to action , assessment , and adjustment allows educators to do experiential learning, to learn from their mistakes, and to remain goal oriented even during times of challenge or crisis. (Leaders are encouraged to expect and plan for the unexpected.)
• C: Intentional collaboration focuses on relationship building, shared leadership, and doing work with others, as well as bringing all voices to the table, including those at the margins.
• E: Relentless focus on evidence means leaders set aside their initial gut reactions, biases, and opinions, and consider many types of data with a view to making evidence-based inquiry work a part of everyday culture, system wide. 
• Be the change you hope to see.   Leaders should bring a vision of coherence and symmetry to learning experiences, as well as model the change they wish to see in their schools. Boudett and co-authors compare the symmetrical work of scaling up improvement at a system-wise organization to a fern whose leaves have repeated patterns throughout the plant. For instance, just as school-based staff focus on analyzing their own practice for clues about why student data looks the way it does, then central office staff such as principal supervisors might look at what they are doing – or not doing – that may be leading to the performance of principals, explains Boudett. Places where everybody is in charge of somebody else’s learning can create “some really nice symmetry,” she says. “As a teacher, I’m both a person that is facilitating learning and I’m the one whose learning is being facilitated,” through professional development, for example.
• Be aware of initiative fatigue and pay attention to dimensions of scale.   A “system wise” approach requires leaders to manage a significant change process and cultural shift in schools, and there may be resistance to a process that can be messy, challenging, and hard work, says Boudett. Educators may also have fatigue about new initiatives and approaches because of challenges related to scale , where success in the past has been measured solely by quantity versus other dimensions such as: depth, sustainability, spread, shift, and evolution. System-level leaders need to understand these different dimensions of scale and be intentional about how and when to use each one.
• Practice radical inclusivity.   Leaders who are “system wise” understand the power of hearing lots of different perspectives about a problem, including voices across all levels of the system and community. By listening to people who are looking at problems from different angles, including those who may have been historically unheard or marginalized, leaders can develop a better sense of both how and why things are the way they are in schools and how they need to change.

There is a lot of vulnerability in “data wise” and “system wise” work. It’s “like stepping onto ice,” explains Boudett. “We ask people at every level to be willing to look at evidence about their learners that might break their heart, to look at their own practice and realize that actually, the things that I've been doing that I thought were serving students may be actively harming somebody. And then to tell others about that. That’s why building the culture is so important. Educators need to know that if they step onto that ice, it will hold. And the whole community will benefit from their courage.”

Additional resources

• Data Wise Framework
• System Wise: Continuous Instructional Improvement at Scale
• System Wise Leadership Institute

To Improve Learning For Each Learner, Turn a Mirror on Your System

• Data Wise Project Website
• The Impact of Data Wise
• HarvardX: Introduction to Data Wise

Usable Knowledge

Connecting education research to practice — with timely insights for educators, families, and communities

Related Articles

New book extends Data Wise model to the system level

Where Have All the Students Gone?

How to Sustain Black Educators

New book emphasizes need to advance beyond workforce diversity efforts focused purely on recruitment and retention 

• OPM Pay Localities
• Pay Calculator
• Connecticut
• District Of Columbia
• Massachusetts
• Mississippi
• New Hampshire
• North Carolina
• North Dakota
• Pennsylvania
• Rhode Island
• South Carolina
• South Dakota
• West Virginia
• How GS Pay is Calculated
• How are GS Raises Set
• History of GS Payscale
• More Articles
• GeneralSchedule.org

Federal General Schedule (GS) Education Requirements

General Schedule Grade is based on education, training, general work experience and specialized work experience. These educational requirements are laid out by the Office of Personnel Management (OPM). There are 5 main career groups with different educational requirements:

• Professional and Scientific Positions;
• Administrative and Management Positions;
• Technical and Medical Support Positions;
• Clerical and Administrative Support Positions; and
• Competitive Service Student Trainee Positions.

Each of these career groups have slightly different requirements. The table below shows the educational requirements for two of the most common career groups:

• Professional and Scientific Positions; and
• Clerical and Administrative Support Positions.

Important Notes

The Office of Personnel Management creates these standards, but intentionally leaves room for interpretation by individual agencies. Hiring agencies may make their own determination about what qualifies as "specialized" experience for a particular job.

These requirements are used to determine starting grade. Once you start a new job, you are immediately earning specialized work experience, which will continue increasing your grade. Equivalent combinations of education and experience are accepted for all grade levels and positions where both education and experience are acceptable.

Note: Some jobs also have other requirements such as typing speed, health, or age. These requirements are rare and only apply to certain jobs that require physical fitness.

Professional and Scientific Position Requirements

The table below shows the required work experience for Professional and Scientific Positions. Grades for these position range from GS-7 to GS-13+, based on qualifications. Jobs that fall into this category include: Engineering, Computer Science, Biology, Chemistry, and other technical positions.

Note: To qualify for a particular grade, you must meet the education requirements or the experience requirements — not both.

Clerical and Administrative Support Position Requirements

The table below shows the required work experience for Clerical and Administrative Support Positions. Grades for these position range from GS-1 to GS-6+, based on qualifications. Jobs that fall into this category include: Clerical positions, Stenographers, and Administrative Support.

Related Articles

• How are General Schedule Pay Rates Calculated?
• General Schedule Pay Scale: Past, Present and Future
• Who Decides General Schedule Pay Rates?
• How do General Schedule 'Steps' Work?
• When Does General Schedule Pay Increase?

Article Tags

• General Schedule

  GeneralSchedule.org Instant Feedback

We value your feedback! Do you have a comment or correction concerning this page? Let us know in a single click. We read every comment!