Example: Factorial design applied in optimisation technique.
To meet the ethical considerations, you need to ensure that.
Collect the data by using suitable data collection according to your experiment’s requirement, such as observations, case studies , surveys , interviews , questionnaires, etc. Analyse the obtained information.
Write the report of your research. Present, conclude, and explain the outcomes of your study .
What is the first step in conducting an experimental research.
The first step in conducting experimental research is to define your research question or hypothesis. Clearly outline the purpose and expectations of your experiment to guide the entire research process.
You can transcribe an interview by converting a conversation into a written format including question-answer recording sessions between two or more people.
A confounding variable can potentially affect both the suspected cause and the suspected effect. Here is all you need to know about accounting for confounding variables in research.
Textual analysis is the method of analysing and understanding the text. We need to look carefully at the text to identify the writer’s context and message.
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Unlike a descriptive study, an experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language defines an experiment as "A test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something previously untried."
This means that no matter who the participant is, he/she has an equal chance of getting into all of the groups or treatments in an experiment. This process helps to ensure that the groups or treatments are similar at the beginning of the study so that there is more confidence that the manipulation (group or treatment) "caused" the outcome. More information about random assignment may be found in section Random assignment.
Definition : An experiment is a study in which a treatment, procedure, or program is intentionally introduced and a result or outcome is observed.
Experimental studies — example 1.
A fitness instructor wants to test the effectiveness of a performance-enhancing herbal supplement on students in her exercise class. To create experimental groups that are similar at the beginning of the study, the students are assigned into two groups at random (they can not choose which group they are in). Students in both groups are given a pill to take every day, but they do not know whether the pill is a placebo (sugar pill) or the herbal supplement. The instructor gives Group A the herbal supplement and Group B receives the placebo (sugar pill). The students' fitness level is compared before and after six weeks of consuming the supplement or the sugar pill. No differences in performance ability were found between the two groups suggesting that the herbal supplement was not effective.
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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012
Hypothesis-driven experiments
Null and alternative hypotheses
The basic outlines of hypothesis-driven research were provided in Section 1.3.1, but when setting out to create an experiment to test a hypothesis, there is much more to consider.
Your experiment should have at least one control or independent variable , and at least one response or dependent variable. The independent variable is something you are sure will change during the course of experimental measurements. The dependent variable is what you will measure, although you may not be sure if it will change. Indeed the point of the experiment may be to determine if it does or does not change. In laboratory experiments it is common to call the independent variable a control variable because you decide upon its value and control it. For example, in an experiment concerning the effect of fertilizer doses on size of tomatoes, you control the concentration of fertilizer given to each plant. In observational research, the independent variable may be something you cannot control. For example, you might conduct a study of tomatoes grown outside and investigate whether they grow faster on hot days than on cool days. In this case, nature will bring you the hot and cold days; you cannot control when they will happen, but you can still study their effects. Experiments are usually better when the investigator controls the independent variable, but this is not always possible.
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Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc.
It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable.
The experimental method is a systematic and scientific approach to research in which the researcher manipulates one or more variables, and controls and measures any change in other variables.
Experimental Research is often used where:
(Reference: en.wikipedia.org)
The word experimental research has a range of definitions. In the strict sense, experimental research is what we call a true experiment .
This is an experiment where the researcher manipulates one variable, and control/randomizes the rest of the variables. It has a control group , the subjects have been randomly assigned between the groups, and the researcher only tests one effect at a time. It is also important to know what variable(s) you want to test and measure.
A very wide definition of experimental research, or a quasi experiment , is research where the scientist actively influences something to observe the consequences. Most experiments tend to fall in between the strict and the wide definition.
A rule of thumb is that physical sciences, such as physics, chemistry and geology tend to define experiments more narrowly than social sciences, such as sociology and psychology, which conduct experiments closer to the wider definition.
Experiments are conducted to be able to predict phenomenons. Typically, an experiment is constructed to be able to explain some kind of causation . Experimental research is important to society - it helps us to improve our everyday lives.
After deciding the topic of interest, the researcher tries to define the research problem . This helps the researcher to focus on a more narrow research area to be able to study it appropriately. Defining the research problem helps you to formulate a research hypothesis , which is tested against the null hypothesis .
The research problem is often operationalizationed , to define how to measure the research problem. The results will depend on the exact measurements that the researcher chooses and may be operationalized differently in another study to test the main conclusions of the study.
An ad hoc analysis is a hypothesis invented after testing is done, to try to explain why the contrary evidence. A poor ad hoc analysis may be seen as the researcher's inability to accept that his/her hypothesis is wrong, while a great ad hoc analysis may lead to more testing and possibly a significant discovery.
There are various aspects to remember when constructing an experiment. Planning ahead ensures that the experiment is carried out properly and that the results reflect the real world, in the best possible way.
Sampling groups correctly is especially important when we have more than one condition in the experiment. One sample group often serves as a control group , whilst others are tested under the experimental conditions.
Deciding the sample groups can be done in using many different sampling techniques. Population sampling may chosen by a number of methods, such as randomization , "quasi-randomization" and pairing.
Reducing sampling errors is vital for getting valid results from experiments. Researchers often adjust the sample size to minimize chances of random errors .
Here are some common sampling techniques :
The research design is chosen based on a range of factors. Important factors when choosing the design are feasibility, time, cost, ethics, measurement problems and what you would like to test. The design of the experiment is critical for the validity of the results.
It may be wise to first conduct a pilot-study or two before you do the real experiment. This ensures that the experiment measures what it should, and that everything is set up right.
Minor errors, which could potentially destroy the experiment, are often found during this process. With a pilot study, you can get information about errors and problems, and improve the design, before putting a lot of effort into the real experiment.
If the experiments involve humans, a common strategy is to first have a pilot study with someone involved in the research, but not too closely, and then arrange a pilot with a person who resembles the subject(s) . Those two different pilots are likely to give the researcher good information about any problems in the experiment.
An experiment is typically carried out by manipulating a variable, called the independent variable , affecting the experimental group. The effect that the researcher is interested in, the dependent variable(s) , is measured.
Identifying and controlling non-experimental factors which the researcher does not want to influence the effects, is crucial to drawing a valid conclusion. This is often done by controlling variables , if possible, or randomizing variables to minimize effects that can be traced back to third variables . Researchers only want to measure the effect of the independent variable(s) when conducting an experiment , allowing them to conclude that this was the reason for the effect.
In quantitative research , the amount of data measured can be enormous. Data not prepared to be analyzed is called "raw data". The raw data is often summarized as something called "output data", which typically consists of one line per subject (or item). A cell of the output data is, for example, an average of an effect in many trials for a subject. The output data is used for statistical analysis, e.g. significance tests, to see if there really is an effect.
The aim of an analysis is to draw a conclusion , together with other observations. The researcher might generalize the results to a wider phenomenon, if there is no indication of confounding variables "polluting" the results.
If the researcher suspects that the effect stems from a different variable than the independent variable, further investigation is needed to gauge the validity of the results. An experiment is often conducted because the scientist wants to know if the independent variable is having any effect upon the dependent variable. Variables correlating are not proof that there is causation .
Experiments are more often of quantitative nature than qualitative nature, although it happens.
This website contains many examples of experiments. Some are not true experiments , but involve some kind of manipulation to investigate a phenomenon. Others fulfill most or all criteria of true experiments.
Here are some examples of scientific experiments:
Oskar Blakstad (Jul 10, 2008). Experimental Research. Retrieved Sep 19, 2024 from Explorable.com: https://explorable.com/experimental-research
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Methodology
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design . When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make.
First, decide how you will collect data . Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question :
Second, decide how you will analyze the data .
Methods for collecting data, examples of data collection methods, methods for analyzing data, examples of data analysis methods, other interesting articles, frequently asked questions about research methods.
Data is the information that you collect for the purposes of answering your research question . The type of data you need depends on the aims of your research.
Your choice of qualitative or quantitative data collection depends on the type of knowledge you want to develop.
For questions about ideas, experiences and meanings, or to study something that can’t be described numerically, collect qualitative data .
If you want to develop a more mechanistic understanding of a topic, or your research involves hypothesis testing , collect quantitative data .
Qualitative | to broader populations. . | |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | . |
You can also take a mixed methods approach , where you use both qualitative and quantitative research methods.
Primary research is any original data that you collect yourself for the purposes of answering your research question (e.g. through surveys , observations and experiments ). Secondary research is data that has already been collected by other researchers (e.g. in a government census or previous scientific studies).
If you are exploring a novel research question, you’ll probably need to collect primary data . But if you want to synthesize existing knowledge, analyze historical trends, or identify patterns on a large scale, secondary data might be a better choice.
Primary | . | methods. |
---|---|---|
Secondary |
In descriptive research , you collect data about your study subject without intervening. The validity of your research will depend on your sampling method .
In experimental research , you systematically intervene in a process and measure the outcome. The validity of your research will depend on your experimental design .
To conduct an experiment, you need to be able to vary your independent variable , precisely measure your dependent variable, and control for confounding variables . If it’s practically and ethically possible, this method is the best choice for answering questions about cause and effect.
Descriptive | . . | |
---|---|---|
Experimental |
Research method | Primary or secondary? | Qualitative or quantitative? | When to use |
---|---|---|---|
Primary | Quantitative | To test cause-and-effect relationships. | |
Primary | Quantitative | To understand general characteristics of a population. | |
Interview/focus group | Primary | Qualitative | To gain more in-depth understanding of a topic. |
Observation | Primary | Either | To understand how something occurs in its natural setting. |
Secondary | Either | To situate your research in an existing body of work, or to evaluate trends within a research topic. | |
Either | Either | To gain an in-depth understanding of a specific group or context, or when you don’t have the resources for a large study. |
Your data analysis methods will depend on the type of data you collect and how you prepare it for analysis.
Data can often be analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. For example, survey responses could be analyzed qualitatively by studying the meanings of responses or quantitatively by studying the frequencies of responses.
Qualitative analysis is used to understand words, ideas, and experiences. You can use it to interpret data that was collected:
Qualitative analysis tends to be quite flexible and relies on the researcher’s judgement, so you have to reflect carefully on your choices and assumptions and be careful to avoid research bias .
Quantitative analysis uses numbers and statistics to understand frequencies, averages and correlations (in descriptive studies) or cause-and-effect relationships (in experiments).
You can use quantitative analysis to interpret data that was collected either:
Because the data is collected and analyzed in a statistically valid way, the results of quantitative analysis can be easily standardized and shared among researchers.
Research method | Qualitative or quantitative? | When to use |
---|---|---|
Quantitative | To analyze data collected in a statistically valid manner (e.g. from experiments, surveys, and observations). | |
Meta-analysis | Quantitative | To statistically analyze the results of a large collection of studies. Can only be applied to studies that collected data in a statistically valid manner. |
Qualitative | To analyze data collected from interviews, , or textual sources. To understand general themes in the data and how they are communicated. | |
Either | To analyze large volumes of textual or visual data collected from surveys, literature reviews, or other sources. Can be quantitative (i.e. frequencies of words) or qualitative (i.e. meanings of words). |
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If you want to know more about statistics , methodology , or research bias , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.
Research bias
Quantitative research deals with numbers and statistics, while qualitative research deals with words and meanings.
Quantitative methods allow you to systematically measure variables and test hypotheses . Qualitative methods allow you to explore concepts and experiences in more detail.
In mixed methods research , you use both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods to answer your research question .
A sample is a subset of individuals from a larger population . Sampling means selecting the group that you will actually collect data from in your research. For example, if you are researching the opinions of students in your university, you could survey a sample of 100 students.
In statistics, sampling allows you to test a hypothesis about the characteristics of a population.
The research methods you use depend on the type of data you need to answer your research question .
Methodology refers to the overarching strategy and rationale of your research project . It involves studying the methods used in your field and the theories or principles behind them, in order to develop an approach that matches your objectives.
Methods are the specific tools and procedures you use to collect and analyze data (for example, experiments, surveys , and statistical tests ).
In shorter scientific papers, where the aim is to report the findings of a specific study, you might simply describe what you did in a methods section .
In a longer or more complex research project, such as a thesis or dissertation , you will probably include a methodology section , where you explain your approach to answering the research questions and cite relevant sources to support your choice of methods.
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Experiments are part of the scientific method that helps to decide the fate of two or more competing hypotheses or explanations on a phenomenon. The term ‘experiment’ arises from Latin, Experiri, which means, ‘to try’. The knowledge accrues from experiments differs from other types of knowledge in that it is always shaped upon observation or experience. In other words, experiments generate empirical knowledge. In fact, the emphasis on experimentation in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries for establishing causal relationships for various phenomena happening in nature heralded the resurgence of modern science from its roots in ancient philosophy spearheaded by great Greek philosophers such as Aristotle.
The strongest arguments prove nothing so long as the conclusions are not verified by experience. Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation . Roger Bacon (1214–1294)
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Thomas, C.G. (2021). Experimental Research. In: Research Methodology and Scientific Writing . Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64865-7_5
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Table of contents. Step 1: Define your variables. Step 2: Write your hypothesis. Step 3: Design your experimental treatments. Step 4: Assign your subjects to treatment groups. Step 5: Measure your dependent variable. Other interesting articles. Frequently asked questions about experiments.
Pre-experimental research is of three types —. One-shot Case Study Research Design. One-group Pretest-posttest Research Design. Static-group Comparison. 2. True Experimental Research Design. A true experimental research design relies on statistical analysis to prove or disprove a researcher's hypothesis.
Experimental reports (also known as "lab reports") are reports of empirical research conducted by their authors. You should think of an experimental report as a "story" of your research in which you lead your readers through your experiment. As you are telling this story, you are crafting an argument about both the validity and reliability of ...
Experimental research serves as a fundamental scientific method aimed at unraveling cause-and-effect relationships between variables across various disciplines. This paper delineates the key ...
10 Experimental research. 10. Experimental research. Experimental research—often considered to be the 'gold standard' in research designs—is one of the most rigorous of all research designs. In this design, one or more independent variables are manipulated by the researcher (as treatments), subjects are randomly assigned to different ...
The classic experimental design definition is: "The methods used to collect data in experimental studies.". There are three primary types of experimental design: The way you classify research subjects based on conditions or groups determines the type of research design you should use. 01. Pre-Experimental Design.
The pre-experimental research design is further divided into three types. One-shot Case Study Research Design. In this type of experimental study, only one dependent group or variable is considered. The study is carried out after some treatment which was presumed to cause change, making it a posttest study.
Three types of experimental designs are commonly used: 1. Independent Measures. Independent measures design, also known as between-groups, is an experimental design where different participants are used in each condition of the independent variable. This means that each condition of the experiment includes a different group of participants.
Experimental design is a process of planning and conducting scientific experiments to investigate a hypothesis or research question. It involves carefully designing an experiment that can test the hypothesis, and controlling for other variables that may influence the results. Experimental design typically includes identifying the variables that ...
Explains what the topic of the research is and why the topic is worth studying; Contains a clear statement of the problem that the paper sets out to address ; Places the research paper within the context of previous research on the topic ; Explains the purpose of the research study and what you hope to find; Describes the significance of the study
As discussed above, experimental design research encapsulates a wide range of research designs, sharing fundamental design conventions (see Part I, Chap. 3). Table 1.1 gives an overview of the basic types of experimental study, which are further elaborated with respect to design research in Chap. 12.
Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation. Roger Bacon (1214-1294) Download chapter PDF. Experiments are part of the scientific method that helps to decide the fate of two or more competing hypotheses or explanations on a phenomenon. The term 'experiment' arises from Latin, Experiri, which means, 'to ...
First, in research reports, researchers give the name of a standard design instead of describing it. When reading reports, you will be able to understand the design of the experiment if you know the standard designs. Second, the standard designs illustrate common ways to combine design parts.
Collect the data by using suitable data collection according to your experiment's requirement, such as observations, case studies, surveys, interviews, questionnaires, etc. Analyse the obtained information. Step 8. Present and Conclude the Findings of the Study. Write the report of your research.
Experimental Studies — Example 2. A fitness instructor wants to test the effectiveness of a performance-enhancing herbal supplement on students in her exercise class. To create experimental groups that are similar at the beginning of the study, the students are assigned into two groups at random (they can not choose which group they are in).
Null and alternative hypotheses. The basic outlines of hypothesis-driven research were provided in Section 1.3.1, but when setting out to create an experiment to test a hypothesis, there is much more to consider. Your experiment should have at least one control or independent variable, and at least one response or dependent variable.
Step 1: establish your question and set variables. In the first stage, establish your research question, and use it to distinguish between dependent and independent variables. Independent vs. dependent variables. Follow these steps to apply experimental research design to your surveys to gain more insight and make them more actionable.
Experimental research is commonly used in sciences such as sociology and psychology, physics, chemistry, biology and medicine etc. It is a collection of research designs which use manipulation and controlled testing to understand causal processes. Generally, one or more variables are manipulated to determine their effect on a dependent variable ...
Types of Research Designs Compared | Guide & Examples. Published on June 20, 2019 by Shona McCombes.Revised on June 22, 2023. When you start planning a research project, developing research questions and creating a research design, you will have to make various decisions about the type of research you want to do.. There are many ways to categorize different types of research.
CHAPTER IIIRESEARCH METHODOLOGYChapter three presents the method. logy in conducting the research. This chapter provides four main parts of the investigation: research design, data collection technique, research procedu. technique.3. 1 Research DesignThe research employed quantitative method in the form of quasi experimental des.
Research methods are specific procedures for collecting and analyzing data. Developing your research methods is an integral part of your research design. When planning your methods, there are two key decisions you will make. First, decide how you will collect data. Your methods depend on what type of data you need to answer your research question:
The three main types of experimental research design are: 1. Pre-experimental research. A pre-experimental research study is an observational approach to performing an experiment. It's the most basic style of experimental research. Free experimental research can occur in one of these design structures: One-shot case study research design: In ...
The strongest arguments prove nothing so long as the conclusions are not verified by experience. Experimental science is the queen of sciences and the goal of all speculation. Roger Bacon (1214-1294) Experiments are part of the scientific method that helps to decide the fate of two or more competing hypotheses or explanations on a phenomenon.