nyu phd in english

English and American Literature (PhD)

Program description, dual degree.

The Department of English warmly welcomes qualified applicants who wish to pursue advanced study towards a graduate degree. We are a large department and value historical coverage of the field that has traditionally been the study of English and American literature: we also encourage innovative approaches to that study, and have an expansive sense of the topics it might cover.  We teach in all areas and currently have particular research clusters among our faculty and graduate students in Medieval and Renaissance, modernist, post-colonial, Latino/Latina, American and African American literatures.  We maintain close ties with the Department of Comparative Literature, with which we jointly organize a certificate in Poetics and Theory and an Advanced Certificate in Comparative Approaches to the Literatures of Africa, the Middle East, and the Global South (CALAMEGS), and with the Center for Medieval and Renaissance Studies, while we also participate in offering an Advanced Certificate in Digital Humanities.  In addition, our graduate students originate, organize and receive funding for their own working and reading groups, which currently include African American and African Diasporic Working Group; Critical Theory and Medievalisms; Cultures of War and the Post-War; Creative Writing; Digital Culture/s; the Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century British Literature Working Group; Politics of Empowerment; Postcolonial, Race and Diaspora Studies Colloquium; Nonhuman(isms) Working Group; University On the Edge/ (re)Thinking the University; and the Organism for Poetic Research.

All applicants to the Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS) are required to submit the  general application requirements , which include:

• Academic Transcripts
• Test Scores  (if required)
• Applicant Statements
• Résumé or Curriculum Vitae
• Letters of Recommendation , and
• A non-refundable  application fee .

See English for admission requirements and instructions specific to this program.

The English Department offers a dual degree with the NYU School of Law : English PhD/Law JD.

Program Requirements

Concentration in medieval and renaissance studies, doctoral examination, dissertation defense, submission and approval, departmental approval.

The program requires the completion of 72 credits, and offers a concentration in Medieval and Renaissance Studies. See concentration details below.

The concentration in Medieval and Renaissance Studies is interdisciplinary in nature and creates a framework and community for diverse approaches to the study of the Middle Ages and Renaissance. It complements doctoral students’ work in their home departments with interdisciplinary study of the broad range of culture in the medieval and early modern periods, as well as of the theories and methods that attend them. The concentration is designed to train specialists who are firmly based in a traditional discipline but who can work across disciplinary boundaries, making use of varied theoretical approaches and methodological practices. The concentration consists of twenty credits, comprised of the following:

At least one course, not counting either the Proseminar or Workshop, must be taken outside a student’s home department. In addition, students pursuing the concentration will present a paper at least once either in the Workshop or in a conference offered by the Medieval and Renaissance Center.

Additional Program Requirements

Students must demonstrate language proficiency beyond the English language. This requirement may be satisfied either before or after matriculation at NYU by demonstrating either (a) advanced proficiency in one language by completing the sixth term of an acceptable college language course with a grade of B or better or by passing a language examination at a comparable level of proficiency or (b) proficiency in two languages by completing the equivalent of four semesters of acceptable college work. The final course or examination establishing proficiency must have been completed no more than two years prior to matriculation for the PhD program. The language(s) offered must be relevant to the dissertation research and scholarly practice of the field in which the student intends to work, and the department reserves the right to require a particular language on these grounds. Any student whose first language is not English should see the director of graduate studies to discuss the use of that language to fulfill (or partially fulfill) the requirement.

The Doctoral Examination consists of major and minor field examinations. These two fields are centered on reading lists to be drawn up by the student in conjunction with the faculty members who serves as the major and minor field examiners, respectively. according to the following standards: The approved lists, together with the Doctoral Examination Lists Approval form, should be submitted to the office of the Director of Graduate Studies no later than April 1 of the spring term of the second year. Students prepare for the Doctoral Examination by carefully reviewing the materials on their reading lists. The examination culminates in the writing of two essays in response to two sets of questions prepared by the examiners. The Doctoral Examination occurs over the course of one calendar week, a Friday-to-Friday period preceding the beginning of fall semester classes. This writing proceeds under take-home, open-book conditions, with the exam for each field requiring the student to discuss at least four texts from the relevant reading list.

PhD students must defend their completed dissertation as the final step towards the doctorate degree. The Graduate Administrator will assist students in arranging the time and location of the defense. The defense committee consists of five members, typically consisting of the three members of the student’s Dissertation Committee and two external readers who have relevant academic expertise in the dissertation field and topic. A student should provide all members a penultimate draft of the full dissertation at least one month prior to the date of the defense. A student should provide all members a penultimate draft of the full dissertation at least one month prior to the date of the defense. The defense is scheduled to last 90 minutes and typically consists of a short presentation by the student providing an overview of the dissertation project. This is followed by an extended question and answer session, after which committee members and readers consult on the outcome of the defense. Students may be asked to revise extensively and, if necessary, a second defense scheduled if faculty are not satisfied with the dissertation and defense.

All Graduate School of Arts & Science doctoral candidates must be approved for graduation by their department for the degree to be awarded.

Sample Plan of Study

Following completion of the required coursework for the PhD, students are expected to maintain active status at New York University by enrolling in a research/writing course or a Maintain Matriculation ( MAINT-GA 4747 ) course.  All non-course requirements must be fulfilled prior to degree conferral, although the specific timing of completion may vary from student-to-student.

Learning Outcomes

Upon successful completion of the program, graduates will:

• Attain a wide range of knowledge in history and criticism of literature in English, while being acquainted with different theories and modes of query. 
• Develop expertise in chosen fields of specialization and to identify and pursue original research questions in these fields, locating them persuasively and comprehensively within and against relevant scholarly literature(s).
• Conduct original research and produce substantial work as a contribution to the area(s) of chosen expertise and the discipline of English at large.    
• Develop expertise and acquire experience to allow graduates access to careers for which doctoral training in English is essential or highly desirable.

NYU Policies

Graduate school of arts and science policies.

University-wide policies can be found on the New York University Policy pages .

Academic Policies for the Graduate School of Arts and Science can be found on the Academic Policies page . 

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Online Application for the Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS) at New York University

To start a new application:   Click "Start New Application" at the bottom of this screen. To continue an application:   Click "(year) Application" on the left side of the screen below. Submitting your online application, including all required supporting materials, must be completed by no later than the application deadline of the program to which you are applying. This includes not only documents you are required to upload, but also materials that are sent by others such as official test scores and letters of recommendation.  Please refer to the Instructions section of your online application for our complete policies and procedures. You may submit only one application to the Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS) for consideration in a given term. If you submit more than one application to GSAS for a term, all applications submitted after the first one will be held and will not be considered for admission. Thus, please determine carefully the one GSAS program to which you will apply.  Applicants are permitted to submit admissions applications to two (or more) programs if they are within different schools at NYU . For example, you may apply to a program in GSAS and to a different program at the Steinhardt School. However, you may not apply to both Computer Science and Economics at the same time because both are within GSAS. If you choose to apply to programs that are in different schools, it will be necessary to complete and submit separate applications and pay each school a separate application fee. The following NYU graduate schools are separate from GSAS: Tandon (Engineering), Tisch (Arts), Sackler (Medicine), School of Law, Steinhardt (Culture, Education and Human Development), Stern (Business), Public Health, Wagner (Public Service), Silver (Social Work) and Gallatin (Individualized Study).

Application Requirements

There are a number of things to accomplish—and deadlines to be aware of—when applying to graduate or professional school. Understanding sooner rather than later what to do and when to do it can help make the application process less daunting. Below you’ll find some general information and insights to help make your first steps toward applying to an NYU graduate program a bit easier.

First Things First

Common application requirements, additional application requirements, deadlines and decisions.

Virtual Office Hours: Monday – Friday, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. Eastern In-Person Drop-in Hour s:  Monday, Wednesday - Friday 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. Email: [email protected] Phone: 212-992-GRAD (4723)

The first thing to understand when applying to an NYU graduate or professional program is that each graduate school, center, or institute—and their individual departments and programs in many cases—determines its own application requirements. While this page provides a general introduction to applying to NYU, the information here may or may not apply to your specific program. Therefore, it is extremely important for you to speak directly with the admissions counselors at your school and program of interest. When you determine the NYU program that’s right for you, don’t wait to reach out.

There are a handful of items that, in many cases, are common across graduate school applications. It’s worth repeating, however, that you should get in touch with your school and program directly to learn exactly what your application requires. Some more common application items include:

• Letter(s) of Recommendation: Some programs ask for one. Others may ask for up to four. There may also be specific expectations about who should write these letters, but in general they should come from individuals who know you well and are able to speak directly to your abilities, accomplishments, and potential.
• Statement of Purpose/Personal Statement/Personal Essay: This is your chance to tell admissions who you are, explain your goals (both academic and professional), and share the ways in which the program will benefit by bringing you in. It’s possible that the program may have a more specific prompt or ask you to address a specific question or series of questions.
• Transcripts and Degrees: Since you’re taking your academics to the next level, you need to prove that you’ve successfully completed the previous level(s). The graduate or professional program to which you’re applying will usually determine the transcripts and degree(s) you’re expected to provide. Applying to a master’s program commonly requires a bachelor’s degree and transcripts from all undergraduate institutions. Similarly, applying to a PhD or other doctoral program may require a master’s degree and transcripts from all graduate institutions.
• English Language Proficiency Exam: If you’re an international applicant, or you completed your previous degree outside the United States at an institution where English is not the language of instruction, you may be required to submit scores from an English Language Proficiency Exam (ELPE). There are a number of ELPEs out there. Make sure you’re taking the right one by contacting your program’s graduate admissions office.
• Application Fee: Application fees vary by school and program. Get in touch with your program’s graduate admissions office if you have questions.

Depending on the program you’re interested in, there may be some requirements in addition to—or in place of—the more common ones listed above. You’ll often encounter these additional requirements when applying to programs in the medical, legal, or artistic fields, but they’re not limited to those areas. While your program’s graduate admissions office will be able to tell you exactly what you need to submit with your application, you can learn about a few of them here:

• Entrance Exam(s): While graduate school entrance exams might be considered common by some, exactly which exam you might be required to take can vary across programs. The most common exam is the GRE (Graduate Record Examination), but the GMAT (Graduate Management Admission Test), LSAT (Law School Admission Test), and MCAT (Medical College Admissions Test) are also quite well known.  
• Creative Submission(s): Even though portfolio submissions and auditions are common when applying to an arts program, others may also ask you to provide writing samples, musical scores, or video submissions. These requirements give you the chance to display your abilities and show programs firsthand why they should admit you.
• Interviews: You may be asked to sit for an in-person interview with one or more individuals from your program. Like a job interview, these conversations give you the chance to introduce yourself to the people you’ll be working with and answer questions about your academic, professional, and personal goals. 
• Résumé or CV: You may be expected to submit a résumé or CV that showcases your academic and/or professional experiences, particularly those that are most relevant to your field of study. A résumé or CV is also an opportunity to share your research experience and academic publications, which may be required for certain research-based programs.

Application deadlines and admissions decision dates are quite varied across NYU’s graduate and professional schools, centers, and institutes. Application deadlines depend on a number of factors, including the program you’re applying to, when you’re planning to start, and whether you plan to be a full- or part-time student. Additionally, early decision applications have a different deadline than regular decision applications. Talk to your admissions counselor and make sure you understand your program’s application deadlines.

Like application deadlines, admissions decision dates vary across NYU. Admissions decisions also depend on the program and starting term as well as the schedules of individual schools, centers, or institutes. Some programs have set admissions decision dates, while others provide time frames or utilize rolling decisions. Your admissions counselor will be able to give you an idea of when you can expect to receive your admissions decision.

Doctor of Philosophy

The Institute's PhD program is designed for students who are eager to investigate the role of the visual arts today and in the past. Through detailed, object-based study and historical and theoretical interpretation, our degree program provides a rigorous experience supported by interaction with the leading scholars of the Institute, New York University and exceptional access to museums, curators, conservators, and archaeologists in New York and world-wide.

To speak to someone about the PhD program or to learn more about the admissions process, contact: [email protected] .

Curatorial Studies

Students enrolled in the PhD program at the Institute can apply to receive the Certificate in Curatorial Studies offered jointly by the Institute and The Metropolitan Museum of Art

The curatorial studies program prepares students for curatorial careers in specialized fields in leading art institutions. The program requires two courses, led by Met curators in the museum, Exhibitions and Collection and Curating , and culminates in a nine-month residency in a curatorial department in the Met or at another local museum. Curatorial Studies Alumni have held leadership positions at some of the world’s foremost art institutions. Complete program information is available here .

Requirements for Admission

Each year the Institute receives over 200 applications to our PhD program, for an entering class of a maximum of twelve funded students.

• Candidates for a degree from the Institute of Fine Arts should have an excellent background in the liberal arts, normally including at least four courses of undergraduate art history. A major in art history is not required.

• Starting with the Fall 2022 admissions cycle, the Institute of Fine Arts will no longer accept GRE scores as part of the application. Candidates should not send their GREs scores as they cannot be recorded or included as part of the application.

• Applicants will submit a focused, 2-4 page, double-spaced Statement of Academic Purpose. Applicants must also submit a CV.

• The Institute requires at least three letters of recommendation that speak to the applicant's research and writing skills.

• One art history writing sample is required. Those PhD applicants who already hold an MA in art history must provide a copy of their thesis or another substantial research paper to be read by an appropriate member of the IFA faculty.

• The Graduate School requires applicants who are not native English speakers to submit official TOEFL or IELTS score results. The TOEFL/IELTS requirement is waived if your baccalaureate or master’s degree was (or will be) completed at an institution where the language of instruction is English.

Candidates wishing to be considered for admission to the Institute for Fall 2024 should submit their applications by December 1st, 2023 .

Applications are processed electronically by NYU's Graduate School of Arts and Science (GSAS) Office of Admissions,  [email protected] , 212-998-8050.

Applications to the Institute are submitted electronically here .

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PhD in Cinema Studies

The PhD curriculum draws on the methods of a number of disciplines, including art history, cultural studies, American studies, psychoanalytic theory, and philosophy. It involves intensive seminar level study in film theory, history and research methods. Graduates of the program have gone onto positions of academic leadership in the field.  The Doctor of Philosophy degree is conferred for advanced studies in which the student demonstrates outstanding original scholarship. It signifies the student can conduct independent research and has both a broad basic knowledge of all areas of his or her field and an intensive knowledge of one field in particular.

Over the first two years of the program, you’ll enroll in nine courses. In addition to the three courses listed below, a number of lectures and seminars are offered each semester in the department. Additionally, you will have the option to take up to two courses in other departments within NYU.

PhD Methodologies

In your first semester, you will meet with your cohort to examine a range of activities entailed in being in the program specifically, and in preparing for a career in cinema and media studies generally.  The course covers professional activities, research protocols, and practical exercises.

Directed Reading

In your third semester, you will complete a Directed Reading in your dissertation topic area with supervision by your anticipated dissertation advisor.

Dissertation Seminar

In your fourth semester, your cohort will come back together to prepare dissertation proposals through in-class debate, written feedback, and guests with experience in the process.  With regular presentations of work in progress, you will spend the semester finishing your dissertation proposal.

Qualifying Exams

You will be required to pass three Qualifying Examinations during your first two years in the program. The two written exams, one each in the fields of Film/Media History and Film/Culture/Media Theory, consist of 10-page essays completed over the course of a week and graded by three faculty members. The oral exam comprises questions relating to your specific area of research during your dissertation proposal, conducted and graded by three faculty members.

Read more about the PhD Comprehesive Examinations.

Language Requirement

You will be expected to demonstrate proficiency in one foreign language.  Six languages are accepted toward fulfilling this requirement: Chinese, French, German, Italian, Russian, and Spanish.  Students for whom English is a second language may request an exemption from this requirement.  To demonstrate proficiency, you must pass an exam from either the department or the College of Arts & Sciences .

You will be given the opportunity to serve as a teaching assistant during your second year of coursework.  Once your coursework and qualifying examinations are complete, you will be eligible to submit course proposals for adjunct teaching positions in the department.

Current students should consult the PhD Handbook for rules and regulations.

Search NYU Steinhardt

Phd, physical therapy research.

The NYU Steinhardt PhD in Research in Physical Therapy is designed for physical therapists holding a clinical doctorate (DPT) or master’s (MA) degree. Centered on the study of kinesiology, human motion measurement, and issues in motor control research design and methodology, this program serves to enhance your existing knowledge base. Through a blend of rigorous coursework and mentored research experiences, alongside unique opportunities for interdisciplinary collaboration, you'll have the chance to refine your physical therapy skills. Collaborating closely with the program director and dissertation chair, you'll create a personalized program aimed at preparing you to critically analyze scientific literature, formulate research inquiries, design experiments to test hypotheses, and engage in pathokinesiology practicum in research settings. These experiences will be conducted under the supervision of seasoned researchers in human performance laboratories located in metropolitan New York and New Jersey.

Curricular Requirements

Program requirements.

Sample Plan of Study

Phd-Study-In-Usa

• Studying in New York City: A Guide for Postgraduate Students

Written by Taru Medha

Regarded as one of the cultural capitals of the world, New York City has a lot to offer students, from prestigious universities to stunning skyscrapers and world-famous attractions.

Why study your PhD in New York

Here’s a snapshot of what’s on offer for postgraduate students in New York:

• World-renowned universities : New York is not only home to two Ivy League universities , but also three others in the top 500 in the world according to Times Higher Education World University Rankings.
• Employment opportunities : Known as the financial capital of the world, there are always companies and industries in New York looking to hire fresh graduates.
• Culture and entertainment : Looking for a break from studying? From theatre, sports and music to food and shopping, there is plenty to see and do during your down-time. Simply take your pick (or discover a bit of everything!).
• International outlook : Like most other biggest cities, New York welcomes students from all over the world. You’ll be sure to find a familiar face no matter where you come from.

Top universities in New York for postgraduate study

We’ve listed the three highest ranking universities, according to the Times Higher Education World University Rankings, that are located in the New York area.

#1 Columbia University

Columbia University is one of two Ivy League universities in New York. It is highly regarded for its quality of education and research, and ranks 17th in the world.

Columbia is best known for its postgraduate programmes in Social Sciences, Engineering, Information Sciences, Writing and Psychology. Columbia has educated US Presidents Barack Obama, Theodore and Franklin Roosevelt, and is also home of the prestigious Pulitzer Prize.

#2 Cornell University

The second Ivy League university on the block, Cornell University was founded with the principle of building an “institution where any person can find instruction in any study.” Cornell, now ranking 20th in the world, has produced notable alumni, in a number of different fields, including 45 Nobel Laureates.

Some popular subjects to study at Cornell University are Engineering, Biomedical Sciences, Business and Marketing.

#3 New York University

One of the biggest private universities in the USA, NYU has campuses in the heart of New York, in Manhattan and Brooklyn. NYU is known for its programmes in Social Sciences, Dentistry, Nursing and Fine Arts and ranks 27th in the world.

You could be following in the footsteps of famous alumni like Ursula Burns, former CEO of Xerox, Jonas Salk who discovered the first polio vaccine, and actress Anne Hathaway.

Living costs for students in New York

There is no denying that New York is one of the most expensive cities in the USA, but there are ways in which you can bring costs down.

Universities in the US will often have student dormitories which are less expensive than private housing. You can also usually get student discounts at supermarkets and retail stores, as well as on bus passes and memberships, so don’t forget to use them where you can. You may also want to work while you study to help fund yourself.

Working during your degree in New York

Working while studying is a good way to earn some extra money to help cover the cost of living in New York. However, there are a few restrictions in place, especially for international students.

In your first year of study, you can only work on-campus, and for a maximum of 20 hours a week. Even though you can work off-campus in your subsequent years of study, there are restrictions on the kind of work you can do.

You can take up work that is mandatory as part of your course known as Curricular Practical Training (has to be completed during your degree). Or take on work, even if is not part of your course, in the form of Optional Practical Training (can be completed after your degree). Both need to be in a field relevant to your studies.

Read our guide on working in the USA as a student for more information.

Things to see in New York

What most tourists try and pack in a week, you’ll have years to explore as a student in New York! You’re really spoiled for choice in this cultural hotspot.

You can’t miss the famous, must-see attractions like the Grand Central Station , Times Square , Brooklyn Bridge , Empire State Building and the Rockefeller Centre . And just a short ferry ride away is the Statue of Liberty and Ellis Island .

You can also ride the lesser known, but equally fascinating Roosevelt Island Tramway , an aerial tramway that runs from Manhattan to Roosevelt Island and offers amazing views of the city.

For the curious minds among you, New York has 143 museums. Whether you’re interested in history, art or fashion, there is a museum for you. Some of the most famous New York museums are the Metropolitan Museum of Art (The Met, not to be confused with New York Mets, the baseball team), The American Museum of Natural History and the Madam Tussauds Wax Museum . Students can get reduced tickets to most of these museums.

For those of you looking for a leisurely stroll, you can go to the famous Central Park or the High Line .

And let's not forget the sports and entertainment on offer in the city with the Theatre District showing some of the world’s best stage plays and arenas like Madison Square Garden hosting some of the biggest sports games and concerts.

Careers in New York

If you’re a recent graduate in New York, you’ll find there is no lack of opportunities in the ‘concrete jungle where dreams are made of’!

New York is considered the financial capital of the world and is home to 50 of the Fortune 500 companies! Fashion, media, entertainment and banking are some of the most popular industries in the city.

Even though the US does not give post-study work visas, you could choose to complete your OPT after your studies which allows you to extend your student visa for one year. You could also jump straight to a temporary or permanent work visa.

Read more about working in the USA after your studies on our guide.

Find a PhD in USA

Search our American PhDs database and find one that is right for you

Our postgrad newsletter shares courses, funding news, stories and advice

Everything you need to know about part-time and full-time work as a student or recent graduate in the USA.

Why you'll need health insurance as an international student in the USA and how to find the right plan for you.

Our guide tells you everything about the application process for studying a PhD in the USA.

Our guide to PhD funding in the USA has information on fully-funded PhD scholarships, as well as other funding options for international and domestic students.

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Visiting Assistant Professor of Practice in Computer Science, NYU Shanghai Email [email protected]

Xiang Liu is a Visiting Assistant Professor of Practice in Computer Science at NYU Shanghai. She received her PhD degree in computer science from New York University. Her research interests include big data, machine learning, and recommender systems. Prior to joining NYU Shanghai, Xiang worked as a staff machine learning engineer at Block, and a senior data engineer at Spotify. Her research work has appeared in RecSys, IEEE Big Data, and IJCNN. Her work in data mining received the best paper award in 2013 International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining.

Select Publications

• Xiang Liu, Torsten suel, Nasir Memon, “What Makes A Group Fail: Modeling Social Group Behavior in Event-Based Social Networks”. In IEEE International Conference on Big Data, 2016.
• Xiang Liu, Torsten Suel, Nasir Memon, “A Robust Model for Paper Reviewer Assignment”. In ACM Recommender Systems, 2014. (Acceptance Rate: 20%)
• Xiang Liu, Liyun Li and Nasir Memon, “A Lightweight Combinatorial Approach for Inferring the Ground Truth from Multiple Annotators”. In International Conference on Machine Learning and Data Mining (MLDM), 2013. (Best Paper Award)
• Xiang Liu, Shaohua Tan, “Identifying Causal Relationships in an Urban Information Modeling Framework”. In International Joint Conference on Neural Networks (IJCNN), 2010
• PhD, Computer Science New York University 

Research Interests

• Machine Learning
• Recommender Systems 

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Online M.S. in Quantitative Management | Tuition & Fees

Tuition & fees.

Below is an estimated summary of the Tuition and Required Fees. This estimate is for students who begin the MSQM program in the fall of the academic year 2024-2025. The purpose of this estimate is to provide a rough sense of the total cost of the program and how those costs may be incurred over the course of the program.  As such, this estimate should not be considered as an official statement of the actual costs of the program. 

Tuition includes all fees and two residential immersions (the first of which contains orientation). Travel, food and housing for two 4-day residential immersions are not included. *Includes a one-time $750 enrollment deposit, applied towards the cost of tuition.

Payment Plan

The NYU Bursar also offers the option of a deferred payment plan. Under this plan, 50% of the tuition is due at the start of the semester. The remaining balance is due later in the semester and is typically paid in two 25% installments. This enables students to spread out payments over the course of a semester. For more information on the deferred payment plan, please visit the NYU Bursar website .

Tuition Estimation 

All estimates assume that both tuition and fees increase by 3% per year. Typical annual increases for tuition and fees are about 3-4%, but can vary each year and be more or less than these percentages. Once official rates are confirmed, they will be updated and communicated accordingly.

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Bad Facts Make Bad Policies in Reproductive Health, Says Ethicist

Arthur L. Caplan, PhD

Authors and Disclosures

Disclosure: Arthur L. Caplan, PhD, has disclosed the following relevant financial relationships:  Served as a director, officer, partner, employee, advisor, consultant, or trustee for: Johnson & Johnson's Panel for Compassionate Drug Use (unpaid position) Serves as a contributing author and advisor for: Medscape

This transcript has been edited for clarity. 

Hi. I'm Art Caplan. I'm at the Division of Medical Ethics at New York University Grossman School of Medicine. 

Lawyers have the saying, "Bad facts make for bad cases; bad cases make for bad laws." What we're seeing, I fear, all too often in discussions about reproductive rights, reproductive behavior, and attempts to regulate and legislate with respect to abortion and contraception are many bad facts.

I do think it's important that science and medicine speak up in local settings and every opportunity they have, not so much to say what government should do or to say whether they think a particular law is good or bad, but certainly to get the facts straight in their role as doctors, sometimes as scientists, and as caregivers.

Bad facts are making many bad policies in the reproductive behavior space. For example, there are many people, mainly on the conservative side, who are saying things like intrauterine devices, emergency contraception, and even birth control cause abortions. That is simply not true. 

There are interventions that prevent fertilization from occurring. There are also interventions that prevent implantation from occurring. Neither of those are abortions. If an embryo has not implanted into a womb, it is not, by any biological definition, a pregnancy. 

In situations where a barrier method or something else prevents sperm and egg from meeting or if there is an agent that prevents an egg from implanting, these are facts that legislators, the public, and even your patients need to understand if they're going to make sound policy about access to methods used to control reproduction.

Similarly, you can see debates about whether embryos are deserving of rights. An Alabama court has ruled that embryos are tiny children. A court can say what it wishes in terms of legal status, but it shouldn't be deviating from the facts. 

The facts are clear. Embryos outside of a uterus implanted are not babies. They are not children. At most, an embryo in a dish might be considered, let's say, a possible person. Once it implants in a uterus, it may become a potential person because it then still has a failure rate, postimplantation, of not becoming a baby that's very high. Approximately 40%-50% of such embryos are genetically flawed and aren't going to be able to turn into a child.

The notion that every embryo, whether it's stored in a tank or sitting in a dish, is somehow a tiny child, factually is just not true. You can't make good policy if you ignore the facts. People may wish to protect embryos. They may wish to restrict in vitro fertilization . They may wish to have people implant any embryo that is created and mandate that it has to happen because they don't want any tiny children not to be brought to term.

Factually, they're operating outside the realm of what biology and medicine know. There's no tiny baby, no homunculus, or no preformed baby inside an embryo. An egg that simply fails to implant is not technically even a pregnancy. 

I think all of us have an obligation when we're in disputes, wherever they occur, whether we're fighting about laws, having an argument with the neighbors, or speaking to younger high school students or even patients, we need to try to make clear the facts about what we know about eggs, how birth control works, and embryos and their failure rate. 

We also have to be clear about the significance of saying the facts have to guide public policy. I think the facts should, but unfortunately, I don't think that's always been true in recent years. As efforts heat up to intervene more with things like contraception, getting the facts straight becomes even more important and more of a duty for those who know best. 

I'm Art Caplan, at the Division of Medical Ethics at New York University Grossman School of Medicine. Thank you for watching.

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