research paper topics on plagiarism

90 Plagiarism Topics, Ideas & Examples

🏆 best research titles about plagiarism, 👍 good plagiarism essay titles, ❓ research questions about plagiarism.

• What Is Plagiarism and Why Is It Wrong? Now using the same paper but adding information to it and revising the content of the paper would not be considered self plagiarism because the paper will change in content in focus.
• Plagiarism and Academic Integrity In other instances, the local students in to adventure and having fun may easily influence international students and since they are new to the environment, they may have fun at the expense of the assignment […]
• Plagiarism Effects and Strategies The failure to recognize the contributions of other scholars in one’s work is generally referred to as plagiarism. Also, the paper recommends strategies that may be adopted by educators and learners to address the problem […]
• Plagiarism in the Real World: Jayson Blair and the New York Times One of the notorious cases of plagiarism is the Jason Blair scandal that happened in 2003. Another example of real-world plagiarism is Melania Trump’s speech at the Republican National Convention in 2016.
• Plagiarism: For and Against Therefore, the argument against plagiarism is based on the loss of the perpetrator in terms of the shame of the act and the loss of the original author.
• Plagiarism as a Form of Theft What is of importance in the realm of ideas is not the ownership of the rights to a certain piece of work but the originality[6].
• Causes and Effects of Plagiarism Writing is a daily activity that every person has to indulge in, and this is especially significant in the case of students who pursue academic degrees.
• Avoiding Plagiarism With Paraphrasing There are several strategies for avoiding plagiarism, among them competent citation of sources with the mention of the author’s name and words in quotation marks and paraphrasing the source’s content are.
• Plagiarism and Originality in Personal Understanding However, the price is to be paid; original people differ from the rest and often experience loneliness and feel that they are misunderstood.
• Plagiarism in Professional Writing It is also called institutionalized plagiarism, and it is reasonable because the knowledge of such documents is common. The rules of it can and need to be respected to observe copyright.
• Plagiarism in Nurse Academic Papers Copyright infringement and plagiarism detection in the work of a future medical officer is a breach of trust and can significantly affect a nurse’s future work.
• Lawyer Plagiarism as Ethical Violation Plagiarism can be termed referred to as the act of directly copying an individual’s work and presenting it as one’s own.
• Plagiarism and Its Effects on Nursing Students Plagiarism is a widespread issue that affects the papers of nearly all students. This damage can further prevent students from publishing their academic papers in the future due to inadvertent plagiarism that might stem from […]
• Plagiarism in Nursing Education When dealing with the following problem in the context of nursing, there are various types of plagiarism the students are not even aware of, meaning they sometimes plagiarize the thoughts and ideas of other people […]
• The Problem of Plagiarism in the World The question that we should answer appropriately is that is it not the right time we re-think about the quality and the originality of our written works or are we less intelligent and lazier than […]
• Plagiarism: Recognizing and Avoiding This is because the student has only left out some words from the original passage and has used the same words that were in the source.
• Law and Policy Against Plagiarism Currently, the renowned form of corruption that degrades the efforts of man in the search and quest to discover novel things and innovatively new ideas is plagiarism.
• Maintaining Academic Integrity by Avoiding Plagiarism Plagiarism is the use of someone else’s work and failure to acknowledge the original author correctly. Paraphrasing and synthesizing support future nursing practice because they enable students to understand arguments in each source while matching […]
• Plagiarism: The Act of Copying Someone Else’s Words or Ideas The Wharton County Junior College plagiarism policy states that their students are expected to submit their original work, and plagiarism is prohibited.
• How to Avoid Plagiarism Description The bottom line is that all materials used in a piece of writing that does not belong to your original production or creativity should be given credit accordingly.
• Analyzing Scholarly Writing: Plagiarism and Parahrasing This paper provides the general analysis of the provided articles and the detailed evaluation of the academic quality of the selected material.
• Copyright Law and the University Policy on Plagiarism Comparison It also covers the act of using part of a literary plot, motion picture, poem, musical presentation, or other forms of art without the consent of the owner of the work.
• Plagiarism: Negative Aspects and Consequences There should be a checking done of the paraphrasing in one’s work to ensure that the same words and phrases from the text are not used in one’s work.
• Plagiarism: What It Is and How to Avoid It The focus is then shifted to the future of plagiarism in contemporary society and the effect of information technologies. The expropriation of the work of another person and presentation of it like your own is […]
• Importance of Plagiarism Strategies in Writing Regarding a number of writing requirements and the possibility to be blamed for plagiarism, it is hard for many students to start writing their papers without any fears and doubts about the quality and originality […]
• Plagiarism and Facebook Use in Students Despite the view that the current generation of students is somewhat neglecting the seriousness of plagiarism, it is still viewed that originality must be emphasized and not to allow digital technology to violate principles of […]
• Plagiarism From a Cross-Cultural Perspective Individualism presupposes respect for the authors whose ideas a person is going to borrow while direct communication as a cultural value implies open access to standards and codes of behavior, which is likely to minimize […]
• The Price of the Plagiarism Plagiarism is considered a global problem of contemporary science and education as well as in the spheres of literature and music. The violation of copyright legislation is considered a crime and can lead to a […]
• Plagiarism Detection, Penalties and Consequences The most common form of plagiarism is copying information and using it as part of one’s assignment or essay, without acknowledging the original source of information Sometimes, students are dumbfounded by the amount of work […]
• Academic Integrity and Plagiarism It is both Mike’s and Todd’s fault Mike’s is that he does not know the content and asks Todd to show the answers, Todd’s is that he agrees.
• Referencing and Avoiding Plagiarism It is a requirement that students and other individuals using electronic materials in their research use the various citation methods in acknowledging the owners of the legal rights of any electronic materials.
• Plagiarism in Graduate Students’ Applied Research The problem addressed in this study is the methods of dealing with the issue of plagiarism in applied research papers amid graduate students, which threatens to weaken the quality of academic research.
• Plagiarism Knowledge: Assessment and Improvement In this case, I failed in one of the questions I had answered correctly in the previous test. Nonetheless, it was also important that I managed to answer all the questions I had failed in […]
• Cheating and Plagiarism in Academic Settings Their main task is to show that the main objective of learning is to gain knowledge and skills, and that education cannot be reduced only to good grades and recognition of other people. This is […]
• Graphic Design and Plagiarism in Saudi Arabia The sites act as sources of inspiration for graphic designers; however, the challenge is the transitioning of the source of inspiration to the aid for plagiarism.
• Helping Chinese Students Avoid Plagiarism As such, a lot of explanation is needed to convince Chinese students to accept and appreciate the requirement for referencing the sources used in order to avoid plagiarism.
• Plagiarism Definition and Explaining The aim of the report is to provide a working definition of plagiarism and explain the problem of plagiarism as faced by international students when studying in the U.S.
• Plagiarism Problem in Higher Education There is an immense devaluation of the learning encounter of the learners and the quality of the graduates. The consciousness of plagiarism is essential in deciphering if an imitative behavior is deliberate.
• Plagiarism Problem in Writing This is actually because the author of the original material is not able to enjoy the advantages of the good work that he or she has produced.
• Academic Honesty and Plagiarism While rather efficient and working in most cases, the approach in question, though, is not to be considered the silver bullet of detecting plagiarism in an academic setting either, for the individual psychological qualities of […]
• Plagiarism and Paraphrasing Sometimes the cheat notes might not be relevant to the test, and in such cases such students underperform. In conclusion, honest students are stress-free and have a smooth academic life and perform to the best […]
• Plagiarism Is Morally Reprehensible Thus, to discuss the ethical component of plagiarism, it is necessary to pay attention to the definition of the concept and its meaning in relation to the idea of academic integrity.
• Academic Integrity: Cheating and Plagiarism Instructors need to understand their students to find out what drives them to cheat in exams. Administrators and other stakeholders in educational institutions, need to discourage their students from cheating, to ensure they maintain high […]
• Academic Integrity: Plagiarism and Academic Dishonesty Some of the most significant issues he highlights include the following: The quality of information on the web varies significantly While internet search may help to narrow down on a topic, it may erode the […]
• Plagiarism and How to Avoid It Also, the source of the information is not reflected in the text. One should be relaxed and bending the body slightly forward to show interest in the person and the conversation.
• Peculiarities of Plagiarism Many students copy the sentences or the ideas of the researchers or other students without marking it as the citation. Simple paraphrasing and the use of quotation marks will help to solve the problem.
• Plagiarism Effects in Academic Institutions and Workplace In such cases, students work is found to have been plagiarized, years after the attainment of the degree/ certification, the institutions can revoke it.
• Why Chinese Culture Leads to High Plagiarism Rate in Chinese Universities The issue of plagiarism in China and other Asian countries has worried scholars from the west and the rest of the world for centuries. The research paper will be expected to expose the magnitude of […]
• Paper Analysis: Instructional Document about Plagiarism and the Internet By using these colors in the instructional document, the audience is reminded of the gravity of the matter and the danger that can arise from engaging in plagiarism.
• Cheating Plagiarism Issues Cheating in exams and assignments among college and university students is in the rise due to the access of the internet and poor culture where integrity is not a key aspect.
• Plagiarism Definition and Effects In addition to that, there is a vast amount of software that helps you to correctly cite your sources and check for plagiarism.
• Paraphrasing and Plagiarism A majority of the students fails to realize that they need to give credit to the original author even when they have paraphrased their work.
• Spotlight on Plagiarism Phenomenon A plagiarism policy in the University of Sydney states that “Where an Examiner detects or is made aware of alleged Plagiarism or Academic Dishonesty by a student; the Examiner must report the alleged Plagiarism or […]
• How Much of a Concern Is Online Plagiarism in Online Education?
• Who Is a Famous Person Who Plagiarized?
• What Are the Consequences of Plagiarism in High School?
• What Is the Best Software for Plagiarism?
• What Constitutes Plagiarism or Cheating?
• How Plagiarism Will Affect the Quality of the Research Paper?
• What Are the Consequences or Punishments if a Student Is Caught Plagiarizing?
• Can You Be Criminally Charged for Plagiarism?
• How Will You Avoid Plagiarism Commerce?
• How Does Plagiarism Affect a Person’s Reputation?
• What Is the Relationship Between Intellectual Property Rights and Plagiarism?
• Is It Plagiarism if You Copy and Paste but Cite the Source?
• What Is the Difference Between Plagiarism and Citation?
• Why Are Laws on Plagiarism and Copyrights Important?
• Why Is It Necessary to Check the Plagiarism in Any Research Report?
• Why Is Plagiarism a Violation?
• How Can Plagiarism Damage Ethical Standards?
• How Can College Essay Plagiarism Checker Help You in Your Studying?
• What Are the Consequences and Penalties for Plagiarism?
• What Are the Differences Between Plagiarism Copyright Infringement and Piracy?
• Who Was the First Person to Plagiarize?
• How Does the University of Phoenix Work to Combat Plagiarism?
• How Could Plagiarism Harm Your Academics or Career?
• Can PDF Be Checked for Plagiarism?
• How Does Moral Law Relate to Plagiarism?
• How Can Teachers Prevent Plagiarism?
• How Important Are Copyright Fair Use and Plagiarism in Intellectual Property?
• Does Plagiarism Violate Copyright?
• How Do Technology and the Internet Make Plagiarism Easier?
• What Plagiarism Software Do Universities Use?
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103 Plagiarism Essay Topic Ideas & Examples

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Plagiarism is a serious issue that affects students, writers, and researchers in all fields. It is important to understand what plagiarism is and how to avoid it in order to maintain academic integrity and credibility. To help you get started on your own essay on plagiarism, here are 103 topic ideas and examples to consider:

• Definition of plagiarism and its consequences
• Common types of plagiarism in academic writing
• The role of technology in detecting plagiarism
• How to properly cite sources to avoid plagiarism
• The impact of plagiarism on academic institutions
• Famous cases of plagiarism in literature
• The ethical implications of plagiarism
• How plagiarism is viewed in different cultures
• The importance of originality in academic writing
• Strategies for preventing plagiarism in research papers
• The relationship between plagiarism and intellectual property laws
• Plagiarism in the digital age
• The psychology behind why people plagiarize
• The effects of plagiarism on a person's reputation
• Plagiarism detection software and its effectiveness
• The consequences of self-plagiarism
• The role of academic integrity in preventing plagiarism
• How to properly paraphrase and summarize sources
• The impact of the internet on plagiarism
• Plagiarism in journalism and media
• The importance of citing sources in academic writing
• The consequences of plagiarism in the workplace
• Plagiarism in creative writing and art
• The role of education in preventing plagiarism
• How to teach students about plagiarism
• The impact of social media on plagiarism
• The relationship between plagiarism and academic dishonesty
• The consequences of plagiarism for students
• Plagiarism in online courses and distance learning
• The role of peer review in detecting plagiarism
• The impact of plagiarism on scientific research
• How to avoid accidental plagiarism
• The consequences of plagiarism for professional writers
• Plagiarism in music and film
• The ethics of ghostwriting and plagiarism
• The impact of plagiarism on the publishing industry
• The relationship between plagiarism and copyright infringement
• Plagiarism in political speeches and public speaking
• The consequences of plagiarism for journalists
• The role of editors in preventing plagiarism
• Plagiarism in academic conferences and presentations
• The impact of plagiarism on social media influencers
• The consequences of plagiarism for bloggers
• The role of plagiarism in academic dishonesty cases
• Plagiarism in medical research and journals
• The impact of plagiarism on academic rankings and reputation
• The consequences of plagiarism in graduate school
• Plagiarism in online forums and discussion boards
• The role of plagiarism in student plagiarism scandals
• How to report plagiarism in academic settings
• Plagiarism in college admissions essays
• The consequences of plagiarism for high school students
• Plagiarism in student publications and magazines
• The role of plagiarism in academic job applications
• How to address plagiarism in group projects
• Plagiarism in online journalism and news websites
• The consequences of plagiarism for freelance writers
• Plagiarism in technical writing and manuals
• The role of plagiarism in academic cheating cases
• How to handle plagiarism accusations
• Plagiarism in online courses and MOOCs
• The consequences of plagiarism for online influencers
• Plagiarism in academic book reviews
• The role of plagiarism in academic tenure decisions
• How to address plagiarism in dissertation writing
• Plagiarism in academic grant proposals
• The consequences of plagiarism for academic conferences
• Plagiarism in academic journal articles
• The role of plagiarism in academic publishing
• How to address plagiarism in online forums
• Plagiarism in online recipe websites
• The consequences of plagiarism for food bloggers
• Plagiarism in online travel guides
• The role of plagiarism in online shopping guides
• How to address plagiarism in online product reviews
• Plagiarism in online beauty tutorials
• Plagiarism in online fitness guides
• The role of plagiarism in online diet plans
• How to address plagiarism in online health articles
• Plagiarism in online parenting blogs
• The consequences of plagiarism for online parenting influencers
• Plagiarism in online home improvement guides
• The role of plagiarism in online fashion blogs
• How to address plagiarism in online fashion articles
• Plagiarism in online lifestyle websites
• The consequences of plagiarism for online lifestyle influencers
• Plagiarism in online travel blogs
• The role of plagiarism in online travel articles
• How to address plagiarism in online travel guides
• Plagiarism in online entertainment websites
• The consequences of plagiarism for online entertainment influencers
• Plagiarism in online gaming blogs
• The role of plagiarism in online gaming articles
• How to address plagiarism in online gaming guides
• Plagiarism in online tech websites
• The consequences of plagiarism for online tech influencers
• Plagiarism in online tech blogs
• The role of plagiarism in online tech articles
• How to address plagiarism in online tech guides
• Plagiarism in online social media influencers
• The consequences of plagiarism for online social media influencers
• The role of plagiarism in online social media articles

These topics provide a wide range of ideas to explore in your essay on plagiarism. By choosing a topic that interests you and conducting thorough research, you can create a compelling and informative essay on this important subject. Remember to always cite your sources properly to avoid plagiarism yourself.

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112 Plagiarism Essay Topics

🏆 best essay topics on plagiarism, 🌶️ hot plagiarism essay topics, 🎓 most interesting plagiarism research titles, 💡 simple plagiarism essay ideas, ❓ research questions about plagiarism.

• Plagiarism and Its Adverse Effects
• Why Self-Plagiarism Is Not a Form of Cheating
• Franklin University: Plagiarism Issue
• Plagiarism and Proposed Strategy for Improvement
• Plagiarism, Its Reasons and Solutions
• Turnitin and Grammarly as Plagiarism Checkers
• Reasons for Plagiarism Avoiding, Ways of Fighting Plagiarism
• An Issue of Plagiarism Plagiarism is facing severe criticism all around the scientific world. The problem needs to be thoroughly investigated, and certain steps and measures should be taken.
• Social Media Plagiarism: The Key Issues Oxford dictionary defines plagiarism as using someone else’s ideas, with or without their consent, by incorporating them into your work without full acknowledgement.
• Plagiarism and the Ways to Avoid Plagiarism Plagiarism is a crime since it violates the copyright laws of writers and other original owners in the movie industry. It’s an academic dishonesty that is both illegal and unethical
• The Issue of Plagiarism: Copying, Downloading, or Self-Plagiarism Plagiarism is a type of cheating when a person uses someone else’s ideas for their research. It presupposes such actions as direct copying, downloading, or self-plagiarism.
• Issues With Plagiarism in Education Plagiarism is a serious academic violation that has been a center of attention for many universities and colleges. Nursing is a profession that requires high ethical standards.
• Academic Honesty: Cheating & Plagiarism Plagiarism is used by students who did not attend classes constantly or did not pay enough attention to their course.
• Plagiarism Prevention in Nursing Education Plagiarism is an essential issue in the academic field, especially for nursing students. The problem is severe as the profession is associated with high ethical standards.
• Writing Clarity: Paraphrasing Without Plagiarism To be understood, the very best writing needs to be utterly clear, simple, and short. This takes skill and discipline to persist until one has things absolutely right.
• Plagiarism: Definition and Plagiarism Ethics This paper discusses a personal unethical experience that is so common these days that this issue is bound to hit many people every day – the issue of “plagiarism”.
• Academic Integrity, Misconduct and Plagiarism It is important to note that academic misconduct and plagiarism are the most serious violations of academic integrity in science.
• Consequences of Plagiarism: Punishments and Reduction of Plagiarism This paper seeks to explore the negative consequences of plagiarism in order to show that severe punishments and the resulting reduction in plagiarism have a beneficial effect on education.
• Plagiarism in Neims’s vs. Goldsmith’s Views Neither Neims nor Goldsmith denies the fact that plagiarism levels should be reduced in academia. However, they offer a new mindset that seems to be rather effective.
• Academic Integrity Tutorial on Plagiarism It is considered plagiarism when a student takes information from textbooks or websites, paraphrases it, and never adds any information about the resources from which it was taken.
• Plagiarism: Chamberlain Academic Integrity Tutorial One of the examples of plagiarism mentioned in the Chamberlain Academic Integrity Tutorial was the word-for-word copying of passages from an original source.
• Plagiarism in the Research Work Plagiarism is wrong on many levels. Everyone must know the rules of using someone else’s works, and make an honest effort in learning and understanding the concepts of other people.
• Avoiding Plagiarism: Definition and Problems of Plagiarism This paper attempts to develop understanding of plagiarism by defining the violation and outlining some issues that may make students to plagiarize their work irrespective of intention.
• Plagiarism in Academic Writing and Scholarly World It is very important for students to write using their own words because this makes a positive contribution to the scholarly world.
• High Plagiarism Rate in Chinese Universities This research paper views the role played by culture in increasing the rate of plagiarism in most Asian universities and especially in China.
• Plagiarism Avoiding: The Methods a Student Can Use to Avoid Plagiarism Using the MLA Citation Style This paper is an in-depth exploration of the methods a student can use to avoid plagiarism using the MLA citation style.
• Plagiarism and Copyright Principles Within Visual Culture
• Best Online Tool for Plagiarism Detection
• Plagiarism and Other Unfair Practices Are a Problem for International Students
• Hip Hop and Its Relation to Lyrical and Musical Plagiarism and Copyright Laws
• Plagiarism: Computers Technology Cheating
• Penalties for Plagiarism and Collusion Management
• Plagiarism and the Red Badge of the Great Gatsby
• The Pros and Cons of Plagiarism in College
• Should Plagiarism Prevent Admission to the Bar?
• Plagiarism, Paraphrasing, and Citing Sources
• Plagiarism: The Illegal Recycling of Information
• Misconceptions and Different Forms of Plagiarism
• Plagiarism and Its Effect on the Academic Assessment System
• Academic Plagiarism Types Factors and Plagiarism Detection
• Plagiarism and Intellectual Property of the Academia
• Three Main Reasons Why One Commits Plagiarism
• Plagiarism and Its Impact on the Economics Profession
• Schools and Education Understanding the Rise in Apathy, Cheating, and Plagiarism
• Plagiarism Controversy Among High Schools and Colleges
• The Reasons for and the Prevention of Plagiarism
• Plagiarism and the Intellectual Property of Others
• The Different Between Originality and Plagiarism
• Plagiarism and the Culture of Multilingual Students
• The Reasons for Student Plagiarism and Ways to Avoid It
• Plagiarism and Why the Problem Is Considered to Be a Serious
• The Benefits and Issues of Plagiarism in Students
• Plagiarism and the Deterioration of Ethical Values
• Source Code Plagiarism Detection for PHP Language
• Plagiarism and Its Consequences of Academic Dishonesty
• Reasons Why Individuals Commit Plagiarism
• Plagiarism: Adjusting the Consequence
• Academic Plagiarism and Ethical Considerations
• Plagiarism, the Most Common Form of Academic Dishonesty
• Music: Which Cultures Are Known for Plagiarism
• Plagiarism and Cheating Are Major Problems of the Educational
• How Can Teachers Prevent Plagiarism?
• Plagiarism and the Age of Ubiquitous Technology by Berlin Fang
• Guidelines for Identifying and Explaining Plagiarism
• Plagiarism Among South-African Writers: Analyzing Stephan Watson’s Accusations Against Antjie Krog
• Intellectual Property Rights and Student Plagiarism, and the Impact of the Cyberspace Era
• Stopping Plagiarism Starts Within Ourselves
• Misconduct Apology Letter-Plagiarism
• Plagiarism: Ethical and Professional
• Nationalism and Unintentional Plagiarism
• Understanding and Avoiding Plagiarism in Academic College Work
• Plagiarism and Its Effect on Academic Integrity Assignment
• Plagiarism Problems for Educators
• How Could Plagiarism Harm Your Academics or Career?
• Plagiarism and Moral Development
• Ethical and Moral Issues of Plagiarism and the Ways to Avoid It
• Plagiarism and Its Impact on the Academic Works
• The Prevalence and Negative Impact of Plagiarism in the Literary World
• Plagiarism and the Discourse Community
• Attachment Disorder Plagiarism and Moral Development
• Plagiarism and the World of Music, Movies, and Multimedia
• Intentional and Unintentional Plagiarism
• Cheating and Plagiarism Among Students
• Plagiarism and How the American Educational System Is Declining
• Indiana Online Academy Cheating and Plagiarism Policy
• Plagiarism Detection and Prevention
• What Methods for Helping Students Avoid Plagiarism Are There?
• What Are the Differences Between Plagiarism and Academic Misconduct?
• What Challenges in Addressing Plagiarism in Education Are There?
• What Are University Students’ Perceptions of Plagiarism?
• What Strategy to Reduce Plagiarism in an Undergraduate Course Is the Mot Successful?
• What Is Awareness Level About Plagiarism Amongst University Students in Pakistan?
• How Well Do Students Really Understand Plagiarism?
• What Is the Main Purpose of Plagiarism Detection Software?
• What Is an Algorithmic Approach to the Detection and Prevention of Plagiarism?
• Was Shakespeare’s Plagiarism of “The Spanish Tragedy” Is Rumour or Truth?
• What Is the Landscape and Impact of Android Application Plagiarism?
• What Factors Are Associated With Student Plagiarism in a Post‐1992 University?
• Does Culture Influence Understanding and Perceived Seriousness of Plagiarism?
• What Is the Role of Cultural Values in Plagiarism in Higher Education?
• Can Paraphrasing Practice Help Students Define Plagiarism?
• Why Do Postgraduate Students Commit Plagiarism?
• How to Reduce Plagiarism Through Academic Misconduct Education?
• What Methods for Cross-Language Plagiarism Detection Are There?
• What Are the Psychological Causes and Correlates of Plagiarism?
• Are College Cheating and Plagiarism Related to Academic Procrastination?
• What Is the Influence of Text Pre-processing on Plagiarism Detection?
• What Are the Instructional Challenges of Student Plagiarism?
• How Students and Teachers Can Avoid and Prevent Plagiarism?
• What Is the Relationship Between Intellectual Property Rights and Student Plagiarism?
• What Are Some Misconceptions and Different Forms of Plagiarism?
• What Are the Three Main Reasons Why One Committs Plagiarism?

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StudyCorgi. (2022, March 1). 112 Plagiarism Essay Topics. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/plagiarism-essay-topics/

"112 Plagiarism Essay Topics." StudyCorgi , 1 Mar. 2022, studycorgi.com/ideas/plagiarism-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . (2022) '112 Plagiarism Essay Topics'. 1 March.

1. StudyCorgi . "112 Plagiarism Essay Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/plagiarism-essay-topics/.

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StudyCorgi . "112 Plagiarism Essay Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/plagiarism-essay-topics/.

StudyCorgi . 2022. "112 Plagiarism Essay Topics." March 1, 2022. https://studycorgi.com/ideas/plagiarism-essay-topics/.

These essay examples and topics on Plagiarism were carefully selected by the StudyCorgi editorial team. They meet our highest standards in terms of grammar, punctuation, style, and fact accuracy. Please ensure you properly reference the materials if you’re using them to write your assignment.

This essay topic collection was updated on June 24, 2024 .

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85 Plagiarism Research Topics & Essay Examples

📝 plagiarism research papers examples, 🏆 best plagiarism essay titles, 🎓 simple research topics about plagiarism, ❓ plagiarism research questions.

• The Importance of Referencing in University Assignments Citing academic work is a vital element for students to avoid plagiarism, gain the needed academic authority and give credit to authors who have contributed in the reviewed field.
• The Importance of Plagiarism in Any Type of Writing This document describes plagiarism as highly important in any type of writing – academic, journalistic, and others, to protect the integrity of the material.
• Plagiarism in Academic Institutions Growth in technology has attracted both positive and negative effects on the efficiency of knowledge delivery among students across the world.
• Plagiarism, Self-Plagiarism and Its Implications Plagiarism is seen as a form of intellectual theft and fraud; if it happens in academia, plagiarism violates academic integrity.
• Plagiarism: Definition, the Importance of Correct Citation An old problem in literal sources which still appears in the era of high technological progress is plagiarism.
• “Eight Reasons Plagiarism Sucks” by Shafer In the article “Eight Reasons Plagiarism Sucks,” Shafer explains the harm of plagiarism for readers, writers, and the entire profession of journalism.
• What Is Plagiarism and How to Avoid It? Plagiarism occurs when a person uses the concepts and thoughts taken directly from other sources without crediting them.
• Academic Integrity and Ways to Avoid Plagiarism This paper seeks to provide a clear understanding of academic integrity and demonstrate ways in which a student can avoid plagiarism.
• Student Plagiarism Within the Framework of Rational Choice Theory The purpose of this essay is to research the issue of student plagiarism and its relation to the rational choice theory.
• "Let’s Not Cheat Our Students" by Mark Kingwell The article, ‘let’s not cheat our students’ by Mark Kingwell stresses the significance of eliminating the use of FD grades as a way of assigning failure as a result of cheating.
• Definition and Types of Plagiarism Plagiarism is defined as an act of using or closely imitating the language and/or thoughts of other person/persons without authorization/correct representation.
• Prevention of Plagiarism: The Action Plan This action plan seeks to find means of preventing plagiarism in the course of a study program especially when it comes to written assignments.
• ‘Student Plagiarism and Professional Practice’ by Kenny This paper summarizes and analyses the article 'Student Plagiarism and professional practice' by Deborah Kenny while highlighting the implications of plagiarism.
• Preventing Unintentional Plagiarism Training on paraphrasing skills is a very important tool that can be used to help a student to understand the causes of plagiarism which include leaving the original statement unchanged.
• Plagiarism: Forms, Impacts and Ways of Prevention This paper will define plagiarism, outline various forms in which it occurs, how to detect it, its associated impacts and how students can avoid the misconduct.
• “Why Plagiarism Is Not Necessarily Deceitful...” by Mott-Smith The author appeals to both reason and emotion, discussing the implications and impact of genuine plagiarism, discussing it from an angle not many would attempt to take.
• Referencing Scientific Articles and Avoiding Plagiarism The inclusion of reputable sources could also increase the readability of the paper and appeal to the expert audience as well as their less experienced counterparts.
• Service Dogs Article as Example of Academic Writing This paper discusses the key features of academic writing that distinguish it from other writing forms. It examines an article on the topic of service dogs in the medical field.
• To Rewrite or Not to Rewrite: Avoiding Plagiarism The paper aims to answer whether could it be considered self-plagiarism if an editor reveals that the writer refers to their works in the essay.
• College Exam Cheating and Plagiarism Solutions More attention to the notion of academic education, including assistance in writing unique academic papers, may serve as a quality initiative when addressing dishonesty.
• Scholastic Dishonesty in Personal Experience The incident of cheating and plagiarism taught the author that students should avoid this behavior because it might impede their academic performance and good reputation.
• Reflections on Course Concepts When thinking about the most applicable concepts that will correlate with the future professional discipline, it was important to determine the concrete society.
• Scholastic Dishonesty and Academic Integrity The paper discusses the significance of academic integrity. It refers to making moral decisions, consulting teachers and peers, and following the school standard.
• Comparison of Scholarly Writing and College Writing Writing has shaped one's problem-solving, critical thinking, and analytical skills. These will be vital in other college education areas.
• “Theft, Fraud, and the Loss of Voice” Among Students “Theft, Fraud, and the Loss of Voice” by Hjortshoj is devoted to the problem of plagiarism among students and describes its various manifestations.
• Academic Integration Violation and Its Forms There are many forms of academic integrity which may include cheating; which may consist of knowingly or unknowingly using information from other study materials.
• SafeAssign and Academic Writing Process SafeAssign provides colleges and universities with an opportunity for a fair and transparent academic writing process, which makes education more ethical.
• Safeassign as a Tool for Addressing the Issue of Academic Plagiarism Using SafeAssign as a tool for addressing the issue of academic plagiarism has helped shape the understanding of the importance of citing sources correctly.
• Famous Cases of Plagiarism in Literature and Journalism
• The Ethical Implications of Self-Plagiarism
• Understanding the Consequences of Plagiarism
• Teaching Students About Plagiarism
• Plagiarism vs. Paraphrasing
• Reasons Why Do People Plagiarize
• Plagiarism in the Digital Age
• The Impact of Plagiarism on Creativity and Innovation
• Famous Plagiarism Scandals in Music
• The Role of Education in Preventing Plagiarism
• Plagiarism Tools: Pros and Cons in Nursing Earlier, teachers faced a lot of difficulties in identifying plagiarism instances but over the years, several plagiarism detection tools have been developed.
• Plagiarism in the Age of Social Media
• Plagiarism and Intellectual Property
• The Evolution of Copyright Law and Its Impact on Plagiarism
• The Future of Plagiarism: Emerging Trends and Challenges
• Understanding the Different Types of Plagiarism
• The Role of Technology in Detecting Plagiarism
• The Cultural Context of Plagiarism
• Debunking Common Myths About Plagiarism
• Plagiarism in the Workplace: Consequences and Best Practices
• Plagiarism in the Arts
• Plagiarism Detection Tools: A Comprehensive Review
• Plagiarism vs. Inspiration
• Educating Students on Plagiarism: Strategies for Prevention
• The Psychological Motivations Behind Plagiarism
• The Role of Education in Combating Plagiarism Among Students
• Plagiarism in the Age of the Internet: Challenges and Solutions
• The Consequences of Plagiarism: Legal, Professional, and Ethical Ramifications
• Emerging Technologies and Trends in Content Duplication
• Plagiarism in the Media: Examining High-Profile Cases
• Plagiarism is Poison for Education
• Rising Of Plagiarism In The Era Of Online Education
• Plagiarism Education: Strategies for Instructors
• Managing Plagiarism and Cheating in Online Learning
• Plagiarism vs. Cheating
• Plagiarism on Essay Exams
• Plagiarism in Higher Education Across Nations
• Embracing AI in Education While Tackling Plagiarism
• Defending From AI Plagiarism
• How to Avoid Unintentional Plagiarism in Writing?
• How to Avoid Self-Plagiarism?
• How to Properly Cite Sources to Avoid Plagiarism?
• What Every Employee Should Know about Plagiarism?
• What Is Plagiarism in Education?
• Why Is Plagiarism a Problem in Higher Education?
• How Can You Avoid Plagiarism In Your Essay?
• Is Plagiarism a Crime?
• How to Recognize Plagiarism?
• Is Plagiarism Copywriting?
• Is Using ChatGPT Considered Plagiarism?
• Is Copying 5 Words Plagiarism?
• How To Fight Educational Plagiarism?
• What the Difference Between Cheating and Plagiarism?
• Is It Possible to Solve the Educational Plagiarism Crisis?
• Is Plagiarism Acceptable if It Is for Educational Use?
• Why Do Postgraduate Students Commit Plagiarism?

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Plagiarism FAQs: 10 Most Commonly Asked Questions on Plagiarism in Research Answered

Table of Contents

Plagiarism is a hot topic in academia as authors are expected to present authentic ideas and original papers. Unfortunately, now and again, articles are identified as plagiarized, leading to accusations, loss of integrity, and bad press. This is why you must know how to write your papers with minimal plagiarized content.

In reality, many people are unsure what plagiarism means or how to avoid it. To help you minimize plagiarism and keep originality, we've compiled the ten most frequently asked questions about plagiarism and research and offered practical answers to each.

Before we start, let us first understand what plagiarism means from a research perspective.

What is Plagiarism?

According to established academic publishers, plagiarism occurs when one author uses another author's work without permission, credit, or acknowledgment. Plagiarism takes different forms, from literal copying of text to paraphrasing another author's work.

If you want to learn more about plagiarism, we suggest you check out our comprehensive guide about plagiarism . It will help you gain an in-depth understanding of the topic.

Here are the most commonly asked questions on plagiarism.

Q1 - Why is plagiarism a problem in research?

In academic writing, plagiarism leads to false or misleading findings. Often when an author copies someone else's work, the learning process involved would not have been complete. Since they are concluding without thoroughly studying the topic or considering the premise, it leads to incorrect conclusions and the propagation of falsehoods.

Plagiarism is frowned upon in academic circles as it undermines academic ethics. By not citing sources or giving credit, you are not only ignoring contributions made by others but also blatantly stealing the recognition they deserve. It leads to a loss of credibility and integrity for the author, their research, and any affiliated institutions. Worse, plagiarizing authors could face legal action, jeopardizing their career prospects.

Q2 - How much plagiarism is allowed in a research paper?

The short answer is not much. The amount of plagiarism allowed in a research paper depends on different publishers. Publication giant Springer specifies that up to 15% of similarity is permitted. For a chapter in a book, this limit is about 5%, and in a thesis, less than 10% is accepted. The best practice is to check plagiarism before submitting it to publications. There are many free plagiarism checkers available online that you can use to detect plagiarism.

Q3 - What is the best way to prevent plagiarism and fraud in research?

According to a study , one in every 100,000 US scientists is involved in plagiarism and other malpractices. The same study also reveals that Biomedical search engine PubMed had to retract around 0.02% of submissions from the library due to misconduct.

Academic publishers recommend that to avoid plagiarism and other related malpractices, you should:

• Review and check plagiarism related guidelines set by the journal publisher or your institution before you start writing your content.
• Get in touch with the reviewers or the editors if you have any questions.
• Use footnotes or endnotes labeled explicitly as coming from a specific co-author
• Links and URLs to relevant sources used by a co-author must be added within the main body of your text.
• Use hyperlinks to display additional information about a topic written by someone else.

Use plagiarism detection tools and software to detect plagiarism and eliminate “copy and paste” content. They can help you detect text copied from other sources and paraphrased text that has been slightly altered to avoid detection of plagiarism.

There are many free plagiarism checkers online. Aside from those, some of the best tools to check plagiarism are:

• Turnitin's iThenticate
• ProWritingAid
• Plagiarism CheckerX (Free version is available)

Q4 - How can plagiarism be removed from thesis?

Firstly, it is vital to understand that academic writings and essays almost always involve using and discussing material written by others. It helps you develop your argument by explaining its foundation and prove its validity or relevance. Careful attribution and referencing ensure this text is not considered plagiarized content. When you quote or cite someone else's work in your own, it's a good idea to make this clear both in the footnotes and in the body of your text.

On top of that, you can use the Scispace Write tool , which helps you check plagiarism in your manuscript while giving you access to more than 40,000 journal templates to make it submission ready.

Q5 - Do peer reviewed journals do a plagiarism check?

Yes, peer-reviewed journals will definitely perform a plagiarism check to detect plagiarism. This is because the journal is looking to ensure the quality of the research being published within its pages.

If you are submitting your work to a peer-reviewed journal, ensure you've maintained originality in your content and included appropriate citations. Many journals have a plagiarism policy that instructs and guides authors to avoid plagiarising their work. You can find it online in the Instructions for Authors section on the journal's website.

An example of the plagiarism policy of Springer is illustrated below:

Q6 - How can you avoid unintentional plagiarism when revising your draft?

According to the Modern Language Association (MLA), about 60% of all students admit to having committed unintentional plagiarism in their academic careers. People often commit these missteps due to insufficient knowledge of citation and paraphrasing conventions.

Keep these points in mind to avoid unintentional plagiarisms:

• Every discipline has its writing style and citation norms, so familiarize yourself with content reuse best practices before you start writing your content.
• Get permission to use images as there are several kinds of rights associated with their usage in academic articles, presentations, or other assignments.
• In most disciplines, you are expected to use the style guide from either APA or MLA when citing and referencing sources. The rules for these two styles are different and must be followed precisely for each source.
• Check the ‘PhD by publication’ rules at your affiliated institution to determine whether you can reuse a PhD thesis.

Q7 - What happens if you get caught plagiarizing your dissertation?

Plagiarism is a serious offense. Getting caught could lead to expulsion from the program and even the university. You will also be barred from any future admission to that institution. You may also face criminal charges in some jurisdictions, depending on how severe your offense was and how many people were affected by it.

A few expected consequences of Plagiarism include:

• Damage to your professional and academic reputation
• Damage to the credibility of the affiliated institution
• Legal repercussions
• Monetary repercussions
• Plagiarised research affects society

Q8 - What must be done to avoid plagiarism when including direct quotes in research paper?

The first thing to do is ensure you're quoting a reliable source. If it comes from an unreliable source (such as an unverified Twitter handle), try not to use it in your paper. Next, make sure that each time you use a quote, you cite it accordingly. The three ways in which you can include direct quotes in your paper without plagiarism are:

• Direct quotation: Direct quotations can be used when the author's exact words are necessary to convey their meaning. Use phrases like "stated," "mentioned that," or "in the words of." To avoid plagiarism, always use quotation marks when quoting another author's words.
• Indirect quotation: An indirect quotation is when you use the text with minor grammatical changes. Such quotes do not require quotation marks.
• Paraphrasing: Paraphrasing involves rewriting the text completely using your own words.

Q9 - What are the three methods to provide in text citations in your research paper and avoid plagiarism?

There are three methods to provide in-text citations in your research paper:

• Footnotes: Footnotes provide additional information about a specific piece that appears in your body text. Footnotes should be placed at the bottom of the page. Each footnote should include the author's last name and the page number.
• Endnotes: Endnotes are similar footnotes but should be placed at the end of your document after the conclusion section (or after any appendices).
• Parenthetical citations: Parenthetical citations should be placed within parentheses next to the relevant sentence or paragraph (no punctuation before the parenthetical citation).

Q10 - How to take careful notes while conducting research to avoid the possibility of plagiarism?

When conducting research, it is essential to take careful notes for two reasons: you want to be able to remember what you read, and you don't want to plagiarize someone else's work accidentally.

If you find it difficult to remember what you've read, try taking notes immediately instead of waiting until the end of your research session. You can also take down all the keywords related to the topic so that they're easy for you to find later on.

Finally, make sure that when writing your final draft of the paper, everything has been cited correctly and included in an appropriate bibliography style (i.e., MLA or APA).

Plagiarism is a global problem that is rising along with the use of the internet and digital technology. But you can still protect your work by following some basic rules. We believe that the information in this blog post clarifies the topic of plagiarism and research.

If you think anything is missing or feel we could have answered an FAQ better, please feel free to leave a comment!

For more such informative resources, don't forget to check out the SciSpace Resources Page .

You might also like

Plagiarism in Research — The Complete Guide [eBook]

3 Common Mistakes in Research Publication, and How to Avoid Them

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A publication of the harvard college writing program.

Harvard Guide to Using Sources 

• The Honor Code
• What Constitutes Plagiarism?

In academic writing, it is considered plagiarism to draw any idea or any language from someone else without adequately crediting that source in your paper. It doesn't matter whether the source is a published author, another student, a website without clear authorship, a website that sells academic papers, or any other person: Taking credit for anyone else's work is stealing, and it is unacceptable in all academic situations, whether you do it intentionally or by accident.

The ease with which you can find information of all kinds online means that you need to be extra vigilant about keeping track of where you are getting information and ideas and about giving proper credit to the authors of the sources you use. If you cut and paste from an electronic document into your notes and forget to clearly label the document in your notes, or if you draw information from a series of websites without taking careful notes, you may end up taking credit for ideas that aren't yours, whether you mean to or not.

It's important to remember that every website is a document with an author, and therefore every website must be cited properly in your paper. For example, while it may seem obvious to you that an idea drawn from Professor Steven Pinker's book The Language Instinct should only appear in your paper if you include a clear citation, it might be less clear that information you glean about language acquisition from the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website warrants a similar citation. Even though the authorship of this encyclopedia entry is less obvious than it might be if it were a print article (you need to scroll down the page to see the author's name, and if you don't do so you might mistakenly think an author isn't listed), you are still responsible for citing this material correctly. Similarly, if you consult a website that has no clear authorship, you are still responsible for citing the website as a source for your paper. The kind of source you use, or the absence of an author linked to that source, does not change the fact that you always need to cite your sources (see Evaluating Web Sources ).

Verbatim Plagiarism

If you copy language word for word from another source and use that language in your paper, you are plagiarizing verbatim . Even if you write down your own ideas in your own words and place them around text that you've drawn directly from a source, you must give credit to the author of the source material, either by placing the source material in quotation marks and providing a clear citation, or by paraphrasing the source material and providing a clear citation.

The passage below comes from Ellora Derenoncourt’s article, “Can You Move to Opportunity? Evidence from the Great Migration.”

Here is the article citation in APA style:

Derenoncourt, E. (2022). Can you move to opportunity? Evidence from the Great Migration. The American Economic Review , 112(2), 369–408. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.20200002

Source material

Why did urban Black populations in the North increase so dramatically between 1940 and 1970? After a period of reduced mobility during the Great Depression, Black out-migration from the South resumed at an accelerated pace after 1940. Wartime jobs in the defense industry and in naval shipyards led to substantial Black migration to California and other Pacific states for the first time since the Migration began. Migration continued apace to midwestern cities in the 1950s and1960s, as the booming automobile industry attracted millions more Black southerners to the North, particularly to cities like Detroit or Cleveland. Of the six million Black migrants who left the South during the Great Migration, four million of them migrated between 1940 and 1970 alone.

Plagiarized version

While this student has written her own sentence introducing the topic, she has copied the italicized sentences directly from the source material. She has left out two sentences from Derenoncourt’s paragraph, but has reproduced the rest verbatim:

But things changed mid-century. After a period of reduced mobility during the Great Depression, Black out-migration from the South resumed at an accelerated pace after 1940. Wartime jobs in the defense industry and in naval shipyards led to substantial Black migration to California and other Pacific states for the first time since the Migration began. Migration continued apace to midwestern cities in the 1950s and1960s, as the booming automobile industry attracted millions more Black southerners to the North, particularly to cities like Detroit or Cleveland.

Acceptable version #1: Paraphrase with citation

In this version the student has paraphrased Derenoncourt’s passage, making it clear that these ideas come from a source by introducing the section with a clear signal phrase ("as Derenoncourt explains…") and citing the publication date, as APA style requires.

But things changed mid-century. In fact, as Derenoncourt (2022) explains, the wartime increase in jobs in both defense and naval shipyards marked the first time during the Great Migration that Black southerners went to California and other west coast states. After the war, the increase in jobs in the car industry led to Black southerners choosing cities in the midwest, including Detroit and Cleveland.

Acceptable version #2 : Direct quotation with citation or direct quotation and paraphrase with citation

If you quote directly from an author and cite the quoted material, you are giving credit to the author. But you should keep in mind that quoting long passages of text is only the best option if the particular language used by the author is important to your paper. Social scientists and STEM scholars rarely quote in their writing, paraphrasing their sources instead. If you are writing in the humanities, you should make sure that you only quote directly when you think it is important for your readers to see the original language.

In the example below, the student quotes part of the passage and paraphrases the rest.

But things changed mid-century. In fact, as Derenoncourt (2022) explains, “after a period of reduced mobility during the Great Depression, Black out-migration from the South resumed at an accelerated pace after 1940” (p. 379). Derenoncourt notes that after the war, the increase in jobs in the car industry led to Black southerners choosing cities in the midwest, including Detroit and Cleveland.

Mosaic Plagiarism

If you copy bits and pieces from a source (or several sources), changing a few words here and there without either adequately paraphrasing or quoting directly, the result is mosaic plagiarism . Even if you don't intend to copy the source, you may end up with this type of plagiarism as a result of careless note-taking and confusion over where your source's ideas end and your own ideas begin. You may think that you've paraphrased sufficiently or quoted relevant passages, but if you haven't taken careful notes along the way, or if you've cut and pasted from your sources, you can lose track of the boundaries between your own ideas and those of your sources. It's not enough to have good intentions and to cite some of the material you use. You are responsible for making clear distinctions between your ideas and the ideas of the scholars who have informed your work. If you keep track of the ideas that come from your sources and have a clear understanding of how your own ideas differ from those ideas, and you follow the correct citation style, you will avoid mosaic plagiarism.

Indeed, of the more than 3500 hours of instruction during medical school, an average of less than 60 hours are devoted to all of bioethics, health law and health economics combined . Most of the instruction is during the preclinical courses, leaving very little instructional time when students are experiencing bioethical or legal challenges during their hands-on, clinical training. More than 60 percent of the instructors in bioethics, health law, and health economics have not published since 1990 on the topic they are teaching.

--Persad, G.C., Elder, L., Sedig,L., Flores, L., & Emanuel, E. (2008). The current state of medical school education in bioethics, health law, and health economics. Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 36 , 89-94.

Students can absorb the educational messages in medical dramas when they view them for entertainment. In fact, even though they were not created specifically for education, these programs can be seen as an entertainment-education tool [43, 44]. In entertainment-education shows, viewers are exposed to educational content in entertainment contexts, using visual language that is easy to understand and triggers emotional engagement [45]. The enhanced emotional engagement and cognitive development [5] and moral imagination make students more sensitive to training [22].

--Cambra-Badii, I., Moyano, E., Ortega, I., Josep-E Baños, & Sentí, M. (2021). TV medical dramas: Health sciences students’ viewing habits and potential for teaching issues related to bioethics and professionalism. BMC Medical Education, 21 , 1-11. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02947-7

Paragraph #1.

All of the ideas in this paragraph after the first sentence are drawn directly from Persad. But because the student has placed the citation mid-paragraph, the final two sentences wrongly appear to be the student’s own idea:

In order to advocate for the use of medical television shows in the medical education system, it is also important to look at the current bioethical curriculum. In the more than 3500 hours of training that students undergo in medical school, only about 60 hours are focused on bioethics, health law, and health economics (Persad et al, 2008). It is also problematic that students receive this training before they actually have spent time treating patients in the clinical setting. Most of these hours are taught by instructors without current publications in the field.

Paragraph #2.

All of the italicized ideas in this paragraph are either paraphrased or taken verbatim from Cambra-Badii, et al., but the student does not cite the source at all. As a result, readers will assume that the student has come up with these ideas himself:

Students can absorb the educational messages in medical dramas when they view them for entertainment. It doesn’t matter if the shows were designed for medical students; they can still be a tool for education. In these hybrid entertainment-education shows, viewers are exposed to educational content that triggers an emotional reaction. By allowing for this emotional, cognitive, and moral engagement, the shows make students more sensitive to training . There may be further applications to this type of education: the role of entertainment as a way of encouraging students to consider ethical situations could be extended to other professions, including law or even education.

The student has come up with the final idea in the paragraph (that this type of ethical training could apply to other professions), but because nothing in the paragraph is cited, it reads as if it is part of a whole paragraph of his own ideas, rather than the point that he is building to after using the ideas from the article without crediting the authors.

Acceptable version

In the first paragraph, the student uses signal phrases in nearly every sentence to reference the authors (“According to Persad et al.,” “As the researchers argue,” “They also note”), which makes it clear throughout the paragraph that all of the paragraph’s information has been drawn from Persad et al. The student also uses a clear APA in-text citation to point the reader to the original article. In the second paragraph, the student paraphrases and cites the source’s ideas and creates a clear boundary behind those ideas and his own, which appear in the final paragraph.

In order to advocate for the use of medical television shows in the medical education system, it is also important to look at the current bioethical curriculum. According to Persad et al. (2008), only about one percent of teaching time throughout the four years of medical school is spent on ethics. As the researchers argue, this presents a problem because the students are being taught about ethical issues before they have a chance to experience those issues themselves. They also note that more than sixty percent of instructors teaching bioethics to medical students have no recent publications in the subject.

The research suggests that medical dramas may be a promising source for discussions of medical ethics. Cambra-Badii et al. (2021) explain that even when watched for entertainment, medical shows can help viewers engage emotionally with the characters and may prime them to be more receptive to training in medical ethics. There may be further applications to this type of education: the role of entertainment as a way of encouraging students to consider ethical situations could be extended to other professions, including law or even education.

Inadequate Paraphrase

When you paraphrase, your task is to distill the source's ideas in your own words. It's not enough to change a few words here and there and leave the rest; instead, you must completely restate the ideas in the passage in your own words. If your own language is too close to the original, then you are plagiarizing, even if you do provide a citation.

In order to make sure that you are using your own words, it's a good idea to put away the source material while you write your paraphrase of it. This way, you will force yourself to distill the point you think the author is making and articulate it in a new way. Once you have done this, you should look back at the original and make sure that you have represented the source’s ideas accurately and that you have not used the same words or sentence structure. If you do want to use some of the author's words for emphasis or clarity, you must put those words in quotation marks and provide a citation.

The passage below comes from Michael Sandel’s article, “The Case Against Perfection.” Here’s the article citation in MLA style:

Sandel, Michael. “The Case Against Perfection.” The Atlantic , April 2004, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2004/04/the-case-against-pe... .

Though there is much to be said for this argument, I do not think the main problem with enhancement and genetic engineering is that they undermine effort and erode human agency. The deeper danger is that they represent a kind of hyperagency—a Promethean aspiration to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires. The problem is not the drift to mechanism but the drive to mastery. And what the drive to mastery misses and may even destroy is an appreciation of the gifted character of human powers and achievements.

The version below is an inadequate paraphrase because the student has only cut or replaced a few words: “I do not think the main problem” became “the main problem is not”; “deeper danger” became “bigger problem”; “aspiration” became “desire”; “the gifted character of human powers and achievements” became “the gifts that make our achievements possible.”

The main problem with enhancement and genetic engineering is not that they undermine effort and erode human agency. The bigger problem is that they represent a kind of hyperagency—a Promethean desire to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires. The problem is not the drift to mechanism but the drive to mastery. And what the drive to mastery misses and may even destroy is an appreciation of the gifts that make our achievements possible (Sandel).

Acceptable version #1: Adequate paraphrase with citation

In this version, the student communicates Sandel’s ideas but does not borrow language from Sandel. Because the student uses Sandel’s name in the first sentence and has consulted an online version of the article without page numbers, there is no need for a parenthetical citation.

Michael Sandel disagrees with the argument that genetic engineering is a problem because it replaces the need for humans to work hard and make their own choices. Instead, he argues that we should be more concerned that the decision to use genetic enhancement is motivated by a desire to take control of nature and bend it to our will instead of appreciating its gifts.

Acceptable version #2: Direct quotation with citation

In this version, the student uses Sandel’s words in quotation marks and provides a clear MLA in-text citation. In cases where you are going to talk about the exact language that an author uses, it is acceptable to quote longer passages of text. If you are not going to discuss the exact language, you should paraphrase rather than quoting extensively.

The author argues that “the main problem with enhancement and genetic engineering is not that they undermine effort and erode human agency,” but, rather that “they represent a kind of hyperagency—a Promethean desire to remake nature, including human nature, to serve our purposes and satisfy our desires. The problem is not the drift to mechanism but the drive to mastery. And what the drive to mastery misses and may even destroy is an appreciation of the gifts that make our achievements possible” (Sandel).

Uncited Paraphrase

When you use your own language to describe someone else's idea, that idea still belongs to the author of the original material. Therefore, it's not enough to paraphrase the source material responsibly; you also need to cite the source, even if you have changed the wording significantly. As with quoting, when you paraphrase you are offering your reader a glimpse of someone else's work on your chosen topic, and you should also provide enough information for your reader to trace that work back to its original form. The rule of thumb here is simple: Whenever you use ideas that you did not think up yourself, you need to give credit to the source in which you found them, whether you quote directly from that material or provide a responsible paraphrase.

The passage below comes from C. Thi Nguyen’s article, “Echo Chambers and Epistemic Bubbles.”

Here’s the citation for the article, in APA style:

Nguyen, C. (2020). Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles. Episteme, 17 (2), 141-161. doi:10.1017/epi.2018.32

Epistemic bubbles can easily form accidentally. But the most plausible explanation for the particular features of echo chambers is something more malicious. Echo chambers are excellent tools to maintain, reinforce, and expand power through epistemic control. Thus, it is likely (though not necessary) that echo chambers are set up intentionally, or at least maintained, for this functionality (Nguyen, 2020).

The student who wrote the paraphrase below has drawn these ideas directly from Nguyen’s article but has not credited the author. Although she paraphrased adequately, she is still responsible for citing Nguyen as the source of this information.

Echo chambers and epistemic bubbles have different origins. While epistemic bubbles can be created organically, it’s more likely that echo chambers will be formed by those who wish to keep or even grow their control over the information that people hear and understand.

In this version, the student eliminates any possible ambiguity about the source of the ideas in the paragraph. By using a signal phrase to name the author whenever the source of the ideas could be unclear, the student clearly attributes these ideas to Nguyen.

According to Nguyen (2020), echo chambers and epistemic bubbles have different origins. Nguyen argues that while epistemic bubbles can be created organically, it’s more likely that echo chambers will be formed by those who wish to keep or even grow their control over the information that people hear and understand.

Uncited Quotation

When you put source material in quotation marks in your essay, you are telling your reader that you have drawn that material from somewhere else. But it's not enough to indicate that the material in quotation marks is not the product of your own thinking or experimentation: You must also credit the author of that material and provide a trail for your reader to follow back to the original document. This way, your reader will know who did the original work and will also be able to go back and consult that work if they are interested in learning more about the topic. Citations should always go directly after quotations.

The passage below comes from Deirdre Mask’s nonfiction book, The Address Book: What Street Addresses Reveal About Identity, Race, Wealth, and Power.

Here is the MLA citation for the book:

Mask, Deirdre. The Address Book: What Street Addresses Reveal About Identity, Race, Wealth, and Power. St. Martin’s Griffin, 2021.

In New York, even addresses are for sale. The city allows a developer, for the bargain price of $11,000 (as of 2019), to apply to change the street address to something more attractive.

It’s not enough for the student to indicate that these words come from a source; the source must be cited:

After all, “in New York, even addresses are for sale. The city allows a developer, for the bargain price of $11,000 (as of 2019), to apply to change the street address to something more attractive.”

Here, the student has cited the source of the quotation using an MLA in-text citation:

After all, “in New York, even addresses are for sale. The city allows a developer, for the bargain price of $11,000 (as of 2019), to apply to change the street address to something more attractive” (Mask 229).

Using Material from Another Student's Work

In some courses you will be allowed or encouraged to form study groups, to work together in class generating ideas, or to collaborate on your thinking in other ways. Even in those cases, it's imperative that you understand whether all of your writing must be done independently, or whether group authorship is permitted. Most often, even in courses that allow some collaborative discussion, the writing or calculations that you do must be your own. This doesn't mean that you shouldn't collect feedback on your writing from a classmate or a writing tutor; rather, it means that the argument you make (and the ideas you rely on to make it) should either be your own or you should give credit to the source of those ideas.

So what does this mean for the ideas that emerge from class discussion or peer review exercises? Unlike the ideas that your professor offers in lecture (you should always cite these), ideas that come up in the course of class discussion or peer review are collaborative, and often not just the product of one individual's thinking. If, however, you see a clear moment in discussion when a particular student comes up with an idea, you should cite that student. In any case, when your work is informed by class discussions, it's courteous and collegial to include a discursive footnote in your paper that lets your readers know about that discussion. So, for example, if you were writing a paper about the narrator in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried and you came up with your idea during a discussion in class, you might place a footnote in your paper that states the following: "I am indebted to the members of my Expos 20 section for sparking my thoughts about the role of the narrator as Greek Chorus in Tim O'Brien's The Things They Carried ."

It is important to note that collaboration policies can vary by course, even within the same department, and you are responsible for familiarizing yourself with each course's expectation about collaboration. Collaboration policies are often stated in the syllabus, but if you are not sure whether it is appropriate to collaborate on work for any course, you should always consult your instructor.

• The Exception: Common Knowledge
• Other Scenarios to Avoid
• Why Does it Matter if You Plagiarize?
• How to Avoid Plagiarism
• Harvard University Plagiarism Policy

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• v.26(2); 2014 Apr

Plagiarism in Scientific Research and Publications and How to Prevent It

Faculty of medicine, University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Quality is assessed on the basis of adequate evidence, while best results of the research are accomplished through scientific knowledge. Information contained in a scientific work must always be based on scientific evidence. Guidelines for genuine scientific research should be designed based on real results. Dynamic research and use correct methods of scientific work must originate from everyday practice and the fundamentals of the research. The original work should have the proper data sources with clearly defined research goals, methods of operation which are acceptable for questions included in the study. When selecting the methods it is necessary to obtain the consent of the patients/respondents to provide data for execution of the project or so called informed consent. Only by the own efforts can be reached true results, from which can be drawn conclusions and which finally can give a valid scholarly commentary. Text may be copied from other sources, either in whole or in part and marked as a result of the other studies. For high-quality scientific work necessary are expertise and relevant scientific literature, mostly taken from publications that are stored in biomedical databases. These are scientific, professional and review articles, case reports of disease in physician practices, but the knowledge can also be acquired on scientific and expert lectures by renowned scientists. Form of text publications must meet standards on writing a paper. If the article has already been published in a scientific journal, the same article cannot be published in any other journal with a few minor adjustments, or without specifying the parts of the first article which is used in another article. Copyright infringement occurs when the author of a new article, with or without mentioning the author, uses a substantial portion of previously published articles, including past contributions in the first article. With the permission of the publisher and the author, another journal can re-publish the article already published. In that case, that is not plagiarism, because the journal states that the article was re-published with the permission of the journal in which the article is primarily released. The original can be only one, and the copy is a copy, and plagiarism is stolen copy. The aim of combating plagiarism is to improve the quality, to achieve satisfactory results and to compare the results of their own research, rather than copying the data from the results of other people's research. Copy leads to incorrect results. Nowadays the problem of plagiarism has become huge, or widespread and present in almost all spheres of human activity, particularly in science.

Scientific institutions and universities should have a center for surveillance, security, promotion and development of quality research. Establishment of rules and respect the rules of good practice are the obligations of each research institutions, universities and every individual researchers, regardless of which area of science is being investigated. There are misunderstandings and doubts about the criteria and standards for when and how to declare someone a plagiarist. European and World Association of Science Editors (EASE and WAME), and COPE - Committee on Publishing Ethics working on the precise definition of that institution or that the scientific committee may sanction when someone is proven plagiarism and familiarize the authors with the types of sanctions. The practice is to inform the editors about discovered plagiarism and articles are withdrawn from the database, while the authors are put on the so-called black list. So far this is the only way of preventing plagiarism, because there are no other sanctions.

SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH AND PHASES OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH

Jacques Yves Cousteau said: “What is a scientist after all? Scientist is a curious man looking through a keyhole of nature, trying to understand what is happening” ( 1 ).

Whether it comes to young enthusiasts eager to contribute to the scientific community or, in turn, experienced scientific researchers who want to establish their name in the pillars of science for the general good of the research, from the idea to the final realization there is a certain sequence of steps to be followed ( 2 ). Scientific research in medicine is the process of implementation of systemic study within well-defined aspects which can contribute to universal mental, physical and social well-being of individuals and communities, as defined in the Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO). There are several types of medical scientific research: laboratory, clinical research and public health. Scientific research contributes to the community and individuals in the community. The benefit to the community is reflected in the collection of evidence that will enhance clinical and socio-medical policies and practices, identifying health problems and methods of health promotion, prevention of disease and disability, the expansion of scientific literature that is the basis for all future scientific research, policy and practice. The well-being of the individual is acquiring new knowledge, and the development of new, improved skills, which will result in the individual academic growth ( 3 , 4 , 5 ).

1.1 Scientific research

In order that research project be valuable and recognized by the academic community and other researchers, it is essential that contains the same elements as other articles. It does not matter to which level of academic status belong the author of the study, it is essential that the steps are the same for all studies. The author Kathryn H. Jacobsen in her book “Introduction to Research Methods in Health: A Practical Guide” ( 1 ) states that the research process consists of five steps: problem identification, selection of the research manner, the choice of study design and data collection, data analysis and writing the conclusion ( 5 , 9 ).

Studies on the population level have clearly defined goals, while the most important of these are ( 5 – 10 ):

• Identifying and classifying new clinical identity;
• Detection of risk factors for disease;
• The development and testing of new protocols for the prevention or treatment of disease ( 1 , 8 ).

The process of scientific research from ideas, hypothesizing, through evidence, analysis of results, to the conclusion and publication of research results in an indexed journal can take months, even years. Unfortunately, the funds allocated for research is often provided by the researchers themselves, and it is a major limiting factor that some research can even begin or end.

1.2 Stages of scientific research

Scientific research has several stages ( 11 - 20 ):

• Determining research topics;
• The choice of scientific methods of research;
• Study design and data collection;
• Data processing, analysis and interpretation;
• Writing and publishing a scientific article;

1.3 Rules for proper research

In order that study had its purpose and effects, but also justify the intent and invested funds, it must meet certain postulates:

• Every scientific research from idea to written scientific article should go through certain phases: the review of the relevant literature on the topic of research, defining the objectives and hypotheses of research, sample selection for the study, implementation of research based on scientific methodological principles, statistical analysis, comparing the obtained own results with results of other authors published in scientific publications, conclusions and specific recommendations for any specific application in practice. Study design and project outline research are usually conducted by experienced researchers as mentors and by own work;
• Researchers and authors of scientific papers must follow the rules of the Ethics Code of Good Scientific Practice (GSP), primarily to follow the principles of honesty and integrity;
• Researchers rely on published data, and must be trained to selectively process the information, then, must be able to distinguish between original ideas and, finally, to have knowledge in order that their research results are compared with previously published in the scientific literature.

In order to achieve and realize the above mentioned:

• Authors are required to follow ethical principles and stick to moral and legal regulations acceptable by the scientific community;
• Authors must properly cite relevant publications and cite facts and conclusions, or published or unpublished ideas and words of other researchers and authors. The reader should be clearly informed of the facts from the original texts of other authors, or of recycled articles from other sources (numerical marking, following Vancouver, the Harvard, APA, PubMed and other rules of citation of articles and other sources, for example: 2,9,14,15, etc.);
• Authors should properly cite references in their original form (the author(s), article title, abbreviated journal title, year of publication, volume editions, number, initial and final page of the published article, or the other sources in accordance to the order prescribed);
• Authors should use the knowledge acquired in the lectures, conferences or other sources of scientific and technical literature, provided that each source must include full bibliographic information;
• Authors must each citation in the text indicated in the bibliography at the end of the text and put it in quotation marks copied the contents of which have more than six consecutive words;
• Authors must obtain permission from other authors or publishers of scientific reproduction of protected materials (texts, images, charts, graphs, etc.) copyright;
• If the author re-used text or attachment as another author's own observations, then published in the article, in quotation marks, should be accompanied by a quote of recycled text, published in the primary source;
• Authors and coauthors must sign a declaration of originality and authorship which provides descriptions of contribution by each of them separately in an article that is going to be published;
• Every author of the publication must respect the rules of writing an article in which he/she wants to publish the article, considering that most journals have their own rules, but in line with the principles ICMJE, COPE, etc.

1.4 Scientific publishing

Publications are the products of scientific work. Once published, scientific work becomes a source of reference, post publishing review and critique. To contribute to the largest evidence-based medicine (EBM), the paper should be credible, while honesty of each author becomes a pillar of trust in science. Researchers become responsible for what they publish and influence the future of the publication, science and education in general.

2. SCIENTOMETRICS

Scientometrics is part of Scientology (the science of science) that analyzes scientific papers and their citations in scientific journals selected sample ( 1 , 8 ).

The term scientometrics first appeared in the literature in 1969. The original definition of scientometrics is that it is a scientific discipline or field of science that deals with the study of science as an information process by applying quantitative (statistical) methods, and later Tibor Braun (who is the 1977 formed an international magazine Scientometrics) introduced the world to name Scientometrics ( 8 ). Some of the indicators used in the evaluation of scientific research ( 1 , 8 ):

• Impact Factor;
• Citing articles;
• Citing journal;
• The number and order of authors, etc.

Impact factor is the number of citations of articles published in the journal during the previous two years, divided by the total number of articles published in the journal for the same time period. Impact factor depends on: the quality of the journal, the language in which it was printed, the territory covered by the distribution system ( 8 ).

2.1 Impact factor (IF)

Given the growing number of scientific publications, there is a need among the readership to assess quality and reliable source of information. IF is the most commonly used evaluation aid. IF does not indicate quality, but high impact factor indicates the possibility of high quality ( 1 , 4 , 6 , 8 ).

In order to assessed IF and citation in general, it uses a large number of databases, such as Thomson Reuters' Web of Science (WoS), Scopus, etc. Thomson Reuters Journal Citation Reports are involved and the scientific citation index (Science Citation Index, SCI) and Social Scientific Citation Index (SSCI) ( 1 ).

In the use of IF there are some pitfalls to be avoided ( 1 ):

The two-year period is not long enough to assess the quality over quoting, as in many disciplines, yet these publications did not reach the top. Five-year estimate of IF gives better results.

Citing is considered as “currency” of modern science, which is why its analysis of the editors, authors and readers become indispensable. Many authors, intentionally and inappropriately, citing their previous articles to raise their rating in the research community.

SCI database covers less than one-quarter reviews of contemporary journals and shows preference to journals in the English language. As a result this reveals a serious discrepancy between the citation in English and in other languages.

In 2009 an article had 5,624 citations, which shifted IF this journal from 3 to 49.93 while all other articles in this journal had three or less citations. Because of this uneven distribution it is impossible to estimate the IF on the basis of a single article or author ( 1 , 5 ).

Incompleteness depends among other things on, the discipline, the language and location of scientists–researchers.

Articles within the fast growing discipline is more quoted than traditional scientific fields, such as mathematics and theoretician. These varieties give a distorted picture of the rating of certain journals. Also, some subject areas are additionally cited with works from other areas. Examples of medical, clinical studies that rely on the results of basic science, resulting in 3-5 times larger number of citations of articles of basic medicine in relation to the clinical part. The consequence is that the basic medical journals have higher IF of the journal Clinical Medicine, which does not give a realistic picture of any original research note. On the other hand, review articles are cited more often than the original parts, so many journals and IF it's rating rose by publishing an increasing number of review articles.

Invalid works, such articles withdrawn continue to be cited in other articles. It leads to the bias in the calculation of IF.

2.2 H-index and its application

H-index is based on the number of cited articles of an author published in a journal or other publications in relation to the number of citations of these articles in other publications. Citing provides insight into the scientific work because it encourages scientists to deal with the most current topics ( 1 , 8 ).

With regard to the respective issues when calculating the IF, the scientific community has proposed many solutions. Hirsch in 2005 suggests that every scientist has its own H-index. It is probably the simplest index, oriented on scientist and defined as the number of articles by the number of citations ≥ h. in order To raise his/hers H-index, the author must be cited additional 2h+1 times. For example, to increase its H-index from 4 to 5 must be quoted another nine times. Its only drawback is that this factor is unfavorable for young researchers who have not had enough opportunities to publish a large number of works in the short time they had available for research. Schreiber suggests that in calculating the H-index should not be used self citation because it is unethical and is subject to manipulation, and introduces the concept of “the honest h index, hh) ( 1 ). Yet, despite its many shortcomings, the Impact Factor is currently most often used metric tool for assessing the journal, which should be a message to researchers to continue their search for a reliable and applicable scientometrics method ( 1 , 22 ).

All persons who present themselves as the authors of the article must meet the following requirements: to have contributed significantly to the planning and preparation of the article, or analysis and interpretation of results and participated in writing and correcting the article, as well as to agree with the final version of the text. People engaged in collecting data or superior researchers, however, have not been active participants in the development of scientific work and cannot be authors. The editor has the right to ask the author to explain the individual contribution of each of them. The contribution of one author is 1, and if in the preparation of the article participated many authors, their contribution is 1/n. This means that the contribution of each subsequent is half the size of the contributions of previous author in order. The order is determined by agreement between the authors ( 8 , 9 ).

Citing is the way in which the author explains to the readers that certain textual content contained in particular paper is taken from another source. It also gives the reader insight they needed to find the original source, including:

Information concerning the author;

• Title of the article;
• Page numbers from which the material was taken;
• Time when some content was “downloaded” from some official sites where the content is stored and presented for public use (Open access).

Recognition of authorship by quoting is the only proper way to use the work of others and not to commit plagiarism. There are many reasons that source should be cited:

• Citing helps greatly to the one who wants to know more about the author's ideas and where these ideas came;
• Not all the sources are as good and true. Journals with a high above mentioned indices are relevant to quote;
• Citing shows how much work has gone into research;
• Citing helps the reader to distinguish between the author's and ideas of others.

Very important issues to be considered when quoting content of other authors from scientific publications are:

• When to use quotation marks;
• When to paraphrase;
• When to use an idea already expressed by someone?
• MLA (MODERN LANGUAGE ASSOCIATION);
• ACS (AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY);
• IEEE (INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERS);
• NLM (NATIONAL LIBRARY OD MEDICINE);
• VANCOUVER (BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES);
• APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION).

4. PLAGIARISM

4.1 definitions of plagiarism.

Plagiarism (Latin plagere =kidnap, plagiatum = “stealing people”), means the act of appropriation or copying someone else's written, artistic or other creative work as your own, either in part or in whole, without specifying the source or authorship of the original. Unlike forgery in which is questioned the authenticity of the work, plagiarism is the illegal and unethical copying of another's work, which is up as its own. Plagiarism is literary term for stealing, copying others' works. In recent years, it is interpreted as a violation of copyright. Generally speaking, plagiarism is when someone uses someone else's ideas, statements, linguistic style and does not recognize the intellectual authors. Plagiarism may be intentional or unintentional ( 1 , 4 , 6 , 12 ).

Types of plagiarism ( 12 ):

• Direct form–Fully or partially copy the text, computer files, audio or video recordings without mentioning the primary source;
• Mosaic form–Borrowing ideas and opinions from the original source, a few words and phrases without citing the source;
• Self-plagiarism–Reuse own work without specifying the primary (own) sources.
• In some ancient cultures of the Far East, certain forms of plagiarism were common.
• According to data from WAME - World Association of Medical Editors, precise definition of plagiarism is when are copied six consecutive words ( 6 , 21 ) in a continuous set of 30 used characters.

Generally speaking, plagiarism is when someone uses someone else's ideas, statements, linguistic style and does not recognize the intellectual pioneers. Plagiarism main goal is to deceive the reader. An interesting comment was made by Samuel Johnson, which one of the manuscripts received for publication characterized as follows: “Your work is good and original. Unfortunately, the parts that are good are not original, and the parts that are original are not good” ( 1 ).

It is “the tendency of literary theft and misappropriation of others spiritual property as a whole” or generally “attributed someone else's work as your own” ( 1 ).

4.2 Common causes of plagiarism

• Following trends of academic promotion and research funding, which entails the use of extensive text on the principle of “publish at all costs” or “Perish mantra”;
• Personal ambitions of poorly educated individuals;
• Financial pressure.

4.3 Types of plagiarism

Plagiarism is not always black and white issue. The boundary between plagiarism and research is sometimes unclear. Identifying different forms of plagiarism is a very important step towards its prevention.

Here are listed ten ( 10 ) most common types of plagiarism as follows:

• CLONE–Submitting someone else's work, which is just transcribed, as his/hers own;
• CTRL-C–Contains most of the text from a single source, without alterations;
• FIND–REPLACE–Changing key words and phrases, but retaining a substantial part of the content of the primary sources;
• REMIX–Paraphrasing multiple sources which are so arranged that complement each other;
• RECYCLE–The use of their own work (if the article is already published somewhere and not cited);
• HYBRID–Combine perfectly cited sources with the copied without citation;
• MASH UP–Blending the copied material which is taken from multiple sources;
• ERROR 404–Includes quoting non-existent or inaccurate source;
• AGGREGATOR–Include proper citation of sources, but contains almost nothing of their own work;
• RE–TWEET–Includes proper citation, but with too much text used from the original.

4.4 Plagiarizing others' research results

Unlike forgery in which is questioned the authenticity of the article, plagiarism when it comes to illegal and unethical taking of another's work, which is presented as its own.

Many people define plagiarism as copying someone else's work, or borrowing other people's ideas. But terms such as copying and lending may mask the seriousness of the offense.

According to Merriam–Webster dictionary plagiarism represents (1: a) The theft and use of other people's ideas or words as yours; b) Use of sources without attribution; c) Literary theft and d) presenting some ideas as own and as it is new, while this idea already exists in other source. In other words, plagiarism is an act of fraud, involving the theft of someone else's work and presenting as own.

4.5 Is the theft of ideas and words really possible?

Statutory legislation in the academic community in the United States and other developed countries strictly protects the expression of their own ideas, which are considered intellectual property and are protected by copyrights. Almost all forms of expression are protected by Copyright as long as they are preserved in any medium (such as a book or a computer file).

4.6 That is why under plagiarism is considered ( 1 , 6 ):

• Presenting someone else's work as own;
• Copying words or ideas of another person without specifying the original authorship;
• Not using quotation marks;
• Giving incorrect information about the source that is cited;
• Changing words but copying the sentence structure of the source without specifying the source or authorship of the original;
• Copying so many words or ideas which eventually make most of the work, regardless of whether the source is acknowledged or not.

4.7 How to avoid plagiarism?

It is very easy to find information on a topic that needs to be explored, but it is not always easy to add that information to own work and do not create a plagiarism. There are ways to avoid plagiarism, and should just be followed simple steps when writing a paper.

There are several ways to avoid plagiarism ( 1 , 6 ):

• Paraphrasing - When information is found that is great for research, it is read and written with own words.
• Quote - Very efficient way to avoid plagiarism. It is literally the wording of certain authors and they sentences are always placed in quotes.
• Quotation or citation in the text marked with the number at the end of the citations while under this number is stated the reference from which the quote was taken.
• Citing own material - If the author of the material used it in an earlier paper, he/she shall quote he/she self, because if this is not done, he/she plagiarized him/herself
• References must be listed at the end of the article and includes sources where authors found the information in the given article.
• Always follow the rules to properly cite references, acknowledging ideas taken at conference and formal/informal conversations;
• Reference must include full bibliographic information;
• Any source that is specified in the text must be listed in the references;
• Quotation marks should be used if are copied more than six consecutive words;

The author must obtain permission from other authors/publishers to reproduce the tabular, graphic or picture attachments or used text under copyright ( 6 , 12 )

Unfortunately, digitizing made copy-paste plagiarism and inappropriate reuse resources from Web sites, online journals and other electronic media. Within academic institutions, plagiarism, which is made by students, professors or researchers is considered academic dishonesty or academic fraud. Researchers and professors are usually punished for plagiarism by sanctions, suspension or even loss of credibility. It was easier to detect plagiarism, during the 1980s. In the last century, began to develop software for the detection of academic (“Turnitin” and “Safe Assign” software) and scientific plagiarism (“Cross Check” and “eTBlast” software) ( 1 , 7 ). International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has given a detailed explanation of what is not a duplicate publication. In the U.S. in 1989, ORI proposed sanctions for plagiarism ( 4 , 6 , 8 ).

Retractions in academic publishing have reached celestial heights–even increased tenfold in the last three decades, and the biggest reason for this is plagiarism and duplications (self plagiarism). The National Science Foundation (NSF) in March 2013 stated to explore more than 100 cases of suspected plagiarism in a year. Unfortunately, this problem is not limited to NSF, but also to other academic institutions as well as other spheres of interest, which is often revealed to the public only when scandals break out. In Germany, two prominent members of the Cabinet of the Prime Minister had to withdraw from office amid allegations of alleged plagiarism in dissertations. Similar scandals rocked Canada, the Philippines, Romania and Russia. Most high-publicity scandals are illuminated in the past three years, thanks to a significant extent bringing around readership of plagiarism as well as facilitated and increased access to instruments for the detection of plagiarism. This knowledge is worrisome because it indicates that plagiarism and duplication are not problems of recent date, but are now only more easily visible ( 20 ).

The software to detect plagiarism is well tested, widely available, economically affordable and easy to use. Although it relies on human analysis, this instrument can significantly speed up the process of validation of submission originality. Publications that require the use of instruments for the detection of plagiarism as part of the review and guideline authors have significantly reduced the number of rejected or withdrawn papers. On the other hand, a large number of organizations ignore this problem. In a survey conducted by Thenticate in October 2012, one of three scientific editors said they continue to face a plagiarized work, and according to the same survey, more than half of the scientific researchers do not check their work, but leaves the editors to detect plagiarism or duplication (even those unintended) ( 20 ).

To researchers is recommended that before they even send somewhere their work, to use the software in order to identify plagiarism or self-plagiarism, which perhaps they themselves are not aware of, in order to preserve public confidence, clean professional record and the further possibility of publishing and finance works. The scientific community, with special emphasis on publishers, must be clear and consistent in finding plagiarism, deterring it, with clear sanctions for those who violate these provisions ( 12 ).

5. MEASURES TO PREVENT PLAGIARISM

Historically, the first attempts to address scientific misconduct and dishonesty were initiated in the U.S. 1992 with the establishment of the Office of Research Integrity (ORI). The main tasks of this organization are to promote scientific integrity, the development of guidelines for scientific research and investigation of allegations of misconduct, especially in biomedicine. Based on the American model, many national bodies for ethics in science are founded on a global level.

Another major step forward was the establishment of a Committee on Publication Ethics based in the UK (COPE, 1997). COPE has introduced the scientific principles of fairness and developed a set of diagrams which recorded occurrence of plagiarism. If plagiarism is treated after publication, editors should inform the reader about the misconduct. Also, plagiarism can be detected electronically (e.g. Cross Check) ( 21 , 22 ).

At the international level, databases with cases of plagiarism should start publishing the names of all blacklisted–plagiarist.

Scientific and academic institutions should have a unit for monitoring, research and quality development. In accordance with the principles of the GSP and Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) institutions should take responsibility for the integrity of research reporting ( 23 - 26 ).

6. CONCLUSION

Modern medicine from a doctor requires continuous training, follow up of new medical discoveries and implementation of new knowledge into practice. A doctor in the PHC or in hospitals encounters with patients of different disease profiles, which are manifested in a different form, different intensity, with different response to therapy and different prognosis, so that every patient is a new experience. However, this experience and knowledge is often not sufficient for the best outcome for the patient and doctors are often forced to use additional reading and research on the problem of his/hers patient. Therefore, use of medical journals and articles that are in databases widely available to everyone who knows them properly. For this reason, it is particularly important that any research conducted revealed that published an article to be written according to the rules described above, to be conducted as meta-analyzes that will shorten “wondering” of readers trough the huge number of articles related to the problem and thus conclusions from made research combined with their knowledge and experience and to provide to the patient better service (on these principles is based Evidence Based Medicine EBM) ( 10 , 14 ).

On the other hand, thanks to the databases available on the Internet and medical journals, many researchers get ideas for their own research, and are used to compare the results of different studies, taking into account not to make plagiarism and proper citation is of utmost importance.

Finally, as more the author has been cited, his credibility is increased, indicating that the quality of its scientific research work. In literature and on various websites and blogs today is revealed a growing number of cases of plagiarism and other unethical behavior of the researchers. Described are several cases of plagiarism in the countries of the Balkan region. In the countries of former Yugoslavia, the number of plagiarism in books, articles, monographs, scientific papers and it is rapidly increasing. One important reason is that the newly introduced concept of the Bologna education requires academic staff to quickly and in large quantity publish scientific and professional articles for advancement in academic career, it has become counterproductive and degrades the quality of the published articles content. Plagiarism is now easier to detect thanks to databases and software packages specifically designed for this purpose.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST: NONE DECLARED.

Prevent plagiarism, run a free plagiarism check.

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• Types of plagiarism and how to recognize them

The 5 Types of Plagiarism | Explanations & Examples

Published on January 10, 2022 by Raimo Streefkerk . Revised on November 21, 2023 by Jack Caulfield.

Plagiarism comes in many forms, some more severe than others—from rephrasing someone’s ideas without acknowledgement to stealing a whole essay. These are the five most common types of plagiarism:

• Global plagiarism means passing off an entire text by someone else as your own work.
• Verbatim plagiarism means directly copying someone else’s words.
• Paraphrasing plagiarism means rephrasing someone else’s ideas to present them as your own.
• Patchwork plagiarism means stitching together parts of different sources to create your text.
• Self-plagiarism means recycling your own past work.

Except for global plagiarism, these types of plagiarism are often accidental, resulting from failure to understand how to properly quote, paraphrase, and cite your sources. If you’re concerned about accidental plagiarism, a plagiarism checker , like the one from Scribbr, can help.

Table of contents

Global plagiarism: plagiarizing an entire text, verbatim plagiarism: copying words directly, paraphrasing plagiarism: rephrasing ideas, patchwork plagiarism: stitching together sources, self-plagiarism: plagiarizing your own work, frequently asked questions about plagiarism.

Global plagiarism means taking an entire text by someone else and passing it off as your own.

For example, if you get someone else to write an essay or assignment for you, or if you find a text online and submit it as your own work, you are committing global plagiarism.

Because it involves deliberately and directly lying about the authorship of a work, this is the most serious type of plagiarism, and it can have severe consequences .

Avoiding this kind of plagiarism is straightforward: just write your own essays!

Prevent plagiarism. Run a free check.

Verbatim plagiarism, also called direct plagiarism, means copying and pasting someone else’s words into your own work without attribution.

This could be text that’s completely identical to the original or slightly altered. If the structure and the majority of the words are the same as in the original, this counts as verbatim plagiarism, even if you delete or change a couple of words.

In academic writing, you can and should refer to the words of others. To avoid verbatim plagiarism, you just need to quote the original source by putting the copied text in quotation marks and including an in-text citation . You can use the free Scribbr Citation Generator to create correctly formatted citations in MLA or APA Style .

Generate accurate citations with Scribbr

Most plagiarism checkers can easily detect verbatim plagiarism.

Example of verbatim plagiarism

Paraphrasing means putting a piece of text into your own words. Paraphrasing without citation is the most common type of plagiarism.

Paraphrasing, like quoting, is a legitimate way to incorporate the ideas of others into your writing. It only becomes plagiarism when you rewrite a source’s points as if they were your own. To avoid plagiarism when paraphrasing, cite your sources just as you would when quoting.

If you translate a piece of text from another language without citation, this is also a type of paraphrasing plagiarism. Translated text should always be cited; you’re still using someone else’s ideas, even if they’re in a different language.

Example of paraphrasing

Patchwork plagiarism, also called mosaic plagiarism, means copying phrases, passages, and ideas from different sources and putting them together to create a new text.

This can involve slightly rephrasing passages while keeping many of the same words and the same basic structure as the original, and inserting your own words here and there to stitch the plagiarized text together. Make sure to cite your sources whenever you quote or paraphrase to avoid plagiarism.

This type of plagiarism requires more effort and is more insidious than just copying and pasting from one source, but plagiarism checkers like Turnitin can still easily detect it.

Example of patchwork plagiarism

Self-plagiarism means reusing work that you’ve previously submitted or published. It amounts to academic dishonesty to present a paper or a piece of data as brand new when you’ve already gotten credit for the work.

The most serious form of self-plagiarism is to turn in a paper you already submitted for a grade to another class. Unless you have explicit permission to do so, this is always considered self-plagiarism.

Self-plagiarism can also occur when you reuse ideas, phrases or data from your previous assignments. Reworking old ideas and passages is not plagiarism as long as you have permission to do so and you cite your previous work to make their origins clear.

Scribbr’s Self-Plagiarism Checker

Online plagiarism scanners don’t have access to internal university databases and therefore can’t check your document for self-plagiarism.

Using Scribbr’s Self-Plagiarism Checker , you can upload your previous work and compare it to your current document. The checker will scan the texts for similarities and flag any passages where you might have self-plagiarized.

Global plagiarism means taking an entire work written by someone else and passing it off as your own. This can mean getting someone else to write an essay or assignment for you, or submitting a text you found online as your own work.

Global plagiarism is the most serious type of plagiarism because it involves deliberately and directly lying about the authorship of a work. It can have severe consequences .

To ensure you aren’t accidentally plagiarizing, consider running your work through plagiarism checker tool prior to submission. These tools work by using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.

Scribbr’s Plagiarism Checker takes less than 10 minutes and can help you turn in your paper with confidence.

Verbatim plagiarism means copying text from a source and pasting it directly into your own document without giving proper credit.

Even if you delete a few words or replace them with synonyms, it still counts as verbatim plagiarism.

To use an author’s exact words, quote the original source by putting the copied text in quotation marks and including an in-text citation .

If you’re worried about plagiarism, consider running your work through a plagiarism checker tool prior to submission, which work by using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.

Paraphrasing without crediting the original author is a form of plagiarism , because you’re presenting someone else’s ideas as if they were your own.

However, paraphrasing is not plagiarism if you correctly cite the source . This means including an in-text citation and a full reference, formatted according to your required citation style .

As well as citing, make sure that any paraphrased text is completely rewritten in your own words.

Patchwork plagiarism (aka mosaic plagiarism) means copying phrases, passages, or ideas from various existing sources and combining them to create a new text. While this type of plagiarism is more insidious than simply copy-pasting directly from a source, plagiarism checkers like Turnitin’s can still easily detect it.

To avoid plagiarism in any form, remember to cite your sources . Also consider running your work through a plagiarism checker tool prior to submission, which work by using advanced database software to scan for matches between your text and existing texts.

Yes, reusing your own work without acknowledgment is considered self-plagiarism . This can range from re-submitting an entire assignment to reusing passages or data from something you’ve turned in previously without citing them.

Self-plagiarism often has the same consequences as other types of plagiarism . If you want to reuse content you wrote in the past, make sure to check your university’s policy or consult your professor.

Cite this Scribbr article

If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.

Streefkerk, R. (2023, November 21). The 5 Types of Plagiarism | Explanations & Examples. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/plagiarism/types-of-plagiarism/

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• Insights blog

Taylor & Francis plagiarism policies and guidance for authors

About this topic.

Trust and integrity are among what readers value the most in scholarly peer-reviewed journal content. That’s why Taylor & Francis takes the issue of plagiarism very seriously. Find out what plagiarism is (and isn’t) and how you can avoid it.

What is plagiarism and why does it matter?

Committee on publication ethics (cope) defines plagiarism as:.

“When somebody presents the work of others (data, words or theories) as if they were his/her own and without proper acknowledgment.”

  Committee on Publication Ethics  (COPE)

For Taylor & Francis journals, this applies to data, images, words or ideas taken from any materials in electronic or print formats without sufficient attribution. This can include:

Seminar presentations

Laboratory reports

Thesis or dissertation

Research proposals

Computer programs

Online posts

Grey literature

Unpublished or published manuscripts

The use of any such material either directly or indirectly should be properly acknowledged in all instances. You should always cite your source (please see the section ‘How to avoid plagiarism’ below).

What is the plagiarism of ideas?

Office of research integrity (ori) views.

“Appropriating someone else’s idea (e.g., an explanation, a theory, a conclusion, a hypothesis, a metaphor) in whole or in part, or with superficial modifications without giving credit to its originator.”

Office of Research Integrity  (ORI)

The ORI provides some good  examples of the plagiarism of ideas , including the phenomenon of unconscious plagiarism (i.e., cryptomnesia).

Why does detection of plagiarism matter?

Trust and integrity are among what readers value the most in scholarly peer-reviewed journal content. When plagiarism has been detected in a journal article it places doubt in that trust, because if an author is prepared to mislead readers about how they came across their material, how can you really be certain of the scientific rigor in the rest of their work?

Readers should be able to distinguish what is and isn’t original in a journal article. Authors should be properly credited for their work if that work is being re-used in another’s article. This is in accordance with international copyright laws and ethical conduct guidelines.

As indicated below, duplicate publication of original research is particularly prevalent and damaging (especially in the medical and health subject areas) since it can contribute to the distortion of the available evidence in academic literature.

What are the different types of plagiarism?

In addition to the direct copying of text, with or without paraphrasing, from a single source without proper acknowledgement, the common types of plagiarism are:

Mosaic plagiarism (patchwork plagiarism)

This is when text is lifted from a few different sources (which may include your own previous work) and put into your manuscript to create the impression of new text.

This includes rewording pieces of sourced material while keeping the structure/syntax of the original texts.

Self-plagiarism/ text-recycling

This is the redundant reuse of your own work (e.g., text, data, and images), including text translated from another language, usually without proper citation. It creates repetition in the academic literature and can skew meta-analyses if you publish the same sets of data multiple times as “new” data. Two forms of self-plagiarism include:

Redundant/ duplicate publication:  is the publication of what is essentially the same paper in more than one journal, but without indication that the paper has been previously published elsewhere.

Salami slicing (salami publication):  is the segmentation of a large study which should have been reported in a single paper into smaller published studies.

Other types of plagiarism also exist. What they all have in common is that there is a lack of transparency to the original source of the material which has been used in the manuscript.

When is it not plagiarism?

We recognize there can be legitimate reasons for overlap in some cases. For example, the following would not be considered plagiarism/ duplicate publication:

Two manuscripts share very similar descriptions in the methods sections and the procedure is a commonly known standard procedure in the subject area.

The similarity is found in the references section only of the manuscript.

The overlap is with an earlier working version of the manuscript, deposited in a non-commercial preprint server, and you have informed the journal that this work has been previously posted on a preprint server (this is not considered duplicate publication according to  our preprints policy ).

The posting of clinical trial protocol and results in any publicly accessible registry that meets the criteria noted in Section III.L. of the  International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) recommendations , if results are limited to a brief (500 word) structured abstract or tables (to include participants enrolled, key outcomes, and adverse events).

Some of our journals (e.g. those published by  Dove Medical Press ) allow authors to include published conference abstracts in their articles, providing the original publication has been properly cited, copyright permission has been given where appropriate and the journal article contains new material compared to the published abstract. Journal policies may vary on this and we recommend consulting the journal’s  instructions for authors  or contacting the journal’s editor before including conference abstracts in your manuscript.

What types of secondary publication does Taylor & Francis permit?

Icmje recommendations.

“Secondary publication of material published in other journals or online may be justifiable and beneficial, especially when intended to disseminate important information to the widest possible audience (e.g., guidelines produced by government agencies and professional organizations in the same or a different language).”

The recommendations go on to state that secondary publication for various other reasons may also be justifiable provided the conditions listed 1 to 6 in Section III.D.3. are met.

The essential message here is about ensuring you are being transparent and inform the journal about any potential overlap with other sources on submission of your manuscript. This allows the journal to consider if the secondary publication is acceptable or not. Where it is acceptable, the journal will indicate it as a secondary publication (complete or abridged republication or translation) of a primary publication and for all simultaneously published joint publications include a statement making the simultaneous publication clear to readers.

How does Taylor & Francis detect plagiarism and what can happen if it does?

Taylor & Francis uses  Crossref Similarity Check  to screen for unoriginal material. Authors submitting to a Taylor & Francis journal should be aware that their paper may be submitted to Crossref Similarity Check at any point during the peer-review or production process.

Where overlap is found, the results of the Similarity Check will be examined by the journal to establish whether it constitutes plagiarism or if there are legitimate reasons for the overlap.

What happens when we detect plagiarism?

Any allegations of plagiarism or self-plagiarism/text-recycling made to a journal will be investigated by the editor of the journal and Taylor & Francis, following COPE guidelines. If the allegations appear to be founded, we will then contact all named authors of the paper and request an explanation of the overlapping material. We may ask Editorial Board members and the author’s institution to assist in further evaluation of the paper and allegations.

The plagiarism of ideas can be the most difficult for a journal editor or publisher to be able to detect and validate. Investigations into this type of plagiarism will usually require the involvement of other parties, such as independent expert reviewers and/or institutions where the work was carried out.

Based on the investigation and reply from the author(s), the journal will decide how to proceed, using COPE flowcharts where applicable. This may result in the following actions being taken, depending on the nature and severity of the case:

If a paper is still in peer review, it may be returned to the author with a request that they address the issues through appropriate citation, use of quote marks to identify direct quotes, or re-writing.

If the similarity between the manuscripts is too extensive for revision, it may be rejected.

If the paper is already published online, a  correction*, expression of concern or retraction  may be published.

The author’s institution may also be informed.

*Please note that a correction can be published for minor similarities only where there is no misattribution or deliberate lack of attribution of work (e.g., to add in a missing full citation/ reference to the source material). A correction notice cannot be used to effectively ‘fix’ or rewrite the plagiarized sections.

How to avoid plagiarism

When citing others’ (or your own) previous work, please ensure you have:

Clearly marked quoted verbatim text from another source with quotation marks.

Attributed and referenced the source of the quotation clearly within the text and in the Reference section.

Obtained permission from the original publisher and rightsholder when using previously published figures or tables.

Tips to avoid plagiarism

Check your manuscript for accidental plagiarism using Taylor & Francis Similarity Check Service.

Read ORI’s Tips for avoiding plagiarism  infographic , which includes their ‘ 28 Guidelines at a Glance on Avoiding Plagiarism ’.

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In-Text Citations

In scholarly writing, it is essential to acknowledge how others contributed to your work. By following the principles of proper citation, writers ensure that readers understand their contribution in the context of the existing literature—how they are building on, critically examining, or otherwise engaging the work that has come before.

APA Style provides guidelines to help writers determine the appropriate level of citation and how to avoid plagiarism and self-plagiarism.

We also provide specific guidance for in-text citation, including formats for interviews, classroom and intranet sources, and personal communications; in-text citations in general; and paraphrases and direct quotations.

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