new research topics in materials science

Materials Science

New Superheavy Element Synthesis Points to Long-Sought ‘Island of Stability’

A novel way of making superheavy elements could soon add a new row to the periodic table, allowing scientists to explore uncharted atomic realms

Max Springer

Climate-Friendly Concrete Paves Path to Green Construction

A California company says it has developed a novel way of making concrete that doesn’t contribute to global warming

Francisco "A.J." Camacho, E&E News

Atom-Thick Gold Coating Sparks Scientific ‘Goldene Rush’

Ultrathin gold was achieved with the help of a century-old sword-making technique

Rachel Nuwer

A Vibrating Curtain of Silk Can Stifle Noise Pollution

Inspired by headphone technology, silk sewn with a vibrating fiber acts as a lightweight sound barrier

Andrew Chapman

This Paint Could Clean Both Itself and the Air

Recycled materials contribute to a pollutant-neutralizing paint

Kate Graham-Shaw

After Brewing Beer, Yeast Can Help Recycle Metals from E-waste

This beer-making by-product could offer a sustainable way to isolate metals for recycling electronic waste

Riis Williams

Wood Ink for 3D Printers Can Turn Old Scrap into New Parts

A 3D-printing ink developed from wood waste recombines its natural components back into wooden products

How to Make Alien Ice

Tricks to produce strange “ordered” ice could reveal new ice forms

Elise Cutts

Why Is Superconductivity Research Plagued by Controversy?

A materials scientist unravels the hype around research on high-temperature superconductor research like LK-99

Dan Falk, Undark

See-Through Wood Is Stronger Than Plastic and Tougher Than Glass

Transparent wood material is being exploited for smartphone screens, insulated windows, and more

Jude Coleman, Knowable Magazine

Zapping Plastic Waste Can Produce Clean Fuel

Can waste plastic can be converted into hydrogen gas and a type of graphene—at a profit?

Rebecca Sohn

Superconductor Research Is in a ‘Golden Age,’ Despite Controversy

The search for room-temperature superconductors has suffered scandalous setbacks, but physicists are optimistic about the field’s future

Davide Castelvecchi, Nature magazine

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Science News

Materials science.

Zigzag walls could help buildings beat the heat

A corrugated exterior wall reflects heat to space and absorbs less heat from the ground, keeping it several degrees cooler than a flat wall.

Jurassic Park ’s amber-preserved dino DNA is now inspiring a way to store data 

Scientists developed a sheet of gold that’s just one atom thick, more stories in materials science.

Artificial intelligence helped scientists create a new type of battery 

It took just 80 hours, rather than decades, to identify a potential new solid electrolyte using a combination of supercomputing and AI.

A fiber inspired by polar bears traps heat as well as down feathers do

Scientists took a cue from polar bear fur to turn an ultralight insulating material into knittable thread.

Salty sweat helps one desert plant stay hydrated

The Athel tamarisk excretes excess salt through its leaves. The buildup of salt crystals pulls water directly from the air, a study reports.

Chemists turned plastic waste into tiny bars of soap

Researchers developed a process to turn plastic waste into surfactants, the key ingredients in dozens of products, including soap.

Magnetic ‘rusty’ nanoparticles pull estrogen out of water

Iron oxide particles adorned with “sticky” molecules trap estrogen in water, possibly limiting the hormone’s harmful effects on aquatic life.

This ‘thermal cloak’ keeps spaces from getting either too hot or cold

A new thermal fabric prototype could help keep cars, buildings and other spaces a comfortable temperature during heat waves while reducing CO₂ emissions.

Tear-resistant rubbery materials could pave the way for tougher tires

Adding easy-to-break molecular connectors surprisingly makes materials harder to tear and could one day reduce microplastic pollution from car tires.

This house was built partly from recycled diapers

Disposable diapers can replace nearly a third of the materials used in load-bearing structures, offering a potential path to more affordable housing.

A vegan leather made of dormant fungi can repair itself

Researchers developed a leather alternative made from dormant fungus that can be reanimated and then regrow when damaged.

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The field of Materials Science & Engineering is evolving dramatically as we enter the 21st Century. What began as the study of metals and ceramics in the 1960s has broadened in recent years to include semiconductors and soft materials. With this evolution and broadening of the discipline, current research projects span multiple materials classes and build on expertise in many different fields. As a result, current research in Materials Science and Engineering is increasingly defined by materials systems rather than materials classes.

At Cornell, the Department of Materials Science & Engineering (MS&E) has adopted this new systems-based vision of the field by defining four strategic areas which are considered to be critical for today’s emerging research. The four strategic research areas are Energy Production and Storage, Electronics and Photonics, Bioinspired Materials and Systems, and Green Technologies.

Materials Science & Engineering is an exciting and vibrant interdisciplinary research field. Cornell MS&E draws upon its world-class faculty, innovative researchers, state-of-the-art facilities and highly collaborative research environment to respond to challenging technological and societal demands both in the present and the future.

Energy Production and Storage

Energy research will prove to be the most prosperous growth area for the department, the College and the University. The inevitability of an energy crisis and global climate change has intensified efforts in alternative energy research around the world. The excitement building around this sector is reminiscent of the early years of the information technology revolution. Among the many possible sources of alternative energy, the following areas are particularly aligned with the current materials research at Cornell as they play to our existing strengths:  photocatalysis, photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, phononics, batteries  and  supercapacitors .

Relevant Research Areas: 

• Energy Systems
• Advanced Materials Processing
• Materials Synthesis and Processing
• Nanotechnology
• Nonlinear Dynamics
• Polymers and Soft Matter
• Semiconductor Physics and Devices

Electronics & Photonics

The use of semiconductor devices and circuits will continue to play a major role in modern life. Therefore electronics and photonics are considered premier growth areas. As feature sizes decrease, incremental research based on current methods and materials is unlikely to enable Moore's Law to continue. New materials and processing techniques are needed. Advances in nanoscale fabrication have led to recent advances in this field. We have targeted the following areas: oxide semiconductors, 3D integration, materials beyond silicon, high K and low K dielectrics, plasmonics, spintronics, and multiferroics.

• Computational Mechanics
• Computational Solid Mechanics
• Condensed Matter and Material Science
• Surface Science

Bioinspired Materials and Systems

Scientists and engineers are increasingly turning to nature for inspiration. The solutions arrived at by natural selection are often a good starting point in the search for answers to scientific and technical problems. Designing and building bioinspired devices or systems can tell us more about the original animal or plant model. The following areas are particularly aligned with the current materials research at Cornell:  bioinspired composites, engineered protein films for adhesion, lubrication and sensing applications , molecular tools for in-vitro and in-vivo imaging (C-Dots, FRET), as well as biomaterials for tissue engineering and drug delivery.

• Biomedical Engineering
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Green Technologies

The 21st century has been called the "century of the environment." Neither governments nor individual citizens can any longer assume that social challenges such as pollution, dwindling natural resources and climate change can be set aside for future generations. Strategies for clean and sustainable communities need to be established now, community by community. A dawning era of creativity and innovation in "green technology" (also known as "clean technology") is bringing the promise of a healthier planet (as well as the prospect of growing businesses) that can sustain its health.  We have targeted green composites and new systems for CO2 capture and conversion as areas of future growth .

Materials Science News

Generating Hydrogen Sustainably Using Seawater Electrolysis

A new method was developed by Professors Hong Chen (Southern University of Science and Technology, China), Bing-Jie Ni (University of New South Wales, Australia), and Zongping Shao (Curtin University, Australia) and published in Science Bulletin in an attempt to improve the stability of NiFe-based electrodes in seawater electrolysis.

Engineers Create Reactor to Produce Ammonia and Clean Water

Engineers at Rice University have created a novel reactor design that has the potential to reduce water pollution and decarbonize the production of ammonia. Despite being essential to maintaining food production for the world's expanding population, ammonia contributes 1.4% of carbon dioxide emissions and 2% of global energy consumption. The study has been published in Nature Catalysis.

New Framework for Capturing Wobbly Molecular Motion

While new technologies, including those powered by artificial intelligence, provide innovative solutions to a steadily growing range of problems, these tools are only as good as the data they’re trained on.

Battery Usage Underwater Made Possible

Despite the prevalent belief among many subsea vehicle and equipment manufacturers that “you cannot use batteries underwater”, Southwest Electronic Energy (SWE), a subsidiary of Ultralife Corporation, challenges this notion daily with its groundbreaking battery technology.

Wear Resistance of High Entropy Alloy Coatings: A Molecular Dynamics Study

In an article published in Materials, researchers used molecular dynamics simulations to study the temperature-dependent wear resistance of FeNiCrCoCu high entropy alloy coatings on a Cu matrix, revealing key insights into their structural behavior.

AFRC Achieves World-Class Accreditation for Mechanical Testing

The University of Strathclyde’s Advanced Forning Research Centre (AFRC), part of the National Manufacturing Institute Scotland (NMIS), has added another internationally recognized accreditation to its name, having attained ISO 17025 for its mechanical testing laboratory.

AXT Bring Disruptive Mass Spectrometry Technology to Australia

Australia continues to occupy a leading position in the global research community. AXT continue to identify and source the latest technologies to assist the Australian research community with maintaining their position at the cutting edge.

KIST Team Creates Vibrant Liquid Crystal Material for Power-Free Cooling

Dr. Jin Gu, Kang and his team at the Nanophotonics Research Center at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) have developed a colorful radiation-cooling liquid crystal material that can cool without external power while simultaneously emitting color.

Helical Structure Enhances Conductivity in Solid-State Peptide Polymer Electrolytes

Materials science and engineering researchers at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign have found that the helical structure shows greatly enhanced conductivity compared to the "random coil" counterparts.

Study Highlights Simple Surface Modification of the Cu Electrode

A study has highlighted a simple surface modification of the Cu electrode using poly (a-ethyl cyanoacrylate) (PECA) that has ester (-COOR) and electron-accepting cyano (-C=N).

Colorful Liquid Crystal Offers Power-Free Cooling

Dr. Jin Gu, Kang, and his team at the Nanophotonics Research Center of the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) have created a vibrant radiation-cooling liquid crystal material that cools without needing external power and emits color simultaneously.

A New Generation of Biocompatible Materials for Additive Manufacturing

An international research team led by Prof. Dr Eva Blasco, a scientist at the Institute for Molecular Systems Engineering and Advanced Materials (IMSEAM) of Heidelberg University, has made successful use of the raw materials extracted from microalgae to manufacture inks for printing complex biocompatible 3D microstructures for the first time, according to a study published in Advanced Materials

Aberdeen Start-Up Turns Whisky Co-Products Into Liquid Gold

A new method to extract valuable bio-based chemicals from whisky distillery waste streams could transform manufacturing and be worth up to £90 million in global chemical manufacturing markets.

Friction Stir Surface Alloying of Al1050-Cu Alloy

In an article published in the Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing, researchers explored friction stir processing (FSP) of Cu over Al1050 aluminum alloy, combining machine learning with experimental analysis to enhance surface alloy properties.

Harnessing the Synergy of Transition Metal Carbides and Dichalcogenides for Advanced Applications

Transition metal carbides (TMCs) and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) are emerging as key players with transformative potential across various industries.

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The Importance of Monitoring and Maintaining Quality in Battery Manufacturing

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Harnessing AI and Automation for Advanced Particle Size Analysis

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LInspector Edge In-Line Mass Profilometer

The LInspector Edge In-line Mass Profilometer aids in achieving electrode coating uniformity.

NexION 1100 Single-Analyzer ICP-MS

The NexION 1100 is a single-analyzer ICP-MS with three quad-designs and a single gas channel, boasting a unique combination of proprietary technologies.

Thermo Fisher Scientific 5014iQ Beta Attenuation Monitor

The Thermo Scientific™ 5014iQ Beta Attenuation Monitor is engineered to measure PM-2.5, PM-10, PM-1, and TSP levels in ambient air. It collects particulate matter samples using a filter tape that automatically advances to a clean section, thereby minimizing the need for manual intervention.

1 Introducing the CX-200K SEM

2 cathode material promises to transform energy storage landscape, 3 fighting e-waste with a new flexible substrate material, 4 new super-black material that absorbs almost all light, 5 wood-based foam promises to revolutionize building materials with adaptive features, 6 new method for restoring piezoelectric material properties, sponsored content, using tabletop sem for surface analysis of cemented carbide, exploring the benefits of induction heating in shell annealing, cured density and volumetric shrinkage in adhesive bonding: key considerations, fine ceramic technology for the electronics industry, editorial highlights.

The Current State of the Global Semiconductor Market

The global semiconductor market has entered an exciting period. Demand for chip technology is both driving the industry as well as hindering it, with current chip shortages predicted to last for some time. Current trends will likely shape the future of the industry, which is set to continue to show

How are Graphene Batteries Made?

The primary distinction between graphene-based batteries and solid-state batteries lies in the composition of either electrode. Although the cathode is commonly changed, carbon allotropes can also be employed in fabricating anodes.

What Role Will The IoT Play In The Electric Vehicle Industry?

In recent years, the IoT is rapidly being introduced into almost all sectors, but it has particular importance in the EV industry.

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Materials chemistry articles from across Nature Portfolio

Materials chemistry involves the use of chemistry for the design and synthesis of materials with interesting or potentially useful physical characteristics, such as magnetic, optical, structural or catalytic properties. It also involves the characterization, processing and molecular-level understanding of these substances.

A dynamic metal–organic framework photocatalyst

Photocatalytic overall water splitting (OWS) is highly desirable for hydrogen production but challenging owing to rapid charge recombination. We demonstrate a dynamic metal–organic framework (MOF) photocatalyst that achieves OWS via one-step photoexcitation. Upon excitation by light, the MOF undergoes a structural twist that suppresses charge recombination and achieves OWS.

Capping the MXene in eutectic molten salt

Constructing ordered triatomic-layer borate polyanion terminations in MXenes substantially enhances their chemical stability and electrochemical energy storage. The development of such ordered terminations with complex configurations largely expands the design space for MXenes.

Direct nanoscopic imaging of the hydrated nanoparticle–ligand interface

The ligand–nanoparticle interface helps to control nanoparticle synthesis and functional properties, but determining its structure and dynamics is challenging owing to the lack of high-resolution direct imaging methods. Now, liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy has uncovered the micellar packing and surface adsorption dynamics of a surfactant ligand on gold nanorods.

• Taylor J. Woehl
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Development and characteristic research on new thermal insulation and anti-permeability grouting material for tunnels in cold regions

• Xinyu Zhang

Dynamic-to-static switch of hydrogen bonds induces a metal–insulator transition in an organic–inorganic superlattice

Hydrogen bonds impact the chemical, physical and biological properties of molecular materials, but are rarely able to induce significant changes in electrical properties. Now a dynamic-to-static transition of hydrogen bonds in an organic–inorganic superlattice has been shown to yield a metal–insulator transition with an on–off ratio of 10 7 in electrical resistivity.

• Zhenkai Xie
• Xiaolong Chen

Dynamic structural twist in metal–organic frameworks enhances solar overall water splitting

Solar water splitting holds great promise for hydrogen production but is significantly hindered by rapid recombination of photogenerated charges. Now a metal–organic framework photocatalyst has been shown to undergo, upon photoexcitation, a dynamic excited-state structural twist that greatly suppresses charge recombination to enable efficient photocatalytic overall water splitting.

• Hai-Long Jiang

Dehydration regulates structural reorganization of dynamic hydrogels

Hydrogels have attracted much attention due to their intrinsic viscoelastic properties, porous structures, and processability but dehydration of hydrogels often limits the application of these materials. Here, the authors report the distinctive anisotropic dehydration modality of dynamic hydrogels, which is fundamentally different from the more commonly observed isotropic dehydration of covalent hydrogels.

• Xintong Meng

Acoustically shaped DNA-programmable materials

DNA nanotechnology is useful in preparing nano- and meso-components, but transfer to macroscale arrangements is challenging. Here, the authors report an assembly approach combining DNA programmable assembly with process controlled by acoustic fields to prepare macroscale morphologies.

• Z. A. Arnon

Electrodeposition of porous metal-organic frameworks for efficient charge storage

Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are promising charge storage materials due to their high surface area, tunable pore size, and chemical diversity, but reliable and easy syntheses of MOF conductors are needed. Here, the authors report the electrodeposition synthesis of highly conductive cobalt MOF films and their application in a supercapacitor with a power density of 480 Wkg -1 and 5k cycle stability.

• Deepa B. Bailmare
• Boris V. Malozyomov
• Abhay D. Deshmukh

News and Comment

3D cell networks advance bone-on-a-chip

An article in Nature Communications presents a synthetic biodegradable void-forming hydrogel that supports in vitro formation of 3D networks from human primary cells for bone-on-a-chip applications.

Blossoms in perovskite planar X-ray detectors

Solution processable perovskites are revolutionising the research field of direct X-ray detectors. Here, the authors discuss the opportunities, challenges, and research strategies for perovskite planar X-ray detectors.

Structuring emulsion droplets out of equilibrium

Emulsions underpin a wide range of important natural phenomena and many technological applications. However, it remains challenging to create emulsion droplets with specific internal structures. Now, a method has been developed to create macromolecular emulsions with custom architectures by applying non-equilibrium thermodynamic principles to condensate formation.

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Accelerating the discovery of new materials for 3D printing

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The growing popularity of 3D printing for manufacturing all sorts of items, from customized medical devices to affordable homes, has created more demand for new 3D printing materials designed for very specific uses.

To cut down on the time it takes to discover these new materials, researchers at MIT have developed a data-driven process that uses machine learning to optimize new 3D printing materials with multiple characteristics, like toughness and compression strength.

By streamlining materials development, the system lowers costs and lessens the environmental impact by reducing the amount of chemical waste. The machine learning algorithm could also spur innovation by suggesting unique chemical formulations that human intuition might miss. 

“Materials development is still very much a manual process. A chemist goes into a lab, mixes ingredients by hand, makes samples, tests them, and comes to a final formulation. But rather than having a chemist who can only do a couple of iterations over a span of days, our system can do hundreds of iterations over the same time span,” says Mike Foshey, a mechanical engineer and project manager in the Computational Design and Fabrication Group (CDFG) of the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL), and co-lead author of the paper.

Additional authors include co-lead author Timothy Erps, a technical associate in CDFG; Mina Konaković Luković, a CSAIL postdoc; Wan Shou, a former MIT postdoc who is now an assistant professor at the University of Arkansas; senior author Wojciech Matusik, professor of electrical engineering and computer science at MIT; and Hanns Hagen Geotzke, Herve Dietsch, and Klaus Stoll of BASF. The research was published today in Science Advances .

Optimizing discovery

In the system the researchers developed, an optimization algorithm performs much of the trial-and-error discovery process.

A material developer selects a few ingredients, inputs details on their chemical compositions into the algorithm, and defines the mechanical properties the new material should have. Then the algorithm increases and decreases the amounts of those components (like turning knobs on an amplifier) and checks how each formula affects the material’s properties, before arriving at the ideal combination.

Then the developer mixes, processes, and tests that sample to find out how the material actually performs. The developer reports the results to the algorithm, which automatically learns from the experiment and uses the new information to decide on another formulation to test.

“We think, for a number of applications, this would outperform the conventional method because you can rely more heavily on the optimization algorithm to find the optimal solution. You wouldn’t need an expert chemist on hand to preselect the material formulations,” Foshey says.

The researchers have created a free, open-source materials optimization platform called AutoOED that incorporates the same optimization algorithm. AutoOED is a full software package that also allows researchers to conduct their own optimization.

Making materials

The researchers tested the system by using it to optimize formulations for a new 3D printing ink that hardens when it is exposed to ultraviolet light.

They identified six chemicals to use in the formulations and set the algorithm’s objective to uncover the best-performing material with respect to toughness, compression modulus (stiffness), and strength.

Maximizing these three properties manually would be especially challenging because they can be conflicting; for instance, the strongest material may not be the stiffest. Using a manual process, a chemist would typically try to maximize one property at a time, resulting in many experiments and a lot of waste.

The algorithm came up with 12 top performing materials that had optimal tradeoffs of the three different properties after testing only 120 samples.

Foshey and his collaborators were surprised by the wide variety of materials the algorithm was able to generate, and say the results were far more varied than they expected based on the six ingredients. The system encourages exploration, which could be especially useful in situations when specific material properties can’t be easily discovered intuitively.

Faster in the future

The process could be accelerated even more through the use of additional automation. Researchers mixed and tested each sample by hand, but robots could operate the dispensing and mixing systems in future versions of the system, Foshey says.

Farther down the road, the researchers would also like to test this data-driven discovery process for uses beyond developing new 3D printing inks.

“This has broad applications across materials science in general. For instance, if you wanted to design new types of batteries that were higher efficiency and lower cost, you could use a system like this to do it. Or if you wanted to optimize paint for a car that performed well and was environmentally friendly, this system could do that, too,” he says.

Because it presents a systematic approach for identifying optimal materials, this work could be a major step toward realizing high performance structures, says Keith A. Brown, assistant professor in the Department of Mechanical Engineering at Boston University.

“The focus on novel material formulations is particularly encouraging as this is a factor that is often overlooked by researchers who are constrained by commercially available materials. And the combination of data-driven methods and experimental science allows the team to identify materials in an efficient manner. Since experimental efficiency is something with which all experimenters can identify, the methods here have a chance of motivating the community to adopt more data-driven practices,” he says.

The research was supported by BASF

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Browsing: Chemistry

SciTechDaily features the latest chemistry news and recent research articles from leading universities and institutes from around the world. Here, we delve into the ever-evolving realm of molecules, elements, and reactions, bringing you up-to-date insights from renowned scientists and researchers.

Read interesting chemistry news and breakthrough research on related topics like Biochemistry , Chemical Engineering , Materials Science , Nanoparticles , and Polymers .

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The Ohio State University

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The department's more than 30 faculty members conduct a broad scope of research within the fields of materials science and engineering and welding engineering. Click to view faculty associated with a topic.

• Biomaterials Biomaterials focuses on the development of materials to replace or augment human tissues. Advances in tissue engineering integrate discoveries from biochemistry, cell and molecular biology, and materials science to produce three-dimensional structures that enable us to replace or repair damaged, missing or poorly functioning biological components.
• Ceramic Science and Engineering The MSE department has high profile research programs in ceramics, with an emphasis on functional ceramics (such as sensors, fuel cells, batteries, catalysis, photovoltaics and superconductors), spanning their processing, characterization, and properties. While most of the work carried out in the department focuses on metal oxides, there is also interest in carbides, sulfides, and other advanced ceramic materials within the several areas of research.

Extensive facilities for characterizing the properties and structure of materials are available to our students and faculty. This includes the capability to test both existing and theoretical materials for qualities such as strength, plasticity, and hardness as well as explore the microstructure that leads to these properties. 

At the core of this effort is the Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS) . CEMAS is the preeminent materials characterization hub for business and academia. The Center brings together multidisciplinary expertise to drive synergy and amplify our characterization capabilities, and thus challenge what is possible in electron microscopy. CEMAS is revolutionizing teaching and learning of advanced characterization techniques for students and researchers.

• Computational Materials Science and Engineering   Computational Modeling of Materials researches how advances in computing power and software offer the potential to design, synthesize, choose, characterize and test the expected performance of materials in a virtual setting. These capabilities enable accelerated development and optimization of new materials across a range of applications. This vision has produced one of the leading programs in computational materials science and engineering.  
• Corrosion Corrosion, the environmental degradation of materials, is a major area of research in materials science and engineering. In the MSE department, research conducted at the Fontana Corrosion Center (FCC) focuses on the study of corrosion in our effort to develop better methods to protect materials from the adverse impacts of the environment. 
• Electronic, Photonic, and Magnetic Materials With an ever-growing range of important applications, and need for an expanding palette of functionalities and properties, there is substantial interest in the synthesis, processing, and characterization of new electronic, optical/photonic, and magnetic materials. The Department of Materials Science and Engineering, often in cross-disciplinary collaboration, is taking the lead in developing a wide variety of these advanced materials, as well as the novel devices and systems that make use of them.

Energy Materials Energy is a central aspect of our daily lives, as well as a critical lynch pin in everything from climate change to the economy to national security. Materials science and engineering research plays a truly enabling role in the creation, understanding, and application of new and advanced materials for clean and renewable energy generation, storage, and efficient use.

• Mechanical Properties of Materials Research into the mechanical properties of materials includes testing both existing and theoretical materials for qualities such as strength, plasticity and hardness. Current programs range from simulating and modeling a variety of forming operations for metals to studying the wear behavior of composites. These investigations employ experimental techniques ranging from the atomic to industrial scale and their use in manufacturing operations. 

The demands of modern methods of transportation, structural systems, and manufacturing all require innovative alloys and processes of production. Our department, in collaboration with others at OSU and beyond, is uniquely structured to address these demands.

Our   materials modeling   capabilities, coupled with the advanced characterization facilities found in the   Center for Electron Microscopy and Analysis (CEMAS) , allows for a drastic reduction in the concept-to-application timeframe for new alloys. The world-renowned   Fontana Corrosion Center (FCC)   predicts and studies the degradation of materials systems. The   Welding Engineering   program and the   Center for Design and Manufacturing Excellence (CDME)   help industry meet production challenges found with the application of advanced metals.

Polymers Polymers research at The Ohio State University spans multiple departments. In the Materials Science and Engineering and Welding Engineering programs the study of polymers involves two broad areas, biomaterials and polymers joining. Our biomaterials faculty research the use of polymers as they interact with living systems. This can involve such applications as polymer mesh as scaffolds for living cells, flexible electronics, drug delivery systems, and more. Polymers joining is part of our Welding Engineering program and explores new and efficient means of bonding different polymers, as well as, how to join to non-polymers.

Processing and Manufacturing Expertise in materials science goes well beyond understanding the properties of materials and how those properties can be applied. Materials scientists must also be adept at developing cost-effective techniques to synthesize, process and fabricate advanced materials that can meet the demands of a rapidly changing commercial marketplace.

Sensor Materials and Technologies Working from the successes of the NSF   Center for Industrial Sensors and Measurements   (CISM), a wide range of on-going activity in sensor materials and devices is carried out in our department spanning ceramic, polymers, and biomaterials sensor technologies.  Research in the field of Sensor Materials and Technologies includes such topics as electrochemical sensors for environmental and high-temperature applications, bulk, nanowires, and heterostructures, chemical sensors for breath and skin, implantable biosensors, devices for artificial olfaction, and much more.

• Welding Engineering Welding Engineering is a complex engineering field requiring sound knowledge of a wide variety of engineering disciplines.  Following successful completion of standard engineering prerequisite courses, Welding Engineer students begin their welding engineering coursework. The broad range of topics covered include welding metallurgy of ferrous and non-ferrous alloys, fundamental principles of industrial welding processes including Solid-State, Laser, Resistance, Electron Beam, and Arc Welding, computational modelling, heat flow, residual stress and distortion, fracture mechanics, weld design for various loading conditions, and non-destructive testing methods.  Welding Engineering graduates are well-prepared for solving complex problems and making critical engineering decisions. The highly sought-after graduates take jobs in a wide variety of industry sectors including nuclear, petrochemical, automotive, medical, ship building, aerospace, power generation, and heavy equipment manufacturing.

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Date Published:

May 8, 2013

Michael Abrams

Assembled marvels abound and astound. But the fundamental elements that make up any engineered piece of technology, be it a mobile gizmo or an arm on a Mars rover, are often just as marvelous as the whole of which they are a part. Here, we examine five areas that are likely to have a radical impact on the products of the future.

1. Atom Thick

Graphite’s nice. You can write with it, or make squash rackets. But it’s even cooler when it’s wickedly thin. In 2004, researchers used Scotch tape to pull up layer after layer until there was only a single-atom layer left. Since then, others have come up with more efficient—and more advanced—methods for making atom-thick sheets, called graphene. The honeycomb lattice of carbon-to-carbon bonds has some pretty remarkable properties. It’s flawless, light, and strong. It’s flexible, can be bent into any shape, can carry a charge, and it won’t oxidize.

The potential applications are many. “People are putting graphene in polymers, ceramics, and metals,” says Nikhil A. Koratkar, professor of mechanical, aerospace, and nuclear engineeringand materials science and engineering at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. “Researchers are trying to make gas sensors that can sense down to very low concentrations—at the parts per trillion level.” They’re also using graphene to create coatings that would make any metal rust-free, windows that would darken themselves when the sun is at its strongest, anodes for lithium-ion batteries, flexible solar cells , membranes for fuel cells, and membranes that would remove salt from water.

2. Electric Ink

3-D printing is upending many a field with the speed at which a single part can be dreamed up and created. But right now, the things that come out of a 3-D printer are largely inert. “There is vast interest in 3-D printing, but most of the commercial printers developed to date are used to produce plastic prototypes,” says Jennifer Lewis, a professorat the School of Engineering and Applied Sciences at the Wyss Institute of Biologically Inspired Engineering. “Conductive inks would enable the integration of electrical circuits not only on planar substrates, but within 3-D printed objects. One can imagine ‘wiring’ up 3-D objects to create an ‘internet of things.’” The ink would allow the masses to print their own circuit boards. Antennas, solar cells, LEDs, and other electronics could come hot from the printer when and where they are wanted.

3. The Heroics of Multiferroics

Magnetism and ferroelectricity usually don’t show up in the same material at the same time. Certain materials, though, particularly metal oxides, can exhibit both. An electric field will alter the magnetic state, and a magnetic field can alter the electrical polarization. “This allows us to store data using an electric field, which is much easier to generate than a magnetic field,” says Caroline Ross, a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at MIT. But with the magnetic state still present, data can still be stored magnetically. “Additionally, the discovery that electric currents can flip the magnetization of small structures, or translate magnetic domain walls, is exciting for data storage and there are already ‘spin-torque switching’ magnetic memory cells being manufactured.” says Ross.

4. The Nano Anode

“A major challenge in improving the energy density of lithium-ion batteries is the development of electrode materials increased lithium capacity,” says Jeffrey Fergus, professor at the Materials Research and Education Center, Auburn University. The search has long been on for a better anode that will “maintain that high capacity during cycling and in a wide range of environmental conditions.”

Silicon has been a contender for some time, thanks to the fact that it’s cheap and highly conductive—they have a much larger capacity than the standard carbon ones in use today. Unfortunately, silicon expands when lithium hits it. “This expansion can generate large stresses, so creative geometries or combinations of materials are needed to accommodate these large strains,” says Fergus. Researchers at the University of Southern California may have found both. They used silicon spheres mixed with boron and etched pores onto them. The result is a battery that holds three times the energy and can be charged in ten minutes. So what’s holding them back from getting into electric cars ? So far, the batteries are good for only 200 or so cycles.

5. Spinning Smoke

Talk of nanotubes has been batted about for years. The promise of an incredibly strong, light thread was always just around the corner but never realized. But last year researchers at MIT came out with their nanotube pencil. With a tip of compressed nanotubes, it allows the user to sketch nanotubes wherever he might want them. Great for making sensors, but not quite what we need to lift things into, say, space.

Now researchers at Rice University have finally managed to make a nanotube thread. It’s long enough—and flexible enough—that they’ve wrapped fifty meters of it around a spool. The trick was putting nanotubes in chlorosulfonic acid and drawing them out through tiny holes. The resulting thread is ten times as strong as steel. And it’s as conductive as copper. “Spinning smoke” is what David Burleigh, a professor in the Materials and Metallurgical department at New Mexico Tech, calls it. “In theory we should be able to build the space elevator, an elevator to a geosynchronous space station.”

Michael Abrams is an independent writer.

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Larger teams in academic research worsen career prospects, study finds

by University of Kansas

As the Paris Olympics captured the world's attention, it proved apparent that winning medals often hinged on the success of teamwork. While such an approach clearly works in sports, new research suggests teamwork is not always the desired method … especially for young scientists trying to find an academic job.

"We found that if your team size in your discipline is large, your prospects for an academic career go down," said Donna Ginther, the Roy A. Roberts Distinguished Professor of Economics at the University of Kansas.

Her paper titled "The rise of teamwork and career prospects in academic science" reveals individuals who finish their doctorate in situations where the average team in their field is larger have worse career options. The results demonstrate that academic science has not adjusted its reward structure (which is largely individual) in response to team science. It appears in Nature Biotechnology .

"The number of authors on papers in our discipline has changed," she said. "In econ, when I graduated, there were single-author papers. Now it's often three to five—so it's essentially doubled. In science fields in particular, it's grown a lot. And when the National Institutes of Health budget doubled, papers increased by about one author."

Co-written with Mabel Andalón, Catherine de Fontenay and Kwanghui Lim of the University of Melbourne, this research combined data on career outcomes from the Survey of Doctorate Recipients with publication data that measured research size from ISI Web of Science.

It also incorporated a regression on career outcomes at the individual level to control for any changes in the characteristics of young scientists (such as whether the scientists obtained their doctorate from a top-ranked school).

"The questions we asked were if the average team size gets larger, what does it affect? Then how does it affect your career?" Ginther said.

"My co-author Catherine de Fontenay and Kwanghui Lim developed a theoretical model where if you have large teams, it's unclear who contributed what to the paper. That makes the signal of your scientific ability noisy. But if there are just two authors, it's pretty clear you both did a lot of work. Then the signal of your contribution is clear."

As a result, it's hard to discern and give individuals credit for their contribution … and that affects their next job and whether they get research funding.

"All of the phenomena we're seeing about the length of time it takes from the time you get your Ph.D., until you get your first academic job, until you get your first R01—that can be explained by this growth in team size," she said.

Ginther recently spent six months on sabbatical in Australia, which led to a research partnership with her University of Melbourne colleagues.

"I have a whole body of work on early career scientists," she said. "For this paper, I really liked the model we used and the intuition behind the result. The world is big and complex, and teams are an important part of it. You can't be this kind of solitary intellectual. Teamwork is something you must be able to navigate."

Now in her 22nd year at KU, Ginther specializes in labor economics. She is also the director of the Institute for Policy & Social Research, an interdisciplinary campus center for faculty and students doing funded work in the social and behavioral sciences.

The economist believes her findings can be applied to other professions beyond academia.

"I'd be very curious to look at the military because you always operate in teams. How does the size of your team or the composition of your team affect your career?" she said.

Ultimately, Ginther emphasizes the key takeaway of this latest research is how money is correlated with team size.

"To the extent we can make more groups of scientists that are smaller, this could lead to a policy change that is supported by our work," she said. "Having more smaller teams may be better than mega teams, both in terms of scientific discovery and career outcomes."

Journal information: Nature Biotechnology

Provided by University of Kansas

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