research paper albert einstein

Einstein papers now online

Press release announcing the launching of the Digital Einstein Papers from Princeton Press.

Launching today, THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS is a publicly available website of the collected and translated papers of Albert Einstein that allows readers to explore the writings of the world’s most famous scientist as never before.

Princeton, NJ – December 5, 2014 – Princeton University Press, in partnership with Tizra, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and California Institute of Technology, announces the launch of THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS ( http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu ). This unique, authoritative resource provides full public access to the translated and annotated writings of the most influential scientist of the twentieth century: Albert Einstein.

“Princeton University Press has a long history of publishing books by and about Albert Einstein, including the incredible work found in The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein ,” said Peter Dougherty, director of Princeton University Press. “We are delighted to make these texts openly available to a global audience of researchers, scientists, historians, and students keen to learn more about Albert Einstein. This project not only furthers the mission of the press to publish works that contribute to discussions that have the power to change our world, but also illustrates our commitment to pursuing excellence in all forms of publishing—print and digital.”

THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS website presents the complete contents of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein , and, upon its launch, the website— http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu —will contain 5,000 documents covering the first forty-four years of Einstein’s life, up to and including the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics and his long voyage to the Far East. Additional material will be available on the website approximately eighteen months after the print publication of new volumes of The Collected Papers . Eventually, the website will provide access to all of Einstein’s writings and correspondence, accompanied by scholarly annotation and apparatus.

What sorts of gems will users discover in THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS? According to Diana L. Kormos-Buchwald, director of the Einstein Papers Project, “This material has been carefully researched and annotated over the last twenty-five years and contains all of Einstein’s scientific and popular writings, drafts, lecture notes, and diaries, and his professional and personal correspondence up to his forty-fourth birthday—so users will discover major scientific articles on the general theory of relativity, gravitation, and quantum theory alongside his love letters to his first wife, correspondence with his children, and his intense exchanges with other notable scientists, philosophers, mathematicians, and political personalities of the early twentieth century.”

Buchwald also noted that THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS will introduce current and future generations to important ideas and moments in history, saying, “It is exciting to think that thanks to the careful application of new technology, this work will now reach a much broader audience and stand as the authoritative digital source for Einstein’s written legacy.”

THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS enables readers to experience the writings of Albert Einstein in unprecedented ways. Advance search technology improves discoverability by allowing users to perform keyword searches across volumes of Einstein’s writing and, with a single click, navigate between the original languages in which the texts were written and their English translations. Further exploration is encouraged by extensive explanatory footnotes, introductory essays, and links to the Einstein Archives Online, where there are thousands of high-quality digital images of Einstein’s writings.

The Tizra platform was selected for this project, according to Kenneth Reed, manager of digital production for Princeton University Press, because of its highly flexible, open, and intuitive content delivery approach, and its strong reputation for reliability. Equally important was creating a user-friendly reading experience.

“One of the reasons we chose Tizra is that we wanted to preserve the look and feel of the volumes,” said Reed. “You’ll see the pages as they appear in the print volumes, with added functionality such as linking between the documentary edition and translation, as well as linking to the Einstein Archives Online, and the ability to search across all the volumes in English and German.”

THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS is an unprecedented scholarly collaboration that highlights what is possible when technology, important content, and a commitment to global scholarly communication are brought together. We hope you will join us in celebrating this achievement and invite you to explore Einstein’s writings with the links below. 

Work on THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS was supported by the Harold W. McGraw, Jr. endowment, the California Institute of Technology, the National Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Humanities, and the Arcadia Fund, U.K.

A Sampling of Documents Found in THE DIGITAL EINSTEIN PAPERS

Website: http://einsteinpapers.press.princeton.edu

“My Projects for the Future” — In this high school French essay, a seventeen-year-old Einstein describes his future plans, writing that “young people especially like to contemplate bold projects.”

Letter to Mileva Marić — The first volume of The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein revealed that the young Einstein had fathered an illegitimate daughter. In this letter to his sweetheart and future wife, Einstein, age twenty-two, expresses his happiness at the birth of his daughter Lieserl, and asks about her health and feeding.

Einstein’s first job offer — Einstein graduated from university in 1900, but had great difficulty finding academic employment. He received this notice of his appointment as a technical clerk at the Swiss Patent Office in June 1902 and would later describe his time there as happy and productive.

“On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies” — Einstein’s 1905 paper on the special theory of relativity is a landmark in the development of modern physics.

“On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light” — Einstein received the Nobel Prize in Physics for this paper on the hypothesis of energy quanta.

The telegram informing that Einstein he has won the Nobel Prize — Einstein was traveling in the Far East when he officially learned via telegram that he had been awarded the prize. However, he had long been expecting the prize, as evidenced by a clause regarding its disposition in a preliminary divorce agreement from Mileva in 1918.

“The Field Equations of Gravitation” — Einstein spent a decade developing the general theory of relativity and published this article in late 1915.

To his mother Pauline Einstein — Einstein writes to his ailing mother to share the happy news that his prediction of gravitational light bending was confirmed by a British eclipse expedition in 1919.

To Heinrich Zangger, on the mercurial nature of fame — Having been propelled to world fame, Einstein writes to his friend about the difficulties of being “worshipped today, scorned or even crucified tomorrow.”

To Max Planck, on receiving credible death threats — Einstein writes that he cannot attend the Scientist’s Convention in Berlin because he is “supposedly among the group of persons being targeted by nationalist assassins.”

Four Lectures on the Theory of Relativity, held at Princeton University in May 1921 — On his first trip to the United States, Einstein famously delivered these lectures on the theory of relativity.

About The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein

The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein is one of the most ambitious publishing ventures ever undertaken in the documentation of the history of science. Selected from among more than 40,000 documents contained in Einstein’s personal collection, and 15,000 Einstein and Einstein-related documents discovered by the editors since the beginning of the Einstein Project, The Collected Papers provides the first complete picture of a massive written legacy. When completed, the series will contain more than 14,000 documents as full text and will fill thirty volumes. The volumes are published by Princeton University Press , sponsored by the Hebrew University of Jerusalem , and supported by the California Institute of Technology .

http://www.einstein.caltech.edu/

About Princeton University Press

Princeton University Press is an independent publisher with close connections, both formal and informal, to Princeton University. As such it has overlapping responsibilities to the University, the academic community, and the reading public. Our fundamental mission is to disseminate scholarship (through print and digital media) both within academia and to society at large.

http://press.princeton.edu | Twitter: @PrincetonUPress  

About Tizra

Tizra’ digital publishing platform makes it easy to distribute and sell ebooks and other digital content directly to readers, with exceptional control over the user experience. Combining intuitive control panels with integrated ecommerce, SEO, mobile, multimedia, and content remixing capabilities, Tizra empowers content owners to respond quickly to market feedback and build audience relationships that will hold up over the long haul. The company is headquartered in Providence, Rhode Island, and funded in part by Rhode Island’s Slater Technology Fund. http://tizra.com   |  Twitter: @tizra

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Princeton University Press proudly presents The Digital Einstein Papers , an open-access site for The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein , the ongoing publication of Einstein's massive written legacy comprising more than 30,000 unique documents.

The site presents 15 volumes published to date by the editors of the Einstein Papers Project , covering the writings and correspondence of Albert Einstein (1879-1955) from his youth to 1927.

The volumes are presented in the original language version with in-depth English language annotation and other scholarly apparatus. In addition, the reader can toggle to an English language translation of most documents.

By clicking on the unique archival identifier number below each text, readers can access the archival record of each published document at the Einstein Archives Online and in some cases, the digitized manuscript. These 15 documentary edition and translation edition volumes total 18,000 pages and contain more than 8,000 unique documents, of which half are presented here as full text.

The site will present subsequent volumes in the series roughly two years after original book publication.

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Physics > History and Philosophy of Physics

Title: albert einstein's 1916 review article on general relativity.

Abstract: The first comprehensive overview of the final version of the general theory of relativity was published by Einstein in 1916 after several expositions of preliminary versions and latest revisions of the theory in November 1915. A historical account of this review paper is given, of its prehistory, including a discussion of Einstein's collaboration with Marcel Grossmann, and of its immediate reception.

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Annus Mirabilis of Albert Einstein

The 1905 papers.

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• Using the Library of Congress

The links below are to the papers of Einstein that changed the world of physics. To read them in their context of Einstein's other writings, please consult the first of the following books. It is an English translation of all his writings, while the second book is where the four 1905 papers were published in the original German. For convenience, the links at the bottom of this page take you to the English translations of his papers. The links below will display fuller bibliographic information in the Library of Congress Online Catalog . Digital resources are linked when available.

Einstein's Annus Mirabilis

English translations of the four papers, from The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein, vol. 2: The Swiss Years: Writings 1900-1909, Princeton University Press, 1990. English translation supplement.

• On a Heuristic Point of View Concerning the Production and Transformation of Light External The first of these four papers is on the photoelectric effect External , where electrons are released when light hits a material. Einstein put forth that light consists of "discrete packets" as opposed to the widely accepted wave theory of light. This later advanced the theory of wave-particle duality in quantum mechanics.
• On the Movement of Small Particles Suspended in Stationary Liquids Required by the Molecular-Kinetic Theory of Heat External The second paper focuses on Brownian motion External , the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid as they collide. This paper helped to move the theory of atoms into reality by offering a way for scientists to count and observe their behavior during experiments.
• On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies External In his third paper of 1905, Einstein argues that the speed of light is fixed and not relative to the observer. "...light is always propagated in empty space with a definite velocity c which is independent of the state of motion of the emitting body," meaning that light travels at the same speed regardless of whether the source is moving or stationary. The Special Theory of Relativity External also theorizes about what happens to objects when they travel near the speed of light (space contracts and time dilates).
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• Last Updated: Aug 3, 2024 2:42 PM
• URL: https://guides.loc.gov/einstein-annus-mirabilis

Einstein's Theory of Gravitation

Our modern understanding of gravity comes from Albert Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which stands as one of the best-tested theories in science. General relativity predicted many phenomena years before they were observed, including black holes , gravitational waves , gravitational lensing , the expansion of the universe , and the different rates clocks run in a gravitational field. Today, researchers continue to test the theory’s predictions for a better understanding of how gravity works.

Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian astrophysicists research the predictions of general relativity in many ways:

Capturing the first image of a supermassive black hole using the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT). This image of the black hole at the center of the nearby galaxy M87 reveals how gravitation affects the matter in orbit and the light that material emits, providing a novel test of general relativity in a regime where gravity is very strong. CfA Plays Central Role In Capturing Landmark Black Hole Image

Using gravitational lensing to search for the earliest galaxies in the universe. While they’re too faint to be seen directly, closer-by galaxies and clusters sometimes magnify their light, allowing us to learn about the ancestors of the Milky Way and other modern galaxies. Discovering Distant Radio Galaxies via Gravitational Lensing

Reconstructing the location of most of the mass in the universe using gravitational lensing. Next-generation observatories like the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope (LSST) will provide a census of millions of galaxies from their gravitational distortions. Mapping Dark Matter

Performing follow-up observations of gravitational wave events, to confirm the nature of the source. Collisions between neutron stars produce a lot of light in the form of short duration gamma ray bursts in addition to gravitational waves. Astronomers observed such a collision in 2017 using Dark Energy Camera on the Blanco Telescope in Chile, providing complementary data to the observation from LIGO. Astronomers See Light Show Associated With Gravitational Waves

Studying gravitational wave sources that aren’t visible to LIGO, but will be to future gravitational observatories. Using visible light telescopes, astronomers have observed that white dwarf binaries are relatively common in the galaxy, and some of them are in sufficiently tight orbits to be emitters of gravitational waves. One pair in particular orbits every 12.75 minutes, which will make it the strongest source for the future Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Space-Warping White Dwarfs Produce Gravitational Waves

Determining whether black holes are actually what GR predicts. While GR is very clear that black holes exist, alternative theories propose different objects that behave in different ways. The challenge is that black holes appear very small in our telescopes, so it’s hard to observe their behavior. However, researchers have ruled out a number of alternative explanations, based on many observations of black holes. Do Stars Fall Quietly into Black Holes, or Crash into Something Utterly Unknown?

Testing general relativity’s prediction about the shape of a black hole. The Event Horizon Telescope is designed to take a picture of the “shadow” of the Milky Way’s supermassive black hole, which is the dark region through which no light passes. The shape of this shadow is predicted by GR, so the EHT will provide the first precision measurement of a fundamental property of a black hole. Event Horizon Telescope Reveals Magnetic Fields at Milky Way's Central Black Hole

A Century of Relativity

Albert Einstein published his full theory of general relativity in 1915, followed by a flurry of research papers by Einstein and others exploring the predictions of the theory. In general relativity (GR), concentrations of mass and energy curve the structure of spacetime, affecting the motion of anything passing near — including light. The theory explained the anomalous orbit of Mercury, but the first major triumph came in 1919 when Arthur Eddington and his colleagues measured the influence of the Sun’s gravity on light from stars during a total solar eclipse.

Physicists made many exotic predictions using general relativity. The bending of light around the Sun is small, but researchers realized the effect would be much larger for galaxies, to the point where gravity would form images of more distant objects — the phenomenon now called gravitational lensing. GR also predicted the existence of black holes: objects with gravity so intense that nothing getting too close can escape again, not even light.

General relativity showed that gravitation has a speed, which is the same as the speed of light. Catastrophic events like collisions between black holes or neutron stars produce gravitational waves. Researchers finally detected these waves in 2015 using the Laser Interferometer Gravitational Observatory (LIGO), a sensitive laboratory that took decades to develop.

For many aspects of astronomy — the motion of planets around stars, the structure of galaxies, etc. — researchers don’t need to use general relativity. However, in places where gravity is strong, and to describe the structure of the universe itself, GR is necessary. For that reason, researchers continue to use GR and probe its limits.

Black holes are extremely common in the universe. Stellar-mass black holes, the remnants of massive stars that exploded, are sometimes the source of powerful X-ray emissions when they are in binary systems with stars. In addition, nearly every galaxy harbors a supermassive black hole at its center, some of which produce powerful jets of matter visible from across the universe. GR is essential to understanding how these objects become so bright, as well as studying how black holes form and grow. The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a world-spanning array of observatories that captured the first image of a supermassive black hole, providing a new arena for testing GR’s predictions.

Gravitational waves are a new branch of astronomy, providing a complementary way to study astrophysical systems to the standard light-based observations. Researchers use GR to provide “templates” of many possible gravitational wave signals, which is how they identify the source and its properties. Gravitational wave astronomy combines with light-based astronomy to characterize some of the most extreme events in the cosmos: collisions of black holes and neutron stars .

Astronomers use gravitational lensing to locate some of the earliest galaxies in the universe, which are too faint to be seen without the magnification provided by gravity. In addition, the distortion created by lensing allows researchers to study dark matter , and map the structure of the universe on the largest scales.

Not long after Einstein published GR, researchers realized the theory predicts that the universe changes in time. Observations in the 1920s found that prediction was true: the universe is expanding, with galaxies moving away from each other. Using GR, cosmologists found the cosmos had a beginning, and was once hotter and denser than it is today. GR provides the mathematical framework for describing the structure and evolution of the universe from its beginnings 13.8 billion years ago, and into the future.

This artist’s illustration depicts two merging neutron stars and the gravitational waves they emit. As the LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave observatories have confirmed, collisions of black holes and neutron stars emit enough gravitational waves to be seen billions of light-years away.

• Why do we need an extremely large telescope like the Giant Magellan Telescope?
• What happens to space time when cosmic objects collide?
• Black Holes
• Gravitational Lensing
• Gravitational Waves
• Very Long Baseline Interferometry
• High Energy Astrophysics
• Optical and Infrared Astronomy
• Theoretical Astrophysics

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The collected papers of Albert Einstein : English translation

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The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein

The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein presents the first complete picture of a massive written legacy that ranges from Einstein's first work on the special and general theories of relativity and the origins of quantum theory, to his active involvement with international collaboration and cooperation, human rights, education, and disarmament.

The large-format published volumes draw upon Einstein's personal papers held at the Albert Einstein Archives and more than 40,000 additional Einstein and Einstein-related documents discovered by our researchers since the 1980s.

When completed, the printed series will contain over 14,000 scientific and non-scientific documents and will fill close to 30 volumes.

We work closely with the Einstein Archives. To learn more about the history of Einstein's personal papers click here .

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NIH establishes pandemic preparedness network, plans up to $100M in yearly funding for work on new treatments and vaccines

With COVID-19 still spreading and mpox emerging as a public health emergency of international concern, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) is upping preparations for future pandemics.

The Research and Development of Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies for Pandemic Preparedness network (ReVAMPP) will research pathogens that currently lack effective treatments and vaccines, with the NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) committing up to $100 million per year to the effort so long as funds are available, the agency announced on Sept. 13 .

“In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and ongoing outbreaks of emerging infectious diseases, the need for robust pandemic preparedness is evident,” NIAID Director Jeanne M. Marrazzo, M.D., said in the release. “The ReVAMPP network will enable researchers to fill key knowledge gaps and identify strategies to develop safe and effective medical countermeasures for targeted virus families before the need becomes critical.”

The United States has long faced criticism over its pandemic preparedness , both before , during and after COVID-19’s first appearance and spread.

ReVAMPP will focus on virus families with known troublemakers, the NIH said, including the families that include dengue and yellow fever, measles, polio and chikungunya. The agency says that focusing on representative pathogens known to cause human disease will enable knowledge to be built that can be transferred to related pathogens. 

Developing new antibodies and vaccines for these diseases, the agency said in the release, will allow the global health community to respond quickly if a new pandemic threat spawns.

Recipients of the funding include Albert Einstein College of Medicine, the Research Triangle Institute in North Carolina, Vanderbilt University Medical Center and Washington University in St. Louis, among others.

Albert Einstein’s project is called Prepositioning Optimized Strategies for Vaccines and Immunotherapeutics against Diverse Emerging Infectious Threats (PROVIDENT), and the college will receive $70 million over five years from NIAID, according to a Sept. 13 release . 

HDT Bio, a biotech focused on RNA vaccines, announced on Sept. 17 that it will be joining Albert Einstein’s project , netting $2 million per year to create “road maps” for new RNA-based vaccines of potential pandemic pathogens.

"It is currently unknown if the state-of-the-art approaches used to design vaccine antigens for traditional vaccine technologies can simply be co-opted for use in RNA vaccine technologies," Jesse Erasmus, Ph.D., director of virology at HDT Bio, said in the company’s release. "HDT Bio will address this unknown while generating prototype vaccine candidates for 8 different viruses across 3 virus families of pandemic potential, collaborating with other member institutions of PROVIDENT.”

HDT Bio is headquartered in Seattle and has numerous vaccines for viral diseases in its pipeline, including for COVID-19, Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever and Nipah virus.

The Research Triangle Institute will serve the ReVAMPP network as a centralized Coordination and Data Sharing Center, the NIH said in its release.