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Definition of thesis

Did you know.

In high school, college, or graduate school, students often have to write a thesis on a topic in their major field of study. In many fields, a final thesis is the biggest challenge involved in getting a master's degree, and the same is true for students studying for a Ph.D. (a Ph.D. thesis is often called a dissertation ). But a thesis may also be an idea; so in the course of the paper the student may put forth several theses (notice the plural form) and attempt to prove them.

Examples of thesis in a Sentence

These examples are programmatically compiled from various online sources to illustrate current usage of the word 'thesis.' Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors. Send us feedback about these examples.

Word History

in sense 3, Middle English, lowering of the voice, from Late Latin & Greek; Late Latin, from Greek, downbeat, more important part of a foot, literally, act of laying down; in other senses, Latin, from Greek, literally, act of laying down, from tithenai to put, lay down — more at do

14th century, in the meaning defined at sense 3a(1)

Dictionary Entries Near thesis

the sins of the fathers are visited upon the children

thesis novel

Cite this Entry

“Thesis.” Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/thesis. Accessed 18 Jun. 2024.

Kids Definition

Kids definition of thesis, more from merriam-webster on thesis.

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Britannica.com: Encyclopedia article about thesis

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What is a thesis | A Complete Guide with Examples

Table of Contents

A thesis is a comprehensive academic paper based on your original research that presents new findings, arguments, and ideas of your study. It’s typically submitted at the end of your master’s degree or as a capstone of your bachelor’s degree.

However, writing a thesis can be laborious, especially for beginners. From the initial challenge of pinpointing a compelling research topic to organizing and presenting findings, the process is filled with potential pitfalls.

Therefore, to help you, this guide talks about what is a thesis. Additionally, it offers revelations and methodologies to transform it from an overwhelming task to a manageable and rewarding academic milestone.

What is a thesis?

A thesis is an in-depth research study that identifies a particular topic of inquiry and presents a clear argument or perspective about that topic using evidence and logic.

Writing a thesis showcases your ability of critical thinking, gathering evidence, and making a compelling argument. Integral to these competencies is thorough research, which not only fortifies your propositions but also confers credibility to your entire study.

Furthermore, there's another phenomenon you might often confuse with the thesis: the ' working thesis .' However, they aren't similar and shouldn't be used interchangeably.

A working thesis, often referred to as a preliminary or tentative thesis, is an initial version of your thesis statement. It serves as a draft or a starting point that guides your research in its early stages.

As you research more and gather more evidence, your initial thesis (aka working thesis) might change. It's like a starting point that can be adjusted as you learn more. It's normal for your main topic to change a few times before you finalize it.

While a thesis identifies and provides an overarching argument, the key to clearly communicating the central point of that argument lies in writing a strong thesis statement.

What is a thesis statement?

A strong thesis statement (aka thesis sentence) is a concise summary of the main argument or claim of the paper. It serves as a critical anchor in any academic work, succinctly encapsulating the primary argument or main idea of the entire paper.

Typically found within the introductory section, a strong thesis statement acts as a roadmap of your thesis, directing readers through your arguments and findings. By delineating the core focus of your investigation, it offers readers an immediate understanding of the context and the gravity of your study.

Furthermore, an effectively crafted thesis statement can set forth the boundaries of your research, helping readers anticipate the specific areas of inquiry you are addressing.

Different types of thesis statements

A good thesis statement is clear, specific, and arguable. Therefore, it is necessary for you to choose the right type of thesis statement for your academic papers.

Thesis statements can be classified based on their purpose and structure. Here are the primary types of thesis statements:

Argumentative (or Persuasive) thesis statement

Purpose : To convince the reader of a particular stance or point of view by presenting evidence and formulating a compelling argument.

Example : Reducing plastic use in daily life is essential for environmental health.

Analytical thesis statement

Purpose : To break down an idea or issue into its components and evaluate it.

Example : By examining the long-term effects, social implications, and economic impact of climate change, it becomes evident that immediate global action is necessary.

Expository (or Descriptive) thesis statement

Purpose : To explain a topic or subject to the reader.

Example : The Great Depression, spanning the 1930s, was a severe worldwide economic downturn triggered by a stock market crash, bank failures, and reduced consumer spending.

Cause and effect thesis statement

Purpose : To demonstrate a cause and its resulting effect.

Example : Overuse of smartphones can lead to impaired sleep patterns, reduced face-to-face social interactions, and increased levels of anxiety.

Compare and contrast thesis statement

Purpose : To highlight similarities and differences between two subjects.

Example : "While both novels '1984' and 'Brave New World' delve into dystopian futures, they differ in their portrayal of individual freedom, societal control, and the role of technology."

When you write a thesis statement , it's important to ensure clarity and precision, so the reader immediately understands the central focus of your work.

What is the difference between a thesis and a thesis statement?

While both terms are frequently used interchangeably, they have distinct meanings.

A thesis refers to the entire research document, encompassing all its chapters and sections. In contrast, a thesis statement is a brief assertion that encapsulates the central argument of the research.

Here’s an in-depth differentiation table of a thesis and a thesis statement.

Now, to craft a compelling thesis, it's crucial to adhere to a specific structure. Let’s break down these essential components that make up a thesis structure

15 components of a thesis structure

Navigating a thesis can be daunting. However, understanding its structure can make the process more manageable.

Here are the key components or different sections of a thesis structure:

Your thesis begins with the title page. It's not just a formality but the gateway to your research.

Here, you'll prominently display the necessary information about you (the author) and your institutional details.

• Title of your thesis
• Your full name
• Your department
• Your institution and degree program
• Your submission date
• Your Supervisor's name (in some cases)
• Your Department or faculty (in some cases)
• Your University's logo (in some cases)
• Your Student ID (in some cases)

In a concise manner, you'll have to summarize the critical aspects of your research in typically no more than 200-300 words.

This includes the problem statement, methodology, key findings, and conclusions. For many, the abstract will determine if they delve deeper into your work, so ensure it's clear and compelling.

Acknowledgments

Research is rarely a solitary endeavor. In the acknowledgments section, you have the chance to express gratitude to those who've supported your journey.

This might include advisors, peers, institutions, or even personal sources of inspiration and support. It's a personal touch, reflecting the humanity behind the academic rigor.

Table of contents

A roadmap for your readers, the table of contents lists the chapters, sections, and subsections of your thesis.

By providing page numbers, you allow readers to navigate your work easily, jumping to sections that pique their interest.

List of figures and tables

Research often involves data, and presenting this data visually can enhance understanding. This section provides an organized listing of all figures and tables in your thesis.

It's a visual index, ensuring that readers can quickly locate and reference your graphical data.

Introduction

Here's where you introduce your research topic, articulate the research question or objective, and outline the significance of your study.

• Present the research topic : Clearly articulate the central theme or subject of your research.
• Background information : Ground your research topic, providing any necessary context or background information your readers might need to understand the significance of your study.
• Define the scope : Clearly delineate the boundaries of your research, indicating what will and won't be covered.
• Literature review : Introduce any relevant existing research on your topic, situating your work within the broader academic conversation and highlighting where your research fits in.
• State the research Question(s) or objective(s) : Clearly articulate the primary questions or objectives your research aims to address.
• Outline the study's structure : Give a brief overview of how the subsequent sections of your work will unfold, guiding your readers through the journey ahead.

The introduction should captivate your readers, making them eager to delve deeper into your research journey.

Literature review section

Your study correlates with existing research. Therefore, in the literature review section, you'll engage in a dialogue with existing knowledge, highlighting relevant studies, theories, and findings.

It's here that you identify gaps in the current knowledge, positioning your research as a bridge to new insights.

To streamline this process, consider leveraging AI tools. For example, the SciSpace literature review tool enables you to efficiently explore and delve into research papers, simplifying your literature review journey.

Methodology

In the research methodology section, you’ll detail the tools, techniques, and processes you employed to gather and analyze data. This section will inform the readers about how you approached your research questions and ensures the reproducibility of your study.

Here's a breakdown of what it should encompass:

• Research Design : Describe the overall structure and approach of your research. Are you conducting a qualitative study with in-depth interviews? Or is it a quantitative study using statistical analysis? Perhaps it's a mixed-methods approach?
• Data Collection : Detail the methods you used to gather data. This could include surveys, experiments, observations, interviews, archival research, etc. Mention where you sourced your data, the duration of data collection, and any tools or instruments used.
• Sampling : If applicable, explain how you selected participants or data sources for your study. Discuss the size of your sample and the rationale behind choosing it.
• Data Analysis : Describe the techniques and tools you used to process and analyze the data. This could range from statistical tests in quantitative research to thematic analysis in qualitative research.
• Validity and Reliability : Address the steps you took to ensure the validity and reliability of your findings to ensure that your results are both accurate and consistent.
• Ethical Considerations : Highlight any ethical issues related to your research and the measures you took to address them, including — informed consent, confidentiality, and data storage and protection measures.

Moreover, different research questions necessitate different types of methodologies. For instance:

• Experimental methodology : Often used in sciences, this involves a controlled experiment to discern causality.
• Qualitative methodology : Employed when exploring patterns or phenomena without numerical data. Methods can include interviews, focus groups, or content analysis.
• Quantitative methodology : Concerned with measurable data and often involves statistical analysis. Surveys and structured observations are common tools here.
• Mixed methods : As the name implies, this combines both qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

The Methodology section isn’t just about detailing the methods but also justifying why they were chosen. The appropriateness of the methods in addressing your research question can significantly impact the credibility of your findings.

Results (or Findings)

This section presents the outcomes of your research. It's crucial to note that the nature of your results may vary; they could be quantitative, qualitative, or a mix of both.

Quantitative results often present statistical data, showcasing measurable outcomes, and they benefit from tables, graphs, and figures to depict these data points.

Qualitative results , on the other hand, might delve into patterns, themes, or narratives derived from non-numerical data, such as interviews or observations.

Regardless of the nature of your results, clarity is essential. This section is purely about presenting the data without offering interpretations — that comes later in the discussion.

In the discussion section, the raw data transforms into valuable insights.

Start by revisiting your research question and contrast it with the findings. How do your results expand, constrict, or challenge current academic conversations?

Dive into the intricacies of the data, guiding the reader through its implications. Detail potential limitations transparently, signaling your awareness of the research's boundaries. This is where your academic voice should be resonant and confident.

Practical implications (Recommendation) section

Based on the insights derived from your research, this section provides actionable suggestions or proposed solutions.

Whether aimed at industry professionals or the general public, recommendations translate your academic findings into potential real-world actions. They help readers understand the practical implications of your work and how it can be applied to effect change or improvement in a given field.

When crafting recommendations, it's essential to ensure they're feasible and rooted in the evidence provided by your research. They shouldn't merely be aspirational but should offer a clear path forward, grounded in your findings.

The conclusion provides closure to your research narrative.

It's not merely a recap but a synthesis of your main findings and their broader implications. Reconnect with the research questions or hypotheses posited at the beginning, offering clear answers based on your findings.

Reflect on the broader contributions of your study, considering its impact on the academic community and potential real-world applications.

Lastly, the conclusion should leave your readers with a clear understanding of the value and impact of your study.

References (or Bibliography)

Every theory you've expounded upon, every data point you've cited, and every methodological precedent you've followed finds its acknowledgment here.

In references, it's crucial to ensure meticulous consistency in formatting, mirroring the specific guidelines of the chosen citation style .

Proper referencing helps to avoid plagiarism , gives credit to original ideas, and allows readers to explore topics of interest. Moreover, it situates your work within the continuum of academic knowledge.

To properly cite the sources used in the study, you can rely on online citation generator tools  to generate accurate citations!

Here’s more on how you can cite your sources.

Often, the depth of research produces a wealth of material that, while crucial, can make the core content of the thesis cumbersome. The appendix is where you mention extra information that supports your research but isn't central to the main text.

Whether it's raw datasets, detailed procedural methodologies, extended case studies, or any other ancillary material, the appendices ensure that these elements are archived for reference without breaking the main narrative's flow.

For thorough researchers and readers keen on meticulous details, the appendices provide a treasure trove of insights.

Glossary (optional)

In academics, specialized terminologies, and jargon are inevitable. However, not every reader is versed in every term.

The glossary, while optional, is a critical tool for accessibility. It's a bridge ensuring that even readers from outside the discipline can access, understand, and appreciate your work.

By defining complex terms and providing context, you're inviting a wider audience to engage with your research, enhancing its reach and impact.

Remember, while these components provide a structured framework, the essence of your thesis lies in the originality of your ideas, the rigor of your research, and the clarity of your presentation.

As you craft each section, keep your readers in mind, ensuring that your passion and dedication shine through every page.

Thesis examples

To further elucidate the concept of a thesis, here are illustrative examples from various fields:

Example 1 (History): Abolition, Africans, and Abstraction: the Influence of the ‘Noble Savage’ on British and French Antislavery Thought, 1787-1807 by Suchait Kahlon.

Example 2 (Climate Dynamics): Influence of external forcings on abrupt millennial-scale climate changes: a statistical modelling study by Takahito Mitsui · Michel Crucifix

Checklist for your thesis evaluation

Evaluating your thesis ensures that your research meets the standards of academia. Here's an elaborate checklist to guide you through this critical process.

Content and structure

• Is the thesis statement clear, concise, and debatable?
• Does the introduction provide sufficient background and context?
• Is the literature review comprehensive, relevant, and well-organized?
• Does the methodology section clearly describe and justify the research methods?
• Are the results/findings presented clearly and logically?
• Does the discussion interpret the results in light of the research question and existing literature?
• Is the conclusion summarizing the research and suggesting future directions or implications?

Clarity and coherence

• Is the writing clear and free of jargon?
• Are ideas and sections logically connected and flowing?
• Is there a clear narrative or argument throughout the thesis?

Research quality

• Is the research question significant and relevant?
• Are the research methods appropriate for the question?
• Is the sample size (if applicable) adequate?
• Are the data analysis techniques appropriate and correctly applied?
• Are potential biases or limitations addressed?

Originality and significance

• Does the thesis contribute new knowledge or insights to the field?
• Is the research grounded in existing literature while offering fresh perspectives?

Formatting and presentation

• Is the thesis formatted according to institutional guidelines?
• Are figures, tables, and charts clear, labeled, and referenced in the text?
• Is the bibliography or reference list complete and consistently formatted?
• Are appendices relevant and appropriately referenced in the main text?

Grammar and language

• Is the thesis free of grammatical and spelling errors?
• Is the language professional, consistent, and appropriate for an academic audience?
• Are quotations and paraphrased material correctly cited?

Feedback and revision

• Have you sought feedback from peers, advisors, or experts in the field?
• Have you addressed the feedback and made the necessary revisions?

Overall assessment

• Does the thesis as a whole feel cohesive and comprehensive?
• Would the thesis be understandable and valuable to someone in your field?

Ensure to use this checklist to leave no ground for doubt or missed information in your thesis.

After writing your thesis, the next step is to discuss and defend your findings verbally in front of a knowledgeable panel. You’ve to be well prepared as your professors may grade your presentation abilities.

Preparing your thesis defense

A thesis defense, also known as "defending the thesis," is the culmination of a scholar's research journey. It's the final frontier, where you’ll present their findings and face scrutiny from a panel of experts.

Typically, the defense involves a public presentation where you’ll have to outline your study, followed by a question-and-answer session with a committee of experts. This committee assesses the validity, originality, and significance of the research.

The defense serves as a rite of passage for scholars. It's an opportunity to showcase expertise, address criticisms, and refine arguments. A successful defense not only validates the research but also establishes your authority as a researcher in your field.

Here’s how you can effectively prepare for your thesis defense .

Now, having touched upon the process of defending a thesis, it's worth noting that scholarly work can take various forms, depending on academic and regional practices.

One such form, often paralleled with the thesis, is the 'dissertation.' But what differentiates the two?

Dissertation vs. Thesis

Often used interchangeably in casual discourse, they refer to distinct research projects undertaken at different levels of higher education.

To the uninitiated, understanding their meaning might be elusive. So, let's demystify these terms and delve into their core differences.

Here's a table differentiating between the two.

Wrapping up

From understanding the foundational concept of a thesis to navigating its various components, differentiating it from a dissertation, and recognizing the importance of proper citation — this guide covers it all.

As scholars and readers, understanding these nuances not only aids in academic pursuits but also fosters a deeper appreciation for the relentless quest for knowledge that drives academia.

It’s important to remember that every thesis is a testament to curiosity, dedication, and the indomitable spirit of discovery.

Good luck with your thesis writing!

Frequently Asked Questions

A thesis typically ranges between 40-80 pages, but its length can vary based on the research topic, institution guidelines, and level of study.

A PhD thesis usually spans 200-300 pages, though this can vary based on the discipline, complexity of the research, and institutional requirements.

To identify a thesis topic, consider current trends in your field, gaps in existing literature, personal interests, and discussions with advisors or mentors. Additionally, reviewing related journals and conference proceedings can provide insights into potential areas of exploration.

The conceptual framework is often situated in the literature review or theoretical framework section of a thesis. It helps set the stage by providing the context, defining key concepts, and explaining the relationships between variables.

A thesis statement should be concise, clear, and specific. It should state the main argument or point of your research. Start by pinpointing the central question or issue your research addresses, then condense that into a single statement, ensuring it reflects the essence of your paper.

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Think of yourself as a member of a jury, listening to a lawyer who is presenting an opening argument. You'll want to know very soon whether the lawyer believes the accused to be guilty or not guilty, and how the lawyer plans to convince you. Readers of academic essays are like jury members: before they have read too far, they want to know what the essay argues as well as how the writer plans to make the argument. After reading your thesis statement, the reader should think, "This essay is going to try to convince me of something. I'm not convinced yet, but I'm interested to see how I might be."

An effective thesis cannot be answered with a simple "yes" or "no." A thesis is not a topic; nor is it a fact; nor is it an opinion. "Reasons for the fall of communism" is a topic. "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" is a fact known by educated people. "The fall of communism is the best thing that ever happened in Europe" is an opinion. (Superlatives like "the best" almost always lead to trouble. It's impossible to weigh every "thing" that ever happened in Europe. And what about the fall of Hitler? Couldn't that be "the best thing"?)

A good thesis has two parts. It should tell what you plan to argue, and it should "telegraph" how you plan to argue—that is, what particular support for your claim is going where in your essay.

Steps in Constructing a Thesis

First, analyze your primary sources.  Look for tension, interest, ambiguity, controversy, and/or complication. Does the author contradict himself or herself? Is a point made and later reversed? What are the deeper implications of the author's argument? Figuring out the why to one or more of these questions, or to related questions, will put you on the path to developing a working thesis. (Without the why, you probably have only come up with an observation—that there are, for instance, many different metaphors in such-and-such a poem—which is not a thesis.)

Once you have a working thesis, write it down.  There is nothing as frustrating as hitting on a great idea for a thesis, then forgetting it when you lose concentration. And by writing down your thesis you will be forced to think of it clearly, logically, and concisely. You probably will not be able to write out a final-draft version of your thesis the first time you try, but you'll get yourself on the right track by writing down what you have.

Keep your thesis prominent in your introduction.  A good, standard place for your thesis statement is at the end of an introductory paragraph, especially in shorter (5-15 page) essays. Readers are used to finding theses there, so they automatically pay more attention when they read the last sentence of your introduction. Although this is not required in all academic essays, it is a good rule of thumb.

Anticipate the counterarguments.  Once you have a working thesis, you should think about what might be said against it. This will help you to refine your thesis, and it will also make you think of the arguments that you'll need to refute later on in your essay. (Every argument has a counterargument. If yours doesn't, then it's not an argument—it may be a fact, or an opinion, but it is not an argument.)

This statement is on its way to being a thesis. However, it is too easy to imagine possible counterarguments. For example, a political observer might believe that Dukakis lost because he suffered from a "soft-on-crime" image. If you complicate your thesis by anticipating the counterargument, you'll strengthen your argument, as shown in the sentence below.

Some Caveats and Some Examples

A thesis is never a question.  Readers of academic essays expect to have questions discussed, explored, or even answered. A question ("Why did communism collapse in Eastern Europe?") is not an argument, and without an argument, a thesis is dead in the water.

A thesis is never a list.  "For political, economic, social and cultural reasons, communism collapsed in Eastern Europe" does a good job of "telegraphing" the reader what to expect in the essay—a section about political reasons, a section about economic reasons, a section about social reasons, and a section about cultural reasons. However, political, economic, social and cultural reasons are pretty much the only possible reasons why communism could collapse. This sentence lacks tension and doesn't advance an argument. Everyone knows that politics, economics, and culture are important.

A thesis should never be vague, combative or confrontational.  An ineffective thesis would be, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because communism is evil." This is hard to argue (evil from whose perspective? what does evil mean?) and it is likely to mark you as moralistic and judgmental rather than rational and thorough. It also may spark a defensive reaction from readers sympathetic to communism. If readers strongly disagree with you right off the bat, they may stop reading.

An effective thesis has a definable, arguable claim.  "While cultural forces contributed to the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the disintegration of economies played the key role in driving its decline" is an effective thesis sentence that "telegraphs," so that the reader expects the essay to have a section about cultural forces and another about the disintegration of economies. This thesis makes a definite, arguable claim: that the disintegration of economies played a more important role than cultural forces in defeating communism in Eastern Europe. The reader would react to this statement by thinking, "Perhaps what the author says is true, but I am not convinced. I want to read further to see how the author argues this claim."

A thesis should be as clear and specific as possible.  Avoid overused, general terms and abstractions. For example, "Communism collapsed in Eastern Europe because of the ruling elite's inability to address the economic concerns of the people" is more powerful than "Communism collapsed due to societal discontent."

Copyright 1999, Maxine Rodburg and The Tutors of the Writing Center at Harvard University

Thesaurus for Thesis

Related terms for thesis - synonyms, antonyms and sentences with thesis, similar meaning.

• proposition
• dissertation
• supposition
• postulation
• presupposition
• disquisition

Opposite meaning

• practical consideration
• introduction
• final answer
• convenience
• practical considerations
• practical exam
• practical examination
• practical grounds
• practical ideas
• practical purposes
• practical reasons
• practical suggestions
• practical test
• practicalities
• practice exam
• practice test
• pragmatic considerations

Common usage

• comic verse
• inspirational
• interpretation
• on that note
• subject matter expert
• theoretical physics
• organic poetry
• fruit of the spirit
• second opinion
• miscommunication

Sentence Examples

Proper usage in context.

• Sometimes a scream is better than a thesis Ralph Waldo Emerson
• I agree with the thesis of Mr Goebbels's report
• There is overwhelming evidence supporting the Bubble thesis
• A doctoral thesis
• Doctoral thesis in law, obtained first-class honours

THESIS: Synonyms and Related Words. What is Another Word for THESIS?

Need another word that means the same as “thesis”? Find 22 synonyms and 30 related words for “thesis” in this overview.

Thesis as a Noun

Definitions of "thesis" as a noun, synonyms of "thesis" as a noun (22 words), usage examples of "thesis" as a noun, associations of "thesis" (30 words).

The synonyms of “Thesis” are: dissertation, theory, contention, argument, line of argument, proposal, proposition, premise, assumption, presumption, hypothesis, postulation, surmise, supposition, essay, paper, treatise, disquisition, composition, monograph, study, piece of writing

According to the Oxford Dictionary of English , “thesis” as a noun can have the following definitions:

• A treatise advancing a new point of view resulting from research; usually a requirement for an advanced academic degree.
• A statement or theory that is put forward as a premise to be maintained or proved.
• An unstressed syllable or part of a metrical foot in Greek or Latin verse.
• (in Hegelian philosophy) a proposition forming the first stage in the process of dialectical reasoning.
• An unproved statement put forward as a premise in an argument.
• A long essay or dissertation involving personal research, written by a candidate for a university degree.

• His central thesis is that psychological life is not part of the material world.
• A doctoral thesis.

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Home — Essay Samples — Literature — Romeo and Juliet — Thesis Statement for Romeo and Juliet: The Consequences of Impulsive Actions

Thesis Statement for Romeo and Juliet: The Consequences of Impulsive Actions

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Senior Thesis Spotlight: Can ‘forever’ chemicals become less so? This senior thesis works toward smarter cleanup of PFAS.

Developing her senior thesis on PFAS, Amélie Lemay learned to embrace the uncertainties of engineering progress. "You’re trying to do something that’s never been done before. No one has the right answer.”

The class of chemicals known as PFAS — used in firefighting foams, some nonstick cookware, and many other products — can resist heat and repel water. Their chemical bonds are hard to break, and they persist in water sources for decades.

Exposure to them has been associated with cancers, “impacts to the liver and heart, and immune and developmental damage to infants and children,” according to the Environmental Protection Agency, which this month set national limits for PFAS in drinking water.

For her Princeton senior thesis research, Amélie Lemay crafted computer simulations that could one day help lead the way to removing PFAS pollution from the environment.

Lemay, a civil and environmental engineering major, used simulations to investigate how seven types of molecules behave above bodies of water, where the water meets the air. She modeled their tendencies to mix with water or stick to the water-air boundary, and probed how mixtures of PFAS molecules interact — mimicking the messy reality of contaminated water.

Detailed knowledge of this chemistry could be key to understanding how remediation methods will work in settings like water treatment plants. Over the next few years, utilities across the United States will need to find effective ways to remove PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) from drinking water to comply with the EPA limits.

“Most of our drinking water treatment plants are not set up to deal with these compounds,” said Lemay. “This type of research can eventually lead to better ways to be able to take PFAS out of water.”

Lemay, of Wynnewood, Pennsylvania, came to Princeton with aspirations of using engineering to address environmental challenges. But using computer simulations to understand pollution was not part of her plan.

The summer after her first year, in 2021, Lemay secured internship support from Princeton’s High Meadows Environmental Institute to conduct field work with associate professor Ian Bourg on how rocks weather in the Princeton area and in the French Alps — research with implications for soil nutrients and atmospheric CO2 forecasting.

But COVID-19 travel restrictions were still in place that summer, so Bourg worked remotely with Lemay and several other students to set up simulations exploring the behavior of pollutants ranging from PFAS to anti-inflammatory drugs to insecticides.

“I actually ended up really liking this alternative project, and I think it’s even better suited for me than the original project would have been,” said Lemay, who earned certificates in statistics and machine learning and sustainable energy .

The research was an excellent opportunity for Lemay to build her computer coding skills and learn the intricacies of molecular dynamics simulation software.

“When I first started with Professor Bourg, he had to walk me through step by step how to create a file” simulating a single chemical compound, Lemay said. Over time, she learned to add more complexity, accounting for variables like salinity and surface tension. Now the work is “like second nature.”

In an internship with Ian Bourg (left), the summer after her first year at Princeton, Lemay learned how to set up simulations exploring the behavior of pollutants. This work developed into her senior thesis with Bourg as her adviser. “She’s been thinking like a grad student since the very beginning," he says.

The summer project was a new direction in the lab’s research. Bourg, an associate professor of civil and environmental engineering and the High Meadows Environmental Institute, said he was learning along with the students. He quickly realized that he could rely on Lemay: “She’s been thinking like a grad student since the very beginning, in terms of being super conscientious and questioning the way we do things,” said Bourg.

Lemay and Ethan Sontarp, a geosciences major, continued the project as research assistants in Bourg’s group for the next two years. Eventually, they modeled the behavior of more than 80 organic pollutants at the water-air interface.

Lemay and Sontarp were co-first authors of a 2023 paper reporting the results in the journal Environmental Science and Technology. The article has been downloaded more than 2,000 times and is Bourg’s most-read research paper from last year — a testament to its value as a resource for researchers looking to improve the tracking and remediation of pollutants, said Bourg.

In her junior year, Lemay conducted independent work with Professor Barry Rand , who studies the properties of new materials for solar cells, analyzing factors that influence the adoption of rooftop solar energy. She published  an analysis last year in the journal Energy Policy.

For her senior thesis with Bourg, she developed complex simulations of how multiple PFAS molecules move and interact at the interface of water and air. Her results have revealed that the contaminants’ movements are not limited only by physical space but also by complex charge interactions among neighboring PFAS molecules.

Lemay is now submitting this work for scientific publication. The simulations are a powerful way to understand how pollutants move in the environment, potentially helping to explain how rain interacts with contaminants, and why sea spray and lake spray aerosols are an important source of PFAS exposure in coastal communities. Lemay hopes this understanding can inform strategies to clean up PFAS pollution.

Lemay turned to engineering in high school, when she took part in a summer research program on biomolecular engineering. “In science, you’re seeking to uncover the unknown, which is very important,” she said. “But I found that the problem-solving and design aspects of engineering really appealed to me. I loved how practical and pragmatic the applications were.”

After nearly three years of research at Princeton, Lemay has gained comfort with the uncertainties of the process. “If you pursue something, and you don’t fully understand what the data are showing you at first — that used to be distressing to me,” she said. “But I’ve come to realize that it’s part of the process. You’re trying to do something that’s never been done before. No one has the right answer.”

This summer, Lemay will pursue a project advised by Professor Mark Zondlo analyzing electric vehicle use and neighborhood-level air pollution.

In the fall, she will begin a Ph.D. program in civil and environmental engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. She’s interested in using computational methods to design chemicals for programmed degradation, to prevent problems with environmental contamination in the future.

“I think Princeton’s focus on undergraduate research really sets this institution apart,” said Lemay. “I’m grateful to have had the chance to work with multiple mentors who have shown me … how to design solutions and search for knowledge, and then share that with the greater community.”

During her time at Princeton, Lemay has gained comfort with the uncertainties of doing research. “I’ve come to realize that it’s part of the process. You’re trying to do something that’s never been done before. No one has the right answer.”

Senior Thesis Spotlight: 2024

The senior thesis has been a rite of passage at Princeton for 100 years. Students pursue original research and scholarship in close collaboration with a faculty member. Here, some of this year’s work.

Senior Thesis Spotlight: Is there room for a philosopher at the space policy table? This senior thesis says yes.

Senior Thesis Spotlight: Her affinity for service took an unexpected turn toward public policy

Senior Thesis Spotlight: Fernando Avilés-García used artificial intelligence to analyze Dante’s 'Divine Comedy.'

Livestream: With jurors out, defense experts in Karen Read trial face vetting 

Police identify Michigan splash pad shooter but there’s still no word on a motive

The michigan splash pad shooting was one of at least four mass shootings that took place around the country saturday night and early sunday morning..

By Associated Press

ROCHESTER HILLS, Mich. (AP) — Authorities on Sunday identified the man who opened fire at a splash pad in suburban Detroit before taking his own life, but his motives remained unknown as investigators worked to determine if he left behind any hint of his plans.

Oakland County Sheriff’s spokesperson Stephen Huber said the shooter was 42-year-old Michael William Nash of Shelby Township. Sheriff Mike Bouchard said Saturday evening that the gunman had no prior criminal history but apparently suffered privately from what the sheriff called “mental health challenges.”

Eight people injured in Sunday morning shooting at Methuen party

“It’s our understanding that he was undergoing some mental health challenges, but no one that we know of was notified,” Bouchard said during an evening news conference.

The splash pad shooting was one of at least four mass shootings that took place around the country Saturday night and early Sunday morning. Six people were shot in a residential neighborhood in Lathrup Village, another Detroit suburb. Seven people were shot at a party in Methuen, Massachusetts, and eight people were shot during a Juneteenth celebration in Round Rock, Texas. Two people were killed in that shooting.

Authorities said Nash drove to suburban Rochester Hills on Saturday and opened fire at a splash pad in a city park around 5 p.m. A splash pad is a recreational area with a nonslip surface where people can play in fountains and water sprays.

The sheriff said Nash fired as many as 28 times, stopping several times to reload.

In the chaos, “people were falling, getting hit, trying to run,” Bouchard said. “Terrible things that unfortunately all of us in our law enforcement business have seen way too much.”

The gunman was “apparently in no rush. Just calmly walked back to his car,” the sheriff said.

Nine people were injured, including an 8-year-old boy who was shot in the head; his 4-year-old brother, who was shot in the leg; and the boys’ mother, who was wounded in the abdomen and leg.

The 8-year-old boy and the mother were both listed in critical condition on Saturday evening. The 4-year-old was in stable condition. The six other victims, all at least 30 years old, were in stable condition on Saturday night. Huber, the sheriff’s spokesperson, said all the victims’ conditions were unchanged as of Sunday morning.

Nash eventually fled but apparently left his gun behind. Investigators were able to use the weapon’s registration information to track him back to the home in Shelby Township he shared with his mother. When police arrived, they found a car that matched the gunman’s vehicle.

Deputies surrounded the home and eventually entered to find the suspect was dead. Bouchard said the man died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound. Deputies discovered a handgun next to the body and a semiautomatic rifle on the kitchen table. Bouchard said Saturday that Nash may have been planning a “second chapter” to the shooting.

Nash’s neighbors told the Detroit News that Nash’s father died two years ago and he lived with his mother, who has been traveling the United States.

“He’s a loner. The blinds are always pulled over there,” neighbor Kyleen Duchene told the newspaper.

Nash’s mother was “super friendly and nice” but Nash himself rarely left the house, neighbor Alex Roser said.

“And when he did, he didn’t even say ‘hi’ back to us when we would acknowledge him,” Roser said. “He was very quiet and didn’t want to be a part of our community.”

Bouchard said that Nash had no connections to the splash pad or any of the victims. Investigators will try to determine if he left behind any writings and examine his electronic devices in hopes of shedding light on his motive.

“In terms of the ‘why,’ I don’t know,” Bouchard said.

Rochester Hills is about 15 miles (24 kilometers) south of Oxford, where in 2021 a 15-year-old fatally shot four high school students. Saturday’s shooting came at the end of the first full week of summer vacation for students attending Rochester Community schools.

“I love my community and my heart breaks today,” Rochester Mayor Bryan Barnett said. “When I got on scene I started to cry because I know what a splash pad is supposed to be. It’s supposed to be a place where people gather, where families make memories, where people have fun.”

Bouchard called the attack “a gut punch” for the county.

“We’ve gone through so many tragedies,” the sheriff said. “We’re not even fully comprehending what happened at Oxford. And, you know, now we have another complete tragedy that we’re dealing with.”

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Thinking of Buying Madrigal Pharmaceuticals Stock? Eli Lilly Would Like to Have a Word.

• Madrigal Pharmaceuticals is the only company with an approved drug for MASH.
• Eli Lilly's latest clinical trial data shows that its candidate may perform even better.
• Madrigal's stock could do well, but the party won't go on forever.
• Motley Fool Issues Rare “All In” Buy Alert

NASDAQ: MDGL

Madrigal pharmaceuticals.

Eli Lilly just drizzled on Madrigal Pharmaceuticals' parade.

If you're eyeing an investment in Madrigal Pharmaceuticals   ( MDGL 0.72% ) , now's the time to imagine a representative of Eli Lilly ( LLY 0.51% ) interrupting your train of thought by saying something along the lines of, "Not so fast." While the biotech is undeniably ascendant after getting its first medicine approved for sale in mid-March, the pharma juggernaut is hot on its tail with a bid to compete in the same market.

And now, there's some new information that suggests the bigger player might win out in the end. Let's start by setting the stage for this looming competitive showdown and explore what it means for investors.

This blockbuster drug could have an edge

For those unaware, the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has already approved tirzepatide for treating type-2 diabetes and obesity, which Eli Lilly commercialized under the trade names Mounjaro and Zepbound, respectively. Mounjaro is already a textbook example of a blockbuster drug , bringing in more than $1.8 billion in sales during Q1 alone, and Zepbound is practically guaranteed to reach blockbuster status within a few quarters.

On June 8, the company published data from a phase 2 clinical trial investigating whether tirzepatide might be helpful to treat metabolic-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly called non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, or NASH) in the prestigious New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) . Per the study, after 52 weeks of treatment with tirzepatide, 55% of patients in the lowest-dose cohort experienced an improvement in their level of fibrosis (liver scarring) of at least one stage. In the highest-dose cohort, 62% of the patients experienced a resolution of MASH without any worsening of their fibrosis.

While there's still a phase 3 trial to be conducted, these data support the idea that tirzepatide could one day pick up an additional indication to treat MASH. Preliminarily, the drug's ability to somewhat reverse fibrosis is key, as it helps patients to avoid a progression of their disease to cirrhosis. It's also the factor that should make Madrigal investors a bit nervous.

Madrigal's only product on the market, Rezdiffra, is for MASH, and it just launched in mid-March of this year. There hasn't been a full quarter of sales data yet, so investors won't know how the rollout is going until the Q2 earnings release.

Per its phase 3 clinical trial data also published in NEJM in February, just 25.9% of patients taking the highest dose of Rezdiffra experienced fibrosis improvement of at least one stage after a year of treatment. The takeaway here is that for patients with significant fibrosis, if Eli Lilly's medicine gets an expanded approval to treat MASH, it'll probably be the go-to option that clinicians prescribe, as it's dramatically more effective at promoting healing of the scarring.

And while it is distinctly possible that the next clinical trials for tirzepatide will fail to replicate the previous results, it isn't wise to bet on that outcome. The odds are that Eli Lilly is coming to try to eat Madrigal's lunch.

Don't sell this stock if you hold it

The threat that Eli Lilly poses to Madrigal is significant, and, in due time and with the necessary regulatory approvals, could result in the biotech experiencing difficulty in expanding or maintaining its market share .

There is little chance of Madrigal being able to increase its spending on marketing in a way that would enable it to outcompete Eli Lilly's entrant, especially if it is actually the case that the pharma giant's medicine is more effective at addressing a key symptom of MASH. And that's before even getting into a discussion of the other powerful competitors like Novo Nordisk that are also trying to expand the indications of their already-approved medicines to include MASH.

Still, Madrigal's shareholders shouldn't rush to sell the stock or fall into a pit of despair over the prospect of competition in the medium term. After all, it almost certainly has at least a year or so of uncontested access to the market for MASH medicines. That will be more than a sufficient amount of time to dramatically grow its top line, which was nil as of the most recent quarter. In other words, this stock has good odds of rising, and a competitor entering the scene won't immediately change that.

So for now, the best move is to hold on to your shares if you have them, and, if you're thinking about making an investment in this stock, make it a small one. It's also important to appreciate that this biotech will need to do considerable research and development (R&D) work in the near term if it's going to be an investment worthy of holding for the long term. Furthermore, that additional work in the clinic will need to convincingly generate some great data if Rezdiffra is to maintain its ground against competing options that, for the moment, look like they might be superior.

There's a risk that might not actually happen, so be aware that Madrigal has some palpable risks that'll take a handful of years to either play out or be successfully defused.

Alex Carchidi has no position in any of the stocks mentioned. The Motley Fool recommends Novo Nordisk. The Motley Fool has a disclosure policy .

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Study proposes new model for treating stress-related exhaustion

• Download PDF Copy

A new thesis at Uppsala University questions the traditional view of stress-induced exhaustion disorder. A new model is proposed in its place that puts more focus on meaningfulness rather than recovery.

There are no established evidence-based models for the psychological treatment of stress-induced exhaustion disorder. The concepts of 'recovery' and 'stress' are so widely accepted in our current era that it is difficult to examine them critically. It's easy to think that patients with stress-related exhaustion should prioritise rest and relaxation, but an overly one-sided focus on recovery can lead to a passive existence that it's easy to get stuck in and can instead become harmful over time." Jakob Clason van de Leur, recently graduated doctoral student at the Department of Psychology, Uppsala University

He has been working with patients suffering from stress-related exhaustion for ten years. In his thesis, he describes how traditional treatment can be limiting and tends to overlook important psychological and social aspects of this condition. He has followed 915 patients with stress-related exhaustion who have participated in comprehensive rehabilitation programmes, including medical, psychological, and physiotherapeutic methods, based on CBT. While the results are positive, he concludes that this approach is relatively ineffective overall. "We shoot with everything we have, hoping to hit something, but we don't know what really helped. With so many people experiencing stress-related exhaustion, it becomes a problem that the standard treatment is so extensive. The treatments used to last up to one year when I started - now we are working on a 12-week digital programme," Clason van de Leur continues.

The shorter programme is based on a new treatment model based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT), in which stress-induced exhaustion disorder is seen as an existential crisis resulting from a lack of contact with meaningfulness. This may involve a patient's need to feel love, community, or a clearer work role. A pilot study tested this new model by following 26 exhaustion patients through a 12-week online treatment programme. The main part consists of a digital CBT treatment followed by chats with a psychologist and video check-ups. It also included support with returning to work.

"Despite being a small study, the results show similar effects to our previous six-month treatment programme, using only a quarter of the clinical resources. This means that the treatment can be made available to more patients in the healthcare system," he explains.

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He also thinks that the concept of stress needs to be discussed, as he believes the focus is often on the negative aspects of stress, despite stress being central to human development.

"Given the widespread incidence of mental ill health, we need better models to understand why people feel stressed. Our results indicate that treatment for stress-induced exhaustion disorder may be more effective with a different focus. While further studies are necessary, this may be a first small step towards a more theoretically grounded approach to clinically treating stress-related exhaustion," he concludes.

Uppsala University

Posted in: Medical Research News | Healthcare News

Tags: Exhaustion , Healthcare , Psychology , Stress

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Revolutionizing Life Science: An Interview with SCIEX on ASMS, the SCIEX 7500+ System, and AI-Driven Quantitation

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2024 Men's College World Series teams: Who has punched a ticket to Omaha?

It's time to punch a ticket to Omaha.

The 2024 NCAA Division I baseball tournament super regionals are the last stop before reaching the Men's College World Series, and 16 teams are fighting to reach the ultimate destination in college baseball. The super regional round consisted of eight best-of-three series that wrap up on Sunday and Monday.

Only eight teams qualify for the Men's College World Series. Will top-rank squads continue their dominance, or will Cinderella stories stay alive?

Here is who has qualified for the 2024 Men's College World Series, the CWS bracket and first-round matchups at Charles Schwab Field Omaha, and super regional scores from this weekend.

2024 Men's College World Series teams

• No. 1 Tennessee (7th appearance, last: 2023)
• No. 2 Kentucky (1st appearance)
• No. 3 Texas A&M (8th appearance, last: 2022)
• No. 4 North Carolina (12th appearance, last: 2018)
• No. 8 Florida State (24th appearance, last: 2019)
• No. 10 North Carolina State (4th appearance, last: 2021)
• No. 12 Virginia (7th appearance, last: 2023)
• Florida (14th appearance, last: 2023)

2024 Men's College World Series first round matchups, bracket

• No. 1 Tennessee vs. No. 8 Florida State
• No. 4 North Carolina vs. No. 12 Virginia
• No. 2 Kentucky vs. No. 10 NC State
• No. 3 Texas A&M vs. Florida

When is 2024 Men's College World Series?

The Men's College World Series begins on June 14, with first round games played on June 14-15.

When is 2024 Men's College World Series final?

The championship series of the Men's College World Series will be a best-of-three series from June 22-24.

2024 college baseball super regionals scores, schedule

How the super regional played out this weekend. All game times Eastern (TV network in parentheses).

No. 1 Tennessee vs. Evansville

Tennessee wins 2-1

• Game 1:  Tennessee 11, Evansville 6
• Game 2:  Evansville 10, Tennessee 8
• Game 3 :  Tennessee 12, Evansville 1

No. 8 Florida State vs. UConn

Florida State wins 2-0

• Game 1:  Florida State 24, UConn 4
• Game 2:  Florida State 10, UConn 8 (12 innings)

No. 12 Virginia vs. Kansas State

Viriginia wins 2-0

• Game 1:  Virginia 7, Kansas State 4
• Game 2:  Virginia 10, Kansas State 4

No. 4 North Carolina vs. West Virginia

North Carolina wins 2-0

• Game 1:  North Carolina 8, West Virginia 6
• Game 2:  North Carolina 2, West Virginia 1

No. 2 Kentucky vs. No. 15 Oregon State

Kentucky wins 2-0

• Game 1:  Kentucky 10, Oregon State 0
• Game 2:  Kentucky 3, Oregon State 2

No. 7 Georgia vs. No. 10 NC State

North Carolina State wins 2-1

• Game 1:  NC State 19, Georgia 1
• Game 2:  Georgia 11, NC State 2
• Game 3 :  NC State 8, Georgia 5

No. 6 Clemson vs. Florida

Florida wins 2-0

• Game 1:  Florida 10, Clemson 7
• Game 2:  Florida 11, Clemson 10 (13 innings)

No. 3 Texas A&M vs. Oregon

Texas A&M wins 2-0

• Game 1:  Texas A&M 10, Oregon 6
• Game 2:  Texas A&M 15, Oregon 9

Theses Words

Words related to theses.

Below is a massive list of theses words - that is, words related to theses. The top 4 are: thesis , dissertations , these and dissertation . You can get the definition(s) of a word in the list below by tapping the question-mark icon next to it. The words at the top of the list are the ones most associated with theses, and as you go down the relatedness becomes more slight. By default, the words are sorted by relevance/relatedness, but you can also get the most common theses terms by using the menu below, and there's also the option to sort the words alphabetically so you can get theses words starting with a particular letter. You can also filter the word list so it only shows words that are also related to another word of your choosing. So for example, you could enter "thesis" and click "filter", and it'd give you words that are related to theses and thesis.

You can highlight the terms by the frequency with which they occur in the written English language using the menu below. The frequency data is extracted from the English Wikipedia corpus, and updated regularly. If you just care about the words' direct semantic similarity to theses, then there's probably no need for this.

There are already a bunch of websites on the net that help you find synonyms for various words, but only a handful that help you find related , or even loosely associated words. So although you might see some synonyms of theses in the list below, many of the words below will have other relationships with theses - you could see a word with the exact opposite meaning in the word list, for example. So it's the sort of list that would be useful for helping you build a theses vocabulary list, or just a general theses word list for whatever purpose, but it's not necessarily going to be useful if you're looking for words that mean the same thing as theses (though it still might be handy for that).

If you're looking for names related to theses (e.g. business names, or pet names), this page might help you come up with ideas. The results below obviously aren't all going to be applicable for the actual name of your pet/blog/startup/etc., but hopefully they get your mind working and help you see the links between various concepts. If your pet/blog/etc. has something to do with theses, then it's obviously a good idea to use concepts or words to do with theses.

If you don't find what you're looking for in the list below, or if there's some sort of bug and it's not displaying theses related words, please send me feedback using this page. Thanks for using the site - I hope it is useful to you! 🐲

• dissertations
• dissertation
• bibliography
• theologians
• theoretical
• manuscripts
• doctoral thesis
• pedagogical
• undergraduate
• theological
• plagiarized
• philosophers
• intellectually
• anthropology
• intellectuals
• doctoral dissertation
• biological sciences
• new testament
• evolutionary theory
• mathematics
• universities
• peer reviewed journals
• evolutionary biology
• darwin theory
• religious studies
• innumerable
• abovementioned
• inflorescence
• multiplicity
• incommensurable
• aforementioned
• uncountable
• proliferate
• chrysanthemum
• rhododendron
• pelargonium
• multiflowered
• gynantherous
• scorpionweed
• calceolaria
• bougainvillea
• pseudanthium
• florescence
• overgeneralize
• serendipities
• anthropomorphise
• individuate
• streptocarpus
• efflorescent
• phaenogamous
• blossomless
• xeranthemum
• strawflower
• bunchflower
• bitterbrush
• gynodioecious
• clinanthium
• lily of valley
• self pollination
• butterfly flower
• sweet sultan
• african daisy
• prairie rocket
• easter lily
• cotton rose
• globe amaranth
• rose of sharon
• grow in pot
• late bloomer
• incomplete flower
• flower basket
• brass button
• billy button
• oxeye daisy
• guernsey lily
• pleasant smell
• peach blossom
• solomon's seal
• spring beauty
• mariposa lily
• christmas bell
• star of bethlehem
• less celandine
• mexican marigold
• sweet pepperbush
• jacobean lily
• pheasant's eye
• floral leaf
• flower plant
• attar of rose
• marsh marigold
• baby's breath
• morning glory
• yellow rattle
• flower garden
• cherry blossom
• red valerian
• african violet

That's about all the theses related words we've got! I hope this list of theses terms was useful to you in some way or another. The words down here at the bottom of the list will be in some way associated with theses, but perhaps tenuously (if you've currenly got it sorted by relevance, that is). If you have any feedback for the site, please share it here , but please note this is only a hobby project, so I may not be able to make regular updates to the site. Have a nice day! 🐇

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Mavericks' Luka Doncic Made Media Critics 'Eat Their Words' with Game 4 Performance

Grant afseth | jun 15, 2024.

• Dallas Mavericks
• Boston Celtics

DALLAS — The criticism was loud for Luka Doncic after fouling out of Game 3 of the NBA Finals with 4:12 left to play, causing a significant hit to the Dallas Mavericks chances of completing the near 21-point comeback the team almost achieved while on a 22-2 run. After trailing 3-0 in the series, Doncic became the focal point of conversation.

Doncic responded significantly in Game 4, recording 29 points, five rebounds, and five assists in 33 minutes in what proved to be such a significant blowout that Boston cleared its bench in the third quarter. None of the Mavericks' starters touched the floor for the fourth quarter. He set a franchise NBA Finals record, surpassing Dirk Nowitzki for the highest-scoring half with 25 points.

“This doesn’t change anything,” Doncic said. “Like I said at the beginning of the series, it’s the first to four. And we’re gonna believe to the end, so we’ve just got to keep going. I have big belief in this team that we can do it.”

While Doncic missed each of his eight 3-point attempts, he produced a highly efficient outing from inside the arc. He shot 12 of 18 on two-point attempts and 5 of 7 on free throws, with five assists and only one turnover. He was aggressive, pushing on the break to attack the rim while intentionally creating advantages against Boston's pre-switching in pick-and-roll. He scored 14 points at the rim, with six coming from floaters and six points on off-the-dribble jumpers between short and mid-range.

Most importantly, the Mavericks' effort in Game 4 was balanced, helping to take pressure off Doncic in needed ways. Kyrie Irving scored an efficient 21 points while dishing out six assists. Dereck Lively II chipped in 11 points and 12 rebounds off the bench, recording seven rebounds on the offensive glass. Dante Exum added 10 points with multiple made 3-pointers off the bench. P.J. Washington and Derrick Jones Jr. combined for three makes from deep. Dallas tightened up defensively, with everyone playing with energy.

"It's big. It's basketball. It's five people on the floor," Doncic said. "So that's huge for us. Everybody played with a lot of energy. That's how we got to do it. We got to think the same way in Game 5 in Boston."

Doncic emphasized minimizing his interactions with the referees, as he did during the Western Conference semifinals against the Oklahoma City Thunder. He entered a pivotal Game 5 victory when the external noise got loud.

"Just helping my team,” Doncic said. “We were locked in, I think, especially on the defensive end. We played with pace, and that helps them. I’m here to help them in any way I can.”

Mavericks coach Jason Kidd defended Doncic in his pre-game press conference , stating that sometimes, media criticism goes too far when discussing the best players in the world, with Doncic being the latest example.

"No, I think it's just everybody has -- this is a free country. Everybody has the right to their opinion," Kidd said. "It's just sometimes we might take it a little bit too far, right, and understanding if you put yourself in that person's shoes, could you stand up to the barbecue, right? Sometimes we want to fry someone, but if you reversed it, and it was you being fried, would you like it? Most likely not, right? That's just the nature of the business.

"But this young man has done nothing to anyone but play the game of basketball. And when he's asked the question, he's never run from it. He's answered it," Kidd continued. "And he's 25 years old. You know, I think that's what I'm more disappointed in is that we are at the highest stage where we have one of the best players in the world playing the game the right way, but we want to criticize some of the things that he does not do well. But when he does do them well, we are going to come back and want to talk to him, and then when he says no, I'm going to pass, then what happens, right? I think sometimes it's just unfair or unwarranted to say those things."

Doncic did not have a conversation with Kidd before his head coach made these comments to reporters, but appreciated him for doing so. " No, he didn't say anything to me specifically, but that speaks a lot about him. He always has players' backs," he said. "He always support us. That's a big thing, to have a coach like that."

Irving, Doncic's experienced superstar teammate, was proud of how Doncic responded to the criticism in a fashion he expected him to do. “I think he made a few people eat their words,” he said. “I’ll say that in a healthy way. I don’t want to curse up here or anything like that, get into any unnecessary beef, right, between us, players and the media."

Given this is Doncic's first NBA Finals appearance, he is being talked about by national media on a scale like never before. Especially as the superstar on the disadvantaged side of the series, with the noise reaching an all-time high after falilng down 3-0 in the series. Irving appreciates how Doncic has handled it.

“I think this is his first opportunity and first taste of what it’s like to be on this stage and to not play up to your capabilities or be out there toward the end of the game where every mistake is magnified," Irving explained. "I think that’s probably what — when every mistake is magnified, there is going to be a response. That’s your guys’ job to give us your criticism. We go home and deal with it in a healthy way hopefully.”

With Doncic playing an essential role in setting the tone, Kidd praised his team for being motivated to not allow their season to end despite facing a possible elimination.

"Our group was ready to go. They were ready to celebrate," Kidd said. "Understand, we made a stand. We were desperate. We got to continue to keep playing that way; understand they're trying to find a way to close the door. The hardest thing in this league is to close the door when you have a group that has nothing to lose. (Friday) you saw that. They let go of the rope, you know, pretty early."

The Mavericks aspire to achieve a highly improbable comeback that has never been achieved before in NBA playoff history. Against a talented Celtics team, Dallas hopes the momentum displayed in Game 4 will translate on the road to force a potential Game 6 back at American Airlines Center, providing a chance to force a Game 7. Until then, the team must take it day by day, as has been the process throughout this postseason.

Stick with  MavericksGameday  for more coverage of the Dallas Mavericks throughout the NBA Finals.

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GRANT AFSETH

Grant Afseth is a Dallas Mavericks reporter for MavericksGameday.com and an NBA reporter for NBA Analysis Network. He previously covered the Indiana Pacers and NBA for CNHI's Kokomo Tribune and various NBA teams for USA TODAY Sports Media Group. Follow him on Twitter (@grantafseth), Facebook (@grantgafseth), and YouTube (@grantafseth). You can reach Grant at [email protected].

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