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CBSE Class 10 Science Lab Manual – Refraction Through Prism

January 2, 2023 by Veerendra

Aim To trace the path of the rays of light through a glass prism.

Materials Required A glass prism, some drawing pins, white paper, a drawing board, adhesive tape, a protractor, a sharp pencil and a measuring scale.

Angle of Deviation (∠δ) It is the angle which the emergent ray (produced backward) makes with the incident ray (produced forward ). It depends upon angle of prism (∠A), angle of incidence (∠i) and angle of emergence (∠e) and is given by ∠δ = ∠i + ∠e – ∠A.

• Fix a white sheet of paper on a drawing board. Draw a thin line XY at the middle of the paper.

• Place the prism with one of its refracting surfaces AB along the line XY.
• Mark the boundary ABC of the glass prism holding it firmly with your hand.
• Fix two pins P 1 and P 2 vertically by gently pressing their heads with thumb, on line DE at a distance of about 5 cm from each other. View the images of pins P 1 and P 2 from the opposite face AC of the prism.
• Fix two more pins P 3 and P 4 vertically such that the feet of pins P 3 and P 4 appear to be on the same straight line as the feet of the images of the pins P 1  and P 2 as viewed through the face AC of the prism.
• Remove the pins and prism. Mark the positions of feet of pins P 3 andP 4 on the sheet of paper.
• Draw a straight line joining the points that mark the positions of pins P 3 and P 4 . Extend this line so that it meets the face AC of the prism at point F. The line FG represents the path of the emergent ray.
• Extend the direction of incident ray DE till it meets the face AFC. Also extend backwards the emergent ray FG as given in the figure. These two extended lines meet at point FI (as shown in Fig. 2).
• Repeat this experiment for more angles of incidence.

Observations and Calculations

Mean value of angle of incidence, ∠i = \(\frac { { \angle i }_{ 1 }+{ \angle }i_{ 2 }+{ \angle i }_{ 3 }+{ \angle i }_{ 4 } }{ 4 }\) ⇒ ∠i = …………… Mean value of angle of deviation, ∠δ = \(\frac { { \angle \delta }_{ 1 }+{ \angle \delta }_{ 2 }+{ \angle \delta }_{ 3 }+{ \angle \delta }_{ 4 } }{ 4 }\) ⇒ ∠δ = …………..

• The path of a ray of light incident on one face of glass prism is shown by the ray DEFG in Fig.2.
• The value of angle of deviation is ………… for the angle of incidence ………………

Precautions

• While viewing the collinearity of pins and images, the eye should be kept at a distance from the pins so that all of them can be seen simultaneously.
• The pins P 1 , P 2 , P 3 and P 4 fixed on the paper may not be exactly perpendicular to the plane of paper. It is therefore desirable to look at the feet of the pins or their images while establishing their collinearity. Thus, the position of each pin is marked with pointed tip of the pins on the paper.
• In order to locate the direction of incident ray and refracted ray with a greater accuracy, the distance between the pins P 1 and P 2 and that between P 3 and P 4 should not be too short or too large. A separation of nearly 5 cm between the pins would be sufficient.
• The angle of incidence should preferably be taken between 30° and 60°.

Sources of Error 1. Pins may not be exactly perpendicular to the paper. 2. The feet of the pins may not be in same straight line. 3. In observing images of P 1 and P 2 , eye may be very close to the pins. 4. Prism may not be fixed properly.

Viva – Voce

Question 1. Define angle of deviation. [NCERT] Answer: The angle made by the incident ray and emergent ray is called angle of deviation.

Question 2. List the factors on which the angle of deviation through a prism depend. [NCERT] Answer: Factors on which the angle of deviation depends are:

• Angle of prism
• Angle of incidence

Question 3. Why does a ray of light bend towards the base when it passes through a glass prism? [NCERT] Answer: When a light ray passes through glass prism, first it travels from rarer to denser medium so, it bends towards the normal or base of prism.

Question 4. Why does white light split into different colours when passes through a glass prism? [NCERT] Answer: The refractive index of different colours is different, when a white light passes through the prism, it shows different deviation and splits into its constituent colours.

Question 5. Why does white light not split into different colours when it passes through a glass slab? [NCERT] Answer: Since, the two faces of glass slab are parallel to each other. Hence, the refracted light rays suffer equal amount of deviation. Thus, they don’t split the white light.

Question 6. How can you define an angle of prism? Answer: The angle between two lateral faces of prism is called an angle of prism.

Question 7. What precaution must be taken for the refracting faces of glass prism while tracing the path of ray of light through it? Answer: The faces’of the glass prism must be smooth and transparent without any air bubble or broken edge.

Question 8. Name the process by which when a white light passes through a prism splits into its constituent seven colours. Answer: Dispersion of light.

Question 9. Give the range of angle of incidence to complete this experiment accurately and successfully. Answer: The range of angle of incidence is 30° to 60°.

Question 10. What is the relation between angle of incidence (∠i), angle of prism (∠A), angle of deviation (∠δ), and angle of emergence (∠e)? Answer: The relation is ∠i + ∠e = ∠A + ∠δ.

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Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

Last updated at April 16, 2024 by Teachoo

Before looking at Refraction through a Glass slab

We look at what happens when

• Light travels from rarer to denser medium
• Light travels from denser to rarer medium

Rarer and Denser medium we will study in Refractive Index 

Some definitions

• Incident Ray Light Ray which travels into a Medium is called Incident Ray
• Refracted Ray Light Ray which bends after refracting is called Refracted Ray
• Normal Ray Ray which is perpendicular to Surface at Point of Intersection is called Normal Ray

Refraction when Light Travels from Rarer Medium towards Denser Medium

When Light travels from Air to Glass (Rarer Medium to Denser Medium)

It does not move in straight Direction

It bends towards the Normal

Refraction when Light Travels from Denser Medium towards Rarer Medium

When Light Travels from Glass to Air (Denser Medium to Rarer Medium)

it does not move in straight Direction

It bends away from Normal

Now, lets look at

Refraction through a Glass Slab

In this case, Light First Travels from Air to Glass and then Back from Glass to Air

Hence there are 2 refractions

First, the ray of light travels from air to glass.

Hence , it travels from a rarer medium to a denser medium.

So, the First Refracted Ray bends towards Normal

After travelling in the glass slab

The ray of light travels from glass to air

Hence, it travels from a denser medium to a rarer medium.

Therefore, the Second Refracted Ray (called Emergent Ray) bends away from Normal

Combining the two refractions in the above case, the refraction of light through a glass slab can be represented as

Now, we extend the original incidence ray and bring it towards emergent ray

We observe that, the original incident ray and the emergent ray are parallel to each other.

The angle made by the emergent ray with the normal is called the angle of emergence.

And the Perpendicular distance between the 2 rays is called Lateral Displacement

Why does a light ray incident on a rectangular glass slab emerges parallel to itself?

The ray of light emerges parallel to itself because

the bending of the ray of light on top face AB (air-glass interface) 

is equal and opposite to 

the bending of the ray of light on bottom face CD (glass-air interface)

So, the ray of light emerges parallel to itself

Thus, Angle of incidence = Angle of Emergence

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Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 10 (Free PDF Download)

• Revision Notes
• Chapter 10 Light Reflection And Refraction

CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction Revision Notes - Free PDF Download

In this Chapter from Class 10 Physics, students will learn in detail about one of the most common optical phenomena that we see around us – reflection and refraction of light. Apart from that, it will also focus on studying these two phenomena with the aid of the straight-line propagation theory of light along with their practical application.

The light reflection and refraction of Class 10 notes have been curated by experienced teachers strictly according to the latest NCERT syllabus to aid students in their preparation for Class 10 board examinations. Students can also access the revision notes in PDF to study from any device and at any time according to their convenience. Vedantu is a platform that provides free CBSE Solutions (NCERT) and other study materials for students. You can also download Class 10 Science and Class 10 Maths NCERT Solutions to help you to revise the complete syllabus and score more marks in your examinations.

Important Topics under CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction

Following are the important topics covered under the chapter on Light Reflection and Refraction.

Reflection of Light

Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors

Mirror Formula and Magnification

Spherical Mirrors

Image Formation by Spherical Mirrors

Refractive Index

Refraction by Spherical Lenses

Refraction of Light

Refraction through a Rectangular Glass Slab

Lens Formula and Magnification

Power of a Lens

Image Formation by Lenses and Their Ray Diagrams

Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses

Download CBSE Class 10 Science Revision Notes 2024-25 PDF

Also, check CBSE Class 10 Science revision notes for All chapters:

Related Chapters

Access CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Notes

Important terms .

Light is a type of energy that can be converted into other types of energy.

Light does not require a physical medium to propagate.

Light's velocity in air or vacuum is $3\times 10^{8} \mathrm{~m}/ \mathrm{s}$.

Rectilinear Propagation of Light 

Light travels in a straight line in a homogeneous transparent medium, which is known as rectilinear propagation of light. 

Reflection of Light 

Reflection of light describes the phenomenon by which a ray of light changes its propagation direction when it encounters a boundary between different media through which it cannot pass. 

There are two types of reflection of light: 

Regular reflection or specular reflection 

Irregular reflection or diffused reflection 

Regular Reflection 

The perfect, mirror-like reflection of light is known as specular or regular reflection. Regular reflections include reflections in mirrors, water surfaces, and highly polished floors. 

Irregular Reflection: 

Irregular reflection, also known as diffused reflection, occurs when a ray of light strikes a rough or unpolished wall or wood. In this case, the incident light is reflected in different directions by different parts of the surface. There is no definite image formed in such cases, but the surface becomes visible. It is commonly referred to as light scattering. As a result of the diffused reflection, non-luminous objects become visible. 

Reflection of Light by a Plane Surface: 

The diagram depicts how a light ray is reflected by a plane surface. Assume MM' is a reflecting surface. When a light ray strikes MM' in the direction IO, it is reflected along the direction OR. The incident ray is denoted by IO, the point of incidence by O, and the reflected ray by OR.

Let ON be the perpendicular normal to the surface MM' at the point of incidence. The angle of incidence, denoted by the letter I is the angle formed by the incident ray with the normal at the point of incidence. The angle of reflection 'r' is the angle formed by the reflected ray and the normal at the point of incidence. A reflecting surface is something like a mirror.

Laws of Reflection: 

The laws of reflection are observed to apply to any plane surface's reflection. The incident ray, reflected ray, and normal at the point of incidence all lie in the same plane, according to the laws of reflection. The angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

Nature of Image Formed By a Plane Reflecting Surface: 

An image can be both real and virtual. When light rays intersect after reflection, a true image is formed. When the light rays after reflection do not actually intersect but appear to diverge from it, a virtual image is formed (these rays of light intersect when produced backwards).

Ray Diagrams of Plane Mirrors: 

When drawing ray diagrams, the following rays are usually taken into account: A ray of light incident at 90 degrees on a plane mirror is reflected from the mirror along the same path. A ray of light falling at any angle on a plane mirror is reflected from it in such a way that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection. The image is formed when the reflected rays appear to collide.

Spherical Mirrors: 

A spherical mirror is a mirror with a polished, reflecting surface that is part of a hollow sphere of glass or plastic. One of the two curved surfaces of a spherical mirror is coated with a thin layer of silver, followed by a coat of red lead oxide paint. As a result, one side of the spherical mirror is opaque, while the other is a highly polished reflecting surface. The opaque side of a mirror is always shaded in a diagram.

Please keep in mind that the opaque, non-reflecting side is shaded blue in the diagrams below, while the reflecting side is shaded red.

The spherical mirror is classified as follows based on the nature of its reflecting surface:

Concave Mirror 

A concave mirror is a spherical mirror with its reflecting surface oriented toward the centre of the sphere of which it is a part.

Convex Mirror 

A convex mirror is a spherical mirror with a reflecting surface that is angled away from the centre of the sphere of which it is a part.

Centre of Curvature:

The centre of curvature is the centre of the sphere, of which the spherical mirror is a part. It is represented by the letter C.

Radius of Curvature: The radius of the sphere, of which the mirror is a part, is defined as the radius of curvature. It is denoted by the letter R.

Linear Aperture: The distance between the extreme points (X and Y) on the mirror's periphery is defined as the linear aperture.

Pole: The pole is the spherical mirror's aperture's midpoint. It is denoted by the letter P.

Principal Axis

The principal axis of a spherical mirror is the straight line that passes through the pole and the centre of curvature.

Secondary Axis: A secondary axis is any radial line other than the principal axis that passes through the centre of curvature. 

Normal: The normal at any point on the spherical mirror is the straight line formed by connecting that point to the mirror's centre. The normal at point A on the mirror is the line AC obtained by connecting A to the mirror's centre of curvature. The radius of the sphere of which the mirror is a part is equal to the normal at any point on a spherical mirror.

Principal Focus or Focus: 

After reflection, light rays parallel to the principal axis of a mirror either pass through a point (in the case of a concave mirror) or appear to diverge from a point (in the case of a convex mirror), and this point is referred to as the mirror's principal focus or focal point.

Focal Length: The focal length of a mirror is the distance between the pole and the focus. It is symbolized by the letter f.

Characteristics of Focus of a Concave Mirror and a Convex Mirror

Sign Convention for Spherical Mirrors  

In the ray diagrams of spherical mirrors, the following sign convention is used to measure various distances:

The object is always positioned to the left of the mirror.

All distances are measured from the mirror's pole.

Distances measured in the direction of the incident ray are positive, while distances measured in the opposite direction are negative.

Distances measured above the principal axis are positive, while distances measured below the principal axis are negative.

When an object is placed in front of a concave mirror, light rays from the object are reflected on the mirror. At the point where the reflected rays intersect or appear to intersect, an image is formed. The formation of an image by mirrors is typically depicted by drawing ray diagrams. To create a ray diagram, we need at least two rays with known paths after reflection from the mirror. These rays must be chosen based on our needs. To obtain the image, any two of the following rays can be considered.

After reflection from a concave mirror, a ray of light parallel to the principal axis passes through its focus. 

After reflection, a ray of light passing through the focus of a concave mirror emerges parallel to the principal axis.

As the ray passing through the centre of curvature acts as a normal to the spherical mirror, a ray passing through the centre of curvature retraces its path after reflection.

According to the law of reflection, a ray of light striking the mirror at its pole is reflected.

Formation of Image by a Concave Mirror 

When the Object Is At Infinity  

When an object is placed at infinity, its rays are parallel to each other. Consider two rays, one striking the pole of the mirror and the other passing through the centre of curvature. The incident ray at the pole is reflected according to the law of reflection, and the second ray that passes through the mirror's centre of curvature retraces its path. After reflection, these rays form an image at the focus. The resulting image is accurate, inverted, and scaled down. 

The image is at F 

Inverted 

When the Object Is Placed Beyond C 

The two rays considered in order to obtain the image are:

A ray that passes through the centre of the curvature.

A ray that runs parallel to the principal axis.

After reflection, the ray passing through the centre of curvature retraces its path, and the ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus. After reflection, these rays intersect at a point between C and F.

The image is inverted, real, and shrunk. The image is: 

Between C and F 

Diminished 

When the Object Is Placed At the Centre of Curvature  

In this section, we will look at two rays, one parallel to the principal axis and the other passing through the focus. After reflection, the ray of light parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus. After reflection, the other ray that passes through the focus emerges parallel to the axis. Following reflection, these rays collide at the centre of curvature to form an inverted image that is real and the same size as the object. 

The image is: 

Same size as object 

When the Object is Between C and F  

Consider a light ray parallel to the principal axis and another ray passing through the focus. The ray that is parallel to the principal axis passes through the principal focus, and the ray that emerges parallel to the principal axis after reflection. The reflected rays collide at a point beyond C, resulting in a real, inverted, and magnified image. 

Beyond C 

Magnified 

When the Object is at the Focus  

Consider a light ray parallel to the principal axis and another ray passing through the centre of curvature. The ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus, while the ray through the centre of curvature retraces its path. The reflected rays are parallel to each other and would only meet at infinity, implying that the image is formed at infinity and is a true, inverted, and enlarged image. 

The image is at infinity: 

When the Object Is Between the Pole and the Focus  

Consider a ray of light parallel to the principal axis and another ray passing through the centre of curvature. After reflection, the ray that passes through the centre of curvature retraces its path, and the other ray that is parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus. When the reflected rays are extended backwards, these rays appear to meet behind the mirror. The image is erect, virtual, and magnified. 

Behind the mirror 

Virtual 

Erect 

Uses of Concave Mirrors 

Concave mirrors are used to obtain a parallel beam of light in the following applications: as reflectors in car headlights, search lights in torches, and so on. The light source is positioned at the concave reflector's focus for this purpose.

Fig. Headlight of Car

Light is focused on the tooth to be examined by the dentist.

As shaving and make-up mirrors to obtain an enlarged erect image of the face

Solar radiations are concentrated in solar heating devices. The food or substance to be heated is placed in the centre of a large concave reflector for this purpose. Sunlight converges on the substance after reflection and heats it.

When creating ray diagrams, the following rays are taken into account. After reflection from a convex mirror, a ray of light traveling parallel to the principal axis appears to come from its focus behind the mirror.

A ray of light traveling towards the mirror's centre of curvature hits the mirror at 90o and is reflected along its path.

A ray of light directed towards the principal focus of a convex mirror will emerge parallel to the principal axis after reflection.

According to the laws of reflection, a ray of light incident obliquely to the principal axis and directed towards the pole of the mirror is reflected.

Regardless of the position, a convex mirror always produces a virtual image. 

Formation of Image in a Convex Mirror 

When the Object Is Placed Between Infinity and the Pole of the Mirror 

Formed between the pole and the focus 

When the Object Is At Infinity 

Formed at the focus 

Extremely diminished 

Uses Of Convex Mirror 

A rear-view mirror in a car. This convex mirror provides the driver with a clear view of approaching traffic from behind because convex mirrors are curved outwards, providing a wider field of view.

In department stores, there is a vigilance mirror.

Reflectors are used in street lamps to divert light over a large area.

Mirror Formula

$\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}+\frac{1}{u}$

Here, $u$ is the Object distance, $v$ is the Image distance and $f$ is the Focal length.

Magnification 

The magnification produced by a spherical mirror indicates the extent to which an object's image is magnified in relation to the object size.

Magnification is defined as the ratio of the image's height to the object's height. The letter m is commonly used to represent it.

If h is the object's height and h' is the image's height, then the magnification m produced by a spherical mirror can be written as

$m=\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}$

The magnification $\mathrm{m}$ is also related to the object distance $(\mathrm{u})$ and image distance (v). It can be expressed as:

$m=\frac{h^{\prime}}{h}=-\frac{v}{u}$

The negative sign in the value of the magnification indicates that the image is real. A positive sign in the value of the magnification indicates that the image is virtual.

Refraction: The deviation in the path of light when it passes from one medium to another medium of different density is called refraction. 

The twinkling of stars is due to atmospheric refraction of starlight. Since light bends towards the normal the apparent position of the star is slightly different from its actual position as it passes through the atmosphere. Hence the star appears slightly higher than its actual position. Due to changing condition of earth's atmosphere the apparent position of the star changes slightly and the intensity of light reaching the eye also fluctuates. This gives rise to the twinkling effect of the star.

Incident Ray (IO)  

The ray of light striking the surface of separation of the media through which it is traveling is known as the incident ray. 

Point of Incidence (O)  

The point at which the incident ray strikes the surface of separation of the two media is called the point of incidence. 

Normal (N) 

The perpendicular drawn to the surface of separation at the point of incidence is called the normal. 

Refracted Ray (OR)  

The ray of light which travels into the second medium, when the incident ray strikes the surface of separation between the media 1 and 2, is called the refracted ray. 

Angle of Incidence (i)  

The angle which the incident ray makes with the normal at the point of incidence, is called angle of incidence. 

Angle of Refraction (r)  

The angle which the refracted ray makes with the normal at the point of incidence, is called angle of refraction. A ray of light refracts or deviates from its original path as it passes from one optical medium to another because the speed of light changes. 

Laws of Refraction 

The incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal to the surface at the point of incidence all lie in one plane. For any two given pair of media, the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is a constant. The above law is called Snell's law after the scientist Willebrod Snellius who first formulated it

Thus, 

$\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}=\text { a constant }=\mu$

Where µ is the refractive index of the second medium with respect to the first medium.

The refractive index of glass with respect to air is given by the relation. 

In general, if a ray of light is passing from medium 1 to medium 2, then 

If the medium 1 is air or vacuum, the refractive index of medium 2 is referred to as the absolute refractive index. The refractive index of a medium depends on the following factors: The nature of the medium. The colour or wavelength of the incident light. 

Refraction of Light through a Glass Slab 

When a ray light is passing from air to glass, that is, from a rarer medium to a denser medium, the refracted ray bends towards the normal drawn at the point of incidence. In this case angle of i > angle of r. But when the ray of light is passing from glass to air, that is, from a denser medium to a rarer medium the refracted ray bends away from the normal. In this case angle of r > angle of i. The emergent ray, O1E which is nothing but the refracted ray emerging out of the glass slab is parallel to the incident ray. This means that the refracted ray (emergent ray) has been displaced from its original path by a distance XY. This displacement is referred to as lateral displacement. 

Lenses 

A lens is a portion of a transparent refracting medium bounded by two generally spherical or cylindrical surfaces, or one curved and one plane surface. Convex lenses and converging lenses are the two types of lenses.

Convex Lens  

A convex lens is one that is thicker in the centre and thinner at the edges. A convex lens has at least one surface that bulges out in the middle. Convex lenses are classified as bi-convex or double-convex, Plano - convex lens and concavo - convex lens based on their shape.

Concave Lens  

A concave lens is one that is thinner in the centre and thicker at the edges. These lenses, like convex lenses, are classified as: 

bi-concave 

Plano - concave 

convexo - concave 

Terminology Used in Optics 

Optical Centre

It is the focal point of a lens. It is represented by the letter O. A ray of light passing through the optical centre of a lens does not deviate in any way. It is also known as an optic centre. 

The principal axis is the straight line that connects the centres of curvature of a lens's two curved surfaces.

Principal Foci

Rays of light can pass through the lens in any direction, so there will be two principal foci on either side of the lens, which are referred to as the first and second principal foci of a lens, respectively. 

First Principal Focus (F 1 )  

It is a point on the lens's principal axis where light rays starting from it (convex lens) or appearing to meet at the point (concave lens) become parallel to the lens's principal axis after refraction from the two surfaces of the lens.

The distance between the optic centre and the first focus is referred to as the lens's first focal length (f 1 ). 

Second Principal Focus (F 2 )  

It is a point on the lens's principal axis at which light rays parallel to the lens's principal axis after refraction from both surfaces of the lens pass through (convex lens) or appear to come from this point (concave lens).

The distance between the optic centre and the second principal focus is referred to as the lens's second focal length (f 2 ). The first and second focal lengths will be equal if the medium on both sides of the lens is the same. The focus of a convex lens is physical, whereas the focus of a concave lens is virtual. 

Sign Convention for Spherical Lenses  

All distances are measured from the lens's optical centre. Distances measured in the direction of the incident light are considered positive, while distances measured in the opposite direction of the incident light are considered negative. All measurements taken above the principal axis are considered positive, while measurements taken below the principal axis are considered negative, i.e., object height is always considered positive, while image height is only considered positive for virtual images. 

Formation of Image by a Convex Lens  

A ray of light passing through the lens's optical centre travels straight and without deviation. Only in the case of a thin lens does this hold true.

After refraction, an incident ray parallel to the principal axis passes through the focus.

After refraction, an incident ray passing through the focus of a lens emerges parallel to the principal axis. 

When the Object is Placed between F 1 and O 

Formed behind the object 

When the Object is placed at 2F 1  

Formed at 2F 2  

Same size as the object 

When the Object is placed Between F 1 and 2F 1  

Formed beyond 2F 2  

When the Object is placed at F 1  

formed at infinity 

inverted 

magnified 

When the Object is placed beyond 2F 1  

The image is: formed between F 2 and 2F 2 real inverted diminished. 

When the Object is placed at Infinity  

When the object is at infinity, the rays coming from it are parallel to each other. The image is: 

formed at F 2 inverted 

highly diminished 

Convex lenses are also used in spectacles to correct the vision problem hypermetropia.

Formation of Image by a Concave Lens 

After refraction, an incident ray of light from an object parallel to the principal axis of a concave lens appears to come from its focus.

An incident ray of light that passes through the optical centre exits the lens with no deviation. 

Whatever the object's position, a concave lens always produces a virtual, erect, and diminished image. Let us now draw ray diagrams to show where the images are when the object is placed - at infinity, between O and F1, and anywhere between infinity and O.

When the Object is at Infinity 

The image is: formed at F 1 erect virtual diminished. 

When the Object is Placed at Any Position Between O and Infinity  

The image is: formed between O and F1 erect virtual diminished 

Uses of Concave Lens 

It is used to correct myopia in spectacles.

It is used in conjunction with a convex lens to correct flaws such as chromatic and spherical aberration (the failure of rays to converge at one focus because of a defect in a lens or mirror).

Sign Convention for Lenses 

For measuring various distances, the following sign convention is used: 

All distances on the principal axis are measured from the optical centre.

Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are positive, while distances measured in the opposite direction of incident rays are negative.

All measurements taken above the principal axis are positive. As a result, the height of an object and the height of an erect image are both positive, while all distances measured below the principal axis are negative. 

Note:  

The rules are the same as for spherical mirrors.

The sign convention for lenses is shown in the table below:

The optical centre is used to measure all distances along the principal axis. Distances measured in the direction of incident rays are positive, while distances measured in the opposite direction of incident rays are negative. All measurements taken above the principal axis are positive. As a result, the height of an object and the height of an erect image are both positive, while all distances measured below the principal axis are negative. 

Lens Formula 

The lens formula or lens equation describes the relationship between the object's distance (u), the image's distance (v), and the focal length (f) of the lens.

$\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}$

This lens formula works for both convex and concave lenses.

Note: Things to keep in mind when using the lens formula. The known parameter values should be used with their proper sign according to the sign convention. During calculations, the unknown parameter should not be given a sign. 

Magnification  

Magnification is defined as the ratio of image size (h I ) to object size (h o ).

Depending on the size and nature of the image, the magnification produced by a lens can be equal to one, greater than one, or less than one.

Case I 

When the image's height (h I ) equals the object's height (h o ).

$\mathrm{m}=\frac{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{I}}}{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{o}}}=1$

As a result, when the magnification is set to one, the size of the image is the same as the size of the object.

When the image's height $\left(\mathrm{h}_{1}\right)$ is greater than the object's height $\left(\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{o}}\right)$.

$\mathrm{m}=\frac{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{I}}}{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{o}}}>1$

The image is magnified.

When the image's height $\left(h_{1}\right)$ is lesser than the object's height $\left(h_{0}\right)$.

$\mathrm{m}=\frac{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{I}}}{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{o}}}<1$

The image is diminished.

The height of the object is always positive for both types of lenses, whereas the height of the image can be + or - depending on its nature. The height of an inverted and real image is negative according to lens sign convention, and thus the magnification of a lens is negative when it produces an inverted and real image. The image's height is positive for an erect and virtual image. When an erect and virtual image is formed, the magnification is positive. 

Power of a Lens 

A ray of light bends whenever it passes through a lens (except when it passes through the optical centre). Convergence is the bending of light rays towards the principal axis, and divergence is the bending of light rays away from the principal axis. The power of a lens expresses its degree of convergence or divergence. A lens with a short focal length deviates the rays more than a lens with a long focal length. As a result, a lens's power is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length in meters.

$\text { Power of a lens }=\frac{1}{\text { Focal length in metres }}$

The unit of power is dioptre.

If a convex lens has a power of one D, its focal length is one meter.

Dispersion and Scattering of Light 

Newton's Experiment - Dispersion of Light  

Sir Isaac Newton discovered that the images of heavenly bodies formed by a lens were colored at the edges while studying them. In order to investigate this, he conducted an experiment with a prism in 1665. Newton's room at Trinity College, Cambridge, was darkened, and a beam of sunlight passed through a small circular hole in the shutter, forming a white circular patch on the opposite wall. He then placed a triangular prism in the path of the light beam and observed that the white light was split into seven colors, which resembled the colors of a rainbow, namely violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, and red (VIBGYOR).

Dispersion is the splitting of white light into its constituent colors when it passes through a transparent medium. A spectrum is a band of colors that results from the dispersion of white light.

Newton deduced from the preceding experiment that white light is a mixture of seven different colors.

Tracing the Path of Light through a Prism 

Let us now trace light's path through a prism. Trace the ABC boundary of a prism on a white sheet of paper with the triangular face on the sheet.

Attach two T and S pins to one side.

Place the prism on the ABC boundary.

Fix two more pins Q and R through the other side so that all four pins appear to be in the same line.

Remove the pins and make a note of where they are.

Connect TS and RQ and extend them to meet the prism faces at P and O, respectively. Participate in PO.

The incident ray is represented by TP.

The refracted ray is represented by PO.

And OR denotes the emergent ray that is bent towards the bottom.

Let PN and ON represent the normals at P and O, respectively.

Let I be the incidence angle and r be the refraction angle.

If the incident ray TP is extended forward and the emergent ray RO is extended backwards, they will intersect at M, forming the angle OML.

OML is the angle measured. This angle is referred to as the angle of deviation.

The angle of deviation of an incident ray is the angle through which it deviates. This should be repeated for different angles of incidence.

Dispersion of White Light by a Glass Prism 

Even though all colors of the visible spectrum travel at the same speed in a vacuum, their speed varies when they pass through a transparent medium such as glass or water. That is, the refractive index of glass varies depending on the colour.

When a polychromatic light (multi colored or light with more than one wavelength), such as white light, strikes the first surface of the prism, it is refracted. However, each constituent of white light is refracted from a different angle, causing white light to be dispersed. When these colors strike the prism's second surface, they undergo refraction (being refracted from a denser to a rarer medium) and are further separated. A white light beam incident on a prism splits into its constituent colors, forming a spectrum. 

Each component of the white light is deviated towards the prism's base. Violet has the greatest deviation, while red has the least. The obtained spectrum is impure because the colors in the spectrum lack sharp boundaries, i.e., each color merges gradually into the next.

Recomposition of White Light  

The prisms are arranged as shown in the diagram to produce white light from dispersed light. Recomposition of white light is the recombination of the seven colors of dispersed white light to produce white light.

Experiment to Show the Recomposition of White Light  

Set up a prism (P 1 ) on a table with a screen behind it. Allow a narrow beam of light to strike the prism (P 1 ). The white light is dispersed, resulting in a seven-color band on the screen.

Remove the screen and replace it with another prism P2 of the same material oriented in the opposite direction. Put a white screen in front of P2. A white light spot appears on the screen. As a result, the dispersed light has been recombined by the second prism.

Formation of a Rainbow 

The small raindrops that remain suspended in the air after the rain act as a prism. When sunlight passes through these raindrops, it disperses and we see the rainbow's seven colours. 

Atmospheric Refraction  

Atmospheric refraction is the apparent direction shift of a celestial object caused by light ray refraction as they pass through Earth's atmosphere. Starlight refraction causes the twinkling of stars and variations in the size of the Sun. 

Twinkling of Stars  

Light rays from the stars travel through layers of air of varying densities. These rays are continuously refracted and bend towards the normal as the refraction occurs from a rarer to a denser medium. The density of the layers of air changes as a result of air movement and convection currents. As a result, the position of the star's image changes after every short interval. The varying positions of the images formed at short intervals of time create the illusion that the star is twinkling.

Variation in the Size of the Sun  

The Sun appears larger at dusk or dawn than it does at noon. This is due to the fact that when the sun is near the horizon, the rays of light it emits must pass through layers of air of increasing density. The sun appears to be larger due to the continuous bending of light. The sun appears smaller at noon than it does at dusk or dawn. This is due to the fact that light rays that normally fall on the earth's surface are not refracted.

Scattering of Light 

Scattering is a general physical process in which certain types of radiation, such as light or moving particles, are forced to deviate from a straight trajectory due to one or more localized non-uniformities in the medium through which they pass.

The earth's atmosphere contains a large number of molecules. These molecules scatter light in a variety of ways. The air contains numerous tiny particles, including dust and water vapour. As sunlight passes through the air, the shorter blue light waves are reflected and refracted by the particles, whereas the longer other coloured light waves are unaffected and are not reflected by the water vapour or dust in the air. As a result, blue is the most scattered colour, which explains the bluish colour of the sky. At sunset or sunrise, the sun rays must travel long distances through the atmosphere to reach us, and most of the blue light is scattered and does not reach us. As a result, the sky and sun appear reddish at sunrise and sunset.

Tyndall Effect 

The atmosphere of the Earth is a heterogeneous mixture of minute particles. Smoke, tiny water droplets, dust particles suspended in the air, and air molecules are examples of these particles. When a light beam collides with such air particles, the path of the beam becomes visible. Likewise, the path of a light beam passing through a true solution is not visible. However, its path becomes visible in a colloidal solution where the particle size is relatively large. The Tyndall effect is caused by the scattering of light by colloidal particles.

The Tyndall effect is the visible scattering of light on the path of a light beam passing through a colloid system.

Notes of Physics Class 10 Chapter Light Reflection and Refraction

Students preparing for their board examination can go through Class 10 science light reflection and refraction notes to review important concepts quickly. It will also enable them to gain a comprehensive understanding of the same.

Class 10 Science Chapter 10 notes start with an overview of the following essential topics from the text:

Class 10 Chapter 10 Science Notes - Light

This section from notes of ch light Class 10 begins with discussing important concepts like light, rectilinear propagation of light, the reflection of light etc.  The two types of reflection of light – regular reflection or specular reflection and irregular or diffused reflection are also explained with the help of diagrams.

The main laws of reflection which include the following:

The angle of reflection and angle of incidence are equal.

At the point of incidence, the incident ray, normal and the reflected ray lie in the same plane.

These laws have also been discussed in a simple language to facilitate better understanding on the part of students.

Light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes also provide step-by-step guidance on how to draw the reflection of light by a plane surface.

Students will also be able to review their understanding of the nature of an image that is formed by a plane reflecting surface. Accordingly, an image can be classified into two types - virtual and real.

Lastly, notes of Chapter 10 science Class 10 also provide pointers that students must keep in mind while constructing ray diagrams.

Light and Reflection Class 10 Notes - Mirrors

In the next part, from light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes, students can revise spherical mirrors, which are essential objects with a hollow sphere of glass or plastic that has a polished and reflecting surface.

Based on the surface of mirrors, it can be classified into two types – convex and concave. He main differences between the two have been explained thoroughly so that students can memorise the essential points quickly.

Apart from that, several important terms have also been discussed in light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes. These are as follows:

Centre of curvature.

Radius of Curvature.

Linear Aperture.

Principal axis.

Secondary Axis.

Principal focus.

Focal length.

Additionally, students will also be able to revise sign conventions that are used to measure distances in a spherical mirror ray diagram from notes of Chapter 10 Class 10 science. These include essential points, such as:

An object should always be placed to the left side of a reflecting surface.

When a distance measured from the direction of the incident ray, it will always be positive. When it is measured in the opposite direction, it will be negative.

Some of the main uses of concave and convex mirrors have also been mentioned here. For instance, convex mirrors are used as rear-view mirrors, reflectors in street lamps, vigilance mirrors in departmental stores and the like. On the other hand, concave mirrors as automobile reflectors, shaving mirrors etc.

Magnification, which is one of the crucial topics in this Chapter, has also been explained thoroughly in light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes so that you can have a thorough grasp on the same.

Class 10 Science Chapter Light Reflection and Refraction Note - Refraction

In this segment, students will revise important aspects of refraction, which is a phenomenon where light passes deviate from one medium to another. Some essential terms related to refraction have also been explained straightforwardly in light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes to aid students with their revision before exams. These include the following:

Angle of refraction.

Angle of incidence.

Incident ray.

Point of incidence.

Refracted ray.

Laws of refraction.

This section from light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes also explains the process of refraction of light through a glass slab, which will enable students to retain the fundamental concepts.

Important Questions from CBSE Class 10 Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction 

The focal length of a concave lens is 20 cm. From the lens, at what distance should a 5 cm tall object be placed to form an image that is at 15 cm from the lens? Also, detemine the size of the image that is formed.

Explain the meaning of the statement “The refractive index of diamond is 2.42.” with respect to the speed of light.

When a pencil is partly immersed in water, it appears to be bent at the water surface. Explain this with the help of a diagram.

When a ray of light travels from one medium to another, why does it bend?

Benefits of Studying the CBSE Class 10 Revision Notes on Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction 

Following are the advantages of studying Vedantu’s CBSE Class 10 Revision Notes on Science Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction: 

Thinking Out of the Box

Getting to Know Possible Important Questions of Chapter 10 Class 10 Science

Making Concepts Easier to Understand

Efficient Answering Methods

Mastering Solving Numerical Questions

Students can now refer to Vedantu revision notes to gain more clarity on the lens, types of lens and their uses and the concept of magnification. Besides the light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes, students can also access the online courses on the subject held by experienced teachers for thorough preparation.

FAQs on Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes CBSE Science Chapter 10 (Free PDF Download)

1. What is meant by dispersion?

When light passes through a transparent medium, it splits into its constituent colours. This process is known as dispersion. Additionally, the band of constituent colours are known as the spectrum. Students can refer to light reflection and refraction Class 10 notes to learn more about the experiment performed by Newton on the dispersion of light.

2. What is meant by the recomposition of white light?

When all the constituent colours from the dispersion of light are rearranged to obtain white light again, it is known as the recomposition of white light.

3. What is the Tyndall Effect?

When a beam of light gets scattered as it passes through any medium containing colloid particles is known as a Tyndall effect. Because of this phenomenon, we can see a ray of sunlight as it enters a room through a window. Students should also remember that this is also the reason why we cannot view the path of light as it passes through a true solution.

4. How does atmospheric refraction take place?

Any shift in the direction of a celestial object which is a direct result of refraction in light rays as they pass through the atmosphere of the earth is known as atmospheric refraction. Two prominent examples of this phenomenon are the twinkling of stars and changes in the size of the sun.

In the case of the twinkling of stars, lights from a star pass through several layers of air with varying densities. As a result, the rays are continuously being refracted. Consequently, the image of the star varies continuously, which gives the impression of twinkling to our naked eye.

5. What is light refraction according to Chapter 10 of Class 10 Science?

Students are already familiar with the reflection of light and refraction is not difficult to understand either. When light travels from one medium to the other, it seems to deviate from its set path due to several factors such as a change in the density of the medium. This is to say that the direction of propagation of light in the second medium changes. This phenomenon is termed as the refraction of light which will be studied in detail in Chapter 10. 

6. What is a reflection in Chapter 10 of Class 10 Science?

We are well aware that any polished surface reflects light. This means that the light incident on this surface is transmitted back, without any loss. However, this is an ideal scenario and is possible only in certain situations. An example of this is total internal reflection. Thus, reflection is governed by certain laws. These laws of reflection can be applied to any and all types of reflecting surfaces. This includes plane and spherical surfaces. 

7. What are the types of spherical mirrors?

A spherical mirror is generally either concave or convex. This means that the reflecting surface is either curved inwards or outwards, respectively. In CBSE Class 10 Science Revision Notes of Chapter 10 - Light Reflection and Refraction, these spherical mirrors have been discussed in detail. Along with this, students are taught about image formation. You should definitely check out these notes to improve your knowledge on this topic as questions are frequently asked from here. The notes are available on the Vedantu app and website.

8. Do I have to draw ray diagrams in Chapter 10 of Class 10 Science?

Yes, you have to draw ray diagrams in this chapter. Ray diagrams give you an elementary understanding of image formation. They familiarise you with certain terminology and provide you with the tools needed to understand basic optics. Depending on the placement of the object and the type of mirror used, an image is formed. This is depicted using a ray diagram. These diagrams have been clearly drawn and explained in the Class 10 NCERT Physics textbook.

9. What are the uses of convex and concave mirrors?

Both convex and concave mirrors have a variety of applications in daily life. They are used for a large number of purposes. For example, convex mirrors are commonly found attached to the side of vehicles. This is because they are used as rear-view mirrors. In contrast to this, concave mirrors are used as part of searchlights and vehicle headlights. These enable us to obtain powerful parallel beams of light. Concave mirrors are also used in salons. To study more about mirrors, students can download the revision notes of this chapter free of cost.

CBSE Previous Year Question Papers for Class 10

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Unit 1: Light – reflection & refraction

About this unit.

When light travels from one medium to another (like air to glass, or glass to water), it does three things. Some of it bounces off, some of it goes through, and the rest of it is absorbed. In this chapter, we will explore the first two. We will explore what rules govern them, their technical names and then apply these rules to study the beautiful world of curved mirrors and lenses.

Reflection of light

• Laws of reflection (Opens a modal)
• Virtual image (Opens a modal)

Concave & convex mirrors and their applications

• Concave mirrors (Opens a modal)
• Concave mirror applications (Opens a modal)
• Convex mirror & applications (Opens a modal)
• Applications of concave and convex mirrors Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Spherical mirrors

• Spherical & parabolic mirrors (Opens a modal)
• Spherical mirrors, radius of curvature & focal length (Opens a modal)

Spherical mirrors image formation

• Convex & concave mirror ray diagrams (Opens a modal)
• Ray diagrams Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Ray diagrams and curved mirrors Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Sign convention

• Sign convention for mirrors (& lenses) (Opens a modal)
• Sign convention Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Mirror formula derivation (Bonus)

• Mirror formula derivation (Opens a modal)

Mirror formula & magnification

• Mirror formula (Opens a modal)
• Magnification formula for mirrors (Opens a modal)
• Solved example: Mirror formula (Opens a modal)
• Using the mirror formula Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Using the magnification formula for mirrors Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Nature and size of images from magnification Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Concave and convex mirrors Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Refraction of light

• Refraction and Snell's law (Opens a modal)
• Refraction in water (Opens a modal)
• Snell's law of refraction Get 3 of 3 questions to level up!

Absolute & relative refractive index

• Absolute & relative refractive index (Opens a modal)
• Relative & absolute R.I. connection (Opens a modal)
• Refractive index and the speed of light Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Connection between relative and absolute refractive indices Get 5 of 7 questions to level up!

Refraction of light through glass slab

• Refraction through glass slab (Opens a modal)

Image formation by spherical lenses

• Convex lenses (Opens a modal)
• Convex lens examples (Opens a modal)
• Concave lenses (Opens a modal)
• Image formation in spherical lenses Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Paths of light rays through spherical lenses Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Lens formula derivation (Bonus)

• Thin lens formula (Opens a modal)

Lens formula & magnification

• Lens formula (Opens a modal)
• Magnification formula for lenses (Opens a modal)
• Solved example on lens formula (Opens a modal)
• Using magnification formula for lenses Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Using the lens formula Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!
• Convex and concave lenses Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Dioptres & power of a lens

• Power of lens (Opens a modal)
• Power of lens Get 3 of 4 questions to level up!

Prepare for CBSE board exam

• Light class 10: CBSE previous question paper problems (Opens a modal)
• Convex/Concave - lenses & mirrors: CBSE board practice (Opens a modal)

CBSE Class 10 Science Practicals To Study Laws of Refraction through Glass Plate

CBSE Class 10 Practicals Science Chapter 10 Refraction of light for Topic To Study Laws of Refraction through Glass Plate. Students get here clear concept at this page.

To Study Laws of Refraction through Glass Plate

Objective of the experiment…..

To study the laws of refraction using a glass slab.

Instruments required for the experiment…..

Theory used for the experiment…...

We are going to illustrate the laws on the basis of following assumptions.

Formula used…..

Diagram showing the experimental condition…., procedure to find the focal length…., observation table….

Result / Conclusions:

Precautions that should be followed while performing experiment…., some important questions that needs to revised for the experiment….

Q.1) State the laws of refraction.

Twinkling of stars, advanced sunrise, delayed sunset are some common examples of refraction of light.

Leave a Reply Cancel reply

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• 10 Science Lab Manual
• Refraction Of Light Solution

Refraction Of Light

Class 10 th science lab manual cbse solution.

• AIMTo trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for…

What is refraction ?

• During refraction what happens to speed , wavelength and frequency of the wave?…
• When travelling from a rarer medium to denser medium , the ray will bend on which reaction…
• When a ray of light travels from a denser medium to rarer, where the light will move in…

What are the laws of refraction?

What is Snell's law?

What factors does the refractive index of a medium depend?

What is the unit of the refractive index?

• What happen to the emergent angle on increasing the incident angle at the air-glass…

What is lateral displacement?

State the condition when no refraction occurs?

Why do you measure the perpendicular distance?

Why should the pins be fixed at least 4 to 6 cm apart?

How does the reflection of light different from refraction?

Lab Experiment 11

AIM To trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. Measure the angle of incidence, the angle of refraction, the angle of emergence and interpret the result.

MATERIALS REQUIRED

Drawing board, drawing pins, three plane sheets of white paper a rectangular glass slab, geometry instruments and pins.

When a light ray incident on air to glass interface through a glass slab obliquely has the following characteristics: 1. When a light ray travels from air to glass, the ray bends towards the normal at the surface of the air-glass boundary. 2. When a light ray travels from glass to air, the angle of refraction is greater than the angle of incidence of glass-air interfaces as the ray of light bends away from the normal

1. Fix a white paper sheet on a drawing board using pins or cello tape.

2. Place a rectangular glass slab in the middle of the paper part and marks its boundary ABCD with a pencil.

3. Remove the rectangular glass slab and label the boundary as A 1 , B 1 , C 1 , D 1 as shown below.

4. Draw normal (perpendicular) MN on the side AB at a point O, slightly away from the centre towards A1.

5. Draw an oblique line P 1 , Q 1 (incident ray) such that ∠P 1 Q 1 M = 30 (Angle of incidence). Fix two sharp point pin P 1 and Q 1 vertically erected on the line P 1 Q 1 at a distance of 5-7 cm apart.

6. Place the glass slab again within the marked position. Observe the image of Look of pins (not their heads) P 1 and Q 1 from the other side. Fix other two pins R 1 and S 1 in such a way that R 1 , S 1 , and the image of P 1 , and Q 1 lie on a straight line.

7. Now, remove the glass slab and pins. Mark all the prick of the pins. Join the points R 1 and S 1 and produce a line upto the edge C 1 D 1 . Let R 1 S 1 meet C 1 D 1 at O 2 . This will act as an emergent ray.

8. Draw a normal M 1 , N 1 , at O 1 . Join O 1 and O. It will represent the path of ray inside the glass slab, i.e. refracted ray.

9. Measure the angle of emergence, i.e. ∠e = ∠N 1 O 2 S 1 and angle of refraction, i.e. ∠r = N 1 O 1 O 2 .

10. Repeat the experiment for two more values of angles of incidence such as 45 and 60 on the other part of the paper and measure the angle of refraction and emergence accordingly and tabulate them.

OBSERVATION TABLE

1. law of refraction is verified, i.e. at the point of incidence the incident ray, the emergent ray and the normal to the air-glass interface, all lie in the plane of the paper.

2. The relation between the angle of incidence and the angle of emergence are obtained within the experimental limits.

3. From the observation, the emergent ray emerging out of the rectangular glass slab is parallel to the incident ray.

4. Emergent ray undergoes lateral displacement.

5. The angle of refraction increases with increase in the angle of incidence.

PRECAUTIONS

1. The glass slab should be perfectly rectangular with all its faces smooth.

2. Glass slab must be clean and free from scratches.

3. Thin lines should be drawn to obtain good accuracy.

4. The distance between the pins should be 5-7 cm.

5. The base of all the pins should be placed in a straight line.

Viva Questions

When a beam of light falls obliquely at the interface of the two optical media, the direction of its paths changes when it enters into the other medium.This phenomenon is called refraction.

During refraction what happens to speed , wavelength and frequency of the wave?

The speed and wavelength of the light changes while frequency remains the same.

When travelling from a rarer medium to denser medium , the ray will bend on which reaction ?

The ray of light bends toward the normal.

When a ray of light travels from a denser medium to rarer, where the light will move in respect to normal?

the light will bend away from the normal.

1. At the point of incidence the incident ray ,normal ray and the refracted ray lie on the same plane.

2. The ratio of the sine of an angle to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant for the medium for the same colour of light.

The refractive index of the medium is equal to the ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence and sine of the angle of refraction.

1. Density of medium

2. Nature of medium

The refractive index is a dimensionless quantity since it is the ratio of two like quantities.

What happen to the emergent angle on increasing the incident angle at the air-glass interface?

Angle of emergence also increases.

The lateral Displacement is the perpendicular distance between the incident ray and emergent ray.

1. The light rays fall along the normal

2. The refractive index of two optical media are equal

Because incident ray and emergent ray both are parallel to each other.

1. To get more light

2. It will be more convenient to fix other pins.

In reflection, a ray of light turns back into the same medium after reflection, while in refraction the ray of light passes from one medium to another.

NCERT Solutions for Class 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction

September 27, 2019 by Veerendra

NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction : In this article, you candidates can find light reflection and refraction class 10 NCERT solutions. Working on the light chapter of class 10 NCERT solutions will help candidates to build a strong foundation over the subject Physics. Knowing light reflection and refraction class 10 questions and answers will help students of class 10 to bag a decent score in class 10 board exams as well.

Along with NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction candidates can also find light reflection and refraction class 10 numericals questions in this article.  Go through them will help candidates get a clear idea about how to approach the problems which in turn helps you to solve them in the most efficient way. So why wait? Read on to find out everything about light reflection and refraction class 10 important questions with answers here.

Before getting into the details of  NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction,  let’s have an overview of topics and subtopics under NCERT class 10 science book activities solutions chapter 10:

• Light – Reflection And Refraction
• Reflection Of Light
• Spherical Mirrors
• Refraction Of Light

Free download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction PDF in Hindi Medium as well as in English Medium for CBSE, Uttarakhand, Bihar, MP Board, Gujarat Board, and UP Board students, who are using NCERT Books based on updated CBSE Syllabus for the session 2019-20.

• प्रकाश-परावर्तन एवं अपवर्तन कक्षा 10 विज्ञान हिंदी में
• Class 10 Light Reflection and Refraction Important Questions
• Light Reflection and Refraction Class 10 Notes
• Light Reflection and Refraction NCERT Exemplar Solutions

Class 10 Science Light Reflection and Refraction Mind Map

Ncert solutions for class 10 science chapter 10 intext questions.

Page Number: 168

Question 1 Define the principal focus of a concave mirror. Answer: The principal focus of a concave mirror is a point on its principal axis to which all the light rays which are parallel and close to the axis, converge after reflection from the concave mirror.

Question 2 The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length? Answer: Focal length = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) x Radius of curvature = \(\frac { 1 }{ 2 }\) x 20 cm = 10 cm

Question 3 Name a mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object. Answer: Concave mirror.

Question 4 Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles ? Answer: We prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because of two reasons :

•  A convex mirror always produces an erect image of the objects.
•  The image formed in a convex mirror is highly diminished or much smaller than the object, due to which a convex mirror gives a wide field of view of the traffic behind. A convex mirror enables the driver to view such larger area of the traffic behind him.

Page Number: 171

Question 1 Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm. Solution: R = +32 cm and \(f=\frac { R }{ 2 } =+\frac { 32 }{ 2 } =+16cm\)

Page Number: 176

Question 1 A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal ? Why ? Answer: The light-ray bends towards the normal because the ray of light goes from a rarer medium to a denser medium.

Question 3 Find out, from Table 10.3, the medium having highest optical density. Also find the medium with lowest optical density. Answer: From table 10.3, diamond has highest refractive index (= 2.42), so it has highest optical density. Air has lowest refractive index (= 1.0003), so it has lowest optical density.

Question 4 You are given kerosene, turpentine and water. In which of these does the light travel fastest ? Use the information given in Table 10.3. Answer: For kerosene, n = 1.44 For turpentine, n = 1.47 For water, n = 1.33 Because water has the lowest refractive index, therefore light travels fastest in this optically rarer medium than kerosene and turpentine oil.

Question 5 The refractive index of diamond is 2.42. What is the meaning of this statement? Answer: By saying that the refractive index of diamond is 2.42, we mean that the speed of light in diamond is lower by a factor of 2.42 relative to that in vacuum.

Page Number: 184

Question 1 Define 1 dioptre of power of a lens. Answer: One dioptre is the power of a lens whose focal length is 1 metre.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Textbook Chapter End Questions

Question 1 Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens ? (a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay Answer: (d) Clay

Question 2 The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object ? (a) Between the principal focus and the centre of curvature (b) At the centre of curvature (c) Beyond the centre of curvature (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus. Answer: (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.

Question 3 Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object ? (a) At the principal focus of the lens (b) At twice the focal length (c) At infinity (d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus. Answer: (b) At twice the focal length.

Question 4 A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of -15 cm. The mirror and the lens are likely to be : (a) Both concave. (b) Both convex. (c) the mirror is concave and the lens is convex. (d) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave. Answer: (a) Both concave

Question 5 No matter how far you stand from mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be (a) plane (b) concave (c) convex (d) either plane or convex. Answer: (d) Either plane or convex.

Question 6 Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in a dictionary ? (a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm. (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm. (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm. (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Answer: (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm.

Question 8 Name the type of mirror used in the following situations. (a) Headlights of a car. (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle. (c) Solar furnace. Support your answer with reason. Answer: (a) Concave mirrors are used as reflectors in headlights of cars. When a bulb is located at the focus of the concave mirror, the light rays after reflection from the mirror travel over a large distance as a parallel beam of high intensity.

(b) A convex mirror is used as a side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle because

• A convex mirror always forms an erect, virtual and diminished image of an object placed anywhere in front it.
• A convex mirror has a wider field of view than a plane mirror of the same size.

(c) Large concave mirrors are used to concentrate sunlight to produce heat in solar furnaces.

Question 13 The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean ? Answer: Since magnification, \(m=\frac { { h }^{ ‘ } }{ h } =\frac { -\nu }{ u }\). Given, m = +1, so h’ = h and ν = -u

(i) m = 1 indicates the size of image is same as that of object. (ii) positive sign of m indicates that an erect image is formed.

The opposite signs of ν and u indicate that image is formed on the other side of the mirror from where the object is placed i.e., image is formed behind the mirror and thus image formed is virtual.

Reflection of light by curved surfaces; Images formed by spherical mirrors, center of curvature, principal axis, principal focus, focal length, mirror formula (Derivation not required), magnification. Refraction; laws of refraction, refractive index. Refraction of light by spherical lens; Image formed by spherical lenses; Lens formula (Derivation not required); Magnification. Power of a lens;

Formulae Handbook for Class 10 Maths and Science

Question 1. Define the principal focus of a concave mirror? Answer: Light rays that are parallel to the principal axis of a concave mirror converge at a specific point on its principal axis after reflecting from the mirror. This point is known as the principal focus of the concave mirror.

Question 2. The radius of curvature of a spherical mirror is 20 cm. What is its focal length? Answer: Radius of curvature, R = 20 cm Radius of curvature of a spherical mirror = 2 x Focal length (f) f = R/2 = 20/2 =10cm

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• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science
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• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Social
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 English
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Hindi
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Sanskrit
• NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Foundation of IT
• RD Sharma Class 10 Solutions

Question 3. Name the mirror that can give an erect and enlarged image of an object. Answer: When an object is placed between the pole and the principal focus of a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect, and enlarged.

Download NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction PDF

Question 4. Why do we prefer a convex mirror as a rear-view mirror in vehicles? Answer: Convex mirrors give a virtual, erect, and diminished image of the objects placed in front of them. They are preferred as a rear-view mirror in vehicles because they give a wider field of view, which allows the driver to see most of the traffic behind him.

Question 1. Find the focal length of a convex mirror whose radius of curvature is 32 cm. Answer: Radius of curvature, R = 32 cm Radius of curvature = 2 x Focal length (f) R = 2f f = R/2 = 32/2 = 16cm Hence, the focal length of the given convex mirror is 16 cm.

Question 2. A concave mirror produces three times magnified (enlarged) real image of object placed at 10 cm in front of it. Where is the image located? Answer: Given, u = – 10 cm Since image is real inverted so, m = -3 m = -v / u ⇒  -3 = -v/ -10 v= – 30 cm Negative sign indicates the image will be real and image is formed at 30 cm in front of the mirror.

Question 1. A ray of light travelling in air enters obliquely into water. Does the light ray bend towards the normal or away from the normal? Why? Answer: The light ray bends towards the normal. When a ray of light travels from an optically rarer medium to an optically denser medium, it gets bent towards the normal. Since water is optically denser than air, a ray of light travelling from air into the water will bend towards the normal.

Question 1. Define one dioptre of power of a lens? Answer: One dioptre is the power Of a lens Of focal length 1m. Power of lens is defined as the reciprocal of its focal length. If P is the power of a lens of focal length F in metres, then P = 1/ f (in meters) The S.I. unit of power of a lens is Dioptre. It is denoted by D. 1 dioptre is defined as the power of a lens of focal length 1 metre. 1 D = 1 m−1

Question 2. A convex lens forms a real and inverted image of a needle at a distance of 50 cm from it. Where is the needle placed in front of the lens if the image is equal to the size of the object? Also find the power of the lens. Answer: v = + 50 cm Since image is real and of same size. The position of image should be double the focal length. Hence, the object should be at 2f. V = 2f = 50, f = 25 cm. Power = 1/f = 100/25 = 4D

Question 1. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens? (a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay Answer: (d) Clay

Question 2. The ¡mage formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object? (a) Between the principal focus and the centre of Curvature (b) At the centre of curvature (c) Beyond the centre of curvature (d) Between the pole of the mirror and Its principal focus. Answer: (d) Between the pole of the mirror and its principal focus.

Question 3. Where should an object b. placed In front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object? (a) At the principal focus of the lens (b) At twice the focal length (c) At infinity (d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus Answer: (b) At twice the focal length

Question 4. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each a focal length of 15 cm. The mirror and the lens are likely to be: (a) both concave (b) both convex (c) the mirror is concave, but the lens is convex (d) the mirror is convex, but the lens is concave Answer: (a) Both concave.

Question 5. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your Image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be (a) plane (b) concave (c) convex (d) Either plane or convex Answer: (d) Either plane or convex.

Question 6. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found ¡n a dictionary? (a) A convex lens of focal length 50cm (b) A concave lens of focal length 50cm (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm. Answer: (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm.

Question 8. Name the type of mirror used in the following situations. (a) Headlights of a car (b) Side/rear-view mirror of a vehicle (c) Solar furnace Support your answer with reason. Answer: (a) Concave mirror, to get powerful and parallel beams of light. (b) Convex mirror because it always gives an erect image and enables the driver to view much larger area. (c) Concave or parabolic mirror because it can concentrate sunlight at the focus to produce heat in the solar furnace.

Question 9. One half of a convex lens is covered with a black paper. Will this lens produce a complete image of the object? Verify your answer experimentally. Explain your observations. Answer: Yes, even when one half of the lens is covered with a black paper, complete image of the object will be formed. Take a convex lens and focus the light from a distant object onto a screen. As expected an image (sharp) is formed at a distance equal to the focal length Cover the lower or the upper half of the lens and focus the light from the same object onto the same screen. You will be able to get a sharp image again; however the brightness of the image will be less in the second case. The same effect w,ll be seen even if the lens is half covered with black strips.

Question 13. The magnification produced by a plane mirror is +1. What does this mean? Answer: This means that size of the image is equal to the size of the object.

Multiple Choice Questions (MCQs) [1 mark each]

Question 1. Hold a highly polished steel spoon curved inwards close to your face and move it slowly away from your face. What will you observe? (a) Enlarged and erect image of your face (b) Smaller and inverted image of your face (c) Smaller and erect image of your face (d) Enlarged and inverted image of your face Answer: (b) The inner curved surface of a highly polished steel spoon acts as a concave mirror. When the spoon is at a small distance from the face such that, the object lies between pole and focus of concave mirror, so an enlarged and erect image of your face will be observed but as the spoon is slowly moved away from the face, the image becomes smaller and appears inverted.

Question 2. Which one of the following materials cannot be used to make a lens? [NCERT] (a) Water (b) Glass (c) Plastic (d) Clay Answer: (d) Clay can never be transparent, so it cannot be used to make lens.

Question 3. No matter how far you stand from a mirror, your image appears erect. The mirror is likely to be [NCERT] (a) plane (b) concave (c) convex (d) either plane or convex Answer: (d) Plane mirrors and convex mirrors always form the erect images.

Question 4. The image formed by a concave mirror is observed to be virtual, erect and larger than the object. Where should be the position of the object? [NCERT] (a) Between principal focus and centre of curvature (b) At centre of curvature (c) Beyond centre of curvature (d) Between pole of the mirror and its principal focus Answer: (d)

Question 6. A spherical mirror and a thin spherical lens have each of a focal length -15 cm. The mirror and lens are likely to be [NCERT] (a) both concave (b) both convex (c) mirror is concave and lens is convex (d) mirror is convex and lens is concave Answer: (a) The focal length is taken as negative for both concave mirror and concave lens.

Question 8. Under which of the following conditions, a concave mirror can form an image larger than the actual object? [NCERT Exemplar] (a) When an object is kept at a distance equal to its radius of curvature (b) When an object is kept at a distance less than its focal length (c) When an object is placed between the focus and centre of curvature (d) When an object is kept at a distance greater than its radius of curvature Answer: (c) A concave mirror can form an image enlarged, real and inverted than the actual object, beyond centre of curvature (C) when object is placed between the focus (F) and centre of curvature.

Question 13. Which of the following statement is true? [NCERT Exemplar] (a) A convex lens has 4D power having a focal length 0.25 m (b) A convex lens has 4D power having a focal length -0.25 m (c) A concave lens has 4D power having a focal length 0.25 m (d) A concave lens has 4D power having a focal length -0.25 m Answer: (a) The power P of a lens of focal length f is given by P = 1/f, where f is the focal length in metre and P is the power in dioptre. P= 1/f or f = 1/P = 1/4 = 0.25 m

Question 14. Magnification produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles [NCERT Exemplar] (a) is less than one (b) is more than one (c) is equal to one (d) can be more than or less than one depending upon the position of the object in front of it. Answer: (a) The convex mirror forms virtual, erect and diminished image of the object and rear view mirror also form same type of image. Therefore, magnification (m) produced by a rear view mirror fitted in vehicles is less than one, i.e. m < 1.

Question 15. Rays from the Sun converge at a point 15 cm in front of a concave mirror. Where should an object be placed, so that size of its image is equal to the size of the object? [NCERT Exemplar] (a) 15 cm in front of the mirror (b) 30 cm in front of the mirror (c) between 15 cm and 30 cm in front of the mirror (d) more than 30 cm in front of the mirror Answer: (b) The rays from the Sun, i.e. from infinity, are parallel to principal axis after reflection converge at a point is known as focus. Therefore, focal length if) of concave mirror is 15 cm. And we know that, same size, real and inverted image is formed by concave mirror when object is placed at focus 2 A or centre of curvature, so to form same size of image, object will be placed at 15 x 2 =30 cm.

Question 17. You are given water, mustard oil, glycerine and kerosene. In which of these media, a ray of light incident obliquely at same angle would bend the most? [NCERT Exemplar] (a) Kerosene (b) Water (c) Mustard oil (d) Glycerine Answer: (d) The given material having their refractive index as kerosene is 1.44, water is 1.33, mustard oil is 1.46 and glycerine is 1.74. Thus, glycerine is most optically denser and hence have the largest refractive index. Therefore, ray of light bend most in glycerine.

Question 18. A student placed a light bulb in midway between the two plane mirrors inclined at an angle of 60°. How many images will be observed by him? (a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 5 (d) 8 Answer: (c) Number of images formed by two plane mirrors inclined at an angle 60° when a light bulb is placed in midway between them is N = 360°/60° – 1 = 6 – 1 = 5

Question 19. Where should an object be placed in front of a convex lens to get a real image of the size of the object? [NCERT] (a) At the principal focus of the lens (b) At twice the focal length (c) At infinity (d) Between the optical centre of the lens and its principal focus Answer: (b) To set the real image of the size of the object, it should be placed at twice the focal length of a convex lens.

Question 20. Which of the following lenses would you prefer to use while reading small letters found in dictionary? [NCERT] (a) A convex lens of focal length 50 cm (b) A concave lens of focal length 50 cm (c) A convex lens of focal length 5 cm (d) A concave lens of focal length 5 cm Answer: (c) Convex lens is used as magnifying glass. For better performance its focal length should be small.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction (Hindi Medium)

LIGHT REFLECTION & REFRACTION Form of energy produces the sensation of vision in eyes. Light (EM waves wave-length 400 nm to 750 nm). The path of light (always travel in straight line) is ray of light

Characteristics of light

• Rectilinear propagation of light
• Light travels with a speed of 3 × 10 8 m/s in air/vaccum.
• Speed of light depends on the medium
• Light shows behaviour such as reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, polarisation etc.

Law of Refraction Refraction of light:  Bending of light ray while passing from one medium to another medium

• A ray of light bends towards the normal, while going from rarer to denser medium
• And bends away from the normal while going from denser to rarer medium
• Refraction of light takes place because the speed of light is different in the two media

Total internal Reflection :  Ray totally reflected back to denser medium Phenomena based on TIR

• Mirage – optical illusion in deserts
• Looming – optical illusion in cold countries
• Optical fibre
• Brilliance of diamond

Necessary conditions for TIR (i )  Ray of light must travel from denser to rarer medium (ii)  ∠i > ∠c for two media

Critical angle (c)  Angle i in denser medium for which angle of refraction in rarer medium is 90° μ = \(\frac{1}{\sin C}\)

Snell’s law μ = \(\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\) For two media 1 μ 2 = \(\frac{\mu_{2}}{\mu_{1}}=\frac{\sin i}{\sin r}\)

Reflection of light:  Turning back of light in the same medium after striking the reflecting surface or mirror

• After reflection, velocity, frequency and wavelength of light remains same but intensity decreases
• If reflection takes place from denser medium then phase change ‘π’

Regular Reflection

Reflection on smooth surface.

Diffuse  Reflection Reflection on rough surface.

Laws of Reflection

The incident ray the normal and the reflected ray all lie in the same plane The angle of incidence (i) is always equal to angle of reflection (r) i.e., ∠i = ∠r

Mirror formula \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{u}+\frac{1}{v}\) When two plane mirrors are held at an angle 9 with their reflecting surfaces facing each other and an object is placed between them, images are formed by successive reflections. . f concave = negative f convex = positive and f plane = ∞

Relation between focal length (f) and radius of curvature, R f = \(\frac{R}{2}\)

Magnification m = \(\frac{\mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{u}}=\frac{\text { height of image }}{\text { height of object }}\) m = \(\frac{f}{f-u}=\frac{f-v}{f}\)

The incident ray, the normal and the refracted ray all lie in the same plane Refractive index, μ = \(\frac{c}{v}=\frac{\text { real depth }}{\text { apparent depth }}\)

Plane Mirror

Is a looking glass, highly polished on one surface.

• Forms virtual and erect image
• Distance of object from mirror = distance of image from mirror.
• The size of the image is same as object.
• Image is laterally inverted.
• Used in kaleidoscope periscope, etc.

Concave Mirror Spherical glass polished on the outside. It is also known as a converging mirror.

• Images produced are always real, inverted, can be enlarged based on the position except when object is placed between pole and focus.
• Uses: Make-up and shaving mirrors, dentist mirror, in floodlight etc.

Image formation by a convex mirror for different positions of the object

Convex Mirror Spherical glass polished inside. It is also known as diverging mirror.

• It forms virtual, upright and small images.
• Uses: for security’ purposes, in vehicles as rear- view mirror and street lighting.

Image formation by a concave mirror for different positions of the object

Atmospheric Refraction

Earth’s atmosphere is thin at the top and dense at the bottom, thus leads to refraction of light, μ = c/v

• Twinkling of stars
• Advanced sunrise and delayed sunset

Refraction Through a Glass Slab x = \(\frac{t \sin (i-r)}{\cos r}\) ∴ x ∝ μ

Power of a lens

P = \(\frac{1}{f(\text { in metre })}\) Unit of power of lens is diopter (D) P convex → Positive P concave → Negative and P plane → Zero

Lens Piece of transparent material with two refracting surfaces, at least one is curved and refractive index should different as that of the surrounding.

Lens formula \(\frac{1}{f}=\frac{1}{v}-\frac{1}{u}\) f convex → negative f concave → positive and f plane → ∞

Concave Lens Cental portion of lens is thinner than marginal. It as also known as diverging lens.

Convex Lens Central portion of lens is thicker than marginal. It is also known us converging lens.

Magnification Ratio of distance of image to the distance of object from the optical centre. Also equal to height of image to the height of object m = \(\frac{\mathrm{I}}{\mathrm{o}}=\frac{\mathrm{v}}{\mathrm{u}}=\frac{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{I}}}{\mathrm{h}_{\mathrm{o}}}\)

Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a concave lens for various position of the object

Nature, position and relative size of the image formed by a convex lens for various positions of the object

Now that you are provided all the necessary information regarding NCERT Solutions For Class 10 Science Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction  and we hope this detailed article on light reflection and refraction class 10 NCERT solutions is helpful. If you have any questions related to this article, kindly ask your questions through the comment section below and we will get back to you as soon as possible.

NCERT Solutions for Class 10 Science All Chapters

• Chapter 1 Chemical Reactions and Equations
• Chapter 2 Acids, Bases and Salts
• Chapter 3 Metals and Non-metals
• Chapter 4 Carbon and Its Compounds
• Chapter 5 Periodic Classification of Elements
• Chapter 6 Life Processes
• Chapter 7 Control and Coordination
• Chapter 8 How do Organisms Reproduce?
• Chapter 9 Heredity and Evolution
• Chapter 10 Light Reflection and Refraction
• Chapter 11 Human Eye and Colourful World
• Chapter 12 Electricity
• Chapter 13 Magnetic Effects of Electric Current
• Chapter 14 Sources of Energy
• Chapter 15 Our Environment
• Chapter 16 Management of Natural Resources

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Refraction Through Glass Slab Physics Lab Manual Class 10

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There is no mode of learning better than learning from practical knowledge and that is why CBSE has prescribed students the Lab Manual of Class 10 Physics Refraction Through Glass Slab. Students looking for an individual file of Refraction Through Glass Slab Physics Lab Manual Class 10 can use the link we have provided here on this page.

Interestingly, the PDF file not only contains the process to perform an activity on the Refraction Through Glass Slab but helps students prepare for the internal assessment and Viva examination.

What Includes Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual Class 10 PDF?

Inside the Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual Class 10 PDF, there are various helpful and important things for students - Discussed below in detail:

• Quick Revision Notes: To quickly recap the concepts of the Refraction Through Glass Slab the PDF file of CBSE Class 10 Lab Manual Physics contains short notes to refresh the learning of students before performing the activity.
• Aim: The purpose of the Refraction Through Glass Slab activity is mentioned in the Aim section. It helps students understand what should be the final result of this laboratory activity.
• Materials Required: All the apparatus required to perform the practical activity on the Refraction Through Glass Slab is mentioned in this section.
• Theory: The theory section explains the Refraction Through Glass Slab in a little short brief to give students an initial idea of the topic to perform the activity given in the lab manual.
• Graphics/Images/Illustrations: To help students better understand the process or some of the apparatus, the Refraction Through Glass Slab Physics Lab Manual Class 10 contains images, graphs and illustrations.
• Procedure: This section includes, a stepwise guide to help students to perform the activity on the Refraction Through Glass Slab.
• Observations: The observed data extracted from performing the activity on the Refraction Through Glass Slab is mentioned in this section.
• Precautions: One of the crucial things while conducting the activity given in Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab lab manual is to take precautions to avoid making mistakes or getting hurt. The precautions section in the lab manual explains students to what to not do during the activity of Refraction Through Glass Slab.
• Source of Error: The PDF that we provide contains, the source of error that help students understand the cause of not getting the desired outcome.

Where to Download Lab Manual of CBSE Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab?

Always choose a trustworthy platform to download study materials such as Selfstudys.com. If you want to download the PDF file of Refraction Through Glass Slab from Selfstudys then follow the steps given below:

• Navigate to the website (Selfstudys.com) on any internet browser
• Once, the website loads, tap on the navigation button

• Tapping on the navigation button will give you further options to choose from - Again, tap on CBSE

• In this step, you are required to tap or click on Lab Manual

• A new page will open, choose Class 10 and then click on Physics to access the PDF file of Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual of CBSE Class 10.

What is the Significance of the Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual?

From helping students perform the practical activity to preparing for the annual Viva examination, the Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual plays a significant role in a student’s academic session. Here are some of the key significant roles:

• Helps Prepare Practical Notebook: For internal assessment, students must prepare the practical notebook of Class 10 Physics and while preparing the practical notebook the Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual PDF can help students. It can help because it works like a guidebook.
• Assistance in Practising Viva Questions: The PDF file of the Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual we provide contains Viva questions along with some extra MCQ types of questions. Thus, here, the Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual helps students practice Viva questions to be ready for the upcoming annual examination.
• Helps Develop a Better Command of Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab: By helping students practice activities mentioned in the Class 10 Refraction Through Glass Slab Lab Manual, it enables them to develop a better and stronger command of the topics and concepts covered.

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MCQ Questions on Refraction of Light for Class 10 Science

• Last modified on: 1 year ago
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Question 3: In an experiment to trace the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab, four students tabulated their observations as given below:

Which student performed the experiment correctly? (a)  A              (b)  B                (c)  C                 (d)  D

Question 5: A student performs the experiment on tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for different angles of incidence. He measures the angle of incidence ∠i, angle of refraction ∠r and angle of emergence ∠e for all his observations. He would find that in all cases (a)  ∠i is more than ∠r but (nearly) equal to ∠e (b)  ∠i is less than ∠r but (nearly) equal to ∠e (c)  ∠i is more than ∠e but (nearly) equal to ∠r (d)  ∠i is less than ∠e but (nearly) equal to ∠r

Question 10: An experiment to trace the path of a ray of light through a glass was performed by four students A, B, C and D. They reported the following measurements of angle of incidence i, angle of refraction r and angle of emergence e.

student performed the experiment correctly? (a)  A            (b)  B              (c)  C              (d)  D

Question 12: A ray of light enters air from water and experiences refraction, then (a)  ∠i = ∠r                (b)  ∠i < ∠r (c)  ∠i > ∠r                (d)  ∠i / ∠r = 0°.

Question 15: After tracing the path of a ray of light passing through a rectangular glass slab for four different values of the angle of incidence, a student reported his observations in tabular form as given below:

The best observation is: (a)  I                (b)  II               (c)  III               (d)  IV

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• Refraction Of Light

Refraction of Light

We know that light is a form of energy and can undergo various phenomena like diffraction, reflection, refraction, interference, and polarisation. Refraction is the phenomenon that takes place due to the bending of light when it travels from medium to another. In this article, let us briefly understand the process of refraction.

What Is Refraction?

Refraction is the bending of a wave when it passes from one medium to another. The bending is caused due to the differences in density between the two substances.

Defining Refraction

“Refraction is the change in the direction of a wave passing from one medium to another.”

Refraction of light is one of the most commonly observed phenomena, but other waves like sound waves and water waves also experience refraction. Refraction makes it possible for us to have optical instruments such as magnifying glasses, lenses and prisms. It is also because of the refraction of light that we are able to focus light on our retina.

Watch the video and learn more about refraction

Causes of Refraction

Change of speed results in change in direction.

A light ray refracts whenever it travels at an angle into a medium of different refractive indices. This change in speed results in a change in direction. As an example, consider air travelling into water. The speed of light decreases as it continues to travel at a different angle.

The refraction of light in glass is shown in the figure above. When light travels from air into glass, the light slows down and changes direction slightly. When light travels from a less dense substance to a denser substance, the refracted light bends more towards the normal line. If the light wave approaches the boundary in a perpendicular direction, the light ray doesn’t refract despite the change in speed.

Laws of Refraction of Light

Laws of refraction state that:

• The incident ray refracted ray, and the normal to the interface of two media at the point of incidence all lie on the same plane.

What Is the Refractive Index?

The refractive index, also called the index of refraction, describes how fast light travels through the material.

The refractive Index is dimensionless. For a given material, the refractive index is the ratio between the speed of light in a vacuum (c) and the speed of light in the medium (v). If the refractive index for a medium is represented by n, then it is given by the following formula:

Based on the refractive index of the medium, the light ray changes its direction, or it bends at the junction separating the two media. If the light ray travels from one medium to another of a higher refractive index, it bends towards the normal, else it bends away from the normal.

Refraction of Light in Real Life

• Mirage and looming are optical illusions resulting from refraction of light.
• A swimming pool always looks shallower than it really is because the light coming from the bottom of the pool bends at the surface due to refraction of light.
• Formation of a rainbow is an example of refraction as the sun rays bend through the raindrops resulting in the rainbow.
• When white light passes through a prism it is split into its component colours – red, orange, yellow, green, blue and violet due to refraction of light.

Applications of Refraction of Light

Refraction has many applications in optics and technology. A few of the prominent applications are listed below:

• A lens uses refraction to form an image of an object for various purposes, such as magnification.
• Spectacles worn by people with defective vision use the principle of refraction.
• Refraction is used in peepholes of house doors, cameras, movie projectors and telescopes.

Watch the video below to learn about real and apparent depth

Solved Problems on Refraction

1. Light travelling in air enters into an optical fibre of refractive index 1.44. a) In which direction does the light bend? b) If the angle of incidence on one end of the fibre is 22 o , then what is the angle of refraction?

Solution: a) The light travels from a rarer medium(air) to a denser medium(optical fibre). Hence the refracted ray will bend towards the normal. b) The angle of refraction can be calculated as follows: Let air be medium 1 and optical fibre be medium 2. Therefore, n 1 = 1.00, n 2 = 1.44, and θ 1 = 22 o . Now, substituting the values in the equation as follows: (1.00) sin 22 o = 1.44 sin θ 2 . sin θ 2 = (1.00/1.44) sin 22 o = 0.260 θ 2 = sin -1 (0.260) = 15 o

2. The light travelling through the optical fibre reaches the end of the optical fibre and exits into the air. If the angle of incidence at the end of the tube is 30 o . Then what would the angle of refraction outside the fibre be?

Solution: Let the fibre be medium 1 and air medium 2. Therefore, n 1 = 1.44, n 2 = 1.00, and θ, 1 = 30 o . Substituting the values in the equation, we get (1.44) sin 30 o = 1.00 sin θ 2 sin θ 2 = (1.44/1.00) sin 30 o = 1.44 (0.500) = 0.720 θ 2 = sin -1 (0.720) = 46 o This time we notice that the angle of refraction is larger than the angle of incidence. This indicates that the light is bending away from the normal as it enters a rarer material.

Numerical Questions and Previous year questions in the chapter Light: Reflection and Refraction

Frequently Asked Questions – FAQs

Define refraction., when does refraction of waves occur, when is the refraction of light not possible, what is the difference between reflection and refraction in the light, state an example of refraction of light., define light., give a daily life example of refraction of light., what is the difference between reflection and refraction of light, what is refractive index, what is dispersion of light, what is reflection of light, what are the types of reflection of light.

• Regular reflection/specular reflection
• Diffused reflection
• Multiple reflection

Define optics.

What is wave optics in physics, what is total internal reflection, recommended videos, revision of the topic optical phenomena class 10.

Revision of the chapter the Human Eye and Colourful World

Revision of the chapter Light Reflection and Refraction

NCERT Questions on the topic Refraction of Light Class 10

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