case study of high rise residential building in india

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Study of High Rise Residential Buildings in Indian Cities (A Case Study –Pune City)

Cite:Rupali Kavilkar and Shweta Patil, "Study of High Rise Residential Buildings in Indian Cities (A Case Study –Pune City)," International Journal of Engineering and Technology vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 86-90, 2014.

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Dynamics of High-Rise Buildings in Indian Cities: Case of Mumbai

2020, The Urban World

Promoting city's image through high rise building is an art which helps the city to reach a higher status in the global economy. So many countries encourage preparation of comprehensive plans to establish high-rise investment projects to prove its economic power and prestige globally. This paper made an attempt to understand the development of high-rise building across the Indian cities. Their height, functions and regulatory measures for highrise buildings are also analyzed. It is evident from the analysis that all the class one cities are not experiencing higher growth rather very few Indian cities have higher vertical growth compare to the other. Over the last 30 years periods the average height of the building has increased across all the selected cities. Mumbai's experience shows that changing regulatory measures are significant for accelerate the higher vertical growth. There is a major shift from commercial space development to residential space development.

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This open access reading list < https://bit.ly/pandemicurbanism> is a result of the collective effort of PhD and Masters students in the Urban Planning program at the Graduate School of Architecture, Planning and Preservation at Columbia University. The aim of the list is to provide a collection of materials that address the pandemic as it relates to urbanism, urban planning, architecture, and the built environment. The material presented here is being collected, organized and summarized over the months of March and April 2020 as we witnessed our lives transformed by the COVID 19 crisis, especially in New York City, a city many of us call home and a place that has become one of the main hotspots for the spread of the infectious disease that so far has killed more than 15,000 people (as of April 22). Our hope that this list will be useful in bringing together -in one document- materials that students and scholars will find useful to think about the pandemic as it relates to urbanization. We also hope that this document will become a “living document” that people can take the liberty to update with relevant entries in the spirit of providing a collective resource for people across the globe interested in the implications of COVID-19 for our built environment (instructions to add entries are at the bottom of the document).

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COVID-19, a virus of disease and death, has affected the world since the beginning of 2020. Dealing against it is becoming increasingly difficult for the governments, across the world, because each one has different priorities. More so, in India, the fight against this virus becomes more challenging because of persisting difficulties such as extensive socio-economic inequalities, less value of life being accorded to those on margins and the apathetic response of the government. Also, otherwise corona virus is defiant and untamable. It is not afraid of mighty governments, wealth of rich, modern technologies, war arsenals, nuclear weapons, strict laws, or police brutalities. So, who will win, the people or the virus? Ultimately, science may find the cure, but meanwhile, the deadly virus is endangering democracies while destroying the economies, jobs and businesses, destructing the health, the emotional and social well-being and killing thousands more on the planet because of fear or starvation besides taking toll due to dearth of medical facilities. A silver lining behind the dark clouds, is that epidemics in past have made profound effects on the way people live, so probably, this time too, this pandemic may transform the way people interact with each other and with the eco system that surrounds them, but meanwhile, the poor, women and those on margins are paying the price with their lives.

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In this nationwide study, we trace the COVID-19 global pandemic's footprint across India's districts. We identify its primary epicentres, which are the major international airports of Mumbai and Delhi. We then track the outbreak into India's hinterlands in four separate time-steps that encapsulate the different lockdown stages implemented. Using a detailed district-level database that encompasses climatic, demographic and socioeconomic parameters, we identify hotspots and significant clusters of COVID-19 cases, which are examined to discern temporal changes and predict areas where the pandemic can next spread into. Of prime concern are the significant clusters in the country's western and northern parts and the threat of rising numbers in the east. Encouraging insights emerge from Kerala in South India, where virus hotspots have been eradicated through effective contact-tracing, mass testing and accessible treatment. Allied with this, we perform epidemiological and socioeconomic susceptibility and vulnerability analyses. The former elicits areas whose resident populations are likely to be physiologically weaker in combating the virus and therein we expect a high incidence of cases. The latter shows regions that can report high fatalities due to ambient poor demographic and health-related factors. Correlations derived from the generalised additive model show that a high share of urban population and high population density (1500-2500 people/km2 ), particularly in slum areas, elevate the COVID-19 risk. Aspirational districts have a higher magnitude of transmission (susceptibility) as well as fatality (vulnerability). Discerning such locations can allow targeted resource allocation by governments to combat the next phase of this pandemic in India.

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COVID -19 - Multidisciplinary Information This is a baseline study that can be used as reference for further work. Any copy as done by a faculty of Marine Science Dept. will be strictly handled as per copyright act

These papers were written with great effort during the lockdown phase. Any copy from these issues as previously done by Begun De of CU, will be dragged to court. Sources and References should be properly cited. The thesis of Phytoplankton Carbon by Dr. De has already placed to appropriate authority for proper action. This type of virus are more dangerous than COVID 19

COVID-19 has caused illness and deaths worldwide, and at the same time, it has also re-exposed many other worst vulnerabilities that exist within the society since ages. The fragility of the pandemic has gender dimensions. Patriarchal violence is existing for ages, yet it is manifesting itself extensively now. For instance, during the lockdown, the violence against women and children has risen within homes. This is despite the fact that during COVID-19, home has emerged as a significant space which could provide safety from the spread of the disease. Countries worldwide have enacted special policies and programs to deal with increasing violence against women in homes during the pandemic. In India, the stakes are high as almost half a billion women stay at risk. Therefore, there is a need to evolve a comprehensive robust response plan to tackle the emerging challenges. The Supreme court recently gave directions regarding the provisions of Shramik trains, food and work among other facilities to the migrant workmen, however, the urgent need is also to permanently notify domestic violence as an `essential service’ to ensure that in calamities or otherwise support to women victims remain available round the clock. Also, plans have to be made to support women who walked back while facing adversities. Schemes for compensation and rehabilitation packages are essential to support children who are being orphaned or are facing risk due to the pandemic. Moreover, as the restrictions are being eased down, it is crucial to recognize the link between the consumption of liquor by men and its proportionality to the incidences of abuse against women as been highlighted by several anti-arrack movements led earlier. While dealing with the virus, it is vital that all other existing ailments that this pandemic is fueling, be taken care of, such as patriarchy, discrimination, poverty, inequalities among others which are adversely affecting the society. Scientists will find the treatment for coronavirus, but for all other anathemas, the society has to find a permanent cure. Article 21 of the constitution guarantees life with dignity. But the fact remains that domestic violence existed earlier and is increasing during the pandemic denying women their basic survival. Unless the state holds perpetrators accountable, it is not going to disappear. A campaign to spread a strong message that there is a zero-tolerance for violence against women is essential. In the long term, the need is to address entrenched structural discrimination in order to eliminate patriarchy and to restore the right to dignified life for every person. In the post-COVID world, the society needs to isolate the patriarchal notions and quarantine the misogyny to reimagine the violence-free gender-just world.

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Restrictions on the use of public space and social distancing have been key policy measures to reduce the transmission of SAR-CoV-2 and protect public health. At the time of writing, one half of the world's population has been asked to stay home and avoid many public places. What will be the long term impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic on public space once the restrictions have been lifted? The depth and extent of transformation is unclear, especially as it relates to the future design, use and perceptions of public space. This article aims to highlight emerging questions at the interface of COVID-19 and city design. It is possible that the COVID-19 crisis may fundamentally change our relationship with public space. In the ensuing months and years, it will be critical to study and measure these changes in order to inform urban planning and design in a post-COVID-19 world.

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India Report - Sky is the Limit: Rise of Tall Buildings in India

June 27, 2023

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The skyline of major cities in the world is adorned by some of the most iconic tall buildings in their financial districts. The pattern of vertical development is best illustrated by cities such as Hong Kong, Shenzhen, New York City, Dubai, Guangzhou, Shanghai, Tokyo among others. India might have been a late entrant to the skyscraper bandwagon, but it is treading the vertical path with great flourish.

• While India’s first skyscraper was built way back in 1961, it was only after 2000 that the construction of tall buildings picked up pace in the 2000s. This acceleration was a result of the steady pace of Indian economic growth, and policy liberalization which fuelled construction tech, and growing urbanization.
• From a geographic perspective, Mumbai is the hub of tall buildings in India. From a sectoral perspective, residential developments dominate the tall building landscape in the country.
• According to the UN Habitat, by 2030, India’s urban population is expected to be more than  600 million . Consequently, India will have to unlock many new growth avenues within its cities, leading one to conclude that tall buildings could become one way to fulfil the demand for urban space.

For further insights on the tall building landscape in India, please click on the download button.

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Article Contents

Introduction, 1 overview: energy conservation in india, 2 literature survey, 3 research and collection of data, 4 material and methods, 5 conclusion, conflict of interest.

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Bridging the energy gap of India’s residential buildings by using rooftop solar PV systems for higher energy stars

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Rakesh Dalal, Kamal Bansal, Sapan Thapar, Bridging the energy gap of India’s residential buildings by using rooftop solar PV systems for higher energy stars, Clean Energy , Volume 5, Issue 3, September 2021, Pages 423–432, https://doi.org/10.1093/ce/zkab017

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The residential-building sector in India consumes >25% of the total electricity and is the third-largest consumer of electricity; consumption increased by 26% between 2014 and 2017. India has introduced a star-labelling programme for residential buildings that is applicable for all single- and multiple-dwelling units in the country for residential purposes. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building (annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building) is taken as an indicator for awarding the star label for residential buildings. For gauging the EPI status of existing buildings, the electricity consumption of residential buildings (in kWh/m 2 /year) is established through a case study of the residential society. Two years of electricity bills are collected for an Indian residential society located in Palam, Delhi, analysed and benchmarked with the Indian residential star-labelling programme. A wide EPI gap is observed for existing buildings for five-star energy labels. Based on existing electricity tariffs, the energy consumption of residential consumers and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE)’s proposed building ENERGY STAR labelling, a grid-integrated rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) system is considered for achieving a higher star label. This research study establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings in Indian cities through a case study of Delhi. Techno-economic analysis of a grid-integrated 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant is analysed by using RETScreen software. The study establishes that an additional two stars can be achieved by existing buildings by using a grid-integrated rooftop solar PV plant. Payback for retrofit of a 3-kWp rooftop solar PV plant for Indian cites varies from 3 to 7 years.

A case study in Delhi, India establishes the potential of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings. Techno-economic analysis of grid integrated, 3 kWp rooftop solar systems estimates a payback period from 3 to 7 years.

India, with a population of >1.3 billion, is the second-most populous country in the world and the third-largest economy in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. India has set a target economy of USD5 trillion by the year 2024–25 with an annual growth rate of 9%. India’s sustained economic growth in this period will require an enormous energy supply. Key indicators of the economy, population and energy between the years 2001 and 2017 are shown in Fig. 1 . India intends to reduce the emissions intensity of its gross domestic product by 33–35% by 2030 from the 2005 level [ 1 ]. For achieving this target, improvement in energy efficiency is required in all sectors, especially in the building sector, as the building sector in India consumes >30% of the total electricity [ 2 ].

Trend in the economy, population and energy [ 29 ]

The gross electricity consumption in residential buildings has been rising sharply over the years. Building energy-consumption figures rose to ~260 TWh in 2016–17, which was ~55 TWh in 1996–97 [ 3 ]. It is estimated that this will further increase in the range of 630–940 TWh by 2032 [ 4 ].

To address energy efficiency in the commercial building sector, the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) was launched in 2007 [ 5 ]. The code applies to buildings with a connected load of ≥500 kW or a contact demand of ≥600 kVA. In 2017, ECBC 2007 was modified to ECBC 2017 and applies to buildings or building complexes that have a connected load of ≥100 kW or a contract demand of 120 kVA. The ECBC provides minimum requirements for the energy-efficient design and construction of buildings. The code was extended to the residential buildings through ECBC 2018-R (Eco-Home guidelines) and it applies to all the residential-use buildings built on a plot area of ≥500 m 2 .

The star-labelling programme for all single- and multiple-dwelling residential units has been initiated by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) [ 6 ]. There is no minimum requirement for the area or connected load (kW) for a building dwelling unit to be covered under this labelling programme. The Energy Performance Index (EPI) of a building (annual energy consumption in kilowatt-hours per square metre of the building) is taken as an indicator for the star label of the building. The EPI includes three components, namely E1, E2 and E3. E1 and E2 include building envelope characteristics, lighting systems and comfort systems (air conditioners (ACs)). The calculation is made with the assumption that 25% of the space in the building is air-conditioned with 24°C as the set point (E1) and the remaining 75% of the space is naturally ventilated (E2). The EPI (E3) for other building appliances such as microwave ovens, grinders, refrigerators, TVs, water pumps, washing machines, etc. is considered to be in the range of 7–9. The EPI required for star labelling for different climate regions is tabulated in Table 1 considering the value of E2 as 8.

Residential-building EPI (X) for star labelling [ 6 ]

The objective of this research study is to calculate the energy potential of grid-connected photovoltaic arrays on residential-building roofs for achieving the desired five-star energy labelling. The primary data come from a survey of the energy consumption of urban households located in Delhi and consumers are categorized based on their annual energy consumption. For the selection of appropriate rooftop solar PV plants, the energy consumption of the buildings, the electricity tariffs for the residential sector, the government subsidy on rooftop solar PV and the BEE’s proposed star labelling for residential buildings were considered. We were thus able to estimate the economic potential of rooftop solar PV systems by utilizing the unused roof area of the building. The final section of the article presents the conclusions that can be derived from this study.

This is probably the first such study to have explored the star labelling of existing residential buildings in India; it was searched in Google Scholar with different combinations of words and no such study was found that covered this problem statement. The findings of the study may be considered for fine-tuning policies and developing relevant intervention tools for existing building occupants for achieving the building star label through government rooftop solar PV subsidies.

India’s basic framework for electricity generation and supply was provided by the Electricity Act, 1910. After independence in 1947, social progress and development were given impetus and policies were directed for ensuring the supply of energy to all stakeholders. Energy-conservation measures were started in the year 1970 when the primary focus was to reduce the consumption of petroleum. In 1981, the Inter-Ministerial Working Group on Energy Conservation (IMWG), through 200 energy audits, predicted energy savings of Rs 19.25 billion by investing in energy-saving technologies. In 2001, the Energy Conservation Bill was passed and the Energy Management Centre was reconstituted as the BEE in 2002 [ 7 ].

The increasing population, energy shortage and awareness of environment-related issues (such as greenhouse-gas emissions) have raised concerns worldwide about current trends in energy consumption. In India, the estimated electricity consumption in the last 10 years increased from 612 645 GWh (2009–10) to 1 158 310 GWh (2018–19), which corresponds to a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 6.58%. The per-capita energy consumption increased from 19 669 Megajoules in 2011–12 to 24 453 Megajoules in 2018–19 with a CAGR of 3.67% [ 8 ]. Electricity consumption by different sectors of India in 2018–19 is given in Fig. 2 and the domestic sector consumes 24% of the total energy [ 9 ].

Consumption of electricity by sectors during 2018–19 [ 9 ]

The BEE started the Perform Achieve and Trade (PAT) programme, which is a regulatory instrument for reducing specific energy consumption in energy-intensive designated consumers (DCs). It also dovetailed with a market mechanism to enhance the cost-effectiveness through the certification of excess energy saving that can be traded in energy exchanges. The first PAT cycle, which was completed in March 2015, achieved an energy saving of 8.67 million tons of oil equivalent (Mtoe), which was ~30% more than the target. The second PAT cycle (2016–19) included three industries in addition to eight industries of the PAT–I cycle and seeks to achieve an energy-saving target of 8.86 Mtoe [ 10 ].

Standard and Labeling (S&L) in India works on a model in which the vendor provides information related to the energy efficiency of the product on the label as prescribed by the BEE. A star rating, ranging from one to five in ascending order of energy efficiency, is provided for products registered. An endorsement label is also provided for 23 products, of which 10 are mandatory and 13 are voluntary. The impact of this programme is visible from the sale of star-label ACs in the market, as shown in Fig. 3 . The weighted average of the Indian seasonal energy-efficiency ratio of ACs increased from 2.80 (in FY 2011) to 3.70 (in FY 2017–18) [ 11 ]. Forty percent of the energy consumed by room ACs could be saved cost-effectively by enhancing their efficiency. This translates into a potential energy saving of 118 TWh at busbars or a peak-demand saving of 60 GW by 2030 [ 12 ].

Star-label AC distribution 2017–18 [ 11 ]

The British Petroleum report has indicated that the global energy demand has grown in the 10 years from 2007 to 2017 [ 13 ]. Oil consumption will grow by 30% from 2007 to 2035, while coal and natural-gas consumption will increase by 50%. The International Energy Agency predicts that with a business-as-usual scenario, the energy-related emissions of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) will double by 2050 [ 14 ]. Globally, the building sector is responsible for consuming >40% of the total energy consumption [ 15 ]. Poor energy performance of existing buildings is observed around the world [ 16 ]. A mix of technologies can enhance the energy performance of buildings [ 17 ]. Green buildings have proven their performance but still they have not percolated into the market [ 18 ].

As per the US Energy Information Administration, by the implementation of energy codes and updated efficiency standards for appliances, the USA could save 3.79 trillion joules [ 19 ]. Hong Kong’s building energy code has improved energy efficiency and also reduced air pollution [ 20 ]. Enforcement of Chinese national building standards led to a 62% energy saving in public buildings and the building code of the UK revealed energy savings of ≤75% [ 21 ]. Florida’s residential energy code has resulted in a decrease in electricity consumption and a 6% decrease in natural-gas consumption [ 22 ]. Energy savings of 31.4% and peak savings of 36.8% were recorded for high-rise apartments in Hong Kong by adopting passive energy-efficient strategies [ 23 ]. In Greece, the thermal insulation of walls, roofs and floors, and low-infiltration strategies reduced energy consumption by 20–40% and 20%, respectively [ 24 ]. A study in Arizona of energy-star buildings before and after the buildings’ certification showed that the occupants’ consumed 8% less energy on a monthly basis after certification [ 25 ]. The effectiveness of the ENERGY STAR programme for residences in Alachua County, Florida, was analysed using monthly residential energy-consumption data between 2000 and 2013; energy savings of 10.9% were found under Florida Building Code (FBC) 1997 and 18.6% under FBC 2001 [ 26 ]. For the top 25 percentile of buildings in Singapore that are eligible for the star label in terms of an energy-efficiency label, the energy-usage intensity of 178 kWh/m 2 is comparable to the US ENERGY STAR buildings’ best practice in Californian office buildings [ 27 ]. Office buildings with ENERGY STAR or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) eco-labels get rental premiums of ~3–5%. Dual certification fetches an estimated rental premium of 9%. The sale-price premium for ENERGY STAR- and LEED-labelled office buildings are 18% and 25%, respectively [ 28 ].

In 2005, India’s residential and commercial floor area was estimated to be 1.6 and 0.5 billion m 2 , respectively, which increased to 3.5 and 1 billion m 2 in 2012. It is also estimated that, by 2030, residential and commercial floor space will increase to 7.0 and 1.5 billion m 2 [ 18 ]. The residential sector is the third-largest consumer of electricity and increased by 26% between 2014 and 2017 as shown in Fig. 4 [ 29 ].

Electricity consumption in different sectors (IEA India Report, 2020) [ 29 ]

By implementing energy-conservation measures recommended by the ECBC, small buildings can save ≤40% of the energy used as compared to present buildings in India [ 30 ]. The ECBC could generate a saving of 419 800 GWh in the Gujarat state between 2010 and 2050. Extending the ECBC beyond the commercial sector could achieve additional savings of 193 700 GWh between 2010 and 2050 [ 31 ]. A study of six categories of commercial buildings in Jaipur city (India) has established that the implementation of the ECBC can conserve energy by ≤42% [ 32 ]. ECBC compliance in hotel buildings in Jaipur results in saving energy in the range of 18.42–37.2% [ 33 ]. Another study estimates that buildings in Ahmedabad city (India) could reduce their cooling load by 31% by using the ECBC code for envelope design [ 34 ].

India has a renewable-energy target of 175 GW by 2022. Solar energy will contribute 100 GW; of this, 40 GW would be from rooftop solar PV systems. India had already installed 28 GW of solar capacity as of March 2019 [ 35 ]. The progress of installation from 2010 to March 2019 is shown in Fig. 5 . Rooftop solar PV installation reached 5.4 GW in December 2019 and installation is predominately in industrial and commercial buildings. The distribution of rooftop solar PV systems in the different sectors is shown in Fig. 6 .

Grid-integrated solar PV rooftop installations in India (2010–19) [ 35 ]

Distribution of installed rooftop solar PV systems up to December 2019 [ 49 ]

A study of Andalusia (Spain) suggests that rooftop solar PV systems would satisfy 78.89% of the residential energy demand [ 36 ]. In the USA (2015), with residential solar incentives, 18 of the 51 target cities could reach the break-even point [ 37 ]. A study of the city of Al-Khobar in Saudi Arabia suggests that villas and apartment buildings can offset 19% of their electricity demand by utilizing rooftop solar PV systems, when 25% of the building roof for solar PV systems and cooling loads also reduces by 2% due to the shading effect of panels [ 38 ]. In the USA, with subsidies, six states have reached socket parity, yet widespread parity has still not been achieved [ 39 ]. In Malaysia, a grid-connected residential solar PV system is found to be feasible for installation [ 40 ]. A study shows that a 5-kWp PV system in Egypt can provide 67.5% of the energy requirement for residential consumers [ 41 ].

A study of the rooftop solar photovoltaic potential for Mumbai (India) suggests that it can meet 12.8–20% of the daily energy demand [ 42 ]. Simulation of a 6.4-kW rooftop solar PV plant for Ujjain (India) demonstrated that it not only meets building energy demand, but also feeds surplus energy of 8450 kWh annually into the grid [ 43 ]. Computer simulation of the installation of the rooftop PV system at five locations in India shows that the energy required for a roof-induced cooling load decreased by between 73% and 90% [ 44 ]. Energy simulation of a 110-kWp stand-alone rooftop solar PV system for Bhopal (India) demonstrated a payback period of 8.2 years [ 45 ]. A grid-connected solar PV system net present cost becomes 0 at ~1.8 and 3.4 kW, and the cost of energy decreased with an increase in the capacity addition for the household [ 46 ].

The present work is a study on the star labelling of residential buildings in India that investigates the residential-building energy consumption and existing gap for star labelling promulgated by the BEE. This study also aims to estimate the overall impact of rooftop solar PV system application in a hot-dry climate in achieving a higher star label. The key objectives of the study are to:

quantify the residential-building energy consumption (kWh/m 2 /year) through a case study;

estimate the energy gap for star labelling and bridging this gap through rooftop solar PV systems;

establish the economics of rooftop solar PV systems for residential buildings.

The study has been undertaken for residential buildings in the Palam area of New Delhi, India. The details of the location are given in Table 2 . The distribution of flats as per the RETScreen version 8 (a software program developed by Natural Resource Canada [ 47 ]) location module is given in Fig. 7 .

Location details (obtained from RETScreen location tab)

RETScreen software representation and distribution in the flats

The residential block is a two-storey structure consisting of four houses with two basements for parking. The ground coverage of the building block is 314 m 2 and the carpet area is 628 m 2 . The campus has 81 such blocks, accommodating 324 houses.

4.1 Step 1: energy-consumption estimation

Electricity-consumption data for all of the buildings were collected for the period April 2017 to March 2019 from the society management office. The annual energy-consumption distribution of these houses is shown in Fig. 8 .

Distribution of houses based on annual energy consumption (analysis based on a survey of households)

The average annual residential energy consumption for the year 2017–18 was 7236.72 kWh, which increased to 8101.34 kWh in the year 2018–19. The sole source of energy for the buildings is electricity supplied by BSES Rajdhani Power Limited (BRPL), a distributor for south and west Delhi, and no other source of energy is deployed by the society or building occupants. The electricity tariff for the residential building in Delhi is based on energy consumption. The electricity price rates for the year 2019–20 for consumption are categorized into five stages and the same is tabulated in Table 3 .

Electricity tariff for Delhi residential houses 2019–20 [ 51 ]

Based on the residential energy consumption, consumers are classified into four groups, which are tabulated in Table 4 .

Consumer categorization based on energy consumption per annum

Distribution of the consumers based on energy consumption in 2017–18 and 2018–19 is given in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 , respectively, and it is evident that the majority (>75%) of the end users are moderate energy consumers and that, by taking suitable energy substitutions, the desired star label can be achieved.

Distribution of consumer-based electricity consumption 2017–18 (author analysis based on a survey of select households)

Distribution of consumer-based electricity consumption 2018–19 (analysis based on a survey of select households)

The energy consumption of the residential consumers under study increased from 2017–18 to 2018–19 and, as a result, the moderate and low energy consumer category percentage reduced from 75% and 14% to 65% and 10%, respectively, whereas the high energy consumer category increased from 8% to 23%.

4.2 Step 2: calculation of the technical performance of rooftop solar PV systems

Three rooftop solar scenarios are considered for residential buildings based on the present energy consumption and available area on the rooftop. The calculation for these three scenarios is carried out using a solar rooftop financial calculator hosted on the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE) website ( https://mnre.gov.in/ ) and is tabulated in Table 5 .

Residential solar rooftop PV evaluation [ 47 ]

The cost of the proposed solar PV plant is based on the MNRE benchmark cost that also includes subsidies extended by the MNRE. The MNRE gives a flat 40% subsidy on solar PV plants rating ≤3 kW and a 20% subsidy for solar PV plants rating >3 kW up to 10 kW. The selected site receives an average of 5.06 kWh/m 2 /day solar radiation horizontal and its monthly availability is given in Fig. 11 .

Monthly solar radiation horizontal availability at the site (analysis based on RETScreen simulation) [ 48 ]

4.3 Step 3: simulation and economic analysis of solar rooftop PV plants

The electricity generated from the PV system that was calculated in Table 5 was validated by using RETScreen version 8 [ 48 ]. The energy output obtained from RETScreen is within a tolerance of 5% as compared to results obtained from the MNRE solar PV rooftop calculator ( Table 6 ).

Technical evaluation of residential solar PV rooftop using RETScreen energy module

Analysing the residential electricity tariff ( Table 3 ), a flat 40% subsidy extended up to a 3-kW rooftop solar PV system, the distribution of consumers based on energy consumption ( Figs 10 and 11 ) and the energy gap for the star label by solar power ( Tables 1 and 7 ) of a 3-kW rooftop solar PV are considered for the case study. Eighty to 90% of the houses could achieve a five-star label by employing a 3-kW rooftop solar PV. The distribution of star labels for 2017–18 and 2018–19 for the buildings as per consumption is shown in Figs 12 and 13 , respectively.

Financial parameters considered for the viability of a solar PV rooftop system

Distribution of star buildings employing rooftop solar PV systems (2017–18)

Distribution of star buildings employing rooftop solar PV systems (2018–19)

Low and moderate energy consumers ( Table 4 ) could achieve a high five-star label by employing a rooftop solar PV system whereas high energy consumers could achieve an additional two-star label by this measure.

The economic viability of a rooftop solar PV system for the buildings under consideration was also ascertained by using RETScreen. The net present value (NPV) based on discounted cash flow was used as an analysis approach using the RETScreen cost and finance module. The analysis period was assumed to be 25 years based on the useful life and warranty period of solar PV panels. Financial parameters used in the RETScreen finance module for ascertaining the economic viability of the two scenarios are given in Table 7 and the simulation results obtained are tabulated in Table 8 .

Economics of a 3-kW rooftop solar PV system at the study site

To explore rooftop solar PV systems for other climatic zones, an exercise akin to that undertaken in Delhi was carried out for other cities of India, which are tabulated in Table 9 . RETScreen simulation results for these cities are tabulated in Table 10 .

Electricity tariff and solar-radiation availability in Indian cities

RETScreen simulation of 3-kWp solar rooftop PV systems for selected cities of India

Rooftop grid-integrated 3-kW p solar PV systems can bridge a building’s existing energy gap for the five-star label. The study indicates that a grid-connected 3-kWp solar PV system is suitable for rooftop residential installation in most Indian cities and this retrofit improves the EPI of a building and thus provides two additional energy stars to the building. The payback period of grid-connected rooftop solar PV systems varies from 3 to 7 years. However, the payback period varies widely for different Indian cities; for Pune and Ahmedabad, despite having the same annual solar radiation, the payback period is 3 and 9 years, respectively. This is primarily due to different residential electricity tariff rates in the states of India and it is the most important factor to affect the finances of rooftop solar PV systems. Therefore, rooftop solar PV systems are not recommended as an instrument for achieving a higher star label for the states like Gujarat where the residential electricity tariff is low. The installation of a 3-kWp grid-integrated rooftop solar PV by low and moderate energy consumers is sufficient for achieving the five-star energy label for the building whereas high and very high energy consumers need to take additional measures for getting five-star energy labels for their buildings. The reduction in energy purchases from the grid increases the saving of energy for end consumers and thus reduces emissions because grid electricity in India is predominately coal-based. This study can be further extended for the normalization of rooftop solar PV subsidies for different states so that this energy substitution can match the grid parity in respective Indian states. Further passive retrofit measures, which include improvement in the envelopes of existing residential buildings and active retrofit measures, such as the installation of grid-integrated rooftop solar PV systems, can be optimized for a building based on life-cycle costing so that the cost of energy stars is minimized.

Study is not funded by any agency/organization. Data gathered by self for the study undertaken. Other sources cited as applicable.

None declared.

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Study of High Rise Residential Buildings in Indian Cities (A Case Study -Pune City)

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Human-Behaviour under Fire situations in High Rise residential Building

State-of-the-art review on benefits of applying value engineering for multi-story buildings, customising evacuation instructions for high-rise residential occupants to expedite fire egress: results from agent-based simulation, quand les grands promoteurs immobiliers fabriquent la ville en inde : regards croisés sur bangalore et chennai, orientation modeling of high-rise buildings for optimizing exposure/transfer of insolation, case study of sulaimani, iraq, high-rise building fires, forecasting urban growth based on gis, rs and sleuth model in pune metropolitan area, skyscrapers and placemaking: supporting local culture and identity, fly ash composite concrete under sustained elevated temperature, fire resistance of cement mortar containing high volume fly ash, related papers (5), population growth, urban expansion and housing scenario in srinagar city, jk, india, spatial distribution of high-rise buildings and its relationship to public transit development in shanghai, urban types in rapidly urbanising cities - a typological approach in the analysis of urban types in dar es salaam, the expanding urban fringe: impacts on peri-urban areas, melbourne, australia, apartment housing in high class residential areas of dhaka city: a case study of dhanmondi, gulshan and baridhara.

• DOI: 10.7763/IJET.2014.V6.671
• Corpus ID: 167711288

Study of High Rise Residential Buildings in Indian Cities (A Case Study -Pune City)

• R. Kavilkar , Shweta Patil
• Published 2014
• Engineering, Environmental Science
• International journal of engineering and technology

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Pre-construction measures to prevent delay in construction of residential highrise project, study on the assessment of vertical development for surat & mumbai, human-behaviour under fire situations in high rise residential building, orientation modeling of high-rise buildings for optimizing exposure/transfer of insolation, case study of sulaimani, iraq, the issue of vertical spread of fire through flammable cladding and facades in india: a comparative regulatory review and suggestive guidelines, customising evacuation instructions for high-rise residential occupants to expedite fire egress: results from agent-based simulation, comparative study : key updates of is 16700 (2017) with its first revision is 16700 (2023), analysis and design of b+g+10 commercial high-rise building under seismic load and wind load by using software, technology scope for the implementation of integrated roof wind energy system in india: an overview, need for better high-rise building evacuation practices, 14 references, forecasting urban growth based on gis, rs and sleuth model in pune metropolitan area, consumer perception towards tall buildings, role of conceptual design in high rise buildings, skyscrapers and placemaking: supporting local culture and identity, fire resistance of cement mortar containing high volume fly ash, fly ash composite concrete under sustained elevated temperature, high-rise building fires, related papers.

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R. Kavilkar Shweta Patil