ib extended essay japanese

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教師は全員帰国子女。《海外子女向けオンライン家庭教師のEDUBAL》

お問合せ・お申込みはこちらから！

IB Extended Essay(課題論文): RQの例や対策法、スコアアップのコツ紹介

EEでA評価を取得したいIB生のあなた！！IBを経験したEDUBAL教師によるEE(課題論文)の書き方、科目・議題の決め方、リサーチ方法に関するアドバイスや有益な情報を集め、まとめました。EEの科目がなかなか決まらない・Research Question（議題）が思い浮かばない・書き方が良く分からない・など悩んでいる皆さま、是非このページをお役立てください！また、後半では実際にA評価を獲得した先輩のRQ例を載せているのでご覧ください！

IB（国際バカロレア）とは？

EEの文字数にカウントされない項目

【随時更新！】eeのrq例.

• EEのRQ（リサーチクエスチョン）を決めるアドバイス

EDUBAL教師のEE体験記｜選んだトピックは？

教師は全員帰国子女！オンライン家庭教師edubalの特徴.

IB生が参考文献について知っておくべき４つのこと｜EDUBAL質問箱の回答

EEには、 日本語の場合8000字以内、英語の場合は4000ワード以内 に収めなくてはならず、その上限を超えてしまうと減点の対象となります。

EEの字数制限はいざ執筆し始めるとあっという間に超えてしまいます。そのため、今一度EEの文字数にカウントされない項目を振り返っておきましょう！

EEは4000ワードにも及ぶ論文ですが、骨組みをしっかりと作れば論理的かつ読みやすい文章を書くことができます。何から書けばいいのか分からない、どのように論理を展開すべきか分からない、といった生徒様のために EEの評価基準(Criteria)を参考にして組み立てた構成 を以下に紹介します。

①表紙： タイトル、Research Question(議題)をページの中心部に書き、Session, Candidate name, Candidate number, IB Subject of essay, Supervisor’s name, Word countをページの下部に明記しましょう。

②要旨・要約： EE本文を書き終えた後に、本論文が何について論じているのか（議題の説明）、文中ではどのように論理を展開しているのか（まず～を考察し、次に～を分析した、など）、そして結果としてどのような結論が導かれたのか、など説明しましょう。

④序章、序論： EEの科目にもよりますが、テーマの背景、歴史、キーワードの定義、なぜこのテーマに興味を持ったのか、なぜこの議題を分析しようと思ったのか、などを書くと良いでしょう。

⑤本論： 3、4章に分けて書くと読みやすくなります。

⑥結論： 再び、どのような議題に対して何を分析し、どのような結果を得たのかをまとめましょう。予想外な結果や、新しい発見があった場合はそれらを明記し、なぜこの結果に至ったのか、という分析をすると良いでしょう。このEEを書き終えて感じたこと、学んだことなどを書くことで、 「自分らしさ」やオリジナリティ が強化されます。

⑦脚注補足や参考文献： IBは参考文献や出典の明記に関して非常に厳しいため、 MLAやAPA などのメジャーな書式に沿って正しく明記しましょう。

EEの詳細はこちら | IB公式

日本語A（SL/HL）

・川端康成の『雪国』に登場する女性の造形は作品内でどのような役割を果たしているのか

・漫画『もののけ姫』の戦闘シーンにおいて、作者はどのような言語的工夫を施して戦闘シーンを描き、それらはどのような効果をもたらしているのか

・村上春樹『スプートニクの恋人』において、すみれ、ミュウ、ぼくの性的嗜好 の分散はどのような役割を果たしているのか

・宮沢賢治作「よだかの星」の主人公よだかの死は自己犠牲的であったか

・『かがみの孤城』における「不登校児」にとっての「救い」は何で、どのように表現されているか。

Japanese A Literatureの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・How are the effects of government manipulation of language in society represented in “1984” and “Fahrenheit 451”?

・In what ways did John Lennon reflect the 1970s counterculture in the U.S. through the lyrics of his songs published in the 1970s?

English A Language and Literatureの科目先約や勉強法、対策はこちら！

English A Language and Literatureの科目先約や勉強法、対策はこちら！ English Bの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・To what extent does the change in Tracy’s attitudes towards African American people in the films “HAIRSPRAY” (1988 and 2007) reflect the change in discriminatory attitudes towards African American people in the United States?

・大正初期に起きた関東大震災はどのような被害をもたらし、その建築面での被害の教訓はその後の日本の建築基準にどのような影響をもたらしたのか

Historyの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・酸化鉄の堆積は、単結晶シリコン太陽電池とアモルファスシリコン太陽電池のエ ネルギー生成にどのような影響を及ぼすのか

・40度、50度におけるメークインの加熱はグリコアルカロイド量にどのような影響を与えるのだろうか

Chemistryの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・石場建ての免震構造による耐震性は建物の質量、柱脚と礎石間の摩擦、地震の振動の角振動数に対してどの程度依存するのか

Physicsの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・ヘアリーベッチの混植割合の違いは、レタスの根長の抑制率をどのように変化させるか

Biologyの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

・Does Elliptic curve cryptography increase efficiency of digital signature compared to RSA cryptography?

・How much does the duration of polar night change due to changes in the angle of latitude and changes in the tilt of the Earth’s axis?

Mathの科目選択や勉強法、対策はこちら！

Visual Arts

IB公式｜全科目のEE序論から結論まで

EEのRQを決めるアドバイス

EEを書くプロセスの中で多くの生徒がつまずくのは、 RQ選び です。しかし、論文のテーマになる以上、「良い」議題を選ぶことは非常に重要です。ここではEEの科目別に、「良い」議題を考え出すヒントを紹介します。

※以下の例はあくまでもRQの元になるアイデア例です。本来のRQは疑問形で表現することが望ましいです。

①言語Aの文学作品を深く掘り下げて分析を行う論文

②言語Aに翻訳された外国文学をその原文と比較する論文

EE(課題論文)に使う文学作品は授業で分析したものも使用することができますが、その場合は授業内容の範囲を超えた、 生徒が独自で考えたオリジナリティのある分析 が求められます。一方で新しい文学作品を選ぶ場合はIBが認定した筆者の作品に限らず、 十分な文学的価値がある作品 ならば自由に選ぶことができます。

カテゴリー①、②の論文の議題参考例： ・筆者Aの『初期の作品』と『最新の作品』を比較し、宗教に対する考えが変化したかを調査する

・『古典』の筆者Aの現代語訳と筆者Bの現代語訳を比較し表現や描写の差異を分析する

・『任意の作品A』と『任意の作品B』における女性主人公の重要性

☆文学研究の論文になるため、共通する 文学要素が複数の文学作品の中でどのように表現されて いるのか比較するEE が多いようです。

カテゴリー③のEEのResearch Question(議題)参考例： ・言語Aが用いられている国の政治的イベントにおけるネット上反応とその影響の分析

・ある事件に対する異なる見解は大衆紙においてどのように言語化されたのか

☆このカテゴリーのEEでは、 言語Aとその言語が用いられている地域の文化の関係性を分析する ことが求められます。具体的には、文化や歴史の観点からあらゆる言語の形式を分析したり、それらの言語の形式がどのようにして文化の中で生まれ、受け入れられてきたのか、などです。あくまでも 言語の論文なので、一般的な文化の分析にならないように注意 しましょう。

自然科学科目のEEを書く上で気を付けなくてはならないことは、EEのトピックが 明らかに 選択した科学科目を主眼に置いたもの でなくてはならないことです。例えば、EE科目としてBiology(生物)を選んだ場合、生物学、医学、社会学、経済学など多様な面から見ることができるヒトの病気をテーマにする際には、 生物学的側面を強調 しなくてはなりません。さらに、トピックが生化学の分野に属するものでも、自分の選択したEE科目が生物ならば、 「生物学」に関する内容しか評価され ません。

一次情報の収集においては、 生徒自身による実験 をベースか、 既存の文献を自分で分析する か、どちらかを選択することができます。

テーマは広すぎないことが重要です。ざっくりと「水の分析」や「〇〇の化学反応」よりも、実際に調査の対象となるモノ（チューイングガム、ゼリー、アスリートなど）の名前をあげると具体的な議題が導き出せるでしょう。

●Economics(経済)の場合 歴史的要素はあまり強くない方が良く、3年以内の直近の一次情報、二次情報を参考に論文を書き進めると良いでしょう。 生徒が実際に住んでいる地域の直近の経済状況を分析し、その経済が外部に 与える影響 などを分析することがオススメです。

●Geography(地理)の場合 自分の住んでいる地域など ローカルなレベルで研究を行う と、高い点数をもらえる傾向があります。ローカルな地域を分析することで、オリジナリティが強調されるためです。

●History(歴史)の場合 ここ10年以内に起きた出来事は「歴史」として認識されないため気を付けましょう。トピックはもちろん、IBDPのHistoryコースから外れたテーマでも特に問題はありません。また、 歴史の 中立性は大いに注意すべき です。ある歴史上のイベントに対する対照的な二つの見解を取り上げ、それらを比較する議題が定番のようです。

更なる具体的な解決案を求めている方はこちら！｜1から始めるExtended Essay! テーマ決定・RQ編

文献リサーチ・資料集めのオススメ方法！

EEの科目にもよりますが、学術的な論文を書く際には十分なリサーチをすることが重要です。最も身近なリサーチ方法はインターネット上でのウェブページなどの検索ですが、ネット上の情報は必ずしも信憑性があるものだとは限りません。また、検索エンジンからpdf形式の論文を探し出すことも可能ですが、このような検索手順で探すと、多くの場合、論文の出所が不明だったり、信用できなかったりします。ここではEEの参考文献として 適切な学術的な資料を探す・集める方法 を紹介します！

学術的な論文を検索する論文専用検索エンジンがあります。有料で取り寄せなくてはいけないものもありますが、ネット上で無料で論文全文を閲覧・ダウンロードできるものもありますよ。

以下、大学に入ってからも活用できる論文検索エンジンを紹介します！

・ CiNii articles

比較的、オールジャンルの日本語論文を検索することができる。大学図書館にある資料なども検索可能。

科学技術をテーマにした、理系論文が豊富にある。

・ Google Scholar

Abstract(要約)も書いてあるのでとても効率的。

無料登録で資料を検索し、閲覧可能。

かなり古い文献を使いたい場合や、欲しい論文が見つからなかったときに活用すべきなのが図書館です。論文の資料集めとしてオススメの日本の図書館は以下の通りです。海外子女の生徒様は、日本に一時帰国した際にぜひ立ち寄ってみてください。

記事・論文だけでなく、過去の新聞や政府刊行物、デジタル資料も保管している。身分証明書を持っていけば無料で会員証を作ることができる。資料自体を借り出すことはできず、有料でコピーを取って持って帰るシステムとなっている。文献のサーチ自体はオンライン上でも可能。

学外の方でも、公的な身分証明書を持参すれば入館可能。大学によっては、事前申請が必要な場合もあるため、前もって調べてから行くと良い。

実際にIBを経験した、EDUBAL教師のEE体験記を紹介します！同じEE科目を検討中の生徒様、Research Question(議題)選びに苦労している生徒様はぜひお役立てください！

科目： Japanese A(日本語A)

テーマ： 『「源氏物語」の現代語訳の小説と、漫画版を比較し、媒体の違いは文学の表現をどう変化するか分析』

苦労したこと、アドバイス：

RQを決めるのに一番時間がかかりました。Supervisorのアドバイスをもとに、自分が好きなもの(漫画)に関連したテーマを一カ月以上は悩んだ末、ようやく決めました。自分の興味のあるテーマを選ぶと、エッセイに取り組むことがそれほど億劫ではなくなりますし、 エッセイに自分らしさや熱意をより出すことができる と思います。

科目： Japanese A（日本語A）

テーマ： 『三島作品における「美」は愛からくるのか、嫉妬からくるのか』

私がEEに取り組む上で最も苦労したのは、適切な箇所に適切な内容の引用を挿入することです。EEでは、10冊以上の参考文献を読み、それらを適宜論文に組み込まなければなりません。それのため、事前にどのような内容でEEを書くのか、大体の見通しを立てるだけでなく、それに併せて参考文献を読み込んでおかなければなりません。 EEを書き上げるコツは、 「計画性」と 「楽しむ」こと。 自分の好きな科目や興味のある分野について計画的に研究することで、IBで高得点を取得することに繋がるだけでなく、将来の役にも立つので、最後まで頑張ってください。

科目： History (歴史)

テーマ： 『鎖国が本来の目的をどの程度達成できたかについての分析』

苦労したこと、アドバイス：個人的に興味のあるテーマを選ぶことが重要です。 膨大な情報の中から、自身の 分析に説得力を持たせるEvidence(証拠)として使えるような情報 を見極めるには、多くの資料や論文に 根気強く目を通すことが求められます。興味のあるテーマでなければ、最後まで情熱をもって取り組むのは難しいと思います。

科目： Economics(経済)

テーマ： 『航空機産業の外部不経済やEU ETSの取り組みについて』

苦労したこと、アドバイス： 私もトピック決めには苦労しました。トピックを決めたのはG11の時だったため、それまでに学んだ経済的概念しか使えなかったことが心残りであり、 教科書を先読みしておくのも一つの手だったかな と思います。また、実際に自分でデータを集めると独自性が増すのでおすすめです。もし書籍やネットから情報を集めるなら、MLAフォーマットに従うなどして適切に出典をまとめておくことを心がけましょう。

EDUBALの教師は EEだけでなく、IAなどのエッセイ添削 にも対応します。詳しくは Essay（小論文）添削サービス をご覧ください。

EDUBALでは 東京大学をはじめとした国内屈指の難関大学に通う500名以上の帰国子女教師 が、自身の経験を生かしてオンライン上で生徒様の指導にあたっています。オンラインなので 世界中のどこからでも 指導を受けることができます。また、帰国受験、IB取得という経験を持つからこそ生徒様の悩みに寄り添った指導や相談に応じることが可能です。IBを勉強している人特有の課題でもあるTOKやEEなどのご相談も可能です。IBの勉強の仕方や進め方に関して分からないこと、Mathで満点を取得した人に聞きたいことなどございましたらお気軽に ご相談 ください！

IBの指導が可能なEDUBAL教師

熊野 先生 （慶應義塾大学 / 総合政策学部）

• 短期集中コース / 
• Essay（小論文）添削サービス / 
• IBコース / 
• インター・現地校コース / 
• TOEFLコース / 

とても穏やかで傾聴力のある教師です。生徒様に寄り添いながら個性やレベルに合わせ柔軟に対応していきます。また指導の中では生徒様とのコミュニケーションを大切に、生徒様が発言しやすい環境作りを心掛けます。

宮川 先生 （筑波大学 / 医学群）

• GCSE/Aレベルコース / 

真面目で優しく丁寧な指導を心がけていく教師です。生徒様に合わせた学習方法や対策を考え勉強に対する考え方をポジティブに変えて楽しく授業を進めていきます。またコミュニケーションを取りながら質問しやすい環境を作り成績アップへと繋げていきます。

高本 先生 （慶應義塾大学 / 総合政策学部）

• 英検コース / 
• SATコース / 
• 一般受験コース / 
• スタンダードコース / 

真面目で落ち着きがあり、優しい教師です。生徒様の不安や悩みに寄り添った指導を行い、生徒様が躓いてしまうポイントをしっかりと確認することによって成績アップへと繋げていくことを心掛けます。

  ※他の科目について、もっと詳しく知りたい方はこちらからご覧ください。

• English A literature

下記では、今までEDUBALで指導を受講された生徒様、保護者様から寄せられた声を掲載しています。 EDUBALで家庭教師をつけるかどうか迷われている方は、ぜひ参考にご覧ください。

とても真面目な先生に計画的に指導していただいています。 おかげでテストで高得点がとれました。

日本語で授業させていただいてますが、説明が分かりやすく質問にも丁寧に答えてくれています。授業科目以外の経験やアドバイスもシェアしていただいてるのでIB全体の参考になり助かっています。

とてもわかりやすい授業で、結果として成績が上がりました。

生徒に寄り添いながら、丁寧にわかりやすく指導していただきました。とにかく素晴らしい人間性で心細いIB生のメンタルをしっかり支えて伴走してくれました。先生のおかげで自信がついたと思います。

教え方が上手くとても分かりやすいです。学校から急な課題を出された際も親身に対応をしてくれます。IB取得に向けてのアドバイスをしていただいたり、また勉強以外のお喋りも娘は楽しんでいるようです。いつも優しく指導していただき感謝しています。

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【2024年度版】帰国子女大学受験／IB入試でおすすめの大学ランキング【文系編】

• IB(国際バカロレア)
• インターナショナルスクール
• どんな教科でも受講できますか？
• 受講する教科を変更したり、増やしたりすることは可能ですか？
• 指導料金はどれぐらいですか？
• テキストを用意していただくことは可能でしょうか？
• パソコンやその周りの機器にあまり詳しくないのですが大丈夫ですか？

Choose Your Test

Sat / act prep online guides and tips, the complete ib extended essay guide: examples, topics, and ideas.

International Baccalaureate (IB)

IB students around the globe fear writing the Extended Essay, but it doesn't have to be a source of stress! In this article, I'll get you excited about writing your Extended Essay and provide you with the resources you need to get an A on it.

If you're reading this article, I'm going to assume you're an IB student getting ready to write your Extended Essay. If you're looking at this as a potential future IB student, I recommend reading our introductory IB articles first, including our guide to what the IB program is and our full coverage of the IB curriculum .

IB Extended Essay: Why Should You Trust My Advice?

I myself am a recipient of an IB Diploma, and I happened to receive an A on my IB Extended Essay. Don't believe me? The proof is in the IBO pudding:

If you're confused by what this report means, EE is short for Extended Essay , and English A1 is the subject that my Extended Essay topic coordinated with. In layman's terms, my IB Diploma was graded in May 2010, I wrote my Extended Essay in the English A1 category, and I received an A grade on it.

What Is the Extended Essay in the IB Diploma Programme?

The IB Extended Essay, or EE , is a mini-thesis you write under the supervision of an IB advisor (an IB teacher at your school), which counts toward your IB Diploma (learn more about the major IB Diploma requirements in our guide) . I will explain exactly how the EE affects your Diploma later in this article.

For the Extended Essay, you will choose a research question as a topic, conduct the research independently, then write an essay on your findings . The essay itself is a long one—although there's a cap of 4,000 words, most successful essays get very close to this limit.

Keep in mind that the IB requires this essay to be a "formal piece of academic writing," meaning you'll have to do outside research and cite additional sources.

The IB Extended Essay must include the following:

• A title page
• Contents page
• Introduction
• Body of the essay
• References and bibliography

Additionally, your research topic must fall into one of the six approved DP categories , or IB subject groups, which are as follows:

• Group 1: Studies in Language and Literature
• Group 2: Language Acquisition
• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts

Once you figure out your category and have identified a potential research topic, it's time to pick your advisor, who is normally an IB teacher at your school (though you can also find one online ). This person will help direct your research, and they'll conduct the reflection sessions you'll have to do as part of your Extended Essay.

As of 2018, the IB requires a "reflection process" as part of your EE supervision process. To fulfill this requirement, you have to meet at least three times with your supervisor in what the IB calls "reflection sessions." These meetings are not only mandatory but are also part of the formal assessment of the EE and your research methods.

According to the IB, the purpose of these meetings is to "provide an opportunity for students to reflect on their engagement with the research process." Basically, these meetings give your supervisor the opportunity to offer feedback, push you to think differently, and encourage you to evaluate your research process.

The final reflection session is called the viva voce, and it's a short 10- to 15-minute interview between you and your advisor. This happens at the very end of the EE process, and it's designed to help your advisor write their report, which factors into your EE grade.

Here are the topics covered in your viva voce :

• A check on plagiarism and malpractice
• Your reflection on your project's successes and difficulties
• Your reflection on what you've learned during the EE process

Your completed Extended Essay, along with your supervisor's report, will then be sent to the IB to be graded. We'll cover the assessment criteria in just a moment.

We'll help you learn how to have those "lightbulb" moments...even on test day!  

What Should You Write About in Your IB Extended Essay?

You can technically write about anything, so long as it falls within one of the approved categories listed above.

It's best to choose a topic that matches one of the IB courses , (such as Theatre, Film, Spanish, French, Math, Biology, etc.), which shouldn't be difficult because there are so many class subjects.

Here is a range of sample topics with the attached extended essay:

• Biology: The Effect of Age and Gender on the Photoreceptor Cells in the Human Retina
• Chemistry: How Does Reflux Time Affect the Yield and Purity of Ethyl Aminobenzoate (Benzocaine), and How Effective is Recrystallisation as a Purification Technique for This Compound?
• English: An Exploration of Jane Austen's Use of the Outdoors in Emma
• Geography: The Effect of Location on the Educational Attainment of Indigenous Secondary Students in Queensland, Australia
• Math: Alhazen's Billiard Problem
• Visual Arts: Can Luc Tuymans Be Classified as a Political Painter?

You can see from how varied the topics are that you have a lot of freedom when it comes to picking a topic . So how do you pick when the options are limitless?

How to Write a Stellar IB Extended Essay: 6 Essential Tips

Below are six key tips to keep in mind as you work on your Extended Essay for the IB DP. Follow these and you're sure to get an A!

#1: Write About Something You Enjoy

You can't expect to write a compelling essay if you're not a fan of the topic on which you're writing. For example, I just love British theatre and ended up writing my Extended Essay on a revolution in post-WWII British theatre. (Yes, I'm definitely a #TheatreNerd.)

I really encourage anyone who pursues an IB Diploma to take the Extended Essay seriously. I was fortunate enough to receive a full-tuition merit scholarship to USC's School of Dramatic Arts program. In my interview for the scholarship, I spoke passionately about my Extended Essay; thus, I genuinely think my Extended Essay helped me get my scholarship.

But how do you find a topic you're passionate about? Start by thinking about which classes you enjoy the most and why . Do you like math classes because you like to solve problems? Or do you enjoy English because you like to analyze literary texts?

Keep in mind that there's no right or wrong answer when it comes to choosing your Extended Essay topic. You're not more likely to get high marks because you're writing about science, just like you're not doomed to failure because you've chosen to tackle the social sciences. The quality of what you produce—not the field you choose to research within—will determine your grade.

Once you've figured out your category, you should brainstorm more specific topics by putting pen to paper . What was your favorite chapter you learned in that class? Was it astrophysics or mechanics? What did you like about that specific chapter? Is there something you want to learn more about? I recommend spending a few hours on this type of brainstorming.

One last note: if you're truly stumped on what to research, pick a topic that will help you in your future major or career . That way you can use your Extended Essay as a talking point in your college essays (and it will prepare you for your studies to come too!).

#2: Select a Topic That Is Neither Too Broad nor Too Narrow

There's a fine line between broad and narrow. You need to write about something specific, but not so specific that you can't write 4,000 words on it.

You can't write about WWII because that would be a book's worth of material. You also don't want to write about what type of soup prisoners of war received behind enemy lines, because you probably won’t be able to come up with 4,000 words of material about it. However, you could possibly write about how the conditions in German POW camps—and the rations provided—were directly affected by the Nazis' successes and failures on the front, including the use of captured factories and prison labor in Eastern Europe to increase production. WWII military history might be a little overdone, but you get my point.

If you're really stuck trying to pinpoint a not-too-broad-or-too-narrow topic, I suggest trying to brainstorm a topic that uses a comparison. Once you begin looking through the list of sample essays below, you'll notice that many use comparisons to formulate their main arguments.

I also used a comparison in my EE, contrasting Harold Pinter's Party Time with John Osborne's Look Back in Anger in order to show a transition in British theatre. Topics with comparisons of two to three plays, books, and so on tend to be the sweet spot. You can analyze each item and then compare them with one another after doing some in-depth analysis of each individually. The ways these items compare and contrast will end up forming the thesis of your essay!

When choosing a comparative topic, the key is that the comparison should be significant. I compared two plays to illustrate the transition in British theatre, but you could compare the ways different regional dialects affect people's job prospects or how different temperatures may or may not affect the mating patterns of lightning bugs. The point here is that comparisons not only help you limit your topic, but they also help you build your argument.

Comparisons are not the only way to get a grade-A EE, though. If after brainstorming, you pick a non-comparison-based topic and are still unsure whether your topic is too broad or narrow, spend about 30 minutes doing some basic research and see how much material is out there.

If there are more than 1,000 books, articles, or documentaries out there on that exact topic, it may be too broad. But if there are only two books that have any connection to your topic, it may be too narrow. If you're still unsure, ask your advisor—it's what they're there for! Speaking of advisors...

Don't get stuck with a narrow topic!

#3: Choose an Advisor Who Is Familiar With Your Topic

If you're not certain of who you would like to be your advisor, create a list of your top three choices. Next, write down the pros and cons of each possibility (I know this sounds tedious, but it really helps!).

For example, Mr. Green is my favorite teacher and we get along really well, but he teaches English. For my EE, I want to conduct an experiment that compares the efficiency of American electric cars with foreign electric cars.

I had Ms. White a year ago. She teaches physics and enjoyed having me in her class. Unlike Mr. Green, Ms. White could help me design my experiment.

Based on my topic and what I need from my advisor, Ms. White would be a better fit for me than would Mr. Green (even though I like him a lot).

The moral of my story is this: do not just ask your favorite teacher to be your advisor . They might be a hindrance to you if they teach another subject. For example, I would not recommend asking your biology teacher to guide you in writing an English literature-based EE.

There can, of course, be exceptions to this rule. If you have a teacher who's passionate and knowledgeable about your topic (as my English teacher was about my theatre topic), you could ask that instructor. Consider all your options before you do this. There was no theatre teacher at my high school, so I couldn't find a theatre-specific advisor, but I chose the next best thing.

Before you approach a teacher to serve as your advisor, check with your high school to see what requirements they have for this process. Some IB high schools require your IB Extended Essay advisor to sign an Agreement Form , for instance.

Make sure that you ask your IB coordinator whether there is any required paperwork to fill out. If your school needs a specific form signed, bring it with you when you ask your teacher to be your EE advisor.

#4: Pick an Advisor Who Will Push You to Be Your Best

Some teachers might just take on students because they have to and aren't very passionate about reading drafts, only giving you minimal feedback. Choose a teacher who will take the time to read several drafts of your essay and give you extensive notes. I would not have gotten my A without being pushed to make my Extended Essay draft better.

Ask a teacher that you have experience with through class or an extracurricular activity. Do not ask a teacher that you have absolutely no connection to. If a teacher already knows you, that means they already know your strengths and weaknesses, so they know what to look for, where you need to improve, and how to encourage your best work.

Also, don't forget that your supervisor's assessment is part of your overall EE score . If you're meeting with someone who pushes you to do better—and you actually take their advice—they'll have more impressive things to say about you than a supervisor who doesn't know you well and isn't heavily involved in your research process.

Be aware that the IB only allows advisors to make suggestions and give constructive criticism. Your teacher cannot actually help you write your EE. The IB recommends that the supervisor spends approximately two to three hours in total with the candidate discussing the EE.

#5: Make Sure Your Essay Has a Clear Structure and Flow

The IB likes structure. Your EE needs a clear introduction (which should be one to two double-spaced pages), research question/focus (i.e., what you're investigating), a body, and a conclusion (about one double-spaced page). An essay with unclear organization will be graded poorly.

The body of your EE should make up the bulk of the essay. It should be about eight to 18 pages long (again, depending on your topic). Your body can be split into multiple parts. For example, if you were doing a comparison, you might have one third of your body as Novel A Analysis, another third as Novel B Analysis, and the final third as your comparison of Novels A and B.

If you're conducting an experiment or analyzing data, such as in this EE , your EE body should have a clear structure that aligns with the scientific method ; you should state the research question, discuss your method, present the data, analyze the data, explain any uncertainties, and draw a conclusion and/or evaluate the success of the experiment.

#6: Start Writing Sooner Rather Than Later!

You will not be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in just a week and get an A on it. You'll be reading many, many articles (and, depending on your topic, possibly books and plays as well!). As such, it's imperative that you start your research as soon as possible.

Each school has a slightly different deadline for the Extended Essay. Some schools want them as soon as November of your senior year; others will take them as late as February. Your school will tell you what your deadline is. If they haven't mentioned it by February of your junior year, ask your IB coordinator about it.

Some high schools will provide you with a timeline of when you need to come up with a topic, when you need to meet with your advisor, and when certain drafts are due. Not all schools do this. Ask your IB coordinator if you are unsure whether you are on a specific timeline.

Below is my recommended EE timeline. While it's earlier than most schools, it'll save you a ton of heartache (trust me, I remember how hard this process was!):

• January/February of Junior Year: Come up with your final research topic (or at least your top three options).
• February of Junior Year: Approach a teacher about being your EE advisor. If they decline, keep asking others until you find one. See my notes above on how to pick an EE advisor.
• April/May of Junior Year: Submit an outline of your EE and a bibliography of potential research sources (I recommend at least seven to 10) to your EE advisor. Meet with your EE advisor to discuss your outline.
• Summer Between Junior and Senior Year: Complete your first full draft over the summer between your junior and senior year. I know, I know—no one wants to work during the summer, but trust me—this will save you so much stress come fall when you are busy with college applications and other internal assessments for your IB classes. You will want to have this first full draft done because you will want to complete a couple of draft cycles as you likely won't be able to get everything you want to say into 4,000 articulate words on the first attempt. Try to get this first draft into the best possible shape so you don't have to work on too many revisions during the school year on top of your homework, college applications, and extracurriculars.
• August/September of Senior Year: Turn in your first draft of your EE to your advisor and receive feedback. Work on incorporating their feedback into your essay. If they have a lot of suggestions for improvement, ask if they will read one more draft before the final draft.
• September/October of Senior Year: Submit the second draft of your EE to your advisor (if necessary) and look at their feedback. Work on creating the best possible final draft.
• November-February of Senior Year: Schedule your viva voce. Submit two copies of your final draft to your school to be sent off to the IB. You likely will not get your grade until after you graduate.

Remember that in the middle of these milestones, you'll need to schedule two other reflection sessions with your advisor . (Your teachers will actually take notes on these sessions on a form like this one , which then gets submitted to the IB.)

I recommend doing them when you get feedback on your drafts, but these meetings will ultimately be up to your supervisor. Just don't forget to do them!

The early bird DOES get the worm!

How Is the IB Extended Essay Graded?

Extended Essays are graded by examiners appointed by the IB on a scale of 0 to 34 . You'll be graded on five criteria, each with its own set of points. You can learn more about how EE scoring works by reading the IB guide to extended essays .

• Criterion A: Focus and Method (6 points maximum)
• Criterion B: Knowledge and Understanding (6 points maximum)
• Criterion C: Critical Thinking (12 points maximum)
• Criterion D: Presentation (4 points maximum)
• Criterion E: Engagement (6 points maximum)

How well you do on each of these criteria will determine the final letter grade you get for your EE. You must earn at least a D to be eligible to receive your IB Diploma.

Although each criterion has a point value, the IB explicitly states that graders are not converting point totals into grades; instead, they're using qualitative grade descriptors to determine the final grade of your Extended Essay . Grade descriptors are on pages 102-103 of this document .

Here's a rough estimate of how these different point values translate to letter grades based on previous scoring methods for the EE. This is just an estimate —you should read and understand the grade descriptors so you know exactly what the scorers are looking for.

Here is the breakdown of EE scores (from the May 2021 bulletin):

How Does the Extended Essay Grade Affect Your IB Diploma?

The Extended Essay grade is combined with your TOK (Theory of Knowledge) grade to determine how many points you get toward your IB Diploma.

To learn about Theory of Knowledge or how many points you need to receive an IB Diploma, read our complete guide to the IB program and our guide to the IB Diploma requirements .

This diagram shows how the two scores are combined to determine how many points you receive for your IB diploma (3 being the most, 0 being the least). In order to get your IB Diploma, you have to earn 24 points across both categories (the TOK and EE). The highest score anyone can earn is 45 points.

Let's say you get an A on your EE and a B on TOK. You will get 3 points toward your Diploma. As of 2014, a student who scores an E on either the extended essay or TOK essay will not be eligible to receive an IB Diploma .

Prior to the class of 2010, a Diploma candidate could receive a failing grade in either the Extended Essay or Theory of Knowledge and still be awarded a Diploma, but this is no longer true.

Figuring out how you're assessed can be a little tricky. Luckily, the IB breaks everything down here in this document . (The assessment information begins on page 219.)

40+ Sample Extended Essays for the IB Diploma Programme

In case you want a little more guidance on how to get an A on your EE, here are over 40 excellent (grade A) sample extended essays for your reading pleasure. Essays are grouped by IB subject.

• Business Management 1
• Chemistry 1
• Chemistry 2
• Chemistry 3
• Chemistry 4
• Chemistry 5
• Chemistry 6
• Chemistry 7
• Computer Science 1
• Economics 1
• Design Technology 1
• Design Technology 2
• Environmental Systems and Societies 1
• Geography 1
• Geography 2
• Geography 3
• Geography 4
• Geography 5
• Geography 6
• Literature and Performance 1
• Mathematics 1
• Mathematics 2
• Mathematics 3
• Mathematics 4
• Mathematics 5
• Philosophy 1
• Philosophy 2
• Philosophy 3
• Philosophy 4
• Philosophy 5
• Psychology 1
• Psychology 2
• Psychology 3
• Psychology 4
• Psychology 5
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 1
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 2
• Social and Cultural Anthropology 3
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 1
• Sports, Exercise and Health Science 2
• Visual Arts 1
• Visual Arts 2
• Visual Arts 3
• Visual Arts 4
• Visual Arts 5
• World Religion 1
• World Religion 2
• World Religion 3

What's Next?

Trying to figure out what extracurriculars you should do? Learn more about participating in the Science Olympiad , starting a club , doing volunteer work , and joining Student Government .

Studying for the SAT? Check out our expert study guide to the SAT . Taking the SAT in a month or so? Learn how to cram effectively for this important test .

Not sure where you want to go to college? Read our guide to finding your target school . Also, determine your target SAT score or target ACT score .

As an SAT/ACT tutor, Dora has guided many students to test prep success. She loves watching students succeed and is committed to helping you get there. Dora received a full-tuition merit based scholarship to University of Southern California. She graduated magna cum laude and scored in the 99th percentile on the ACT. She is also passionate about acting, writing, and photography.

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Extended Essay: Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay

• Extended Essay- The Basics
• Step 1. Choose a Subject
• Step 2. Educate yourself!
• Using Brainstorming and Mind Maps
• Identify Keywords
• Do Background Reading
• Define Your Topic
• Conduct Research in a Specific Discipline
• Step 5. Draft a Research Question
• Step 6. Create a Timeline
• Find Articles
• Find Primary Sources
• Get Help from Experts
• Search Engines, Repositories, & Directories
• Databases and Websites by Subject Area
• Create an Annotated Bibliography
• Advice (and Warnings) from the IB
• Chicago Citation Syle
• MLA Works Cited & In-Text Citations
• Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
• Step 10. Plan a structure for your essay
• Evaluate & Select: the CRAAP Test
• Conducting Secondary Research
• Conducting Primary Research
• Formal vs. Informal Writing
• Presentation Requirements
• Evaluating Your Work

How to Write an Outline

One way to plan a structure for your essay is by writing an outline.  An outline breaks down the parts of your thesis in a clear, hierarchical manner. Most students find that writing an outline before beginning the paper is most helpful in organizing one's thoughts. If your outline is good, your paper should be easy to write. Use this worksheet from the Learning & Advising Center at  Philadelphia University to help with writing your own outline.

The basic format for an outline uses an alternating series of numbers and letters, indented accordingly, to indicate levels of importance. Here is an example of an outline on a paper about the development of Japanese theater from the Universtiy at Albany, State University of New York:

"How to Write an Outline." U at Albany, State U of New York. U at Albany, State U of New York, 2011. Web. 5 Dec. 2012 <http://www.albany.edu/eas/170/outline.htm>. 

Twelve-step Plan for Researching the Extended Essay - Step 10

10.  Plan a structure for the essay.  This may change as the research develops but it is useful to have a sense of direction from the start.

• << Previous: Step 9. Set Deadlines for Yourself
• Next: Step 11. Read, Read, Read! >>
• Last Updated: Jun 26, 2024 12:25 PM
• URL: https://libguides.westsoundacademy.org/ee

IB Extended Essay: Past Essays

• Research Questions
• Past Essays
• Notes & Outlines
• Works Cited Page
• In-Text Citations
• Assessment Criteria
• Reflections
• Supervisor Info
• Net Valley Library This link opens in a new window

Check these CAREFULLY to be sure your topic fits with IB expectations!

• Language & literature (language A)
• Language acquisition (language B)
• Mathematics
• Visual Arts
• World Studies

Business Management

English a & b ee examples.

• English A EE Example
• English A EE Example 1
• English A EE Example 2
• English A EE Example 3
• English B EE Example
• English B EE Example 1
• English B EE Example 2
• English B EE Example 3
• English B EE Example 4
• English B EE Example 5
• English B EE Example 6

Philosophy EE Examples

• Philosophy Example 1
• Philosophy Example 2
• Philosophy Example 3
• Philosophy Example 4

Economics EE Examples

• Econ Example 1
• Econ Example 2
• Econ Example 3
• Econ Example 4
• Econ Example 5
• Econ Example 6
• Econ Example 7
• Econ Example 8

Review Past Papers

• From the IB:  papers from other students and how they scored
• Renaissance Library Past Essays :  Links to all subject area examples

Music EE Examples

• Music EE Example 1
• Music EE Example 2
• Music EE Example 3
• Music EE Example 4

Psychology EE Examples

• Psych EE Example 1
• Psych EE Example 2
• Psych EE Example 3

Chinese EE Examples

• Chinese EE Example 1
• Chinese EE Example 2
• Chinese EE Example 3
• Chinese A EE Cat 1
• Chinese A EE Cat 2
• Chinese A EE Cat 3
• Chinese B EE Example 1
• Chinese B EE Example 2
• Chinese B Example 3
• Business EE Example 1
• Business EE Example 2
• Business EE Example 3

Visual Arts EE Examples

• Visual Arts EE Example 1
• Visual Arts EE Example 2
• Visual Arts EE Example 3
• Visual Arts EE Example 4

Film EE Examples

• Film Example 1
• Film Example 2

Chemistry EE Examples

• Chemistry EE Example

Biology EE Examples

• Biology EE Example
• Biology EE Example 1
• Biology EE Example 2
• Biology EE Example 3

Physics EE Examples

• Physics EE Example
• Physics EE Example 1
• Physics EE Example 2
• Physics EE Example 3
• Physics EE Example 4
• Physics EE Example 5

Math EE Examples

• Math EE Example 1
• Math EE Example 2
• Math EE Example 3
• Math EE Example 4
• Math EE Example 5
• Math EE Example 6

World Studies EE Examples

• World Studies Example 1
• World Studies Example 2
• World Studies Example 3
• World Studies Example 4
• World Studies Example 5
• World Studies Example 6
• World Studies Example 7
• World Studies Example 8
• World Studies Example 9
• World Studies Example 10
• World Studies Example 11
• World Studies Example 12
• World Studies Example 13
• World Studies Example 14
• World Studies Example 15
• World Studies Example 16
• World Studies Example 17
• World Studies Example 18
• << Previous: Research Questions
• Next: Notes & Outlines >>
• Last Updated: Apr 9, 2024 9:39 AM
• URL: https://sis-cn.libguides.com/ExtendedEssay

Extended Essay: Group 2: Language Acquisition

• General Timeline
• Group 1: English Language and Literature

Group 2: Language Acquisition

• Group 3: Individuals and Societies
• Group 4: Sciences
• Group 5: Mathematics
• Group 6: The Arts
• Interdisciplinary essays
• Six sub-categories for WSEE
• IB Interdisciplinary EE Assessment Guide
• Brainstorming
• Pre-Writing
• Research Techniques
• The Research Question
• Paraphrasing, Summarising and Quotations
• Writing an EE Introduction
• Writing the main body of your EE
• Writing your EE Conclusion
• Sources: Finding, Organising and Evaluating Them
• Conducting Interviews and Surveys
• Citing and Referencing
• Check-in Sessions
• First Formal Reflection
• Second Formal Reflection
• Final Reflection (Viva Voce)
• Researcher's Reflection Space (RRS) Examples
• Information for Supervisors
• How is the EE Graded?
• EE Online Resources
• Stavanger Public Library
• Exemplar Essays
• Extended Essay Presentations
• ISS High School Academic Honesty Policy

From IB Subject Specific Guide   

  Overview 

  A group 2 Extended Essay is intended for students who are studying a second modern language. Students may not write a group 2 Extended Essay in a language that they are  offering as a language A for their diploma.

There are 3 categories of group 2 Extended Essays:

• Category 1—Language • Category 2—Culture and society (a or b) • Category 3—Literature.

Students should put the category in which they have presented their essay alongside the subject in which it is registered on the cover sheet of the extended essay, for example,

English B Cat: 2 (b); German B Cat :3; Spanish B Cat : 1.

A group 2 Extended Essay provides students with the opportunity to develop their awareness and knowledge of the language studied, and their understanding of the culture concerned. This is achieved by enabling students to pursue their interest in the language through research based on texts (taken to be any meaningful piece of spoken or written language, for example, an article, a book, a play, a poem) or on specific cultural artifacts (such as works of fine art or architecture, films, radio or television programmes, or popular music).

The Extended Essay must be written in the language for which it is registered (the target language). It must be focused on matters related to the target culture. The Extended Essay is a research essay and the assessment criteria emphasize the importance of research skills rather than linguistic proficiency. Although a certain level of ability in the language is obviously desirable in order to undertake a group 2 extended essay, fluency is neither a prerequisite nor a guarantee of success. In fact, students who are fluent in the language but who do not demonstrate the required research skills will definitely achieve a lower mark than students who are less fluent but who fulfill the other assessment criteria.

Choice of Topic

As indicated in the ”Overview” section, a group 2 extended essay aims to develop students’ knowledge and understanding of the target language and culture. Any proposed topic that will not further that aim should be rejected. The essay should consist of the study of an issue in one of three categories: language, culture and society, or literature. Combinations of these are also permissible. Each category has specific requirements that are described in this section. In addition, students should ensure that their topic:

• is worthy of investigation. For example, “Does tourism have a future in Switzerland?” or “Is the wine industry an important source of income for France?” would be too trivial for an essay of 4,000 words.

• is not too broad and allows for an effective treatment within the word limit. Topics such as “Racism in France”, “The theatre of the absurd”, or “A history of the French language” would need to be given a sharper focus.

• provides them with an opportunity to develop an argument and to demonstrate critical analysis and personal judgment rather than just knowledge. Topics that are merely descriptive or narrative, or that only summarize secondary sources (such as “French cheeses”, “The Provence region”, “The events of May 1968 in Paris”), should be avoided.

In each category the examples given are for guidance only .

Category 1 - Language

The essay should be a specific analysis of the language (its use, structure and so on) normally related to its cultural context or a specific text

Category 2 - Culture and Society

A: essays of a sociocultural nature with an impact on the language 

The essay should be an analysis of a cultural nature that describes the impact of a particular issue on the form or use of the language.

B: essays of a general cultural nature based on specific cultural artifacts 

The essay should be an analysis of a more general cultural nature but specific to a country or community where the language is spoken. Topics that are too broad and could apply to many cultures (like globalization, the death penalty or eating disorders) are inappropriate. Essays of a general cultural nature must be based on specific cultural artifacts. Cultural artifacts in this context are understood to include a wide variety of phenomena, ranging from works of fine art to newspapers, magazines and cartoons, to films, television programmes and popular music.

Category 3 - Literature

The essay should be an analysis of a literary type, based on a specific work or works of literature exclusively from the target language. In the case of a comparison of texts, all texts must originally have been written in the target language.

Helpful Websites

IB Language Acquisition Subject Specific Guide  - Use tabs on the left under Language Acquisition: Subject Specific Guide for more information. 

Gale Communications and Mass Media 

Gale Literature Resource Center

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• Last Updated: May 30, 2024 9:48 AM
• URL: https://isstavanger.libguides.com/c.php?g=695888

Ethical Guidelines for the Extended Essay Research and Fieldwork

The document on the left contains all the official IB ethical expectations for students conducting specific types of research involving experiments or fieldwork.

Any IB student completing the Extended Essay must read and understand these guidelines.

Guiding Questions for the Meetings

The documents below are guiding questions to help you prepare for your meetings with your EE supervisor. Please keep a liberal approach to them: adjust them, add or ignore some of them according to your specific needs.

First Reflection

This meeting will take place soon after you have been paired with a supervisor and assigned a subject to research.

Interim Reflection

This meeting will take place when you come back from the summer break: the aim is to inform your supervisor of your progress. This is also the occasion to ask for specific guidance if needed.

Final Reflection

This reflection must take place after you have submitted the final version of your Extended Essay. The last meeting, also called the viva voce interview, aims at concluding this whole year that led you to produce your Extended Essay and reflect on the experience as a whole.

The Extended Essay - Reflections on Planning and Progress Form

This is the second document that is sent to the IB for evaluation along with your Extended Essay. You will not need to complete the form manually yourself as Managebac allows the EE Coordinator to generate them directly from the platform.

This is included here for your information and reference. Do not be fooled by the size of the boxes! They are big but they will not be entirely filled in since your reflections, all together, must not exceed 500 words (1000 characters for Japanese EEs)

Official IB Documentation

Ib extended essay guide.

This is the official IB Extended Essay Guide, containing the common and the subject specific guidelines.

IB EE Brochure

This two page document is an official IB release that describes the EE briefly.

Contact the EE Coordinator

《IBお役立ちサイト①》 IA・EEの例が見たい時は…！ ！

こんにちは！Sharonです🙋‍♀️

今回は、IB(国際バカロレア)の DP(ディプロマ・プログラム)を履修中の生徒さんにおすすめしたいサイトをご紹介したいと思います！

私が考える、IB生にとっての三大重大課題の一つ(EE・CAS・IA)の一要素であり、６つの選択科目のうち理数系や社会系で課されるレポート課題「 IA (Internal Assessment) 」。

各教科で過去に提出された IA を読んでみたいと思考は、IB生の誰もが通る道だと思います。

そこで、今回は私が IA の執筆にあたって、参考にしたサイトをご紹介します！

それは "Clastify" ✨

このサイトでは、世界中の IB生が IBO に提出した自身の IA を共有しています。

科目やレベル、評価されたスコアも掲載されていて、検索バーから自分の読みたいIA の科目やキーワードを入力すると、レベルの高い IA をたくさん読み漁ることができます！！

(もっと早く知っていたかった…！！)

と思わざるを得ない豊富なコンテンツがとても魅力的で、是非現役IB生に周知したいサイトの一つです🎓

海外ベースのサイトなので、表示される言語は英語です。だからこそ、英語で履修している科目のIAを執筆する時には一際強くおすすめしたいと思います🙌

IAだけではなく、 EE (Extended Essay) や その他の授業資料 も掲載されていて、日本国内ではまだ IB人口は少ないですが、世界規模で助け合える大きなコミュニティーとして役立つこと間違いなしだと思います👀

また、自身の資料をアップロードすることもできるので、既にDPを履修し終えた方には是非参考例として過去の資料をアップしていただきたいです🌱

IB (国際バカロレア) や DP (ディプロマ・プログラム) に関する質問や記事のリクエストなども受け付けたいと思いますので、気軽にコメントしていただけると嬉しいです☺️

それでは、Have a nice day~🌈

• #ディプロマプログラム

ここまで読んでいただきありがとうございます☺️ どなたでもハートを押していただけたら嬉しいです💗 コメントも大歓迎です🙌

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• Resources for IB

Extended Essay Course Companion

• Description

Equip learners to achieve in the Extended Essay. Matched to the new IB Guide, this essential resource provides learners with a step-by-step pathway to maximize achievement. With complete guidance for every aspect of writing and researching, use this resource to strengthen performance.

-Equip learners to fully understand and address each requirement, with a comprehensive outline of the assessment criteria

-Enable effective planning , with step-by-step guidance on independent research techniques

-Build the skills central to performance in the Extended Essay, with techniques and strategies that support success

-Fully support the new IB guide, first assessed in 2018

Product details

ISBN : 9780198377764

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The price listed on this page is the recommended retail price for Japan. When a discount is applied, the discounted price is indicated as “Discount price”. Prices are subject to change without notice.

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We created this guide after learning about the issues IB students face, and to assist you at every step of writing your extended essay.

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15 Top Tips on Writing the IB Extended Essay (EE)

Table of Contents

• 1 What is the EE?
• 2 Tips on Getting Started
• 3 Tips on Organizing your Sources
• 4 Tips on Writing the Essay

What is the EE?

The IB Extended Essay (EE) is a 4000-word essay that gives you the chance to explore interesting topics relating to one of your DP subjects. It’s like a mini-thesis.

Tips on Getting Started

1. pick a subject and topic:.

Perhaps you have enjoyed your literature classes the most: that could be your subject. What themes did you find intriguing? You might have enjoyed Beckett’s Waiting for Godot and may choose to compare the play with Endgame . It’s important to spend some time picking your subject and topic because your essay must insightfully answer a research question.

2. Design a research question:

Start with a broad topic and brainstorm limiting factors, which are questions you can ask yourself to narrow your focus. The research question should eventually be fairly specific, such that a short 4000 word essay would be able to answer it with some depth.

For example, you can start with ‘ the portrayal of women in 19th century novels ’ (a broad topic). Asking yourself, ‘ Which novelist specifically am I interested in? would limit your scope, and you can come up with better scope: ‘Portrayal of women in the novels of Jane Austen’ (a more focused topic). The next limiting factor would give you a refined title. Now ask ‘ which novels? ’ Keep going with this process till you have narrowed yourself down to an appropriately specific research question. This same process can be applied to the study of any subject of your choice.

Below is a table to give you an example of the process:

Below you will find some common question starter you can use to generate your working title:

• In what ways…
• To what extent….
• What are the impacts of….
• What is the influence of ….

3. Finding sources:

Find suitable sources as soon as you have your working title. Find at least 5- 7 reliable sources that relate to your title.

4. Changing your research question, subject, or topic:

It is fine to change the above, but give yourself a deadline, after which you cannot allow yourself to change the subject and topic. Adjustment to the research question is permissible as you might reconsider it while conducting your research. However, having a deadline to refine your research question would also ensure that you’re on the right track. This also means you should start more ahead of time that you originally planned so that you have time and space to get comfortable and make some mistakes.

Tips on Organizing your Sources

1. Distinguish between primary and secondary sources. For example, in Literature, novels, poems, and anthologies are considered primary sources while secondary sources comprise articles or literary reviews related to your topic.

2. Visit a library.

3. Structure your reading to avoid re-reading:

You can also organize the reading using mind maps, interconnected block lists, progression charts, and branches.

4. Research is important because an EE that is based on mere opinions will not score highly.

Tips on Writing the Essay

A formal essay follows the model below:

1. The introduction must explicitly state your research question. Write the introduction first because it will help you write a logical and coherent essay. The introduction functions as an outline of your essay.

2. You may want to think about subsections in your essay before you start writing. This will give you a sense of how much space or how many words each section of your analysis will take. The last thing you want is an essay that requires heavy cutting, or to struggle to meet the word count close to your deadline.

3. Examiners want to see logical arguments supported by relevant evidence. You must provide evidence to support your points and discuss the relationship between them, so make reference to your primary and secondary sources.

4. Use reporting verbs such as argues, highlights, defines, reinforces, asserts, and so on rather than thinks, shows, hopes, imagines, and so on.

5. Use linking words to link ideas and provide a logical flow of ideas.

6. Read through your paragraphs, again and again, reordering paragraphs, until you have a logical order.

7. The conclusion of your essay must reiterate your key findings, summarize main points, and provide a resolution to your conclusion. DO NOT introduce new findings or information. DO NOT pass judgments or make any accusations. AVOID including personal statements.

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