physics experiment kit for class 12

+91-8527246961

Attractive Offers

Upto 60% Off

Bulk Order Enquiry!

Class 12 Science Projects: 50 easy and interesting ideas

April 21, 2024

Class 12 Science Projects

1. hooke’s law, 2. hydro power , 3. electric car , 4. buoyancy 101, 5. chemiluminescence , 6. salt water v/s tap water, 7. colour vs. heat absorption , 8. blackbody thermal emission, 9. changing the speed of light , 10 brass instruments and artificial lips , 11. long and short wavelength colors , 12. analysis of black hole thermodynamics , 13. growing crystals, 14. photolithography , 15. electrolysis of water, 16. test the acidity in tea, 17. formation of biodiesel , 18. amount of casein in milk , 19. electrify your electrolytes , 20. power an engine with water , 21. percentage purity of iron wire, 22. thermal conductivity of metals, 23. effect of acid rain on limestone rock , 24. synthesis and decomposition of aspirin , 25. plant cell, 26. denaturation, 27. eye diseases , 28. drug addiction , 29. spermatogenesis, 30. dispersal of seeds, 31. hemoglobin test , 32. study on gene therapy , 33. strawberry dna extraction, 34. blowing off carbon dioxide, 35. mitosis in onion root tip cells, 36. study of bio-insecticides and pesticides , 37. probability , 38. raw recruits , 39. chess algorithms , 40. radical obsession , 41. patterns in polynomials , 42. marion walter’s theorem , 43. random fibonacci sequence, 44. volume and surface area of cube and cuboid, 45. exploring rule variations in conway’s game of life , 46. displacement and rotation of a geometrical figure, 47. adaptive interference rejection in wireless networking , 48. turbo charging computer with mathematical algorithms , 49. determining the fraction of lattice points visible from the origin in the third dimension, 50. environmental impact of manipulation of traffic controller algorithms.

As a Class 12 student, you must be well aware of the science fair that is organized every year in your school. And, if you are interested in making a project for the science fair, then this blog post is for you.

In this blog post, we have compiled a list of 50 easy and interesting Class 12 Science projects. These projects are based on various topics such as physics, chemistry, biology, etc. So, go through the list and choose a project that you find interesting.

In this experiment, you will be testing Hooke’s law, which states that the force needed to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression. You will need a spring, a ruler, and a way to measure force (such as a bathroom scale).

First, you will need to determine the spring constant of your spring. To do this, you will need to measure the force required to stretch the spring by different amounts. For example, if it takes 2N of force to stretch the spring by 1cm, then the spring constant is 2N/cm.

Once you have determined the spring constant, you can use Hooke’s law to predict how much force should be required to stretch the spring by different amounts.

Next, you will test your predictions by measuring the actual force required to stretch the spring by different amounts.

If you are looking for an easy and interesting class 12 science projects for your class, consider a hydro power experiment.

To set up your experiment, fill the container with water and place the turbine in the center. The turbine should be able to spin freely.

Once everything is in place, observe how long the turbine spins when you give it a push. Record your observations and then try changing variables to see how they affect the results.

This is one of the great class 12 science projects to do alone or with a group. It’s a fun way to learn about hydro power and how it works. Plus, it’s always satisfying to see something you’ve made working properly!

In this experiment, we’ll be making a mini electric car that can run on a table top! This is one of the great class 12 science projects to know about how electric motors work, and it’s also a lot of fun to build and play with.

To perform this experiment, take your piece of wood or cardboard and cut it into a rectangle that is about 4 inches long and 2 inches wide. This will be the base of your car.

Next, take your four wheels and attach them to the two axles using the paperclips or metal rods. Make sure that the wheels are spaced evenly on the axles. Now it’s time to attach the motor to the base of the car.

We did this by hot glueing the motor onto one end of the rectangle, but you could also use tape or another type of adhesive. Just make sure that the shaft of the motor is pointing up so that it can spin freely.

When it comes to class 12 science projects, there are few things more fun than experimenting with buoyancy.

There are a few easy ways to experiment with buoyancy. One is to fill a container with water and add different objects to see which float and which sink. You can also vary the amount of water or other liquid in the container to see how it affects buoyancy.

Chemiluminescence is the light produced by a chemical reaction. It is different from other forms of light because it does not produce heat. Chemiluminescence can be used in many ways, including as a way to measure the number of chemicals in a sample, or as a way to create light without using electricity.

This is one of the easy and interesting class 12 science project to make your own glow-in-the-dark ink. To make the ink, simply remove the felt tip from the highlighter and dip it into the water.

Then write or draw anything you want on a piece of paper. When you turn off the lights, your design will glow!

Have you ever wondered if there was a difference between salt water and tap water? Well, now is your chance to find out with this one of the easy and interesting class 12 science projects.

First, add 1/2 cup of salt to one of the glasses or jars. Then, fill both glasses or jars with equal amounts of tap water. Stir each mixture until the salt has dissolved.

Now it’s time for the experiment! Place both glasses or jars in the same location and observe them over the course of 24 hours.

After 24 hours have passed, take a look at the results. What do you notice? Is there a difference between the two mixtures?

When it comes to class 12 science projects, one of the most interesting things to look at is the difference in how different colors absorb heat.

First, take your black construction paper and cut it into small pieces. Then, do the same with the white construction paper. Next, place the black pieces of paper in one line, and the white pieces of paper in another line.

After that, put the thermometer in the sun, and wait until it reaches its highest temperature.

Once it does, quickly place the thermometer on top of the black construction paper. Leave it there for 30 seconds, and then remove it. Record the temperature that you see on the thermometer.

Next, do the same thing with the white construction paper. Again, record the temperature that you see on the thermometer.

Finally, compare the two temperatures that you recorded. The difference between them will show how much heat is absorbed by each color!

The Blackbody Thermal Emission Science Experiment is a great way to learn about how blackbodies absorb and emit radiation. This idea from list of class 12 science projects uses a simple blackbody radiator to demonstrate these principles.

To set up the experiment, place the blackbody radiator in the center of the room and turn on the heat lamp. Allow the radiator to reach equilibrium temperature (this may take several minutes).

Once the radiator has reached equilibrium temperature, use the thermometer to measure its temperature. Record this temperature in your data notebook.

Next, use the light meter to measure the intensity of the light emitted by the radiator at various wavelengths.

Again, record your data in your notebook. You should see that the intensity of the emitted light increases as wavelength decreases.

This is due to the fact that shorter wavelength electromagnetic radiation has more energy than longer wavelength radiation.

Finally, plot your data and compare it to theoretical predictions for blackbody radiation. You should see good agreement between your experimental data and theory.

It’s possible to change the speed of light, but it takes a bit of effort. In this experiment, you’ll use a laser to slow down the speed of light.

To perform this one of the easy class 12 science projects, set up the laser, lens, and mirror in a dark room so that the laser beam goes through the lens and is reflected by the mirror.

Adjust the focus of the lens so that the laser beam is focused on a small spot on the mirror. Turn off the lights in the room and watch the spot on the mirror.

Slowly move the lens away from the mirror while still watching the spot on the mirror. When you see the spot start to move, stop moving the lens and turn on the lights.

Measure how far you moved the lens from its original position when you saw the spot start to move. This is your measurement of how much you’ve changed the speed of light!

This one of the great idea of class 12 science projects is not only fun, but it is also a great way to learn about the physics of sound.

For this, you will need to put on the artificial lip. It must be snug, but not too tight.

Next, take your trumpet and play a note. You should notice that the note sounds different with the artificial lip on.

Now try playing different notes and see how they sound with the artificial lip. You can even try making up your own tunes!

Once you are done, be sure to take off the artificial lip and clean it off before putting it away.

This class 12 science projects idea is a great way to learn about how brass instruments work and how the physics of sound works. So have fun and enjoy learning about science!

When it comes to light, we usually think of the colors that we can see. But did you know that there are actually two types of light waves? These are called short wavelength colors and long wavelength colors.

First, take your red, blue, and green crayons and color a big X on the white piece of paper. Make sure that the X is about the same size as your flashlight beam.

Now turn off all the lights in the room and shine your flashlight through the colored X. You should see a beautiful spectrum of colors on the wall!

Now, take your black piece of paper and make a tiny dot in the center with your pen or pencil.

Once again, turn off all the lights in the room and shine your flashlight through the dot. This time, you should only see a small spot of light on the wall.

Now, when light waves hit an object, they can either be reflected or absorbed.

That’s why we saw such a wide spectrum of colors when we shone our flashlight through the colored X – all those different colors were being reflected at us.

Black hole thermodynamics is the study of how black holes radiate energy. The main focus of this idea in list of class 12 science projects is to understand how black holes emit energy, and how this affects their environment.

To complete this project, you will need to research black hole thermodynamics and collect data on black hole radiation.

Once you have collected your data, you will need to analyze it and draw conclusions about how black holes emit energy.

Growing crystals is one of the classic class 12 science projects that is both easy and interesting. You can grow crystals from a variety of materials, including salt, sugar, alum, borax, and even soap.

For this experiment, dissolve your chosen material in water. The more concentrated the solution, the better. Pour the solution into the glass jar.

Tie the string or wire around the pencil so that it hangs down into the solution without touching the sides or bottom of the jar. This will be your “crystal seed”.

Place the jar in a cool, dark place and wait for crystals to form on your seed. It may take a few days to a week for visible results.

Once your crystals have grown to the desired size, remove them from the solution and allow them to dry completely.

Enjoy your beautiful homemade crystals!

Photolithography is the process of using light to transfer a pattern onto a substrate. It is used extensively in the semiconductor industry to create integrated circuits (ICs).

It is one of the class 12 science projects can be a great way to learn about this important process.

For this experiment, remember you get a UV light source, get some photo-sensitive material, create your desired pattern on a transparency sheet.

Place the transparency sheet on top of the photo-sensitive material and expose it to the UV light source.

Develop your exposed image by washing it with water or another developer solution depending on the type of photo-sensitive material you are using.

Your developed image is now ready to be transferred onto any substrate you desire! Experiment with different materials to see what works best.

Water electrolysis is a process where water is decomposed into its constituent elements, hydrogen and oxygen, using an electric current. This idea from class 12 science projects is easy to do at home with some basic materials and supplies.

To do this experiment, cut the top off the plastic container using the scissors. Strip about 1/2 inch of insulation from each end of the copper and zinc wires using the wire strippers.

Attach one end of the copper wire to the positive terminal of the battery with an alligator clip lead. Attach one end of the zinc wire to the negative terminal of the battery with another alligator clip lead.

Tape the other ends of the copper and zinc wires to opposite sides of the inside of the container so that they are not touching each other.

Fill the container with water so that it covers both wires but does not touch the alligator clip leads or battery terminals.

Observe what happens over a period of time (several hours or days). You should see bubbles forming on both wires as they decompose water into hydrogen and oxygen gas.

A simple and easy way to test the acidity in tea is to use a pH indicator strips.

To do this, dip the pH strip into the tea and compare the color on the strip to the color chart that comes with the strips. The lower the number on the chart, the more acidic the tea is.

You can also test for acidity using litmus paper.

To do this, wet a piece of litmus paper with distilled water and then hold it near the surface of the tea. If the paper turns red, then the tea is acidic. If it turns blue, then the tea is basic.

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel made from renewable resources.

It is a cleaner burning fuel than petroleum diesel. Biodiesel reduces emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and particulate matter.

The formation of biodiesel is a simple process that can be done as a class 12 science projects. The first step is to gather the necessary supplies.

Next, you will need to mix the lye and water together to create a solution called “lye water.” Be careful when handling lye as it is caustic and can cause burns. Once the lye water is mixed, slowly add the methanol to it while stirring constantly.

Now it’s time to add the vegetable oil or animal fat to the mixture. This can be done by heating the oil until it is liquid and then adding it slowly to the mixture while stirring constantly. The mixture will begin to thicken and turn into biodiesel.

Once all the ingredients are combined, pour the biodiesel into a container and allow it to cool and settle for 24 hours

Another one of the common class 12 science projects is to determine the amount of casein in milk.

To perform this experiment, heat the milk to just below boiling. Add rennet to the hot milk and stir gently for about a minute.

Then, remove the Bunsen burner or hot plate and allow the mixture to sit undisturbed for 30 minutes. After 30 minutes have passed, you should see a solid curd had formed.

Using a filter paper and funnel, collect the curd in a jar or container. The curd that you collected is mostly casein. To dry the curd, you can place it on a clean

The amount of casein in milk is determined by the type of cow and her diet. For example, Jersey cows have more casein in their milk than Holstein cows.

The amount of casein in milk can also be affected by what the cow eats. For example, if a cow eats grass, she will have more casein in her milk than if she ate grain.

In this science project, students will electrify their electrolytes and learn how they work to keep the body hydrated. This is one of the fun and easy class 12 science projects that can be done with materials you probably already have at home.

To get started, you’ll need some lemons, limes, oranges, or other citrus fruits; table salt; water; and strips of copper foil or wire. You’ll also need a 9-volt battery and some alligator clips.

Cut the fruit into small pieces and place them in a bowl of water. Add a tablespoon of salt for every cup of water. Stir until the salt is dissolved.

Attach one end of the copper wire or foil to the positive terminal of the battery, then touch the other end to one of the pieces of fruit in the salt water solution. You should see bubbles forming around the piece of fruit. These are oxygen gas bubbles being released from the fruit as it oxidizes in the presence of an electric current.

Now touch the other end of the copper wire or foil to another piece of fruit in the solution. You should see more bubbles forming as oxygen gas is released from both pieces of fruit.

Water can be used as a fuel! In this idea for class 12 science projects, you will use water to power an engine.

First, fill the container with water. Connect the engine to the water supply, and start the engine and let it run until it runs out of water.

Water is a renewable resource that can be used to power an engine. In this project, you will build a water-powered engine and use it to power a car or other vehicle.

You will need to collect data on the amount of water needed to power the engine and the distance the car can travel on a given amount of water.

When it comes to class 12 science projects, an easy and interesting option is to test the percentage purity of iron wire. This can be done by measuring the weight and length of the wire, and then using a simple calculation to determine the purity.

First, weigh the iron wire on the digital scale. Next, use the ruler or tape measure to determine the length of the wire. Finally, divide the weight by the length to get the percentage purity of iron. For example, if the wire weighs 10 grams and is 1 meter long, then the percentage purity would be 10%.

This is a quick and easy experiment that can be used to teach basic concepts of science and math. It’s also a great way to show how real-world applications can be used in everyday life.

The thermal conductivity of a metal is the ability of the metal to conduct heat.

First, place the piece of metal on the heat source. Measure the temperature of the metal with the thermometer .

Record the starting temperature in your data table. Start the timer. Every minute, measure the temperature of the metal again and record it in your data table.

Continue until you have recorded five minutes’ worth of data or until the temperature of the metal stops increasing.

When limestone rock is exposed to acid rain, it slowly begins to dissolve. This process can be accelerated by adding an acidic substance, such as vinegar, to the rainwater. In this experiment, we will investigate how quickly limestone rock dissolves in acid rain.

Fill a measuring cup or beaker with water. Add vinegar to the water, using a 1:1 ratio of vinegar to water. Place the limestone rock in the acid rain solution and start the timer or stopwatch.

Observe the limestone rock over time and record your observations. After 30 minutes, remove the limestone rock from the acid rain solution and rinse it off with clean water. Repeat steps 1-3, but this time do not add any vinegar to the water (this will be your control group). Record your observations.

Compare your results from both experiments and draw conclusions about how acid rain affects limestone rocks.

In this experiment, we will be synthesizing aspirin and investigating its decomposition.

Aspirin is an organic compound made up of a phenol group and an acetyl group. It is a white, crystalline solid with a slightly bitter taste.

It is used as a medication to relieve pain and fever. When aspirin decomposes, it breaks down into acetic acid and phenol. In this experiment,you will be using indicators to observe the synthesis and decomposition of aspirin.

Plant cell science experiments are a great way to learn about the structure and function of plant cells. There are a variety of ways to set up these experiments, and they can be tailored to fit the needs of any class. Here are a few easy and interesting ideas for plant cell science experiments:

Create a model of a plant cell using everyday materials. This is a great way to visualize the different parts of the cell and how they work together. Observe real plant cells under a microscope. This can be done with fresh plant material or with prepared slides. Try to identify the different parts of the cell and note any differences between plant cells and other types of cells you have seen.

When it comes to class 12 science projects, there are many different things that you can do. However, one easy and interesting idea is to do a denaturation science experiment. This is a great way to learn about how proteins work and how they can be affected by changes in their environment.

First, you will need to place your protein into the bowl or container. Then, you will need to add enough water to cover the protein.

Next, you will need to apply heat to the mixture. You can do this by either placing the bowl on a stove top over low heat or by microwaving the mixture for a few seconds.

Once the protein has been heated, it will begin to denature. This means that the proteins will start to unravel and change shape. As they do this, they will also start to clump together. You can observe this process by looking at the mixture through a microscope or by using a magnifying glass.

To do this experiment, you will need a sheet of white paper, a pencil, and a magnifying glass.

First, make a dot in the center of the paper with the pencil. Then, hold the magnifying glass over the dot and move it around until you can see the dot clearly.

Finally, move the magnifying glass away from the paper until the dot becomes blurry again.

There are many easy and interesting ideas for class 12 science projects on drug addiction.

There are many different ways to approach a drug addiction science project. One option is to look at the different types of drugs and how they affect the brain. Another option is to look at how drug addiction develops and what factors can contribute to its development.

Regardless of which angle you choose to take, a drug addiction science project can be a very eye-opening and interesting experience for both you and your classmates.

There are many different ways to approach the class 12 science projects.

One option is to investigate how different factors affect sperm cell development. Another option for your spermatogenesis science project is to focus on a specific stage of sperm cell development.

There are many ways that plant disperse their seeds. Some use the wind, some use water, and some use animals. You can do a project on any of these methods, or on all of them!

To do a project on seed dispersal, you will first need to gather some seeds. You can get these from a variety of places, such as your backyard, a park, or even the grocery store. Once you have your seeds, you will need to determine how each one is dispersed. This information can be found online, in books, or from talking to experts.

Once you have gathered your information, you will need to design an experiment to test how well each method of seed dispersal works.

After conducting your experiment, you will need to analyze your data and write up your findings. Once you’ve written up your results, present them to your class or share them with friends and family – anyone who’s interested in learning about your project!

A hemoglobin test is a simple and quick way to check your child’s iron levels. To do this experiment, fill the glass tube with the blood sample.

Place the filter paper over the top of the tube, and secure it with a rubber band. Invert the tube, and allow the blood to drip onto the filter paper.

After a few minutes, examine the filter paper through the magnifying glass. The red blood cells should appear as small round dots. Compare the number of red blood cells on the filter paper to a chart (available online or in most medical textbooks) to determine your child’s hemoglobin level.

A gene therapy for class 12 science projects is a great way to learn about how this cutting-edge medical treatment works. You can use different types of cells and viruses to deliver the therapeutic genes into the patient’s cells. This type of treatment is used to correct genetic defects or to treat cancer.

There are many different ways to do a gene therapy science experiment. One way is to use a plasmid, which is a circular piece of DNA that contains the therapeutic gene. Another way is to use a virus that has been genetically engineered to carry the therapeutic gene into the patient’s cells.

To do a study on gene therapy, you will need to find some easy and interesting ideas.

You can extract DNA from anything that contains cells, including strawberries. In this project, you will use basic kitchen supplies to purée strawberries and then filter out the solids to create a DNA-rich solution.

Cut the tops off of the strawberries and discard them. Cut the remaining strawberry into small pieces and place in a blender or food processor. Add 1/2 teaspoon of salt and 1 tablespoon of dish soap to the strawberry pieces and blend until smooth.

Pour the strawberry mixture through a coffee filter into a clean container. The coffee filter will catch the solids (cell membranes and seeds) while allowing the liquid (strawberry DNA) to pass through.

Pour rubbing alcohol over the filtered liquid until it reaches about 1 inch above the liquid’s surface. Rubbing alcohol is less dense than water, so it will float on top of the liquid.

Blowing off carbon dioxide is one of the most interesting and easy class 12 science projects you can do. All you need is a balloon, a straw, and some baking soda.

First, inflate the balloon with air. Then, add a few tablespoons of baking soda to the straw. Finally, put the straw in the balloon and blow into it.

As you blow into the balloon, the baking soda will react with the air to create carbon dioxide. This gas will fill up the balloon and make it expand. When you stop blowing, the carbon dioxide will slowly escape from the balloon, and it will deflate.

Mitosis is the process of cell division that results in the creation of two identical daughter cells. This process is essential for the growth and repair of tissues in the body.

One way to observe mitosis is by studying onion root tip cells. To do this, you will need a microscope, a razor blade, and an onion.

First, use the razor blade to carefully remove a thin slice of the onion root. Next, place the onion root slice on a slide and add a drop of water.

Then, put the slide on the microscope and adjust the focus until you can see the cells clearly.

Now, look for cells that are in different stages of mitosis. Finally, sketch what you see under the microscope in your science journal.

Insects and other pests can wreak havoc on crops, gardens, and lawns. But sometimes the chemicals used to control them can do more harm than good. That’s why it’s important to study bio-insecticides and pesticides before using them.

First, choose the insect or pest you want to study. Then, apply the bio-insecticide or pesticide to one group of insects or pests. Leave another group untreated as a control. Observe both groups over time to see how the bio-insecticide or pesticide affects them.

You can also test different types of bio-insecticides and pesticides to see which is most effective. Just be sure to follow all safety instructions when handling these chemicals.

Probability science experiments are a great way to learn about the world around us. By conducting experiments, we can observe and measure the results to draw conclusions about how likely something is to happen.

There are many interesting things that can be learned about probability through class 12 science projects.

For example, students can learn to calculate the likelihood of certain events occurring, and they can also learn to predict the outcome of future events based on past data. Additionally, students can develop an understanding of how different factors (such as weather or human behavior) can impact the probability of an event occurring.

Many class 12 science projects can be completed with items that you already have in your home.

To begin, mix the baking soda and vinegar together in the cup. Add a few drops of food coloring to the mixture and stir. Next, carefully add the dish soap to the mixture. The goal is to not let the foamy mixture overflow from the cup.

Finally, use the balloon to cover the opening of the cup and secure it with a rubber band.

Now it’s time to observe! Check back on your experiment every few minutes to see what happens as the gases escape from the balloon.

There are many different chess algorithms that can be used in a class 12 science experiment.

Use the chess algorithm to solve a problem that has been given to you. Create a chess board and try to find the best move for each piece. This will help you understand how the algorithm works and what it is trying to accomplish.

Try to create your own chess algorithm. This can be a fun challenge, and it will help you better understand how these algorithms work.

Looking for an interesting and easy class 12 science projects ideas? Check out radical obsession science experiment.

Begin by filling your clear plastic cup with water. Add a few drops of food coloring to the water and stir gently to mix. Cut your small piece of paper into a shape that will fit snugly inside the cup. We used a heart shape, but you can be creative!

Place the paper shape into the cup of colored water. Observe what happens over the next few hours.

To begin your project, you will need to choose a specific type of polynomial to focus on. Once you have chosen your polynomial, you will need to collect data points for your project. You can do this by graphing the polynomial, or by finding real-world examples that fit your polynomial.

Once you have collected your data points, you will have to analyze them to look for patterns.

After you have analyzed your data and answered these questions, you will have to write up your findings in a clear and concise manner.

Be sure to include all relevant information, such as what types of polynomials you studied, what data you collected, and what patterns you found.

Marion Walter’s Theorem states that if a graph is drawn on a piece of paper, then the number of different regions that can be formed is always two more than the number of vertices.

You can use this theorem to create a class 12 science projects idea.

First, draw a graph on a piece of paper. Make sure that there are at least three vertices and that the graph is connected (i.e., there are no isolated vertices). Then count the number of different regions that can be formed.

Finally, ask your students to predict what they think the theorem states and see if they are correct!

A Fibonacci sequence is a series of numbers in which each number is the sum of the two preceding ones. The simplest Fibonacci sequence is 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,…

You can experiment with the Fibonacci sequence by randomly choosing two numbers from the sequence and adding them together. What happens if you keep doing this? Will you eventually get stuck in a loop, or will you find yourself repeating numbers? Can you predict what will happen next?

This experiment is a great way to introduce kids to the concept of the Fibonacci sequence and help them visualize how it works. Plus, it’s a lot of fun!

When teaching your class about volume and surface area, performing a hands-on experiment is always the best way to go. Here is a fun and easy science experiment that you can do with your students to help them better understand these concepts.

Measure the length of each side of the cube and cuboid using the ruler or measuring tape. Record these measurements on the piece of paper. Calculate the volume of each object by multiplying the length of each side together.

To calculate the surface area, you will need to measure the length and width of each face of both objects and multiply those numbers together. Then, simply add all six numbers together to get the total surface area for each object.

Do this for all six faces of both objects and then add up all six numbers to get the total surface area for each object.

In Conway’s Game of Life, there are a few different rules that can be followed. For this math project , students can explore the different rule variations and see how they affect the game.

There are four main rules that can be varied:

The number of live neighbors needed for a cell to remain alive (usually either 2 or 3). The number of live neighbors needed for a cell to be born (usually either 3 or 4)

Whether cells wrap around the edge of the grid (if they go off one side, they appear on the other). What shape the grid is in (square, hexagon, etc.)

Students can experiment with different combinations of these rules and see how it affects the game. They can also try to come up with their own rule variations and see what happens.

The displacement and rotation of a geometrical figure is one of the simple class 12 science projects. For this experiment, you will need a sheet of paper, a pencil, and a ruler.

First, draw a line on the paper using the pencil and ruler. Next, place the paper on a flat surface and measure the distance from the line to the edge of the paper. This is the displacement.

Now, rotate the paper 90 degrees and measure the distance from the line to the edge of the paper again. This is the new displacement. Repeat this process several times and record your results.

You should notice that as you rotate the paper, the displacement changes. This is because rotation causes displacement. Try rotating the paper in different directions and at different angles to see how it affects displacement.

In this project, you will develop a mathematical model for an IRF and use it to study the performance of the filter in different scenarios. You will also investigate how the IRF can be used in conjunction with other methods to further improve performance. This project is suitable for students with a good background in mathematics.

Maths project is one of the most interesting and easy ideas for a class 12 science projects. It involves using mathematical algorithms to turbocharge a computer. This can be done by adding more cores to the processor or by increasing the clock speed.

Adding more cores to the processor will make the computer faster at handling multiple tasks simultaneously. However, this will also increase the power consumption of the computer. Increasing the clock speed will make the computer faster at processing single tasks but will also increase its power consumption.

To determine the fraction of lattice points visible from the origin in the third dimension, we will first need to identify how many lattice points there are in the third dimension.

If we take a cube with sides of length 1 unit, then there are 8 vertices (lattice points), 12 edges, and 6 faces. However, if we increase the size of our cube to 2 units on each side, then there are now 26 vertices (lattice points), 36 edges, and 24 faces. We can see that as the size of our cube increases, so does the number of lattice points.

Now let’s think about how many of these lattice points are visible from the origin. If we take our 3-dimensional space and imagine it as a slice through 4-dimensional space, then we can see that any given hyperplane will intersect our 3-dimensional space in a plane.

This means that any given Lattice point will only be visible from the origin if it lies on this plane of intersection.

This project aims to investigate the different ways in which traffic controllers can manipulate algorithms to improve the flow of traffic. By understanding the maths behind these algorithms, we can make more informed decisions about how to manage traffic in our cities.

There are many different variables that need to be considered when manipulating algorithms, such as the number of vehicles on the road, the speed limit, and the type of road. This project will consider all of these factors and more to find the most efficient way to manipulate algorithms for improved traffic flow.

The results of this project could have a significant impact on the environment, and could lead to major reductions in emissions and energy consumption. If you’re interested in making a difference and want to learn more about algorithms and mathematics, then this is the project for you!

Physics Project for Class 12 2024: Top 50 Experiments & Ideas

Princi Rai ,

Mar 4, 2024

Share it on:

The most popular Physics project for class 12 comprises of Chemiluminescence, colour vs. heat absorption experiment, AC generator, automatic electric train barrier which enhances students interest and creativity in the subject.

Physics Project for Class 12 2024: Top 50 Experiments & Ideas

The most exciting and popular Physics Projects for Class 12 students are the Buoyancy 101 experiment, Marvelous Magnetics experiment, Heat Transfer in an Incandescent Lamp experiment, Insulation Value experiment, Salt Water vs. Tap Water experiments, and many more.

All these experiments are listed below and explained in detail to make the experiment easier to understand.

Top 50 Most Popular Experiment Ideas of Physics Project for Class 12

The list of ideas of The Top 50 Most Popular Experiment Ideas Of Physics Project for Class 12 are listed below:

1. To Check the Buoyancy Concept

Objective: To understand the principle of buoyancy and how it affects the flow property of objects submerged in fluids.

2. Explore The Phenomenon Of Marvelous Magnetics

Objective: To understand the properties of magnets, magnetic fields, and their interactions with different materials.

3. To Understand The Heat Transfer in an Incandescent Lamp

Objective: To analyze how heat is transferred in an incandescent lamp and to understand the principles of heat transfer.

4. To Measure The Insulation Value

Objective: To measure and compare the insulation properties of different metals concerning heat transfer.

5. To Observe The Behaviour Of Gas In The Infrared Spectrum

Objective: To study and examine the behaviour of different gases when exposed to infrared light.

Read More : CBSE Physics Marks Distribution for Class 12 2024

6. To Generate The Hydro Power

Objective: To examine the generation of electricity from flowing water and understand the principles of hydroelectric power.

7. Experiment Comparing Tap Water with Salt Water to Test Density

Objective: Using various items, compare the characteristics of saltwater and freshwater, such as density and freezing point.

8. Application of Hooke's Law

Objective: Investigate the connection between a spring's applied force and the deformation that results from it according to Hooke's law.

9. To Acquire A Conceptual Understanding Of Relativity

Objective: Examining the idea of general relativity is the goal.

10. To Examine the Sound Production of Brass Instruments and Artificial Lips

Objective: Examine how prosthetic lips are used to make music on brass instruments by vibration.

Read More : CBSE Class 12th Physics Syllabus 2024: Download PDF

11. An Examination of the Properties and Behavior of Black Hole Thermodynamics

Objective: Study the thermodynamic characteristics of black holes and how they behave in light of general relativity.

12. To Determine the Local Solar True Noon Time

Objective: To ascertain the locally accurate noon time of the sun, one must observe the shadow that any vertical object casts that is the shortest.

13. To Estimate the Speed of Light

Objective: To calculate the speed of light via a straightforward experiment involving reflection from a known distance.

14. Exploring the Idea of Changing the Speed of Light Purpose

Objective: To investigate the idea of varying the speed of light and comprehend its uses.

15. To Comprehend the Chemiluminescence in the Environment Phenomenon

Objective: The objectives are to understand the chemiluminescence phenomena in the environment and its uses.

Read More : List of 10 Novels for Students to Read

16. To Research The Relationship Between Color and Patterns of Heat Absorption

Objective: This research aims to understand better how an object's colour affects its ability to withstand solar heat.

17. To Comprehend The Ac Generator Principles

Objective: The goal is to study an alternating current generator's workings and comprehend how it contributes to turning mechanical energy into electrical energy.

18. To Examine Automatic Electric Train Barrier Principles

Objective: This investigation aims to understand better the workings of autonomous electric railway barriers and how they contribute to environmental safety.

19. To Examine The Light Dependent Resistance Pattern

Objective: Examine the idea of a light-dependent resistance pattern and learn how it modifies electrical resistance in response to changes in light intensity.

20. To Understand How A Rectifier Works

Objective: The objectives are learning how a rectifier works to change alternating current (AC) into direct current (DC) and researching its impact.

Read More : 10 Ways to Balance Student Life And Academics

21. To Understand The Phenomenon Of Photoelectric Effects

Objective: To understand the phenomenon of the photoelectric effect using light energy using Phooton Cells.

22. To Observe The Effect of Tension on The Pitch of a String

Objective: To observe and study the tension in a string and its effects when plucked.

23. To Study The Effect of Pressure on Ball Bounce Height

Objective: To study how the pressure of a ball gets affected when it is bounced from a given height.

24. To Study The Effect of Mass on Terminal Velocity

Objective: To examine and understand how the mass of an object affects its terminal velocity when it falls in a fluid.

25 To Investigate The Foam Thickness and Sound Attenuation

Objective: To study the thickness of foam and its effects on producing sound waves.

Read More : Skill Development Courses List for Students 2024

26. To Understand How Accurate is Parallax

Objective: To understand and quantify the parallax method's accuracy in measuring a given star's distance.

27. To understand The Effect of Sugar Density on the Refractive Index of Water

Objective: To examine and study how adding sugar to water affects the refractive index.

28. To Study The Nonlinear Oscillations in Mechanical Systems

Objective: To study the behaviour of nonlinear oscillations in mechanical systems and their responses to various stimuli.

29. To Observe How Gases Behave in the Infrared Spectrum

Objective: To observe and analyze different gases' behaviour when exposed to infrared light.

30. To Study The Verification of Archimedes Principle

Objective: To examine the Archimedes principle by measuring the buoyant force acting on the submerged object.

Read More : 6 Coping Strategies For Student Mental Health

31. Hiding in Plain Sight Investigation

Objective: To study how camouflage and colour adaptation help organisms hide their identity from their surroundings.

32. To Study The Kinetic Energy

Objective: To study the concept of kinetic energy and to understand how it relates to the mass and velocity of a given object.

33. To Study The Murray’s Principle of Minimum Work

Objective: To study Murray's principle of work done by a system in reaching the equilibrium and how it can be minimized.

34. To Examine The Living Color

Objective: To examine the phenomenon of colour and its effects on living organisms and understand how it affects them.

35. To Study The Magnetic Force

Objective: To examine the behaviour of magnetic forces between magnets and magnetic fields.

Also Read: 10 Applications of AI in Education in 2024

36. To Create The Balloon Car

Objective: To create a simple balloon powered by a car and explore the concepts of motion and energy transfer.

37. To Create The Homemade Rocket

Objective: To design and launch a homemade rocket and to explore the principles of rocket propulsion.

38. To Create The Baking Soda Volcano

Objective: To create a miniature volcanic eruption using baking soda and vinegar and understand the chemical reactions involved.

39. To Study The Newton’s Cradle

Objective : To Study the principles of momentum and energy conservation using Newton's cradle formulae.

40. To Build The Periscope Instrument

Objective: To build a periscope instrument and understand how mirrors can reflect light and observe the viewing angle.

Read More : Top 10 Most Effective Stress Management Techniques for Students

41. To Create A Visual Doppler Effect

Objective: To create a Doppler effect by observing the change in frequency of a sound source as it moves relative to an observer.

42. To Build And Study The Electric Motor

Objective: To build and study the simple electric motor and to understand the principles of electromagnetic induction.

43. To Understand The Earth's Magnetic Field Via Compass

Objective: To learn and examine the properties and principles of the compass and its work to understand Earth's magnetic field.

44. To Create A Marble Roller Coaster

Objective: To design and build a marble roller coaster and to explore the principles of gravity and energy transfer.

45. To Create An Air Blaster

Objective: To create an air-powered device and to explore the principles of air pressure in the air blaster.

Read More : 10 Tips for Staying Focused and Productive as A Student

46. To Create A Potato Battery

Objective: To build a simple battery using a potato and to understand the basics of chemical reactions in batteries.

47. To Create A Balloon Hovercraft

Objective: To build a hovercraft using a balloon and to explore the principles of air cushioning and friction associated with balloon hovercraft.

48. To Examine The Egg in a Bottle

Objective: Examine how air pressure can push an egg into a bottle.

50. To Examine A Prism

Objective: To explore the phenomenon of dispersion using a prism and separate white light into its component colours using a simple prism.

How to Write an Experiment or an Idea in Practicals?

Writing an experiment physics project for class 12 practicals has a format that must be followed in sequence, and the chronology of headings is listed below and explained in detail for better understanding:

The objective contains the motive and the purpose of the experiment. It can also be termed as the aim to observe, measure, and demonstrate the experiment.

Materials Required:

Materials Required lists contain all the materials, chemicals, and equipment required to experiment.

The procedure is a list of instructions that directs the student to follow chronology to experiment successfully. The procedure procedures are mentioned in detail, containing measurements and all the essential parameters.

Hypothesis :

The hypothesis can also be termed as the principle on which the allotted experiment will be performed, and the principle behind the experiment is the chore values, so it is mandatory to mention the hypothesis as it is the guiding principle of the entire experiment.

Data Collection:

Data explains every measurement that has been recorded while performing the entire experiment. Mentioning all the specific measurements, observations, and readings is a must and comes in the data collection category.

Results/ Conclusion:

Results are the ultimate value or observation recorded and can be examined after performing the entire experiment.

The data or value observed should be organized in specific formats such as tables, graphs, or charts.

The analysis is the final interpretation of the results and values observed, which helps conclude the experiment in the right direction and explains students' skillset and observation skills.

Conclusion:

The conclusion is the summary of the performed experiment and a reflection on the idea of the observations and analysis after experimenting.

Discussion:

Discussion includes interactive sessions regarding the experiment, including experiment implications, potential sources of error, and suggestions for improving the experiment.

References:

Reference lists all the sources referenced while experimenting, such as websites, scientific papers, textbooks, and online resources.

Q: What are some broad theme ideas for my project?

Q: How do you write a physics project?

Q: Is class 12 physics very tough?

POST YOUR COMMENT

CBSE Physics Practicals for Class 12

CBSE Physics Practicals for Class 12 play an important role in the assessment, adding to the final marks of the subject. As the board exam approaches, students go through the syllabus prescribed by the CBSE board. Besides this, they should also focus on the CBSE practicals for Class 12 syllabus carrying 30 marks. Preparing for the practicals will help them score better marks in Physics. For that, students must know to perform all the experiments given in the syllabus in order to understand all the concepts of CBSE 12th standard Physics in a detailed way. Students can also download the Physics Practical Class 12 Syllabus PDF for free here.

Physics Practical for Class 12 is divided into two sections, with marks distributed based on the experiment. In section A, six experiments are present in the practical exam. The experiment records and activities consist of 2 marks, and the viva on the experiment consists of 5 marks. Here, students will find all the experiments and activities to be performed in sections A and section B. Also, we have provided the Physics Lab Manual of CBSE Class 12 , which consists detailed explanation of each experiment. To download the CBSE Syllabus for Class 12 Physics Practicals, click on the link below.

Download CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical Syllabus PDF 2023-24

Cbse syllabus for class 12 physics practical: evaluation scheme.

Below you will find the CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical syllabus for students.


Two experiments, one from each section	7 + 7
Practical record (experiment and activities)	5
One activity from any section	5
Investigatory Project	3
Viva on experiments, activities and project	5

CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical Syllabus: Experiments

Physics Practicals for Class 12 CBSE are given here so that students can understand the experiments in a better and more detailed way. Students are suggested to study the theory and law behind the experiment properly from Physics Lab Manual Class 12 before performing the experiment.

1. To determine the resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current.

2. To find the resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using a metre bridge.

3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
OR
To verify the laws of combination (parallel) of resistances using a metre bridge.

4. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by the half-deflection method and to find its figure of merit.

5. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same.
OR
To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.

6. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer

1. To find the value of v for different values of u in the case of a concave mirror and to find the focal length.

2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens.

3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v.

4. To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens.

5. To determine the angle of minimum deviation for a given prism by plotting a graph between the angle of incidence and the angle of deviation.

6. To determine the refractive index of a glass slab using a travelling microscope.

7. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a convex lens and plane mirror.

8. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.

9. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Activities and Projects Syllabus

Below you will find the list of CBSE Class 12 Physics activities and projects for students.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Activities Section A

1. To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without an iron core.

2. To measure resistance, voltage (AC/DC), and current (AC) and check the continuity of a given circuit using a multimeter.

3. To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.

4. To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

5. To study the variation in potential drop with the length of a wire for a steady current.

6. To draw the diagram of a given open circuit comprising at least a battery, resistor/rheostat, key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the components that are not connected in proper order and correct the circuit and also the circuit diagram.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Activities Section B

1. To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

2. Use of a multimeter to see the unidirectional flow of current in the case of a diode and an LED and check whether a given electronic component (e.g., diode) is in working order.

3. To study the effect of intensity of light (by varying distance of the source) on an LDR.

4. To observe refraction and lateral deviation of a beam of light incident obliquely on a glass slab.

5. To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

6. To study the nature and size of the image formed by a (i) convex lens or a (ii) concave mirror on a screen by using a candle and a screen (for different distances of the candle from the lens/mirror).

7. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Projects

1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.

2. To study the variations in current flowing in a circuit containing an LDR because of a variation in (a) the power of the incandescent lamp used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR (keeping all the lamps at a fixed distance). (b) the distance of an incandescent lamp (of fixed power) used to ‘illuminate’ the LDR.

3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.

4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) the number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.

5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one with different transparent fluids.

6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb’s law.

7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.

8. To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle-bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

Physics Lab Manual Class 12

Stay tuned to BYJU’S to get the latest notification on CBSE exams along with the CBSE syllabus , sample papers, marking scheme and more.

CBSE Related Links

Register with BYJU'S & Download Free PDFs

About Contact Sing up Log in
Business & Industries
Shipping & Logistics
Markets & Trading
Finance & Loan
Automobiles
Cryptocurrency
Beauty & Skin Care
Gift & Jewellery
Pets & Animals
Software & Web Development
Digital Marketing
Latest Technologies
Education & Training
Jobs & Career
Health & Fitness
Medical & Health
Sports & Athletics

Class 12 Physics Lab Experiments

Welcome to our comprehensive collection of Class 12 Physics Laboratory Experiments, complete with a detailed manual to guide you through each session. This curated list encompasses a range of experiments designed to provide students with hands-on experience in the fascinating realm of Physics engineering. The accompanying manual serves as an invaluable companion, offering a structured approach to each experiment, ensuring clarity in understanding the apparatus required, step-by-step procedures, meticulous observation guidelines, and a systematic recording of results.

Each experiment has been meticulously crafted to cover key concepts and principles, allowing students to apply theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios. The manual not only facilitates a smooth execution of the experiments but also includes viva questions to stimulate critical thinking and reinforce theoretical foundations. Whether you are a novice or an experienced learner, this compilation is a comprehensive resource that aims to enhance your understanding of Class 12 Physics phenomena through a structured and engaging laboratory experience.

Experiment list of Class 12 Physics Lab

1. To find resistance of a given wire using Whetstone’s bridge (meter bridge)
2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens
3. To find the value of ‘v’ for different values of ‘u’ in case of a concave mirror & to find its focal length
4. To draw the characteristics curves of a zener diode and to determine its reverse breakdown voltage
5. To determine resistance per cm of a given wire by plotting a graph of potential difference versus current.
6. To verify the laws of combination (series & parallel) of resistances using meter bridge (slide Wire Bridge)
7. To compare the EMF of two given primary cells using a potentiometer
8. To determine the internal resistance of a primary cell using a potentiometer
9. To determine the resistance of a galvanometer by half-deflection method & to find its figure of merit
10. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance & figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range & to verify the same
11. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting a graph
12. To find the focal length of a concave lens using a convex lens
13. To determine angle of minimum deviation for a given prism
14. To determine the refractive index of a glass using travelling microscope
15. To draw the I – V characteristics curve of p-n junction in forward bias & reverse bias

Class 12 Physics Laboratory Programm Outcomes for the Students

This repository of Class 12 Physics lab experiments and its accompanying manual is a treasure trove for students delving into the world of Physics engineering. The manual provides a detailed roadmap for each experiment, outlining the required apparatus, step-by-step procedures, guidelines for observations, and a systematic format for recording results. The experiments cover a spectrum of topics, allowing learners to explore the intricacies of experiment fundamentals, devices, and phenomena. The inclusion of viva questions adds an interactive dimension, encouraging students to delve deeper into the theoretical underpinnings of each experiment and fostering a holistic understanding of the subject matter. Whether you are gearing up for examinations or simply seeking to deepen your practical knowledge, this collection promises a rewarding journey through the practical aspects of Physics engineering.

Get all latest content delivered to your email a few times a month.

CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical File Notes with Readings

CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical , Class 12 Physics Practical notes with readings

The CBSE Class 12 Physics is an essential guide for students, providing detailed practical notes and readings. It covers a range of experiments , helping students grasp complex concepts through hands-on learning. This manual bridges theoretical knowledge and practical application, enhancing understanding and scientific skills. Below are the physics practical notes and readings for all CBSE Class 12 Physics Experiments and this will be very helpful in your practical examination .

Section-A Experiments

Section- A
1.
2.
3. or
4.
5. To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into a voltmeter of desired range and to verify the same. OR To convert the given galvanometer (of known resistance and figure of merit) into an ammeter of desired range and to verify the same.
6. To find the frequency of AC mains with a sonometer.

Section-B Experiments

Section – B
1.
2.
3. To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between u and v or between 1/u and 1/v. Or i) ii) To find the focal length of a convex lens by plotting graphs between1/u and 1/v.
4.To find the focal length of a concave lens, using a convex lens.
5.
6.
7.
8. To find the refractive index of a liquid using a concave mirror and a plane mirror.
9. To draw the I-V characteristic curve for a p-n junction diode in forward and reverse bias.

Section-A Activities

1.To assemble a household circuit comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and a power source.

2.To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit.

3.To study the variation in potential drop with length of a wire for a steady current.

Section-B Activities

4.To identify a diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items.

5.To observe diffraction of light due to a thin slit.

6. To obtain a lens combination with the specified focal length by using two lenses from the given set of lenses.

Investigatory Projects

Suggested investigatory projects.

CBSE Class 12 Physics File Notes
5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
1. To study various factors on which the internal resistance/EMF of a cell depends.
3. To find the refractive indices of (a) water and (b) oil (transparent) using a plane mirror, an equiconvex lens (made from a glass of known refractive index) and an adjustable object needle.
4. To investigate the relation between the ratio of (i) output and input voltage and (ii) number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self-designed transformer.
5. To investigate the dependence of the angle of deviation on the angle of incidence using a hollow prism filled one by one, with different transparent fluids.
6. To estimate the charge induced on each one of the two identical Styrofoam (or pith) balls suspended in a vertical plane by making use of Coulomb’s law.
7. To study the factor on which the self-inductance of a coil depends by observing the effect of this coil when put in series with a resistor/(bulb) in a circuit fed up by an A.C. source of adjustable frequency.
8. To study the earth’s magnetic field using a compass needle-bar magnet by plotting magnetic field lines and tangent galvanometer.

	P.O. Box 219 Batavia, IL 60510
	800-452-1261

Physics & Physical Science
Optics & Light

Optics & Light Physics Experiment Kits

Study how light travels, the law for reflection and refraction. Focus on diffraction and polarization. Don't forget about the color spectrum and lasers. Flinn Scientific offers tools and laboratory and demonstration kits that will shine light on your next lesson.

Absorption Spectroscopy—Demonstration Kit
Acrylic Lens Set, 50 mm Diameter
Acrylic Prism Set
Barbershop Mirror Set
Basic Polarized Light—Demonstration Kit
Bracken’s Laser Light Show—Demonstration Kit
Brown Dog LED Paper Name Tag Classroom Set
Camera Obscura—Historical Inventions Laboratory Kit
Candle Holder
Candles, ¾" x 5", Pkg. of 10
Chemiluminescent Ammonia Fountain—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Chemiluminescent Chemical Reactions in a Model Volcano—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Chemiluminescent Elephant’s Toothpaste—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Color Addition and Subtraction—Primary Colors Demonstration Kit
Color and Light—Spectrum Demonstration Kit
Color Filters, Acrylic
Color Filters, Gelatin, Set of 6
Color Filters, Paddles
Color Flame Candles, Pkg. of 12
Color Mixer
Color Wheel Light Reflection Kit
Combining Colored Light—Demonstration Kit
Concave/Convex Mirror
Cool Light—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Demonstration Lens Set, 50 mm Diameter
Diffraction—Inquiry Lab Kit for AP® Physics 2
Dual Laser Pointer, Red and Green
Economy Light Source
Energetic Light—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Euler’s Disk
Exploring Light Sticks—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Fiber Optics Strand
Flame Test/Emission Spectroscopy—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Flinn C-Spectra®, 6" × 12" Sheet
Flinn Multi-Sample Spectrophotometer
Flinn Scientific Spectrophotometer
Flinn Scientific Spectrophotometer Laboratory Manual
Fountain of Light—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Fresnel Lens
Giant Prism
Green Laser Pointer
Holographic Diffraction Grating Film
Index of Refraction Plate, Acrylic
Instant Light—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Intermediate Spectrometer with 30-mm Optics
Introduction to Reflection and Refraction—Activity-Stations Kit
Investigating Mirrors Kit
Laser Diffraction Kit
Laser Pointer
Laser Pointer Education Kit
Laser Pointer Holder
Laser, 0.8 mW, Unmodulated
LED Light Blocks
Let There Be Light! Chemiluminescence Demonstration Kit
Light & Optics—NewPath Science Flip Chart Set
Light Source with Battery Holder
Light—NewPath Science Learning Center
Measuring with Laser Light—Student Laboratory Kit
Meter Stick Optical Bench
Meter Stick Optics Bench Kit
Meter Stick Optics Equipment Set
Meter Stick Supports
Michelson and Farby-Pérot Interferometer
Mirror, Handheld
Modeling Eye Optics—Classroom Set
Neutralizing Lens Sets
Object and Marker
Oooh! Aaah! Style Flame Tests—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Optical Block Set
Optics Kit - Classroom Set
Optics Kit, Economy Choice
Orion Science Advanced Optics
Polarizing Film, 5-5/8" × 6"
Precision Fresnel Biprism Interference Apparatus
Prism, Equilateral, Refraction
Prism, Right Angle, Glass
Project Star Student Spectrometer
Reflection and Mirrors—Inquiry Lab Kit for AP® Physics 2
Reflection-Refraction Kit
Refraction and Lenses—Inquiry Lab Kit for AP® Physics 2
Refraction Cube
Refraction Dish, Semicircle
Replacement Bulb for AP4705 Light Souce
RSpec Explorer
Safety-First Flame Test—Chemical Demonstration Kit
Screen Support
Seeing Is Believing—Color “Magic” with Cone Cells—Super Value Kit
Simulated Double-Slit Interference—Demonstration Kit
Simulated Laser Emission—Demonstration Model
Sound & Light—NewPath Science Learning Center
Spectra of the Elements Poster
Spectronic 200
Spectroscope
Spectrum Analysis Chart
Spectrum Tube Power Supply
Spherical Mirror Set
Stroboscope
Stroboscope, Hand-held
True Mirror Reflections - FlinnEverydayScience™
Ultrasonic Grating Apparatus
UV Filter Set
UV-Vis Spectrophotometer
Spectrum Tubes
Spectrum Tube Systems
Investigating Light and Optics—Student Laboratory Kits
Light Ray Box
Miniature Light Bulbs
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection Laboratory Kits
LED Micro Lights
Acrylic Equilateral Prisms
Beyond the Rainbow—Infrared and UV Light Demonstration Kit
Magnetic Optics and Ray Box Set
Is There Sodium in Bananas? Flame Test Demonstration Kit
Light Sticks
Laser Optics Demonstrator
360Science™: Particle Nature of Light
Flinn Electromagnetic Spectrum Charts
Brown Dog Gadgets LED Acrylic Name Badge Kit
Blackboard Optics Kits
360Science™: Reflection and Refraction
Acrylic Lenses
Lens and Mirror Supports
Transformer for Blackboard Optics Kit
Prisms, Equilateral, Glass
360Science™: Diffraction
Blackboard Optics Kit, Magnetic
Blackboard Optics Kit, Suction Cup
Spectrum Tube System
Investigating Light and Optics, Full-Size Lab Kit
Investigating Light and Optics, Full-Size Lab Kit, Refill
Build a Telescope—Classroom Set
Investigating Light and Optics, Small-Size Lab Kit
Investigating Light and Optics, Small-Size Lab Kit, Refill
Brown Dog Gadgets LED Acrylic Name Badge Kit - 100 Pack
360Science™: Particle Nature of Light , 3-Year Access
360Science™: Reflection and Refraction , 3-Year Access
360Science™: Particle Nature of Light , 1-Year Access
360Science™: Diffraction , 3-Year Access
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection—Classroom Set
Bromine Vapor Spectrum Tube
Mercury Vapor Spectrum Tube
360Science™: Reflection and Refraction , 1-Year Access
Brown Dog Gadgets LED Acrylic Name Badge Kit - 25 Pack
360Science™: Diffraction , 1-Year Access
Chlorine Gas Spectrum Tube
Xenon Spectrum Tube
Hydrogen Gas Spectrum Tube
Water Vapor Spectrum Tube
Helium Gas Spectrum Tube
Oxygen Gas Spectrum Tube
Neon Gas Spectrum Tube
Nitrogen Gas Spectrum Tube
Argon Spectrum Tube
Nitrogen Spectrum Tube
Neon Spectrum Tube
Hydrogen Spectrum Tube
Helium Spectrum Tube
Carbon Dioxide Spectrum Tube
Krypton Spectrum Tube
Air Spectrum Tube
Refraction and Total Internal Reflection—Individual Kit
Flinn Electromagnetic Spectrum Chart
Build a Telescope—Individual Kit
Equilateral Prism Set
Lens, Double Concave
Lens, Double Convex
Flinn Electromagnetic Spectrum Chart, Notebook Size, Pad of 30
LED Micro Light, Orange
LED Micro Light, Green
LED Micro Light, Red
LED Micro Light, Yellow
LED Micro Light, Blue
LED Micro Light, White
LED Micro Light, Purple
Prism, Equilateral, Glass 25 x 100 mm
Prism, Equilateral, Glass 25 x 75 mm
Prism, Equilateral, Glass, 25 x 50 mm
Prism, Equilateral, Acrylic, 25 x 100 mm
Prism, Equilateral, Acrylic, 25 x 75 mm
Lens, Double Convex, 75 mm dia., 17.5 cm FL
Lens, Double Concave, 75 mm dia., 20 cm FL
Mirror and Lens Support, Pkg. of 6
Mirror, Convex, Spherical, Glass, 75 mm dia., 75 mm FL
Prism, Equilateral, Acrylic, 25 x 50 mm
Prism, Equilateral, Acrylic, 25 x 25 mm
Mirror, Concave, Spherical, Glass, 75 mm dia., 70 mm FL
Mirror, Flat, Acrylic, 10 x 15 cm dia.
Lens, Double Convex, 38 mm dia., 5 cm FL
Mirror, Flat, Glass, 10 x 15 cm dia.
Lens, Double Concave, 50 mm dia., 150 mm FL
Mirror, Concave, Spherical, Glass, 50 mm dia., 50 mm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 50 mm dia., 150 mm FL
Lens, Double Concave, 38 mm dia., 15 cm FL
Lens, Double Concave, 38 mm dia., 5 cm FL
Mirror, Convex, Spherical, Glass, 50 mm dia., 50 mm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 50 mm dia., 250 mm FL
Lens, Double Concave, 38 mm dia., 20 cm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 38 mm dia., 15 cm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 38 mm dia., 20 cm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 38 mm dia., 30 cm FL
Lens, Double Convex, 38 mm dia., 10 cm FL
Lens, Double Concave, 38 mm dia., 10 cm FL
Mirror, Flat, Acrylic, 10 x 10 cm
Mirror, Flat, Glass, 5 x 15 cm dia.
Light Stick, Green
Light Stick, Red
Light Stick, Yellow
Light Stick, Blue
Light Stick, Orange
Lens and Mirror Support—Large
Lens and Mirror Support—Small
Light Bulb, Miniature, 1.2 V, 0.22 A
Iodine Vapor Spectrum Tube*

Ready to Serve!

Transformer Physics Investigatory Project PDF Class 12

Introduction

The transformer is a device used for converting a low alternating voltage to a high alternating voltage or a high alternating voltage into a low alternating voltage. It is a static electrical device that transfers energy by inductive coupling between its winding circuits. Transformers range in size from a thumbnail-sized coupling transformer hidden inside a stage microphone to huge units weighing hundreds of tons used in power plant substations or to interconnect portions of the power grid. All operate on the same basic principles, although the range of designs is wide. While new technologies have eliminated the need for transformers in some electronic circuits, transformers are still found in many electronic devices. Transformers are essential for high-voltage electric power transmission, which makes long-distance transmission economically practical. A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts. A transformer which increases the voltages is called a step-up transformer. A transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a step-down transformer. Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction, a concept first discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century. The transformer consists of two coils of wire, known as the primary and secondary windings, which are usually wound around a common magnetic core. When an alternating current (AC) flows through the primary winding, it generates a changing magnetic field around the coil. According to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, this changing magnetic field induces an electromotive force (EMF) or voltage in the secondary winding. The key principle here is that the transformer relies on the mutual induction between the primary and secondary windings through the magnetic flux linkage.

Construction

A transformer consists of a rectangular shaft iron core made of laminated sheets, well insulated from one another. Two coils & and & are wound on the same core, but are well insulated with each other. Note that the both the coils are insulated from the core, the source of alternating e.m.f is connected to , the primary coil and a load resistance R is connected to , the secondary coil through an open switch S. thus there can be no current through the sec. coil so long as the switch is open. For an ideal transformer, we assume that the resistance of the primary & secondary winding is negligible. Further, the energy loses due to magnetic the iron core is also negligible. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

See PDF for Theory Part

A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring circuit.

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by insulated material and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power i.e.

Thus, in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore, the efficiency of transformer is less than one.

Material Required

Copper wire

Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of thin Cu wire on thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary coil of the transformer.
Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down transformer.
Connect p1,p2 to A.C main and measure the input voltage and current using A.C voltmeter and ammeter respectively.
Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through s1 and s2
Now connect s1 and s2 to A.C main and again measure voltage and current through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.
Repeat all steps for other self-made transformers by changing number of turns in primary and secondary coil.

Observation

We will find that ratio of and across the two coils is equal to the ratio of number of turns in the coil P to that in the coil S. i.e., Vp/Vs = Np/Ns —————- (1)
The coil P (to which AC voltage is applied) is called the primary and coil S (in which AC is induced) is called the secondary.
Since coil S is placed very close to the coil P, the power in the primary is transferred into the secondary through mutual induction.
It is clear from equation 1, that by appropriate choice of the turn ratio i.e., Np/Ns, we can obtain a higher voltage or lower voltage in S compared to that in P.

Energy Loss

In practice, the output energy of a transformer is always less than the input energy, because energy losses occur due to a number of reasons as explained below.

Loss of Magnetic Flux: The coupling between the coils is seldom perfect. So, whole of the magnetic flux produced by the primary coil is not linked up with the secondary coil.
Iron Loss: In actual iron cores in spite of lamination, Eddy currents are produced. The magnitude of eddy current may, however be small. And a part of energy is lost as the heat produced in the iron core.
Copper Loss: In practice, the coils of the transformer possess resistance. So, a part of the energy is lost due to the heat produced in the resistance of the coil.
Hysteresis Loss: The alternating current in the coil tapes the iron core through complete cycle of magnetization. So, Energy is lost due to hysteresis.
Magneto restriction: The alternating current in the Transformer may be set its parts in to vibrations and sound may be produced. It is called humming. Thus, a part of energy may be lost due to humming.

Application of Transformer

Electric Power Transmission: Transformers are crucial in power transmission networks to step up voltage for efficient long-distance transmission and step-down voltage for distribution to end-users.
Voltage Regulation: Transformers help maintain a stable voltage level by adjusting the voltage as needed, ensuring consistent and reliable electrical supply.
Power Distribution: They are used in power distribution systems to provide various voltage levels suitable for residential, commercial, and industrial applications.
Power Supply Units: Transformers are employed in power supply units of electronic devices, converting AC power from outlets to the DC power needed by devices like computers and chargers.
Voltage Transformation: Transformers change the voltage levels, allowing electricity to be transmitted at high voltages to reduce energy losses and then be distributed at lower voltages for use.
Industrial Applications: Transformers power various industrial machinery and equipment by adapting electrical voltage to meet specific operational requirements.

Electrical Appliances: Many electronic devices and appliances use transformers to convert electricity to the required voltage for their operation.

The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.
The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the ratio (Ns/N p) with respect to the input voltage.
There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Project PDF Download Link:

Charging and discharging of capacitor investigatory project pdf, different factors on which internal resistance/emf of a cell depends physics investigatory pdf, full wave rectifier investigatory project pdf, ac generator investigatory project pdf for class 12, electromagnetic induction physics investigatory project pdf, touch sensor physics investigatory project pdf (xii), refund policy.

Thank you for choosing our website for your investigatory project needs. We understand the importance of reliable and informative content, and we strive to provide you with high-quality samples. Our refund policy is designed to ensure transparency and fairness in all transactions.

Once a user has downloaded or explored a project PDF without watermark on our website, we regret to inform you that we do not offer refunds. This policy is in place to protect the integrity of our content and the value of the resources we provide. We encourage users to thoroughly review project details and ensure compatibility before making a purchase.

If you encounter any issues or have concerns about the quality of our content, please feel free to reach out to us. We are committed to addressing any valid concerns and providing assistance to enhance your experience with our website.

We appreciate your understanding and cooperation in adhering to our refund policy. Your satisfaction is important to us, and we are here to assist you with any inquiries you may have before making a purchase. Thank you for choosing our website for your investigatory project resources.

Privacy Policy

At Knowledge Cycle, we are committed to protecting your privacy and safeguarding any personal information you provide to us. This Privacy Policy outlines how we collect, use, and handle your information when you visit and interact with our website knowledecycle.in. Please read this policy carefully to understand our practices regarding your personal data.

Information we collect:

Personal Information: We may collect personal information such as your name, email address, and any other details you voluntarily provide when you interact with our website, subscribe to our newsletter, or engage in our services.
Log Data: When you visit our website, our servers automatically collect certain information, including your IP address, browser type, operating system, referring URLs, pages viewed, and the date and time of your visit. This information is collected to analyze trends, administer the site, track users’ movements, and gather broad demographic information for internal use.
Cookies and Similar Technologies: We use cookies, beacons, and similar technologies to enhance your browsing experience and customize content based on your preferences. These technologies also help us collect information about how you use our website and track your interactions with our content.

Use of collected information:

Personalization: We may use the information collected to personalize your experience on our website, providing you with tailored content, recommendations, and offerings that match your interests.
Communication: We may use your contact information to send you newsletters, updates, promotional materials, and other relevant communications. You can opt out of these communications at any time by following the instructions provided in the email or contacting us directly.
Analytics: The data we collect, including log data and information obtained through cookies, helps us analyze user behavior, improve our website’s functionality, and optimize our content based on user preferences.

Data Retention and Deletion:

We retain your personal information only for as long as necessary to fulfill the purposes outlined in this Privacy Policy, unless a longer retention period is required or permitted by law. Once the information is no longer needed, we will securely delete or anonymize it to prevent unauthorized access, use, or disclosure.

Third-Party Services:

We may use third-party services, such as analytics providers or advertising partners, that collect and process information on our behalf. These third parties are bound by confidentiality agreements and are prohibited from using your personal information for any purpose other than assisting us in providing and improving our services.

Data Security:

We implement appropriate security measures to protect your personal information from unauthorized access, alteration, disclosure, or destruction. However, please note that no method of transmission or storage over the internet is 100% secure, and we cannot guarantee the absolute security of your information.

Changes to the Privacy Policy:

We may update this Privacy Policy from time to time to reflect changes in our practices. We encourage you to review this page periodically to stay informed about our privacy practices.

Contact us:

If you have any questions or concerns about this Privacy Policy or our data practices, please contact us at: Email: [email protected] Telegram: @official_knowledgecycle

Terms and Condition

These terms and conditions govern your use of knowledgecycle.in (the “Website”) and the services provided therein. By accessing or using the Website, you agree to comply with these terms and conditions. If you do not agree with any part of these terms, please refrain from using the Website.

Use of Content

The content available on the Website, including investigatory project PDFs, blogs, and any other materials, is for personal and non-commercial use only. You may not modify, distribute, transmit, display, perform, reproduce, publish, license, create derivative works from, transfer, or sell any information, software, products, or services obtained from the Website without prior written consent from knowledgecycle.in.
You agree not to use the content on the Website for any illegal or unauthorized purpose. You must comply with all applicable laws and regulations while using the Website

Intellectual Property:

The content, trademarks, logos, and intellectual property rights displayed on the Website are the property of knowledgecycle.in or their respective owners. You do not acquire any ownership rights by using the Website.
You may not use any of the trademarks, logos, or other proprietary information without the prior written consent of knowledgecycle.in or the respective owners

Use Conduct

You agree to use the Website only for lawful purposes and in a manner that does not infringe upon the rights of others, restrict or inhibit anyone else’s use and enjoyment of the Website, or violate any applicable laws.
You agree not to engage in any activity that may interfere with or disrupt the Website, such as transmitting viruses, spam, or harmful code.

No Refund Policy

Due to the nature of the services provided, knowledgecycle.in operates with a strict no-refund policy. Once you have purchased or accessed any investigatory project PDFs or other paid services, no refunds will be provided.
It is your responsibility to review and confirm your selection before making any purchase

Limitation of Liability

Modifications and termination.

knowledgecycle.in reserves the right to modify, suspend, or discontinue any aspect of the Website at any time without prior notice.
We may also terminate or suspend your access to the Website or any part thereof without prior notice if we believe that you have violated these terms and conditions.

These terms and conditions constitute the entire agreement between you and knowledgecycle.in regarding your use of the Website and supersede any prior agreements or communications.

If you have any questions or concerns about these terms and conditions, please contact us at Email: [email protected]

Last updated: 01/05/2023

Welcome to Knowledge Cycle! At Knowledge Cycle, we are passionate about sharing knowledge and empowering individuals with valuable information. Our platform, knowledecycle.in, is dedicated to providing investigatory project PDFs and insightful blogs on a wide range of subjects. Whether you’re a student, or an avid learner, we aim to be your go-to resource for educational materials and thought-provoking content.

Our mission:

Our mission is to bridge the gap between curiosity and knowledge. We believe that learning should be accessible to everyone, and we strive to make high-quality educational resources readily available. Through our investigatory project PDFs and engaging blogs, we aim to inspire intellectual growth, critical thinking, and a thirst for knowledge.

What we offers:

Investigatory Project PDFs: We understand the importance of hands-on learning and independent research. That’s why we provide a diverse collection of investigatory project PDFs across various topics related to Science. Whether you’re working on a school project, seeking inspiration for your report file, or simply exploring new ideas, our PDFs will equip you with the necessary insights and guidance.
Informative Blogs: We write knowledgeable and informative blogs on a wide array of topics. From science and technology to arts and culture, our blogs cover a broad spectrum of subjects to cater to diverse interests. Dive into our articles, expand your knowledge, and stay updated with the latest trends and discoveries.

Why choose knowledge cycle?

Quality Content: We prioritize quality in all our offerings. Our investigatory project PDFs and blogs undergo a meticulous review process to ensure accuracy, relevance, and credibility. You can trust the information you find on our platform to be reliable and up-to-date.
User-Friendly Experience: Navigating our website is a breeze. We’ve designed it with user experience in mind, making it easy for you to find the resources you need quickly. Our intuitive search functionality and organized categories enable effortless exploration, ensuring a seamless journey on our platform.
Continuous Growth: Learning is a lifelong journey, and we’re committed to supporting your intellectual growth. We regularly update our content library, introducing new investigatory project PDFs and blogs to keep you inspired and motivated. Be sure to check back often and discover new learning opportunities.

Start Your Knowledge Cycle Journey Today! Embark on a knowledge-filled adventure with Knowledge Cycle. Whether you’re seeking investigatory project PDFs or intriguing blogs, we’ve got you covered. Join our community of learners, expand your horizons, and unlock the boundless potential of knowledge.

Together, let’s embrace the joy of learning and make knowledge cycle throughout our lives.

PRODUCT CATEGORIES

Same Day Dispatch

All in stock items will be dispatched same day from our fully stocked warehouse

Worldwide shipping Available

We ship worldwide! Online orders ship all over the globe. Wherever you need science equipment we can ship it*.

FREE Delivery on ALL orders for UK

All online orders in the UK are Free delivery no matter the size. No minimum free shipping requirement and no delivery charge.....Ever

Physics Lab Equipment & Supplies

Together we can create amazing laboratories

Providing schools and labs with only the best Physics equipment and supplies

From Stephen Hawking and Michio Kaku to Professor Brian Cox, people just can’t get enough of everything that the world of physics encompasses.

This particular subject is the study of the basic laws that preside over the physical world around us. Just like Biology and Chemistry , there are so many different concepts that Physics can cover.

However, to get the most concrete understanding of this subject, you’ll need to make sure you have a solid knowledge of algebra and trigonometry.

Sub Categories

Showing 1–12 of 310 results

Power Supply, Stepped, 2-12V AC/DC, 5A

National grid kit with pylons, electricity circuits kit – edulab, electromagnet kit, monitor4 geiger counter, linear air track 1.5 meter with accessories – edulab, ripple tank, g by freefall apparatus and timer – edulab, van de graaff generator (motor or hand driven) – edulab, magnets kit, youngs modulus apparatus, force, motion & dynamics kit, more about physics equipment, helping to inspire the next generation of physicists.

With one of the largest selection of physics equipment and supplies on the market, EduLab can at least make sure you have all the necessary tools to conduct your experiments.

Whether you’re studying motion , conducting experiments in electromagnetism or need to replace your electrical apparatus , we’ll make sure you have everting you need to bring Physics to life.

Misconceptions
Classroom Physics

Share this article:

Quick demonstrations and activities, stacked ball drop, reversing arrow, kettle power, quick parallels, dancing sprinkles, slink-o-scope, ice water oil, static crate, steady spoon, toppling bottles, short series, magnetic force pairs, attracting can, sweet simulations, rocket balloon, stellar convection, colourful convection, rope loop circuit, led photocell, vanishing coin, always balanced rule, the simplest motor, whistling waveforms, elastic band universe, seasons: skydome, noise-cancelling tuning fork, pendulum bags, seasons: torch and board, magnetic train, seasons: thermochromic globe.

Practical Activity for 11-14 14-16 16-19

The activities in this collection are all easy to set up, require minimal kit and will take less than 20 minutes to run. They have been created to support purposeful, frequent and varied practical science in schools as recommended by the Gatsby Charitable Foundation .

Classroom Activity for 14-16 16-19

Activity time 15 mins

In this activity, students explore how high a ping pong ball bounces when dropped by itself and then with a golf ball. You can use it to show how an energy analysis allows us to put limits on possible outcomes.

Each group of students will need:

30 cm ruler
Ping pong ball
Bench/table to bounce off
Sticky tape
A4 sheet of clear plastic (eg document wallet)
Access to a mass balance (capable of measuring to nearest g or better)

Ask students to:

Roll the clear plastic A4 sheet into a tube with a diameter slightly wider than the golf ball. Measure the length of the tube (this should be 30 cm).
Use sticky tape to hold the tube in shape and stand it upright on a bench or table. Ask an assistant to gently grip the bottom of the tube (or use a clamp stand at the top to keep it upright).
Hold the ping pong ball so that the bottom of the ball is at the top of the tube. Let go. Measure the height the ping pong ball bounces to.
Repeat for the golf ball.
Measure masses of golf ball and ping pong ball.
Hold the ping pong ball directly above the golf ball and drop the two together so that the ping pong ball bounces straight up. Measure the height the golf ball reaches.

Discussion prompts

What percentage of its original height did the ping pong ball reach when it bounces off the bench?
How high would it bounce if the bounce efficiency was 100%?
What is the maximum possible height the ping pong ball can reach in the two-ball drop?

Teaching notes

The start and end points of an energy analysis for the stacked ball drop are shown below.

The length of the tube is 𝐿 and, for the ping pong ball and golf ball respectively, the rebound heights are 𝐻 and ℎ and masses are 𝑀 and 𝑚. For a perfectly elastic collision, we can say that the energy stored gravitationally before the drop would be the same as the energy stored gravitationally afterwards. Therefore:

(𝑀+𝑚)𝑔𝐿 ≥ 𝑚𝑔ℎ + 𝑀𝑔𝐻

And so the height of the ping pong ball can be predicted using:

ℎ ≤ 𝐿 + 𝑀 𝑚 (𝐿−𝐻)

Substituting in experimental values should give a maximum value for ℎ of up to a few metres. The actual height will be lower as the real bounce efficiency will be less than 100%.

Learning outcome

Students use an energy analysis to put an upper limit on the height an object can reach after a collision.

Home learning

For a version of this activity for younger pupils to try at home, see Do Try This at Home: episode 13

This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

Classroom Activity for 11-14

In this activity, students explore how an arrow can look bigger and reversed through a glass of water.

Students use the terms object, image, magnified, inverted and diminished when describing images formed by a converging lens.

A clear, straight-sided glass or beaker
A4 white paper or card
A felt tip pen and ruler
A jug or bottle of water for pouring
Draw two short identical arrows on the A4 paper. They should be of a length equal to about a third of the diameter of the glass and pointing the same way, one above the other.
Stand the paper upright – lean it against a book or wall if necessary.
Place the empty glass/beaker so that it is touching the paper.
Partly fill the glass so that one of the arrows is visible through water in the glass and the other can be seen through the air above the water.
Gradually move the glass away from the paper.
How is what you see different from what you drew on the paper?
How does it change as you move the glass away from the paper?

Introduce the terms below to help students describe what they see.

Word	Meaning
Object	What is drawn on the paper
Image	What you see
Magnified	Bigger
Diminished	Smaller
Inverted	Reversed

To start, they will see a magnified image that is the same way around as the object. As they increase distance the image will becomes ‘left-right reversed’ – a bit like the image they see of themselves when they look in a mirror. As they move the glass away from the paper the inverted image will initially be a magnified one, then become the same size as the object, before becoming a diminished image.

Challenge students to film the reversing arrow trick. They will need to position their glass of water so that inverted image is the same size as the object.

Classroom Activity for 14-16

In this demonstration students predict which kettle boils first. You can use it to illustrate that power is the rate at which energy is transferred and to introduce the relationship P = IV.

3 kW electric kettle
Small low-power electric kettle (eg 1 kW travel kettle of type found in hotel rooms)
2 plug-in energy meters with voltage, current and power functions
500 ml measuring jug or beaker
Thermometer (optional)

Preparation

A 3 kW kettle draws a large current. Don’t use an extension lead. Plug each kettle into its own wall outlet and check that the RCD circuits in your lab do not trip when you switch on both at the same time.

The energy functions on your meters are likely to be calibrated in kilowatt-hours. They are not needed for this activity. If you do decide to use them remember to reset meters to zero before you start and explain how to convert to joules (1 kWh = 3 600 000 J).

Plug the large kettle into a power meter and into the mains supply. Do the same for the small kettle.
Set both meters to the voltage function and note values on board. They should see that both kettles give the same reading (240 V).
Pour 0.5 litre of water into each kettle. Measure water temperature (optional).
Switch on both kettles at the same time.
Switch both meters to the current function and note values on board.
Switch to the power settings and leave both kettles switched on.
Which kettle will boil first?
The kettles are plugged into the same mains supply. Which kettle transfers energy to the water more quickly?
Can you see a relationship between power, current and voltage?

Students may think that the smaller kettle will come to the boil first because there is less casing material to warm. Remind them that inside there is a large mass of water. It is not possible to work out which kettle will boil first from its appearance alone.

The mass of water poured into each kettle is the same. The starting temperature for the water is also the same and so is the end temperature because both kettles switch off automatically when the water reaches 100°C. The energy required to raise the temperature of the water in each kettle is equal.

The power reading in watts is the energy in joules transferred electrically in one second by the heating element circuit. For the small kettle the rate is about 1,000 joules per second. For large the kettle it is close to 3,000 joules per second.

The current readings reveal the reason that the larger kettle will warm up more quickly. The current is three times as great and so energy is transferred at three times the rate. We’d expect the kettle with a 3 kW heating element to boil about three times as fast as one with a 1 kW element.

Explain that the electrical power depends on both voltage (ie energy transferred per charge) and current. Multiply current (I) and voltage (V) to introduce the relationship for electrical power (P) . Show that P = IV for both kettles.

If students ask why the larger kettle has a higher current, calculate resistances by dividing voltage by current. The large kettle’s heating element has a lower resistance and so for the same ‘push’ (voltage) from the mains the current inside it will be larger.

Students define power as the rate at which energy is transferred and can use the relationship P = IV to calculate power for an electrical appliance. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

Practical Activity for 11-14

Activity time 20 mins

This activity allows students to investigate up to three bulbs without them having to rebuild their circuit. You can use it to test their understanding of current in parallel circuits.

Low voltage power supply (e.g. 1.5 V electrical cell)
Three identical bulbs
Two ammeters
Eight 4 mm leads
Glass of drinking water and straws (optional)

Before the start of the lesson, set up one circuit as an exemplar so students can refer to it if required.

Drinking water through straws is a useful analogy for parallel circuits, but students should not eat or drink in labs. Only provide straws if you carry out the activity in a classroom.

Ask the students to:

Set up the circuit below. To start only one bulb should be lit.

Record the readings on both ammeters (A1 and A2).
Predict what will happen when they connect lead Y.
Connect lead Y and record observations.
Repeat for lead Z.
Why must the ammeter readings always be the same?
Why do they go up when you connect leads Y and Z?

Most students should be able explain why the readings on the ammeters are the same. The meters show the rate at which charges flow in and out of the cell. The two values must be the same because charge isn’t used up in a circuit.

For students that struggle to explain why readings increase when they connect leads Y and Z, a useful analogy is drinking water through straws. Adding more bulbs in parallel is like increasing the number of straws: the overall rate of flow increases because there are more parallel paths along which the flow can happen.

Students predict and explain how the current will change when two or more bulbs are connected in parallel. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

This activity shows that a loud sound is capable of making small grains jump. You can use it to introduce the idea that sound is a vibration of the air.

Hundreds and thousands sprinkles of the type used for cake decorations
Large spoon or drumstick
Metal baking tray, drum or similar to hit to make a loud noise
Cover the top of the bowl with cling film. Stretch it tightly.
Scatter some of the hundreds and thousands sprinkles on the cling film.
Hold the baking tray close to – but not touching - the cling film and strike it sharply with the spoon.
Why does the baking tray make a sound?
How do the sprinkles move when they haven’t been touched by anything?

Students will probably have heard of a ‘sound wave’ but, based on everyday experience (e.g. shouting or whistling), think it involves air travelling en masse from source to detector. In this activity there is no obvious source of moving air. Identify the source, medium and detector in your explanation and introduce the idea that a sound is a vibration of the air.

The baking tray is a sound source because it vibrates when it’s struck. The vibrations are transmitted through the air (the medium) to the bowl and cling film (the detector). The incoming sound wave makes the surface of the cling film move up and down and the sprinkles on its surface dance in response.

Students describe sound waves as vibrations of the air, initiated by the vibrating source of the sound. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

Practical Activity for 14-16

In this demonstration students are introduced to a mechanical model of how sound displays on an oscilloscope.

Students can describe what an oscilloscope shows when displaying a sound wave and determine the time period from the trace.

Slinky spring
Rubber band
Clamp stand
Felt tip pen
A few sheet of A3 squared or graph paper (eg made by sticking two A4 sheets together)
Stopwatch (optional)

Build and test your slink-o-scope before the lesson. For instructions, watch the video above.

Ask for a volunteer. They will be in your assistant in charge of holding the paper under the pen.
Holding one end of the slinky in place move the other end back and forth to generate longitudinal waves. The pen will move on the paper.
Show the resulting graph to the class - they should see that that it is close to a straight-line.
Place a new sheet of paper under the pen.
Ask for another volunteer. They will be in charge of timing (they can use a stopwatch or count - eg “one thousand, two thousand..”).
Send longitudinal waves down the slinky again. Ask the timing volunteer to shout “start” so that your assistant can start moving the paper at a steady speed in a straight line towards the clamp stand.
Ask the assistant to stop when they near the end of the paper and to shout “stop”.
Display the resulting trace to the class – they should see that it is close to a sine shaped curve.
What labels should I use for the graph axes?
What does the distance between two peaks show?

Students may think that the distance between two peaks represents the wavelength. Encourage them to think about what caused the motion of the pen across the paper. In the vertical direction it was driven by the motion of a slinky coil, in the horizontal your assistant pulled the paper at steady speed. It’s a displacement-time graph. The distance between two peaks represents the time period T .

Discuss how to find T by averaging over a number of peaks. For example, the graph in the video above took 6s to plot and has 12 peaks. So T = 6/12 = 0.5 s.

Introduce an oscilloscope as the electronic equivalent of a slink-o-scope.

device	detector	display
slink-o-scope	metre-rule	displacement-time graph
oscilloscope	microphone	voltage-time graph

Model increasing an oscilloscope’s time-base setting by increasing the speed of the paper. Model increasing its vertical sensitivity by increasing the distance between pen and pivot.

In this demonstration students observe oil floating on water and ice floating on oil. You can use it to test understanding of density.

Two 50 ml measuring cylinders
250ml beaker
Two electronic balances (capable of measuring to nearest g or better)
400 ml vegetable oil
Water in a glass or clear plastic jug (at least 100 ml)
Blue food colouring
Ice cube tray
Tissues (to mop up any spillages)

The night before the activity prepare blue ice cubes by adding a few drops of food colouring to water in an ice-cube tray and freezing. The blue food dye will make it easier for the students to distinguish the ice and resulting meltwater from the oil.

When carrying out the activity avoid getting oil on the bench or floor where it may cause a slipping hazard. Afterwards, dispose of the oil in the non-recycling waste by putting an absorbent material (e.g. newspaper or cat litter) into a strong bin bag and pouring the top layer of oil from the cylinders and beaker into the bag. The remaining coloured water can be washed down the sink with the tap running.

Add a few drops of blue colouring into the water in the jug.
Pour 40 ml of the blue water into a measuring cylinder and add 10 ml of oil.
Pour 40 ml of oil into the other measuring cylinder and add 10 ml of blue water.
Put the beaker on a balance and zero it.
Pour in the remainder of the oil into the beaker and add the ice cube.
The total volumes of liquid in each cylinder are the same. Are the masses?
When the ice in the beaker melts what will happen?

Students may talk about ice and water being lighter or heavier than oil. Encourage them to think in terms of the density of these materials. Some may think that the mass or volume of an individual ice cube is important, show them this isn’t the case by floating both large and small ones in the beaker.

In both measuring cylinders the water settles at the bottom because it has a higher density than oil. The oil-water mixtures have the same volume, but the one with a greater percentage of water will have the larger mass because water contributes more mass per volume than oil. Confirm this by putting each measuring cylinder in turn on a balance (the mass difference should be about 3g).

The ice floats on the oil because it’s less dense than oil. When it melts, it turns to water and so we would expect it to sink. If they look at the beaker, they can confirm this. Blue water droplets are detaching from the bottom of the ice cube, dropping through the oil and collecting at the bottom of the beaker (if the ice cubes haven’t started melting use a ruler to submerge them to speed up the process).

During the change of state the mass doesn’t change (the reading on the balance under the beaker remains constant). The increase in density must be due to a decrease in volume. The molecules must pack more closely together when the ice melts (water is very unusual in this regard as most solid substances are denser than when they’re liquid).

Students describe density changes during a change of state in terms of a rearrangement of the molecules. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

In this activity students observe a crate being lifted by two different methods. You can use it to introduce horizontal and vertical force components.

Crate filled with books (or other objects) to provide a total mass of approx. 2.5 kg
Two lengths of rope each about 2 m long

Preparation & safety

Before the activity attach a length of rope to each end of the crate. Ensure that the ropes are tied securely and that the crate doesn’t tip over when lifted. During the demonstration discourage volunteers from trying to impress their classmates by pulling on the ropes with exaggerated force.

Tuck the ropes into the crate and use your hands to lift it off the floor or bench.
Hold crate stationary with your arms straight and then put it down.
Ask for two volunteers to pull on the ropes to lift the crate and hold it stationary above the ground with the ropes at angles of about 45°.
Now challenge them to try to pull firmly on the ropes until they are horizontal.
Which forces act on the crate?
Are the forces balanced?
Why is it impossible to get the ropes horizontal?

Most students should be able to identify forces acting on the crate lifted by hand and explain why they balance. The forces are vertical. Each hand provides half the upward force required to balance the pull of gravity.

For the crate lifted by ropes some may struggle with the direction of the lifting forces. Explain how they arise. When the crate is lifted off the ground, the ropes stretch slightly, exerting forces along their length and at an angle of 45°.

To explain how the forces balance, introduce force components. They can think of each force as being made up of two parts one sideways and one upwards known as the horizontal and vertical components. In the horizontal direction the components are of equal size but in opposite directions and so cancel each other out. Similarly, gravity is balanced by the vertical components.

No matter how hard your students pull, it’s impossible to get the ropes completely horizontal because you always need a vertical component to balance gravity.

Students explain equilibrium situations in terms of vertical and horizontal force components. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

Classroom Activity for 11-14 14-16

In this activity students are introduced to the idea of the centre of gravity by comparing the balance points of a ruler and a wooden spoon.

Wooden spoon
Electronic balance (capable of measuring to nearest g or better)

You will also need:

Masking tape

Choose spoons with cylindrical handles and oval-shaped bowls and check that they balance at a point on their handles. Cut them through their balance points and connect the handle and bowl back together using masking tape.

Introduce the term ‘centre of gravity’ as the point around which the weight of an object is evenly distributed and the point at which an object will balance.

Ask students to:work in pairs to:

Use their outstretched finger as a pivot to find the balance point of the ruler.
Repeat for the spoon.
Remove the masking tape and balance each part of the spoon separately.
Measure distances from balance positions to the cut edge and calculate the mass x distance for both handle and bowl.
Draw force diagrams to show where the gravitational forces act on ruler and spoon.
Why does the ruler balance at its midpoint, but not the spoon?
How does the mass left and right of the pivot compare?
Where should I draw gravity force arrows on a diagram?

Students will accept that the centre of gravity for the ruler is at its midpoint because it has a uniform shape. The mass left and right of the pivot is equal and so gravity pulls downs on each side with equal effect. Their measurements for handle and bowl should illustrate the more general case for an irregularly shaped object: it is the mass x distance from the pivot that must be equal for an object to balance.

They may suggest drawing one, two or many arrows to represent the pull of gravity on a spoon (or ruler). All options are correct. It depends on many they view the object: a single object, two sections or many stuck together. But whichever they choose, they must always start their arrow(s) at the centre of gravity position(s).

Students can explain why the centre of gravity of an irregular object is not half way along its length. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

In this demonstration, students see that objects with a lower centre of gravity are more stable.

Students can relate the stability of an object to the position of its centre of gravity relative to its base.

3 identical clear plastic bottles with caps - bottles with flat bases are best as their is less ambiguity about the area of the bottle in contact with the board.
Water in a jug or large beaker - enough to fill two bottles
Food colouring (so students can see the mass distribution in the bottles more easily)
Strong cardboard or wooden board
Add a few drops of food colouring to the water
Fill one bottle with coloured water to the very top.
Half-fill another bottle (leaving the last one empty).
Using sticky tape, secure the pencil to one end of the board to make a lip.
Place the three bottles in a row in increasing mass order along the board next to the lip.
Raise the other side of the board slowly.
What force makes a bottle fall over?
Can you predict the order in which the bottles will topple?

Students may be surprised that the bottles with the least and most mass topple at the same time. Encourage them to think about the how the mass is distributed in the bottles.

If students are unfamiliar with the terms 'the centre of gravity' and 'stable object' introduce them.

The centre of gravity is the point at which we can consider the gravity force to act. A sort of average position for the mass in an object.
A stable object is one that returns to its original position when disturbed.

Explanation

In the full and empty bottles the mass is distributed evenly and so the centre of gravity is at half way up the bottle. The half full bottle is different because it has an uneven distribution of mass and a lower centre of gravity.

When the bottles are upright, the gravitational force acts downwards through the base of the bottle (the area that is in contact with the board). As the bottle is tilted, it will remain in contact with the board until the line of action of the gravitational force falls outside the base -at which point it will topple over and so will no longer be stable. The full and empty bottles topple first because they have a higher centre of gravity and so reach their tipping points first; the half full bottle is more stable because it has a low centre of gravity.

This class activity allows students to investigate circuits with up to three bulbs without having to take their circuit apart. You can use it to test their understanding of current in series circuits.

Before the start of the lesson, set up one circuit as an exemplar so that students can refer to it if required.

During the activity students will need to bypass some of the bulbs by connecting leads around them. To avoid damaging the ammeters, ensure they don’t short circuit all the bulbs. There must be at least one bulb in the circuit to avoid the current becoming too high.

Set up the circuit below. To start, they should connect leads around two of the bulbs so that only the first bulb is lit.

Predict what will happen when they remove lead Y.
Disconnect lead Y and record observations.
Why must the ammeters readings always be the same?
Why do they go down when you disconnect the leads?

Students may not understand how leads Y and Z allow them to change the number of bulbs in the circuit. Explain this in terms of the current taking the path of least resistance. The leads have a much lower resistance than the other components. Connecting a lead around a bulb means (almost) all the current will go through the lead, not the bulb.

There is only one loop in a series circuit and so an ammeter placed anywhere in the circuit will read the same. Disconnecting a lead adds another bulb in series, increasing the circuit’s overall resistance and so reducing the current throughout.

Students predict and explain what will happen to the current when another light bulb is added in series. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

This demonstration shows that the forces of attraction between two magnetically interacting objects are equal and opposite. You can use it as an example of Newton’s third law.

Two identical small, strong neodymium magnets with holes in – the diameter of the hole should be large enough to thread string through (e.g. 2.5 mm)
Three 30 cm lengths of string
Two clamps and stands
Small bulldog clip
Two G-clamps(optional)

Rare-earth magnets are brittle and shatter easily. Don’t drill a hole into an existing magnet. Source neodymium magnets with pre-made holes or make a harness out of string or wire. When handling or moving magnets towards each other ensure that they don’t collide.

Before the activity, thread strings through each of the magnets and secure with a knot. Also tie one end of a string to the bulldog clip. Suspend the two magnets from a clamp stand so they hang around 10 cm below where the string is tied.

Setting the distance between the magnets and magnet and clip can take a bit of practice. Try it out beforehand. Mark positions on the bench and/or secure stands with G clamps to allow a quicker set-up next time.

Attach one magnet by its string to a clamp and secure the string tightly so that the magnet hangs around 10 cm below where the string is tied.
Hang a second magnet from the second clamp. Arrange the stands so that the two magnets are close and attracting each other strongly with their strings almost horizontal.
Repeat step 2 but replace one of the magnets with the bulldog clip.
What causes the magnetic force on the left magnet? What about the right magnet?
What causes the forces on the magnet and clip?
How do the size and direction of the forces compare?

Students will be aware that magnets can attract each other and so will accept that two identical magnets pull equally on each other. The force on the left magnet is due to the right magnet; the one on the right is due to the left.

They may be surprised to see the same effect with the magnet and clip. These need to be closer to produce the same size forces but as previously the size of the forces are equal in size and opposite in direction. Like all interactions, magnetic interactions create Newton’s third law force pairs.

Students identify Newton’s third law force pairs for objects that interact magnetically. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

In this class activity, students see that after it’s rubbed against your clothes a balloon will attract a drinks can and make it roll. You can use it to introduce why charged objects exert forces on uncharged objects.

Each student will need:

Empty aluminium soft drink can
Rubber balloon
Cloth or woollen clothing
Inflate the balloon and tie its neck.
Place the empty can on its side on a flat surface.
Hold the balloon close to the can. They should see that nothing happens because the balloon is initially uncharged.
Rub the balloon on their clothing or a piece of cloth so that it becomes charged.
Bring the balloon close to the can. They should see the can start to move towards the balloon.
Move the balloon gradually away from the can so that the can rolls along.
After it’s been rubbed, the balloon attracts the can. Have you seen this sort of thing before?
How can you tell that the forces on the aluminium can are unbalanced?
How do you think the balloon creates a force on the can?

Charged objects attracting other objects may be familiar from, for example, a comb attracting hair. You could rub the balloon and show that it also attracts a student’s hair. To help them visualise charging processes, introduce electrons as negatively charged particles that move between the materials.

The balloon becomes charged when it’s rubbed because it’s made of a material that attracts electrons more strongly than the cloth. Electrons are transferred from the cloth to the balloon and so the balloon gains a negative charge overall. Explaining that the cloth is left with a positive charge will help students appreciate that charge is conserved, but there is no need to discuss atomic structure or the nature of the positive charge in the objects.

The charging process for the aluminium can is different. The two objects do not come into contact. Instead, electrons in the can are repelled by the balloon and so move to the part of the can furthest away. The back of the can becomes negatively charged and the front positive, but overall the can remains electrically neutral. The reason the aluminium can starts rolling is because the back of the can is further away and so the repulsive force on the back of the can is smaller than the attractive force on the front.

If students use the phrase ‘static electricity’, explain that it can be a misleading one. The charging process for the balloon involves the transfer of charge between cloth and balloon, and the process for the aluminium can involves charges moving within the can. The charging processes may be different, but in neither are the charges ‘static’.

Students describe how an object made of an insulating material becomes charged when we rub it and also why it then attracts other objects. This experiment was safety-checked in March 2020.

In this activity students shake sweets to model the radioactive decay of a large number of unstable nuclei. You can use it to introduce decay curves.

Sweets or chocolates provide a colourful analogy for radioactivate decay, but there should be no eating or drinking in labs. Consumption will also skew results. If you think the temptation to eat sweets might be too great for your students you may want to consider alternatives such as coins or small dice. Whatever you choose source a large number.

Enough sweets or chocolates with a logo on one side so that each student can have four (eg 100 sweets for a class of 25 students)
Four extra sweets for yourself
Seven or eight measuring cylinders each with a capacity large enough to hold half the total number of sweets
Line up measuring cylinders in a row and ask for a volunteer to be your assistant for counting and collecting sweets.
Write up the total number of sweets on the board and distribute four sweets to each student. Keep four for yourself.
Ask the class to hold sweets in cupped hands like you are and when you shout ‘shake’ to shake them so that the sweets move around inside their hands. You should do the same with yours.
After 5 seconds shout ‘stop’. They should open hands palm up, remove any sweets that are logo-side up. You should do the same.
Ask your assistant to collect all discarded sweets and put them into first measuring cylinder.
Repeat steps 3 to 5 to fill the other cylinders. Time your shouts of ‘shake’ to be at regular intervals for a better model of radioactive decay.
How many sweets do you think are in the first cylinder? What about the second?
For each shake, what are the chances for an individual sweet landing face up?
Is it possible to predict when a particular sweet will land face-up?

Students could ‘place bets’ by writing down predictions for sweet numbers on mini-white boards or post-it notes. Refer back to them at the end of the activity. Discuss results before removing sweets from the cylinders to do any final counts.

The chance of being face-up after a shake for a sweet is 1 in 2, or they could say there is a 50% probability. Emphasise that each shake is an independent event. What happens in one does not depend on what happened in the last or affect a future one. The probability of the single sweet landing face-up is 50% whether it is your first or last shake.

Unstable nuclei in radioactive sources behave in a similar way. The probability of a decay is fixed, but it is not possible to predict when a particular nuclide will decay. Provide an example of a decay curve for a radioactive source to show that it sweeps downwards just like the sweet simulation.

Students describe a sweet/coin model for unstable nuclei and sketch a decay curve.

Practical Activity for 14-16 16-19

Activity time 10 mins

In this demonstration students see a simple rocket in action. You can use it to illustrate Newton’s third law of motion.

Drinking straw
Clothes peg or other clip
Length of string

Locate suitable fixed points in the room (eg cupboard handles) to tie the length of string to.

Pass the string through the straw.
Attach the two ends of the string to the fixed points in the room.
Inflate the balloon and use the clothes peg to close the mouth.
Attach the balloon to the straw using sticky tape.
Undo the peg to release the air.
What keeps a balloon inflated?
Are the forces balanced or unbalanced?
Which force causes the balloon to speed up?

Students may refer to ‘action and reaction’ force pairs when describing the motion of the rocket. Emphasise that these can be misleading terms. They imply that one of the forces in Newton’s third law appears in response to the other. Discuss what’s happening inside the balloon to illustrate how the forwards force on the balloon arises at the same instant as a backwards push on air.

When the peg is attached, the balloon remains inflated because the air particles inside it are colliding with the inside surface. They push equally to the left, right, up and down and so the forces on the balloon are balanced (as are those on the air inside it).

When the peg is removed, the air particles no longer push on the open end of the balloon. The forward force on the front end of the balloon is no longer balanced by a backward force and so the balloon accelerates forwards. Similarly, if we consider the forces acting on the air in the balloon, we can see that there is a resultant force acting on it to the left, and so the air accelerates backwards.

Emphasise that, as with all Newton’s third law force pairs, the two forces that arise act on different objects (balloon and air).

Students describe how an air-filled balloon propels itself and identify the Newtons third law force pairs involved.

For a version of this activity for families and younger pupils to try at home, see Do try this at home: episode 7

In this demonstration students see that if there is temperature difference between the bottom and top of a coloured liquid, the top surface moves. You can use it to introduce solar convection.

Electrical hotplate
Flat bottomed aluminium food tray or pie tin
5 coins all of the same denomination
50 ml liquid soap (eg moisturising face wash)
A few drops of red food colouring
500 ml of water
Torch (or other white light source)

The liquid soap/shampoo will need to contain glycol stearate, glycol distearate, or glycerol stearate in order to make the convection cells visible. Moisturising products with a pearlescent appearance often contain one of these. Check ingredients on the bottle.

Be careful not to touch the hotplate when it is on. The liquid temperature should not exceed 50°C (check with a thermometer).

With the hotplate off, place the five coins in a cross pattern on top of the plate.
Place the food tray on top of the coins.
Pour in cold water until the tray is half full.
Add 50 ml of liquid soap and a few drops of food colouring; mix well using a finger.
Switch the hotplate on to a low setting. Leave for a few minutes.
Shine a torch at an angle onto the tray to make it easier for the students to see the water rise and sink.
Why does the surface of the water move?
The Sun’s surface also moves. Why do you think that is?

Students may talk about heat or energy rising. Emphasise that neither energy nor heat are substances. Convection is mechanical process that it is best described in terms fluids at a higher temperature expanding and floating, and then cooling and sinking. In this experiment it is driven by the hotspots created by the coins at the bottom of the tray.

The columns of rising and falling fluid are called convection cells. When we look down on the tray we see the top of the cells: the liquid appear as it rises to the surface, moves across the surface and then disappears at is sinks back below. The process is a repeating one so the water gets circulated continuously as long as there is a temperature difference between the bottom and top.

Link the demonstration to stellar convection by providing an image of the sun’s surface. The giant granules they can see are the top of very large convection cells formed by plasma rising upwards from the hot interior to the cooler surface.

Students describe how convection cells are formed and why they are responsible for the grainy appearance of the Sun.

Show that if hot water is below cold water, they mix, but if the situation is reversed they do not. Students can use their knowledge of floating and sinking to explain this. An introduction to convection.

Red and blue food colouring
Water from hot tap (eg in a thermos flask)
Water from the cold tap at room temperature (eg in a jug)
Four large identical jars or bottles
2 pieces of card (the lids used for foil containers work well)
A cork (optional)

Practise the demonstration in a large sink or basin before performing it in front of the class. If you use glass jars/bottles ensure that they can be set up and taken down safely without danger of breakages. Alternatively, use plastic containers.

Place two jars on a tray.
Put a few drops of red dye in one jar and fill it with hot water. Make sure that the water reaches the open mouth of the jar.
Put a few drops of blue dye in another jar and fill it with cold water. Make sure that the water reaches the open mouth of the jar.
Place the piece of card over the mouth of the hot (red) water jar and press firmly in place. Turn this jar upside down and place it directly on top of the jar of cold (blue) water.
Carefully slide the card out from between the two bottles so that their mouths are in contact.
Repeat steps 1-5 for the other tray, but this time place the blue jar on top of the red.
What will happen if I remove the card?
Why do some things float and others sink?
Why does the water not mix when the hot water is on top?

Students should be familiar with the idea of objects (eg a cork) floating in water if their density is less than that of water. Extend this idea to liquids floating by explaining that water expands slightly when you warm it. The density of the cold water (998 kg m -3 at 20°C) is a little higher than that of the hot water (988 kg m -3 at 50°C). If they imagine a small volume of hot water surrounded by cold water it will rise up to the surface and float just like a cork would if it were submerged underwater and then released.

On the first tray the hot water is on top. There is very little mixing because the hot water is already floating. On the second tray, the hot water is below and so it rises and cold water flows downwards to replace it and the two mix.

Provide a simple diagram of the arrangement of particles in the two jars. Emphasise that the density of water decreases when you warm it because the (average) space between the particles increases. The particles themselves do not expand.

Students explain why hot water rises and cold water sinks in terms of differences in the distance between particles that make up the water.

In this activity students observe a rope loop being circulated. You can use it as a model to introduce circuits.

A 3 m length of rope - preferably made of nylon with speckles (alternatively draw dots on a normal rope with marker pen)
Duct tape (optional)
Leads, a cell and a bulb (optional)

Tie the rope into a loop, or if you are using a nylon rope melt the ends together then cover the join with duct tape.

Set up or draw a diagram of a series circuit with one cell and one bulb.
Show the class the rope loop and explain that that the dots on the loop represent charged particles (electrons) in the circuit.
Ask a student volunteer to lightly grip the rope with one hand so that it can slip through easily. They will be representing the light bulb in the circuit
Hold the opposite end of the loop and check your volunteer isn’t gripping too tightly (to avoid rope burns)
Circulate the rope by pulling it at a steady rate, hand over hand. You, the teacher represent the cell, and the speed of the moving speckles/dots show the size of the current.
Where did the 'current' start flowing first?
How does the current entering and leaving the bulb/battery compare?
How can I increase the current?

Many students believe that electrons must travel from the cell to the bulb in order for a lighting circuit to work. Some also think that current gets used up in a circuit. Emphasise that the speckles/dots (electrons) in this model all start moving at the same time and flow in a continuous loop.

Another common misconception is that a cell will provide the same current irrespective of the circuit it is placed in. Discuss or demonstrate how the speed of the dots (current) increases if you increase the size of the push (voltage) or your volunteer decreases friction (resistance).

Students describe current as a flow that happens throughout a circuit that’s size depends on voltage provided by a cell and resistance of the component(s).

Practical Activity for 16-19

Show that only certain colours of light produce a voltage when shone onto an LED. An example of light behaving as a particle.

Green LED (clear type, without a coating)
Red and green laser pointers
Digital voltmeter, internal resistance 10 MΩ or greater
2 connecting leads and crocodile clips
Diffraction grating (optional)

Any sunlight or room light falling on the LED will produce a reading. Carry out the demonstration in a darkened room and/or shield the LED using a black cardboard tube.

The voltmeter should have a resistance of 10 MΩ or greater. Otherwise the small current produced when light is shone onto it will leak away too rapidly to give a reading.

Use only class 2 lasers from reputable suppliers. Fix them firmly in a clamp and direct them away from students towards a screen.

Use a pencil to make a hole in a small piece of card, push the LED through and mount it in a clamp stand.
Connect a voltmeter across the LED. Use a black cardboard tube to block any ambient light so that voltmeter reads zero.
Mount the torch in a clamp stand and aim it directly onto the domed end of the LED. The voltmeter should show a small reading.
Repeat with the red laser pointer. The voltmeter should read zero.
Repeat with the green laser pointer. The voltmeter should once again provide a non-zero reading.
Why do you think we get a reading with white and green light, but not red?
Is light behaving as a wave or a particle?

Students may suggest the red light does not produce a reading because the red laser isn’t bright enough. Emphasise that both lasers produce a much more intense beam than the torch. The results can’t be explained in terms of of wave amplitude. It is the frequency of the light that is important.

Discuss how a particle model of light can be used to explain the results. When a 'particle', (photon) strikes the LED it is absorbed. Each photon has an energy directly proportional to its frequency so only those with a high enough energy will release an electron. Red photons are ineffective because they have the lowest frequency and so least energy. Green photons are more energetic. White light is made up of all visible frequencies and so will contain some photons with high enough energy.

You could shine the torch through a diffraction grating onto a wall to discuss how the energy of photons varies across the spectrum.

Students describe an experiment that shows light behaving as a particle.

In this activity students see how total internal reflection makes a coin seem to vanish.

Students can explain why a coin under a beaker of water is not visible when viewed through the side of the beaker.

A small empty beaker (or drinks glass) with straight sides
A larger jug/beaker of water
Paper or card
Tissue or cloth to mop up spillages
Put the beaker upside down on the paper. Draw around it and cut out to make a lid.
Cut a hole in the lid so that water can be poured through it.
Place the coin on bench, making sure that both are completely dry.
Place the beaker on top of the coin and add the lid.
Pour water into the beaker so that it is completely full. The coin should no longer be visible.
Lift the lid. An image of the coin should be now be visible on the inside vertical surface of the beaker.
What needs to happen for us to be able to see the coin?
Where does the light go when the beaker is full?

For the empty beaker, the light refracts but still passes through the side of the glass. For the full glass, light cannot escape because of total internal reflection and so the coin seems to vanish to anyone viewing it through the side of the beaker.

This trick works because a full beaker forms a five layer air-glass-water-glass-air structure. The first layer of air is created by a gap between coin and bottom of beaker due to the ridges on the coin. If the coin is wet, it will not vanish. Students can check this for themselves by putting a few drops of water on the bottom of their beaker.

Material	Refractive index
Air	1.00
Water	1.33
Glass	1.51

In this activity students see that a ruler supported by two fingers remains balanced when they slide their fingers towards its centre. You can use it to introduce the co-efficient of friction.

Apparatus and Materials

A metre rule
Use the index finger of each hand to support a meter rule at either end. Gently slide their fingers closer together until they meet at the midpoint – the rule should remain horizontal and balanced throughout.
Then, support the meter rule with one finger close to the 10 cm mark and the other finger close to the 70 cm mark. Note which one of the downward forces they feel on their fingers is larger. Then slide their fingers closer together and note which finger moves first.
Repeat step 2 with one finger at the 30 cm mark and the other at the 90 cm mark.
Which finger experiences the greater contact force due to the rule?
Which finger experiences the greater frictional force when you try to move it?
Can you draw a force diagram for the rule? What is the direction of the resultant force?

For many students it will seem counter-intuitive that the ruler remains horizontal as the fingers are moved inwards. When the two fingers are moved towards one another, first one sticks and the other slips. Then the second finger sticks and the first slips.

The finger that slips is the one further from the midpoint of the rule. You can feel that the (downward) contact force on this finger is less than the contact force on the other. This can be explained by considering moments about the midpoint of the rule. The diagram below illustrates step 2 in the procedure, force A is further from the midpoint than force B and since the rule is balanced, A must be less than B .

The finger that slips is the one further from the midpoint which indicates that this finger experiences less friction than the one that sticks. So the horizontal forces on the rule are unbalanced ( F B is greater than F A ) and the rule is pushed sideways (to the left, in the diagram).

This experiment shows that the frictional force between two objects is greater when the contact force between them is greater. This can be used to introduce the idea of the coefficient of friction µ , where

µ = frictional force / contact force

that is, the frictional force is proportional to the contact force (and depends on the nature of the surfaces in contact).

Students recognise that frictional forces are proportional to the contact force and identify the co-efficient of friction as the constant of proportionality.

This experiment was safety-tested in March 2020.

In this activity students build a simple motor. You can use it to illustrate Fleming's left hand rule.

Neodymium magnet
Short length of cable with two bare ends

Preparation and safety

Rare-earth magnets are brittle and shatter easily. Students should not lift the magnet too high off the bench.

Ask student to:

Put the head of the screw onto magnet so that they attach to each other.
Put the negative terminal of cell onto sharp end of screw so that it also attaches.
Lift assembly off the bench by gripping the cell so that there is a small gap between bench and magnet.
Hold one end of cable onto the top of cell and touch the other end to edge of the magnet. The magnet and screw should start to spin.
Which direction is the current in the magnet?
Which direction is the force that makes it spin?
Which direction is the magnetic field?

If students struggle to identify the direction of current, remind them it flows from the positive to the negative terminals of the cell. Inside the magnet the current is radially inwards from the edge to the centre.

To work out the direction of the force they can look at whether their magnet spins clockwise or anticlockwise. To work out the direction of the magnetic field they can use Fleming’s left hand rule. If the magnets spins anticlockwise the magnetic field is downwards, if it spins clockwise it is it upwards.

Students apply Fleming’s left hand rule to determine the direction of a magnetic field.

Practical Activity for 11-14 14-16

Students download an oscilloscope app onto their phones to investigate pitch and loudness of sounds.

A smartphone
Two different sized bottles with long necks (optional)

Students will need download an oscilloscope app with a pause function.. For example, they could use Oscilloscope (xyz apps) from the Play store (tap screen to stop trace) or Oscilyzer from the App Store (use pause button to stop trace).

Download the oscilloscope app on to their phone.
Whistle and observe the trace on the screen. If they can’t whistle, blow over a bottle to make a sound.
Whistle a loud, steady note pause the trace. If they missed it, repeat to try to catch the waveform mid-whistle.
Repeat, but this time whistle more quietly.
Whistle with a high pitch and then a low pitch.
How does the waveform change with loudness?
How does the waveform change with pitch?

If students can’t whistle, they can blow over bottles or use a musical instrument such as a guitar or a recorder. They should see that when the sound is louder the peaks of the waveform are bigger, and that when the pitch is higher the peaks are closer together.

Students sketch waveforms for sounds with different volumes and frequencies.

In this activity students build a model universe using washers and elastic bands. You can use it to introduce Hubble’s law.

The student worksheet below includes information on how to make a model universe. Alternatively, to save time you may want to make these for each group before the lesson.

6 assorted washers (or paper clips)
5 elastic bands of the same thickness (and ideally of different lengths)
Small sticker to indicate ‘home’
Ruler or tape measure
Graph paper (or laptop with Microsoft Excel or similar)
Choose one washer to be the home galaxy and label it with a sticker. Label the other galaxies with letters A to E.
Measure the distance from the home galaxy to galaxy A. Repeat for the other galaxies.
Expand the universe until it is twice its original length and then tape down the ends to a table or the floor to hold it in place.
Measure the new distance from the home to the other galaxies.
Calculate the change in distance for each of the galaxies.
Plot a graph of “change in distance” against “initial distance” and draw a line of best fit.
How does the change in distance depend on how far away the galaxy is?
Does it matter which galaxy we label home?

When students plot a change in distance against distance graph they should find that it is a straight line. The galaxies move away from them us at a speed that is proportional to their distance from our galaxy. This is known as Hubble’s law.

Model	Universe
The washers do not expand	Galaxies do not expand (they are gravitationally bound)
The elastic bands expand, carrying washers with them	Space between the galaxies expands, carrying galaxies with it

As an extension students can follow the instructions on the worksheet (below) to explore the viewpoint from other galaxies. The gradient of the graph is the same irrespective of which washer they consider to be ‘home’. Like real galaxies, the galaxies in the model seem to move away from home, but home is not the centre of the expansion.

Students explain why galaxies move away from our galaxy with a speed that is proportional to their distance.

With thanks to the Perimeter Institute of Theoretical Physics for permission to adapt their activity

Seasons and skydomes

Use a lamp and a transparent dome attached to a globe to show how the path of the Sun across the sky varies over the year.

This activity works best in a darkened room.

Approx. 40 cm diameter globe
A small transparent dome (eg half of a 4 cm clear plastic bauble)
Blu Tack or sticky tape
Books to adjust height of lamp (optional)
Use blu-tac or sticky tape to attach the dome to the globe so that it covers the UK.
Place the globe about 1 m from the lamp (the Sun). Adjust the lamp's height so that it is the same as the globe’s equator.
Position the globe so that the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun.
Spin the globe anticlockwise about its axis so that the reflection of the lamp appears on the base of the eastern edge of the dome, travels up the dome and sets on the western edge.
Repeat, but this time tilt the globe's Northern Hemisphere towards the Sun (the arm of the globe may get in the way when you spin. Detach and re-attach dome as required).
Which lasts longer: day or night?
What season is it in the UK?

This demonstration tackles the common misconception that the path of the Sun across the sky does not vary over a year. Students should see that when the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun (first day of winter in the UK) sunrise to sunset takes less than half a spin, day is shorter than night and the Sun follows a low path across the sky. When the northern hemisphere is tilted towards (first day of summer in UK), the Sun follows a high path across the sky, days are longer than night and it is warmer because the sun's radiation warms the ground for more time.

You could also demonstrate the path of the Sun across the sky on the first day or spring/autumn to show that day and night lasts equal times and the Sun follows an intermediate path across the sky.

Students explain why days are longer in summer and how this contributes to it being warmer.

Students listen to how the loudness of a tuning fork varies as they rotate it. An introduction to destructive interference.

Each pair of students will need:

A tuning fork
Strike the tuning fork on a suitable surface and hold the fork upright next to their ear.
Repeat but rotate the fork slowly about its axis while they listen. They should hear the loudness vary.
Repeat but this time identify the number of times there is silence per rotation.
How many sources of sound does a tuning fork have?
How can two sound waves cancel each other out?

The tuning fork has two identical prongs. As they vibrate, each act as a source of sound.

Sound waves from two sources can arrive in step (in phase) and constructively interfere to produce a louder sound or they can arrive out of step (out of phase) and destructively interfere. As students rotate the tuning fork, they should hear four regions of silence.

It is challenging to draw diagrams to illustrate destructive interference for a tuning fork. The distance between the two prongs (a few centimetres) is smaller than the wavelength of the sound (typically a metre or so). If you want to draw diagrams to illustrate overlapping wavefronts use an example in which the sources are separated by a distance greater than a wavelength (eg two loudspeakers ).

Students are likely to be familiar with noise-cancelling headphones. They could research how these work. Like the tuning forks they use destructive interference to cancel sounds. The headphones include a microphone which receives sound waves from the environment and an electronic circuit generates an inverted version of these sound waves so that when this is played into the listener’s ears, the two sets of waves cancel out.

Students describe how sound from two sources can cancel out through destructive interference.

A simple demonstration to introduce the idea of a pendulum using everyday objects.

Students‘ bags
Timer with large display
Simple pendulum made of string with a metal bob at one end (optional)

When selecting students’ bags look for those which have a loop at the top for holding, or which have a long strap. You will need a varied selection of bags to give a range of periods of oscillation when they swing.

Select 3 or 4 students’ bags from the class . Choose one bag and hang it from a finger.
Pull the bag to one side and release it so that it swings from side to side. Repeat, showing that it swings with the same period.
Repeat with another bag to show that it has a different period of oscillation.
Why does one bag swing at a different rate to another?
How could we measure the time period?
How could we change the period of a swinging bag?

This demonstration introduces pendulums by drawing on students’ everyday experience. Explain that the time period ( T ) is the time for one complete back-and-forth motion and that it is difficult to measure the time for a single swing and so is better to time a number (eg 10 T ) to find an average. Also discuss whys it is better to count from the point where the bag passes through the midpoint of the swing rather than at the ends (it is instantaneously stationary at the ends so the time difficult to judge).

Students may suggest changing mass, length or amplitude as ways to alter the period of a swinging bag. To illustrate that period doesn’t depend on the mass add books to the bag.

This activity can used as a precursor to a more formal investigation into the factors that affect the period of a pendulum. Make the link to simple pendulums by explaining that in science we try to design experiments so that we remove superfluous complications. The swing of a bag can be modelled using a pendulum made of string with a heavy bob as the moving mass.

Students measure the period of a pendulum

In this activity students use a lamp and piece of paper to show how the light from the Sun spreads out more when it strikes the Earth at an angle.

Large piece of card
Board to which card can be fixed
Lamp with cardboard cylinder
Two different coloured marker pens
Put a cardboard cylinder around the end of the lamp to provides a rougly circular area of light.
Draw a line around the area where the light falls when the card is perpendicular to the light source,
Repaet for when the board is at an angle.

Teaching Notes

The demonstration shows that when light hits a surface at an angle it is spread out over a greater area than if it strikes the surface perpendicularly. Any energy transfer is therefore spread over a greater area.

In place of the card, a photocopied map could be used to make the demonstration look more like a part of the Earth's surface.

Build a train with a cell, two magnets and a coil to test their understanding of electromagnetic forces and Lenz’s law.

A small nut (that fits over the positive terminal of the cell)
Two spherical neodymium magnets with a diameter of 15 mm or greater
Bare copper wire
50 cm long pole with a diameter similar to magnets (eg broom handle or copper tube)
Sticky or duct tape

Before the lesson wrap the copper wire around a pole to make a 40 to 50 cm long coil.

You can use standard cylindrical neodymium magnets to build your train, but they may get caught in the coil. For a more reliable demonstration, source spherical magnets.

Place the small nut over the positive terminal of the cell. Attach a magnet.
Attach a magnet to the negative terminal of the cell to complete your train. Like poles of the magnet should face each other.
Insert train into coil. If it moves backwards, turn the train around. If it doesn’t move at all, turn one of battery around. Explain that like poles need to be facing the cell for this demonstration to work.
Make a circular track shape out of the coil, joining the ends by slotting the end coils into each other. Secure your track to the bench with tape.
Separate the end coils, insert the train and re-join the coil again. Your train should go around in a circle.
What part of the coil does current flow through?
Why does the train accelerate?
Why does it reach a constant speed?

The train consists of two permanent magnets at either end of a cell. The magnets touch the bare copper wires of the coil, thereby completing the circuit so that there is a current in a section of the coil.

The current produces a magnetic field inside the coil which exerts forces on the two permanent magnets. It attracts the N pole of the left hand magnet and repels the N pole of the right hand magnet. These two forces act in the same direction on the train, and so it accelerates to the right.

If students ask about forces on the S poles of the magnets, explain that these will be in the opposite directions to the one on the N poles. These forces will be weaker than those on the N poles because the S poles are outside of the region where a current flows. The resultant force on each magnet will be to the right.

The train quickly reaches a constant speed around the track. This is because the moving magnets induce a magnetic field in the coils that acts to oppose the motion of the magnet (an example of Lenz’s law). The train reaches terminal velocity when the forces accelerating it forwards are balanced by the forces arising from electromagnetic induction.

Students explain how a simple magnetic train works.

Attach thermochromic plastic to a globe to show that temperature in the UK depends on whether our hemisphere is tilted towards or away from the Sun.

World globe
Filament lamp (or electric heater)
Self adhesive thermochromic plastic

Cut the thermochromic plastic into a strip and place it vertically on the globe next to the UK. Set the lamp-globe distance to ensure the thermochromic plastic strip shows a range of colours.

Rotate the base of the globe so that the northern hemisphere is tilted directly towards the lamp (summer in the UK)
Switch on the lamp and highlight the changing colours of the thermochromic plastic (counter-intuitively lower temperature is indicated by red and higher by blue).
Switch off the lamp and rotate the base of the globe so the nothern hemisphere is tilted directly away from the lamp (winter in the UK). Emphasise that you have not changed the lamp-globe distance.
Switch the lamp back on.
When the northern hemisphere is tilted away from the Sun is it summer or winter in the UK?
What season is it south of the equator?

This demonstration tackles the common misconception that winter happens because the Sun is further away. Compare the UK (55°N) to a similar latitude south of the equator (eg Bouvet Island in the South Atlantic at 54°S) to emphasise that summer in the northern hemisphere corresponds to winter in southern, and vice versa,

Explain that you are turning the globe around for convenience. The direction in which the Earth’s rotation axis points doesn't really swap between summer and winter. Which hemisphere is leaning towards the Sun changes because of the Earth’s annual journey around the Sun.

Students identify corresponding seasons for northern and southern hemispheres.

Support our manifesto for change

The IOP wants to support young people to fulfil their potential by doing physics. Please sign the manifesto today so that we can show our politicians there is widespread support for improving equity and inclusion across the education sector.

Physics Links Explorer

Products by Subject
Featured Products
Resources for Distributors
Resources for Teachers
Glassware Certificates
Distributors
Product Support
Technical Support
Product Catalog
About Eisco
News & Events
Find a Distributor

Physics Kits

Eisco labs - ice melting plates with rims, 1 aluminum plate, 1 plastic foam plate - heat transfer demonstration kit - conductivity & heat transfer experiment, energy transfer, melting plates.

COMPLETE HEAT TRANSFER KIT || Includes 9x9 cm aluminum plate and 9x9 cm plastic foam plate for effective heat and energy transfer demonstrations. ...

Miniature Catapult Kit - Build Yourself - STEM Learning - Comes with Everything You Need - Explore Force, Acceleration, Center of Mass, Hooke's Law & More - Garage Physics by Eisco

BUILD & LEARN || Easy to build and fun to use, this kit allows you to literally play with the physics of catapults! The miniature version of o...

Pulley Demonstration Kit - Explore Various Pulley Arrangements

Essential items for instructors to create their own experiments illustrating the differences among fixed, compound, and movable pullies Included: ...

Whitley Bay Smoke Cell Kit - Demonstrates Brownian Motion

Ingenious apparatus for observing Brownian motion in smoke particles. Great for physics classrooms studying kinetic theory All optical components ...

Student Optics Kit - Light Box & 27 Optical Components

Light box & 27 optical components for demonstrating basic geometrical optics & the study of light to physics students Includes a high qual...

Eisco Garage Physics Soda Center of Mass Kit

EXPLORE CENTER OF MASS || The Soda Center of Mass Kit is a fun way to explore physical concepts surrounding balance, stability, and center of mass...

Battery Cell Holder, 2 Inch - For Use with Elementary Basic Electricity Kit (Eisco BKEPH2014) - With Two 4mm Sockets - Plastic - Mounted - Eisco Labs

REPLACEMENT || Two component battery cell holder for use with Eisco BKEPH2014 - Elementary Basic Electricity Kit - Battery not included 4MM SOCKET...

Electrostatics Accessories Kit, 7 Pieces - Designed to be used with Van De Graaff And Wimshurst Machines

Seven piece electrostatics accessories kit to be used with Eisco Labs Whimshurst machines and Van de Graaffs (PH0848C, PH0918A, PH0919A, PH0920A, P...

Solar Energy Kit - Solar Cell, Light Bulb & Motor Accessories - Eisco Labs - Eisco Labs - Eisco Labs

Effectively demonstrates the conversion between light energy and electricity Use the light bulb to supply light to the solar panel Connect the sol...

Film Canister Rockets Kit - STEM Learning - Science Fair Kits by Eisco

EXPLORE CHEMICAL REACTIONS || Vinegar and Alka-Seltzer react to create gas inside the closed canister. Pressure builds as the amount of gas increa...

Egg Drop Kit - STEM Learning - Science Fair Kits by Eisco (DISCONTINUED)

***This product is discontinued and no longer***

Light Sensitive Bristlebot Kit - STEM Learning - Science Fair Kits by Eisco (DISCONTINUED)

Modeling dough circuit kit - stem learning - science fair kits by eisco (discontinued), eisco garage physics leonardo da vinci bridge kit.

Learn engineering principles from one of the Great Masters Completed bridge spans 5 feet and can support 60 lbs. All parts included: five 16" dowe...

Eco-Structure Building Kit - Learn about Building Design, Structure and Efficiency, Arcitecture and Engineering - STEM Challenge - Science Fair Kits by Eisco

Design and build affordable, energy efficient, clean, safe and structurally sound building models! Structural elements include corrugated cardboar...

Elementary Basic Electricity Kit

An introductory circuit kit for children with work cards covering the following topics:• Lighting a lamp• Using a switch• Lamps in series and paral...

Spares of Worcester Circuit Board Kit Superior - PH1301SPL

Item Name Eisco Code Unit Circuit Board Only PH1301SPLSCB Each Plain Connecting Bars PH1301SPL/SPR1 Each Plain Connecting Bars Pk of 10 PH...

Spares of Worcester Circuit Board Kit - PH1301

Item Name Eisco Code Unit Circuit Board Only PH1301SCB Each Plain Connecting Bars PH1301/SPR1 Each Plain Connecting Bars :Pk of12 PH1301/S...

Eisco Force Motion Dynamics Kit (DISCONTINUED)

The Force Dynamics System is a comprehensive kit that introduces classrooms to a great variety of concepts in ranging from Newton’s Laws of motion,...

Spare stand for use with Archimedes Principle Kit

Spare stand for use with Archimedes Principle Kit (PH0121).

Eisco Labs Heat Transfer Kit Class Pack (15 Kits); Each Kit Contains Heat Transfer Kit with 2 Calorimeters with Lids, 1 Aluminum Heat Transfer Bar, and 1 Low Range Therm, 1 High Range Thermometer

Each of the 15 kits includes: Heat Transfer Kit with 2 Calorimeters with Lids, 1 Aluminum Heat Transfer Bar, and 1 Low Range Thermometer, 1 High R...

Worcester Circuit Board Kit

The Worcester Circuit board allows students to construct and explore simple circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits, and Ohm’s Law The materi...

Westminister Electromagnet Kit

Comprises of 8 ticonal magnets, 8 magnadur magnets, 4 steel yokes, 4 plotting compasses, 4 formers of compasses, 1 bottle fine iron filling (approx...

Visual Scientifics Experiment Starter Pack - 6 Piece Set - 5 Experiment Component Kits & Magnetic Base - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

The ultimate Visual Scientifics starter pack - includes 5 experiment component kits and magnetic base Engaging activities for science and physics ...

Replacement Car - For Use with Visual Scientifics PHVSIPCR Kit - Steel Construction - Visual Scientifics by Eisco Labs

Replacement car for use with Visual Scientifics experiment systems Car is constructed of durable steel Usable with the Visual Scientifics plane to...

Thermal Conductivity Kit, Set of 8

Eight sets of eight different wires of rods each 250 mm long A class kit of eight sets of eight different wires of rods each 250 mm long for compa...

Materials Kit Solids - Gratnell Storage Tray

Same as Cat. No. PH0114 but packed in Gratnell’s tray as illustrated.

Lenz's Law Kit

The Lenz's Law Kit provides the necessary tools to discover concepts involving Farady's Law, magnetism, and eddy currents in addition to the Lenz's...

Heat & Thermology Kit

A complete kit containing essential components for teaching basicprinciples of heat. Very useful for demonstrations to students important topics li...

Simple Hand Held Centripetal Force Kit

Kit Contains: (1) Hollow plastic grip handle, (1) String, (20) Washers, (2) Paper Clips, (1) Rubber stopper Student puts string through handle, sp...

Electrostatic Friction Rod Kit : 3 Cloths, 3 Rods

Kit includes: (1) Wool Cloth, (1) Cotton Cloth, (1) Silk Cloth, (1) Glass Rod, (1) Ebonite Rod, (1) Lucite Rod Kit demonstrations both positive an...

Eisco Heat Transfer Kit

The Heat Transfer Kit efficiently introduces concepts of thermal energy and heat transfer to students. The aluminum heat transfer bar effectively ...

Sling Psychrometer Kit - Determine Relative Humidity & Dew Point

The 7-piece Sling Psychrometer Kit contains: (1) dry bulb thermometer (6.5"L), (1) wet bulb thermometer (6.5"L), (1) wooden handle (5"), (1) cloth...

Dry Field Mapping Kit - for Experiments in Visualizing Electric Fields - Eisco Labs

Easily visualize electric fields generated by electrodes of your own design. Simply draw your electrodes, hook up a battery to generate the electr...

Atwood Machine Kit

Consists of two low-friction pulleys of 50 mm dia. mounted on a metal rod. Supplied complete with Support rod & base 5” x 8”, Slotted weight on...

Archimedes Principle Kit - 2 Solids, Beaker, Newton Meter & Vessel

Used to explain that the buoyant force on an object submerged in a fluid is equal to the weight of the fluid that is displaced by that object (Arc...

Free Fall Apparatus, Advanced 'G' Kit - Ideal for Studying Acceleration by Gravity - Aluminum Extrusion Column with Scale, Electromagnet, Rods and Clamps - Eisco Labs

Free Fall Apparatus, Advanced 'G' Kit Includes Aluminum Extrusion Column with Scale, metal base, freefall sphere, ball receiver, electromagnet, an...

Pendulum Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Energy, Force & Motion - Protractor Board, Nylon Cord & Bob, Cord Lock & Support Rod - (No Base) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components for the Visual Scientifics Pendulum Experiment. Useful in helping students understand the physics of energy, force an...

Loop Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Potential & Kinetic Energy - Metal Loop Ramp & 2 Metal Balls - (Base Not Included) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components for the Loop experiment. Useful in helping students understand conservation of kinetic & potential energy. Visual...

Hooke's Law Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Force, Extension & Elasticity - Springs, Masses, Aluminum Rod, Ruler & Support Rod - (No Base) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components for the Hooke's Law experiment. Useful in helping students understand linear relationship between force and extension...

Visual Scientifics Free Fall Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Acceleration due to Gravity - Electromagnet, Steel Ball & Landing Pad - (Base Not Included)

This kit includes components for the Visual Scientifics Free Fall Experiment. Useful in helping students understand the physics of acceleration an...

2 Speed Ticker Timer Kit

Can be operated at a rate of 25 dots or 40 dots per second Comes with one 50m roll of tape and 100 carbon disc Operates on 12 volts DC power suppl...

Hobbyist Wire Box Kit - Eureka, Constantan, Copper, Iron, and Nichrome Wire in Box

Kit contains one roll of each of the following: Eurka 0.2mm, Contantant 0.2mm, Bare Copper 0.9mm, Iron 0.2mm, Nichrome 0.2mm, Copper Coated 0.45mm...

Standing Wave Demonstrator Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Wavelengths - Wave Generator, Mountable Pulley & String - (Base Not Included) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components for the standing wave demonstrator experiment. Useful in helping students understand the physics of wavelengths, and ...

Photogate System - For Use with Visual Scientific Kits - (Experiment Kits & Base Not Included) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

Photogate system, to be used with Visual Scientifics systems or any lab experiment requiring a photogate Engaging activities for science and physi...

Diffraction Grating Kit - Experiment Components Only - Laser, Slide Holder, 2 Diffraction Gratings, 2 Posts - (Base Not Included) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components to create your very own spectrometer! Useful in helping students understand the physics of wavelengths, and explore w...

Atwood Machine Kit - Experiment Components Only - Useful in Studying Newton's Law - Atwood Machine, Right Angle Clamp, String Spool & Spring - (Base Not Included) - Visual Scientifics by Eisco

This kit includes components for the classic Atwood machine, useful in helping students apply Newton's Laws. Visual Scientifics Magnetic Base (PHV...

Ultrasonic Study Kit - Ideal for Studying Reflection, Interference and Diffraction - Includes Ultrasonic Transmitter, Slave Transducer, Ultrasonic Detector, Reflective Plates, Perforated Plates, Stand

Ultrasonic Study Apparatus Kit includes all you need to explore the wave nature of sound through reflection, interference and diffraction Includes...

Best selling
Alphabetically, A-Z
Alphabetically, Z-A
Price, low to high
Price, high to low
Date, old to new
Date, new to old

Added to your cart:

698+ Physics Project Topics For class 12 and Ideas 2024

Physics Project Topics For class 12 and Ideas : Physics is the scientific discipline that explores the composition of matter and the relationships among the fundamental components within the observable universe. In its widest context, physics, derived from the Greek word “physikos,” addresses all aspects of nature, spanning both the macroscopic and submicroscopic scales.

Also See: Chemistry Project Topics

Use captivating physics project theme for a scientific journey. From quantum mechanics to astrophysics, these physics project topics for class 12 projects explore the basic laws of our universe. Delve into the frontiers of new research topics, carry out lab experiments.

Also See: EVS Project Topics

Let’s explore Physics Project Topics for Class 12 that involve matter, energy, optics, waves, modern physics and space to develop a sense of admiration for the beauty of physical reality. In this article you will get a massive list of physics project topics for class 12category wise that you will not find anywhere else.

Also See: BCA Project Topics

Physics Project Topics For class 12 and Ideas: Wave, Optics, Current

Physics project topics for class 12.

Solar Cell Efficiency
Electric Car
Magnetic Levitation
Doppler Effect in Sound Waves
Quantum Entanglement
Buoyancy 101
Insulation Value
Newton’s Cradle Dynamics
RLC Circuits
Faraday’s Law Experiments
Archimedes’ Principle
Marvelous Magnetics
Bernoulli’s Principle
Lens and Mirror Optics
Hydro Power
Young’s Double Slit Experiment
Magnetic Fields and Forces
Hooke’s Law
Quantum Mechanics Basics
Radioactive Decay Analysis
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
Infrared Thermography Applications
Heat Transfer in Liquids
Buoyancy and Ship Stability
Lenz’s Law Demonstrations
Measuring the Speed of Light
Airfoil Design and Aerodynamics
Piezoelectric Effect
Superposition of Waves
Spectroscopy Techniques
Double Pendulum Chaos
Diffusion and Osmosis
Colour vs. Heat Absorption
Magnetic Hysteresis
Fluid Dynamics in Pipes
Quantum Mechanics Principles
Ferrofluids
Light Dependent Resistance
Optical Fiber Communication
Hall Effect in Materials
Radioactive Dating
Earth’s Magnetic Field
Effect of Mass on Terminal Velocity
Sonoluminescence
Thermoelectric Devices
Magnetic Monopoles
Chaos Theory Applications
Quantum Key Distribution
Foam Thickness and Sound Attenuation
Quantum Computing Basics
Quantum Dots
Neuronal Nonlinear Dynamics
Quantum Hall Effect
Verification of Archimedes Principle
Quantum Error Correction
Kinetic Energy
Quantum Sensing

Physics Project Topics for Class 12 Current Electricity

Wheatstone Bridge and Its Applications
Potentiometer as a Voltage Divider
Kirchhoff’s Laws and Network Analysis
Effect of Series and Parallel Connections
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) Applications
Thermistor Applications in Temperature Measurement
Superconductivity and its Applications
Ohm’s Law Verification
Factors Affecting Resistance
Temperature Dependence of Resistance
Resistivity of Various Materials
Solar Cell Efficiency Enhancement
Power Dissipation in Resistors
Designing a Simple Electrical Heater
Capacitors in DC Circuits
RC Circuits and Time Constants
Ammeter and Voltmeter Construction
Applications of Hall Effect
Power Factor Correction in AC Circuits
Transistor as a Switch

Physics Project Topics for Class 12 Electrostatics

Investigating Coulomb’s Law
Charging by Friction, Conduction, and Induction
Electric Field Mapping
Capacitor Design and Analysis
Van de Graaff Generator Experiments
Electrostatic Precipitators
Electrostatic Induction in Everyday Objects
PVC Pipe Electroscope
Electrostatic Forces in Dielectric Materials
Charged Water Droplets
Electrostatic Discharge and Lightning
Ion Wind and Its Applications
Static Electricity in Clothing
Electrostatic Motors
Corona Discharge and Ozone Generation
Piezoelectric Materials and Static Electricity
Electrostatic Printing
Static Electricity in Household Items
Triboelectric Series Experiments

Physics Project Topics for Class 12 Optics

Fiber Optic Communication
Total Internal Reflection
Optical Microscopy
Spectroscopy
Optical Illusions
Lens Aberrations
Polarization of Light
Optical Fiber Sensors
Diffraction Patterns
Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
Fresnel Lenses and Applications
Color Mixing and RGB Displays
Telescope Optics
Optical Tweezers
Mirage Formation
Lens Design and Prescription Eyewear
Fiber Optic Sensors for Strain Measurement
Optical Filters and Applications

Physics Project Topics for Class 12 Oscillations and Waves

Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) in Springs
Pendulum Dynamics
Wave Interference
Resonance in Musical Instruments
Wave Optics
Standing Waves on Strings
Sound Waves and Frequency Analysis
Mechanical Waves in Solids, Liquids, and Gases
Water Waves in a Ripple Tank
Waves in Transmission Lines
Wave Nature of Light
Seismic Waves and Earthquakes
Wave Pulse Propagation
Microwave Oven as a Standing Wave Resonator
Wave Packet Formation
Electromagnetic Waves and Communication
Wave Energy and Power Transmission
Wave Reflection and Refraction in Water Tanks
Vibrations in Musical Instruments

Modern Physics Project Topics for Class 12

The Photoelectric Effect Investigating the dependence of photoelectric current on light intensity and frequency.
Compton Scattering Studying the scattering of X-rays and determining the change in wavelength.
Quantum Tunneling Investigating the phenomenon of quantum particles passing through barriers.
Wave-Particle Duality Demonstrating the dual nature of particles using interference and diffraction experiments.
Quantum Entanglement Building an experiment to show the entanglement of quantum particles.
Quantum Teleportation Studying the principles and possibilities of quantum teleportation.
Applications of Superconductors Exploring the critical temperature and applications of superconducting materials.
Higgs Boson and Particle Physics Understanding the discovery of the Higgs boson and its significance.
Nuclear Fusion Investigating the potential of nuclear fusion as a clean energy source.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy Studying the evidence and impact of dark matter and dark energy on the universe.
Neutrino Physics Exploring the properties and detection methods of neutrinos.
String Theory Investigating the principles of string theory and extra dimensions.
Quantum Computing Building a simple quantum computing demonstration using qubits.
Nanotechnology and Quantum Dots Exploring the properties and applications of quantum dots in nanotechnology.
Applications of Laser Technology Studying various applications of lasers in different fields.
Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) Investigating quantum cryptography for secure communication.
Bose-Einstein Condensate Studying the properties and applications of this unique quantum state of matter.
Quantum Hall Effect Investigating the quantization of the Hall resistance in a two-dimensional electron gas.
Gravitational Waves Understanding the detection and implications of gravitational waves.
Topological Insulators Exploring the electronic properties and potential applications of topological insulators.
Quantum Dot Solar Cells Investigating the use of quantum dots in enhancing solar cell efficiency.
Quantum Algorithms Understanding and implementing quantum algorithms for specific problems.
Quantum Sensors Exploring the use of quantum sensors in precision measurement.
Quantum Dot LEDs Investigating the use of quantum dots in light-emitting diodes.
Quantum Memory Studying the principles and potential applications of quantum memory.

We hope that you liked our article Physics Project Topics for Class 12, if you liked it then please do share it with your friends.

The 7 Best Science Kits for Kids and Teens

Scientific inquiry and fun are baked into these science kits that cover STEM, physics, and the natural world.

Gear-obsessed editors choose every product we review. We may earn commission if you buy from a link. Why Trust Us?

Science kits are a great way to get kids curious about our world and beyond. After all, these kits have the power to captivate, teach STEM skills, and entertain all at once. If your child is already excited about things like robotics , space exploration , or how machines work, science kits can bolster those curiosities. But the truth is, for every great option, there are countless others that end up being duds, whether it’s from confusing directions, poor quality instruments, or unexciting experiments.

To save you from selecting one that ends up forgotten under your kid’s bed, we drew from our own experiences and consulted with experts in the field to find the very best science kits for kids. Ahead, we offer advice on how to choose the right science kit for your kid followed by our recommendations.

What to Consider

Age and skill level.

You might wonder whether your child is old enough to be gifted a science kit, but according to Shelsea Ochoa, who was an educator performer at the Denver Museum of Nature and Science when we spoke to her for this interview, kids can enjoy science kits at any age—though some might need assistance. “For younger kids, adults will need to be present and attentive throughout the experiment,” she says.

Consider how much time you’ll have to spend with the child and their kit. You know the child best, and whereas some older kids can complete activities on their own, others might need some guidance—especially when using certain materials. Slime and volcano experiments are fun but not when the contents end up getting all over your couch or rug.

You’ll also want to factor in a child’s attention span. “Science kits are a space where kids are meant to develop a love for learning about science, so it is a great opportunity to not force a child to sit through the process but allow them to go at a pace that feels enjoyable,” says Ochoa, who recommends taking breaks between steps for longer experiments. “Even if it takes multiple days, if the child walks away with a positive feeling about science, then the kit was successful.” In short, if it isn’t fun, it won’t be effective.

How We Selected

Many of the science kits on this list feature the authenticated trustmark of STEM.org , a privately held, multinational STEM research and credentialing organization. This badge means the kit has been evaluated by a leader in STEM education to make sure it’s educational, age-appropriate, and genuinely helping kids grow an interest in STEM fields. We also scoured the web for products that received high, verified reviews across various retailers.

The original author of this piece, Priscilla Blossom, is a parent to a science-loving child, so she took into consideration some of the products she’s tested in her own home and reached out to other parents and educators for their recommendations on science kits that stood the test of time (and boredom). We also made sure to keep in mind varying budgets, different age groups, and a variety of fields of science to appeal to different interests.

Smithsonian Mega Science Lab Kit

For a great all-around science kit for older kids, this lab-in-a-box can’t be beat. There’s plenty of room for scientific inquiry here whether it’s creating a working volcano, building a model of the Earth and moon, digging for T-rex fossils, growing crystals, and more.

The kit comes with a variety of tools and materials, including a wood mallet, eco dome pod, bug collecting tool, and a weather station with a thermometer.

Subject Area	Physical and Earth science; chemistry
Experiments	6
Ages	10+

Engino Discovering STEM Physics Laws Set

Teach kids ages 8 and up about the laws of physics with this comprehensive science kit featuring six different projects, including a rubber band car, sharpening wheel, and rocket launcher. There's also a free app that allows kids to view 3D models.

Once your child builds these machines, they’ll continue to be captivated while conducting numerous experiments. The manual includes theories, facts, and quizzes to supplement learning. It’s a great investment for kids who have expressed an interest in physics and machines.

Subject Area	Physics
Experiments	6
Ages	8+

Abacus Brands Bill Nye’s VR Space Lab Science Kit (Goggles Included)

Kids who are into space exploration won’t be able to resist getting their hands on this science kit, featuring more than 100 VR and AR experiences. Goggles are included and the kit comes with a 96-page spiral-bound interactive guide that has 15 real-world crafts and activities for kids to try.

While it costs a bit more than the rest of the kits we recommend, if it’s within your budget, AR and VR are subjects that other options typically don’t cover.

Subject Area	Space
Experiments	N/A
Ages	8+

Snap Circuits Beginner Electronics Exploration Kit

This intro to electronic exploration packs a ton of fun and intrigue into a small package. Made for elementary-aged engineers, your littles can dive into figuring out how to build projects with the 14 included parts.

The kit includes an easy-to-follow manual and plenty of lights, sound, and motion to keep any child engaged the whole way through. If you’re searching for a more advanced version of this science kit, we recommend checking out the junior version .

Subject Area	Electronics
Experiments	21
Ages	5+

Thames & Kosmos Simple Machines Science Experiment and Model Building Kit

This is the best science kit for kids who love to tinker—you know, the one who takes things apart and puts them back together. There are 26 model-building exercises to create six basic machines, like pulley systems and wheels and axels.

The kit also includes a precision spring scale to kids can measure how the machines work. Everything is clearly laid out in a full-color, 32-page book so kids can go at their own pace. Plus, you can’t beat the price point.

Subject Area	Engineering
Experiments	26
Ages	8+

Thames & Kosmos Ooze Labs Chemistry Station

This fun and engaging set includes pipettes, test tubes and racks, an Erlenmeyer flask, and other equipment that sparks a love of chemistry in younger and slightly older kiddos. I’ve used this one with my own son and it’s always a hit.

The Chemistry Station is a great alternative to DIY experiments if you’re short on time and patience and want to give kids more freedom (though be mindful of the messier ones—you know your child best!)

Subject Area	Chemistry
Experiments	20
Ages	6+

National Geographic Geology Bundle Science Kits

You can’t go wrong with this set of three geology science kits. There’s a crystal-growing lab that includes a light-up base for kids to display their colorful creations; a gemstone dig kit; and more than 200 specimens to examine to learn about rocks, minerals, and fossils. Each kit comes with a full-color learning guide, he science kits are recommended for ages 8 and up.

Subject Area	Geology
Experiments	Multiple
Ages	8+

Rachel Klein is the Deputy Editor of Popular Mechanics.

preview for Popular Mechanics All Sections

Best Product Reviews of 2024

galaxy tent, lego spaceship set, astronaught book ends, rocket drink shaker, space monopoly, galaxy mug, and more gifts for space nerds

33 Space Gifts That Are Out of This World

The 7 Best Pole Saws for Every Tree-Pruning Job

The 7 Best UPS Battery Backups

The 7 Best Car Camping Tents

The 7 Best Table Saws

The 7 Best Electric Snowblowers

The 9 Best Binoculars for Stargazing and Birding

The 7 Best Cheap Miter Saws

The 5 Best Pegboard Accessories

amazon kindle with notebook, pen, glasses

The 5 Best Kindles

makita cordless blower, dewalt 20v max xr powerstack

Labor Day Tool Deals 2024

The Best Labor Day Tire Sales of 2024

Toys & Games
Learning & Education
Science Kits & Toys

No featured offers available

Quality Price,
Reliable delivery option, and
Seller who offers good customer service

Sorry, there was a problem.

Image Unavailable

To view this video download Flash Player

Physics Science Magnets Kit for Education Science Experiment Tools Icluding Bar/Ring/Horseshoe/Compass Magnets

Top Quality Rare Earth Magnets by AOMAG.
Easy enough for junior students and kids to explore in advance and get interested in physics science
Physics is a practical science. Good quality, appropriate physics activities and investigations are not just motivational and fun: They can also sharpen students’ powers of observation, stimulating questions. And they are the key to enhanced learning, clarification and consolidation of theory.
What is S.T.E.M.? STEM stands for Science, Technology, Engineering, and Math, which constitutes many of the areas educators look to cover for science based activities. We are proud to say that his kit has a strong focus on STEM. A great physics STEM kit for young kids to enhance what is learnt from physics class.

Brand in this category on Amazon

Product information

Product Dimensions	7.87 x 5.51 x 1.57 inches
Item Weight	10.2 ounces
ASIN	B07BT4GNXD
Item model number	Ad02365813
Manufacturer recommended age	12 years and up
Best Sellers Rank	#12,790 in Toys & Games ( ) #166 in
Customer Reviews	4.1 out of 5 stars
Is Discontinued By Manufacturer	No
Manufacturer	Adahill

Fields with an asterisk * are required

: : : Enter the store name where you found this product : Please select province : to provide feedback. \n' + ' ' ); } function getThankYouDiv(thankMsg) { return ( ' \n' + '

' ); } function getLoadingGifDiv() { return '

Product Description

A Kit of Magnets and Accessories for Science Experiments

These ceramic magnets are used for stem project for kids. According to American laws and for safety reasons, we will not use too strong magnet materials.

The physics science magnets kit is very easy for junior students and children to explore in advance and be interested in physical science,and can do a lot of interesting games and learn a lot of physical magnetic knowledge.

Learn basic physics principles and conduct experiments with these magnet kits to study physics, magnetism, open the door for children to learn about the earth.

Pay attention to:

Magnets are brittle, please be don't cast.
Please kindly noted that the U shape magnet is fragile, please take and used it carefully.
When you are not using it, please store it in the box.

Fun Science

The magnet set provides basic accessories for magnetism, you only need some small tools in life to complete related experiment.

Proper physical activities and research are not only interesting, but also can enhance students' observation ability, stimulate questions and connect the contents in the book with real life.

Magnetic Field

Magnetic field is a force field generated by moving charges and magnetic dipoles, which exerts force on other moving charges and magnetic dipoles nearby.You can use magnets to create different magnetic fields and observe the changes of the compass.

Videos for this product

Click to play video

Physics Science Magnets Kit for Education Science Experiment

Similar brands on amazon.

Looking for specific info?

Customer reviews.

5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 5 star 61% 15% 10% 4% 10% 61%
5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 4 star 61% 15% 10% 4% 10% 15%
5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 3 star 61% 15% 10% 4% 10% 10%
5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 2 star 61% 15% 10% 4% 10% 4%
5 star 4 star 3 star 2 star 1 star 1 star 61% 15% 10% 4% 10% 10%

Customer Reviews, including Product Star Ratings help customers to learn more about the product and decide whether it is the right product for them.

To calculate the overall star rating and percentage breakdown by star, we don’t use a simple average. Instead, our system considers things like how recent a review is and if the reviewer bought the item on Amazon. It also analyzed reviews to verify trustworthiness.

Reviews with images

BAD!! DON’T BUY!!!!

Sort reviews by Top reviews Most recent Top reviews

Top reviews from the United States

There was a problem filtering reviews right now. please try again later..

Top reviews from other countries

About Amazon
Investor Relations
Amazon Devices
Amazon Science
Sell products on Amazon
Sell on Amazon Business
Sell apps on Amazon
Become an Affiliate
Advertise Your Products
Self-Publish with Us
Host an Amazon Hub
› See More Make Money with Us
Amazon Business Card
Shop with Points
Reload Your Balance
Amazon Currency Converter
Amazon and COVID-19
Your Account
Your Orders
Shipping Rates & Policies
Returns & Replacements
Manage Your Content and Devices

Conditions of Use
Privacy Notice
Consumer Health Data Privacy Disclosure
Your Ads Privacy Choices

Science Foundation Series

Where hands-on experiments and engaging activities meets thrilling scientific discovery. Empower your child with the tools and knowledge to explore the wonders of science right from home.

Backpack Science Kits

Take a science hike with our variety of backpack kits! From rockhounds to bug and nature enthusiasts, these best-selling kits will put a smile on your learner's face.

SHOP NOW SHOP NOW

Dissection Kits

Dissection is a great tool for learning about anatomy. Shop our wide variety of gel and animal specimens. We also offer individual and classroom-sized kits!

Browse chemistry kits with step-by-step guides and all the materials to start experimenting! Building out your lab? Browse our quality lab sets and glassware.

These kits transform your kitchen into a science lab! Make chocolate and cheese, grow rock candy crystals, perform chemical tests on common foods and more.

Shop our variety of medical science kits and devices. These kits help prepare high school, pre-med, and medical students for healthcare and applied sciences careers.

Grow bacteria, discover your inner rock hound, plan your first owl pellet dissection and more. Shop our wide variety of hands-on nature kits.

Build you own wind turbine, clean an oil spill, and discover the power of solar energy with this wide selection of environmental science kits.

Learn about earth science and astronomy with hands-on experiment kits! Make a model of the solar system, test rock hardness, investigate weather and more.

How does it work and why? These kits help inquisitive minds find the answers as they build, test, and then improve structures and machines of all types.

Build a bridge, discover waves with a Slinky, or construct a scope. Physics is fun with our large selection of hands-on kits!

Build your own robots, fly your own motorized paper airplane, or race a fuel cell car! These technology kits bring the fun as well as the education.

Watch your child become a detective with our selection of CSI kits. These kits create fun, hands-on experiences that teach fingerprinting, ballistics, and more.

Use the sun to create an art print, discover polymers, make gum, and more with this highly engaging variety of science kits that learners of all ages will enjoy.

Select a ready-to-go, DIY science fair kit! Each kit comes with the materials you’ll need and step-by-step instructions to complete the experiment.

Shop Science Kits by Age

Complete Introduction to Chemistry (Grades 6-8)

Give students a solid chemistry foundation with the hands-on experiments in this complete lab kit! This set has 40+ real science tools and chemicals, 27 engaging experiments, a 46-page manual & safety equipment.

View Details:

In Stock & Ready to Ship

Need It Fast? See Delivery Options In Cart.

Item ships to the United States only.

This Cow Eye Dissection Kit gives an inside view of how the eye works. It comes with everything you need for this activity, including a preserved cow eye specimen, a step-by-step dissection guide & essential dissection tools.

This item only ships to a street address in the 50 US states.

Budding entomologists & bug catchers will love the tools & materials inside this bug collection set! Includes a butterfly net, a glass-top insect box with a foam pinning block, a bug catching identification guide & more!

Perform more than 300 experiments with this deluxe, hands-on chemistry set! The Chem C3000 from Thames & Kosmos includes a 192-page full-color manual and is an excellent introduction course in chemistry for kids ages 12+.

Have a geode-breaking party or just enjoy discovering what's inside each one of these natural geodes.

Growing bacteria is easier than you think. Learning about it is even easier with our bacteria growing kit. Use this kit to explore, experiment, and learn about the bacteria in your life.

This hands-on rock collecting starter kit is designed for kids who love rocks! It comes with all the tools they need for exploration, in one convenient carry-all.

Learn about owls and the little critters they eat by doing an owl pellet dissection!

Want a real chemistry set for your kids? Look no further! This beginners chemistry set comes with all the basic lab equipment needed for chemistry experiments & projects. Get high-quality beakers, test tubes & much more!

Out of Stock, Expected to Ship: 09/13/2024

This single-use blood type test kit contains everything needed to perform a complete blood test at home for ABO and Rh. Discovering your blood type is now quicker and easier than ever!

Science Kits and Science Experiments for Kids

Shop our selection of science kits for kids perfect for learning at home or school. , from our resource center.

Our science kits offer a convenient and immersive science experience for learners of all ages. Each science kit comes with everything needed to complete the experiments and learn something new along the way. Looking for more at home science? Dust for fingerprints, test food for vitamin C, or make and compare several different slime recipes. Check out our resources below.

Science kits for kits make teaching and learning science easy!

Get everything that you need to explore your favorite science topic in one complete experiment kit. Open the box and start learning!

Shop the best science kits for kids by selecting the topic that your student is most interested in. Find excellent, hands-on science experiment kits for elementary, middle school, and high school students. It's never too early for kids to learn with our science kits for kindergarten students and science kits for preschool. Preschool science helps kids learn to love to learn right from the start! Our science gifts are a great way to make learning about science fun and engaging. Browse science kits for toddlers and for adult learners alike. Choose a science kit box based on your interest: slime kits explore polymer chemistry; Science Foundation Series covers several months worth of science in topics like chemistry, physics, biology, and earth & space; HST kits come with everything needed to complete the experiments as well as detailed instruction guides; Thames & Kosmos kits make great gifts; 4M kits cover many topics and are budget friendly.

Hands-on science is the most rewarding and relevant way to engage kids interested in the STEM field. Each kit is filled with science supplies, helpful instructions, and more. Sciecne kits make it easier than every to get started with hands-on science.

We get it. Science can be messy. But Home Science Tools' products and service can handle it.

Our products are durable, reliable, and affordable to take you from the field to the lab to the kitchen. They won't let you down, no matter what they're up against. Whether it's (over)eager young scientists year after year, or rigorous requirements that come once-in-a lifetime.

And if your science inquiry doesn't go as expected, you can expect our customer service team to help. Count on friendly voices at the other end of the phone and expert advice in your inbox. They're not happy until you are.

Bottom line? We guarantee our products and service won't mess up your science study—no matter how messy it gets.

Questions? Get in touch with our Customer Service team.

IMAGES

Buy Inventors Wing DC Motor Science Project Kit for Class 8-12
Buy Easy Optics Physics Experiment Kit Do It Yourself Working Model
Amazon.com: Physics Experiment Kit Electricity Experiment Kit Physics
ScienceWiz Physics Experiment Kit
Best Rated Physics Experiment Kits for Teens: Top Science Toys Reviews
The Award Winning Physics Experiment Kit

VIDEO

Class 12 Physics Optics Experiment Cbse 2024 by Anurag Tyagi Sir #anuragtyagiclasses
Know Your Physics Lab before Board Practicals !
Class 12th Physics Practical Notebook|| Experiment no.3 Newton's law of cooling all answers||
Class 12th Physics Practical Notebook|| Experiment no.12 π¹/π² By Suspension Method all answers||
सफलता ऐसे ही नही मिलता है #study #education #tips #physicswallah #celebration #neet #rank #ias #upsc
CBSe Physical education practical file|Physical education file class 12 cricket

COMMENTS

Class 12 Science Projects: 50 easy and interesting ideas
Class 12 Science Projects. 1. Hooke's law. In this experiment, you will be testing Hooke's law, which states that the force needed to stretch or compress a spring is proportional to the amount of stretch or compression. You will need a spring, a ruler, and a way to measure force (such as a bathroom scale).
Physics Science Kits for Kids
Thames & Kosmos Physics Workshop. 3.9. (11) $59.95. $53.90. Add to Cart Quick View. This Physics Workshop kit comes with all the parts to build 36 physics models. Conduct 73 experiments with simple machines, gravity, energy, gears & more to discover the principles of physics in an engaging, hands-on way! 90 Results.
27 results for "physics lab kit for class 12"
Amazon.in: physics lab kit for class 12. Skip to main content.in. Delivering to Mumbai 400001 Update location All. Select the department you ...
Physics Project for Class 12 2024: Top 50 Experiments & Ideas
The most exciting and popular Physics Projects for Class 12 students are the Buoyancy 101 experiment, Marvelous Magnetics experiment, Heat Transfer in an Incandescent Lamp experiment, Insulation Value experiment, Salt Water vs. Tap Water experiments, and many more. All these experiments are listed below and explained in detail to make the ...
CBSE Physics Practical Class 12 Lab Manual for 2023-24 Board Exam
CBSE Class 12 Physics Experiments. Section A. 1. To determine the resistivity of two / three wires by plotting a graph for potential difference versus current. 2. To find the resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using a metre bridge. 3. To verify the laws of combination (series) of resistances using a metre bridge.
Physics Kit for High School Lab Experiments
Explore the amazing world of physics with the Complete Introduction to Physics kit (Grades 6-8) from Home Science Tools. This kit focuses on mechanics, the part of physics that deals with force, motion, work and energy. The kit includes 17 unique, hands-on activities, science supplies, and a 54-page full-color manual.
1-48 of 79 results for "physics practical kit"
Easy Optics Physics Experiment Kit Do It Yourself Working Model Educational Learning Toy School Project Science Activity Kit Gift for Students DIY. 3.5 out of 5 stars 116 ... Green and White, Practice Sheets | Physics for Class 9-12. 2.8 out of 5 stars 13 ₹3,699 ...
Class 12 Physics Lab Experiments
Experiment list of Class 12 Physics Lab. 1. To find resistance of a given wire using Whetstone's bridge (meter bridge) 2. To find the focal length of a convex mirror using a convex lens. 3. To find the value of 'v' for different values of 'u' in case of a concave mirror & to find its focal length. 4.
CBSE Class 12 Physics Practical File Notes with Readings
The CBSE Class 12 Physics is an essential guide for students, providing detailed practical notes and readings. It covers a range of experiments, helping students grasp complex concepts through hands-on learning.This manual bridges theoretical knowledge and practical application, enhancing understanding and scientific skills. Below are the physics practical notes and readings for all CBSE Class ...
Optics & Light Physics Experiment Kits
Scientific Products and Science Educational Supplies. Science Laboratory Magnetic Stirrers. Science Chemistry Glass & Plastic Lab Beakers. Study how light travels, the law for reflection and refraction Shop Flinnsci.com tools, laboratory, and demonstration kits that will shine a light on your next lesson.
Transformer Physics Investigatory Project PDF Class 12
Project PDF Download Link: Download well prepared Investigatory project pdf on topic 'Transformer' for class 12. The electric transformer works on the fundamental principle of electromagnetic induction, a concept first discovered by Michael Faraday in the 19th century.
Homeschool Physics Curriculum & Lab Kits for Grades K-12
Lab Kit for use with Abeka Physics Grade 12. (0) $269.95. Pre-Order Quick View. Get the lab materials you need in one convenient kit for doing the lab activities with the Abeka Book grade 12 curriculum, Physics: The Foundational Science. Best Seller Best Seller.
Physics Lab Equipment & Supplies
Helping to inspire the next generation of physicists. With one of the largest selection of physics equipment and supplies on the market, EduLab can at least make sure you have all the necessary tools to conduct your experiments. Whether you're studying motion, conducting experiments in electromagnetism or need to replace your electrical ...
Amazon.in: Physics Kits
Light and Optics Class Demo Kit | 12 Acrylic Lenses, Ray Box with 5, 3 & 1 Light Beam configration in Red Colour, Practice Sheets | Physics for Class 9-12. 5.0 out of 5 stars 1 ... Physics Experiment Kit Block and Pulley System Physics: Pulley Block Physics Experiments Physics Lab Kits for Physics Experiment Lab Science 1 Set Physics Experiment ...
Quick demonstrations and activities
Ask an assistant to gently grip the bottom of the tube (or use a clamp stand at the top to keep it upright). Hold the ping pong ball so that the bottom of the ball is at the top of the tube. Let go. Measure the height the ping pong ball bounces to. Repeat for the golf ball. Measure masses of golf ball and ping pong ball.
Physics Kits
PH0203B. Student Optics Kit - Light Box & 27 Optical Components. PH0615A. Eisco Garage Physics Soda Center of Mass Kit. GP00008. Battery Cell Holder, 2 Inch - For Use with Elementary Basic Electricity Kit (Eisco BKEPH2014) - With Two 4mm Sockets - Plastic - Mounted - Eisco Labs. BKE2.
698+ Physics Project Topics For class 12 and Ideas 2024
Physics Project Topics For class 12 and Ideas: Physics is the scientific discipline that explores the composition of matter and the relationships among the fundamental components within the observable universe. In its widest context, physics, derived from the Greek word "physikos," addresses all aspects of nature, spanning both the macroscopic and submicroscopic scales.
Twelfth Grade, Physics Science Experiments (216 results)
Twelfth Grade, Physics Science Experiments. (216 results) Fun science experiments to explore everything from kitchen chemistry to DIY mini drones. Easy to set up and perfect for home or school. Browse the collection and see what you want to try first! Physics is the study of matter — what is it made of?
Twelfth Grade, Physics Science Projects (14 results)
Scientific Method. Everyone has experienced the warmth provided by a shaft of sunlight through a window. In this physics science fair project, you will determine how the color of an object affects the amount of radiant energy that is absorbed. You will then use the Stefan-Boltzmann equation to determine the amount of energy that is absorbed and ...
1-48 of 121 results for "physics project model class 12"
Step down transformer model School Science Physics Project working model for Science Students Class 12 Physics teaching Aid. 3.6 out of 5 stars 2 ... ButterflyEduFields 4in1 Science Experiment Kit for Kids 12 Years+ Boys Girls, Learning Toys DIY Kits for Kids Gift Box, STEM Toys Science Adventure Activity Box Made in India ...
The 7 Best Science Kits for Kids and Teens
Teach kids ages 8 and up about the laws of physics with this comprehensive science kit featuring six different projects, including a rubber band car, sharpening wheel, and rocket launcher. There's ...
Physics Science Magnets Kit for Education Science Experiment Tools
Learn basic physics principles and conduct experiments with these magnet kits to study physics, magnetism, open the door for children to learn about the earth. Pay attention to: Magnets are brittle, please be don't cast. Please kindly noted that the U shape magnet is fragile, please take and used it carefully.
Science Kits for Kids: Elementary to High School
Shop our variety of medical science kits and devices. These kits help prepare high school, pre-med, and medical students for healthcare and applied sciences careers. Grow bacteria, discover your inner rock hound, plan your first owl pellet dissection and more. Shop our wide variety of hands-on nature kits.