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Chapter Four: Theory, Methodologies, Methods, and Evidence
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Research Methods
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This page discusses the following topics:
Research Goals
Research method types.
Before discussing research methods , we need to distinguish them from methodologies and research skills . Methodologies, linked to literary theories, are tools and lines of investigation: sets of practices and propositions about texts and the world. Researchers using Marxist literary criticism will adopt methodologies that look to material forces like labor, ownership, and technology to understand literature and its relationship to the world. They will also seek to understand authors not as inspired geniuses but as people whose lives and work are shaped by social forces.
Example: Critical Race Theory Methodologies
Critical Race Theory may use a variety of methodologies, including
- Interest convergence: investigating whether marginalized groups only achieve progress when dominant groups benefit as well
- Intersectional theory: investigating how multiple factors of advantage and disadvantage around race, gender, ethnicity, religion, etc. operate together in complex ways
- Radical critique of the law: investigating how the law has historically been used to marginalize particular groups, such as black people, while recognizing that legal efforts are important to achieve emancipation and civil rights
- Social constructivism: investigating how race is socially constructed (rather than biologically grounded)
- Standpoint epistemology: investigating how knowledge relates to social position
- Structural determinism: investigating how structures of thought and of organizations determine social outcomes
To identify appropriate methodologies, you will need to research your chosen theory and gather what methodologies are associated with it. For the most part, we can’t assume that there are “one size fits all” methodologies.
Research skills are about how you handle materials such as library search engines, citation management programs, special collections materials, and so on.
Research methods are about where and how you get answers to your research questions. Are you conducting interviews? Visiting archives? Doing close readings? Reviewing scholarship? You will need to choose which methods are most appropriate to use in your research and you need to gain some knowledge about how to use these methods. In other words, you need to do some research into research methods!
Your choice of research method depends on the kind of questions you are asking. For example, if you want to understand how an author progressed through several drafts to arrive at a final manuscript, you may need to do archival research. If you want to understand why a particular literary work became a bestseller, you may need to do audience research. If you want to know why a contemporary author wrote a particular work, you may need to do interviews. Usually literary research involves a combination of methods such as archival research , discourse analysis , and qualitative research methods.
Literary research methods tend to differ from research methods in the hard sciences (such as physics and chemistry). Science research must present results that are reproducible, while literary research rarely does (though it must still present evidence for its claims). Literary research often deals with questions of meaning, social conventions, representations of lived experience, and aesthetic effects; these are questions that reward dialogue and different perspectives rather than one great experiment that settles the issue. In literary research, we might get many valuable answers even though they are quite different from one another. Also in literary research, we usually have some room to speculate about answers, but our claims have to be plausible (believable) and our argument comprehensive (meaning we don’t overlook evidence that would alter our argument significantly if it were known).
A literary researcher might select the following:
Theory: Critical Race Theory
Methodology: Social Constructivism
Method: Scholarly
Skills: Search engines, citation management
Wendy Belcher, in Writing Your Journal Article in 12 Weeks , identifies two main approaches to understanding literary works: looking at a text by itself (associated with New Criticism ) and looking at texts as they connect to society (associated with Cultural Studies ). The goal of New Criticism is to bring the reader further into the text. The goal of Cultural Studies is to bring the reader into the network of discourses that surround and pass through the text. Other approaches, such as Ecocriticism, relate literary texts to the Sciences (as well as to the Humanities).
The New Critics, starting in the 1940s, focused on meaning within the text itself, using a method they called “ close reading .” The text itself becomes e vidence for a particular reading. Using this approach, you should summarize the literary work briefly and q uote particularly meaningful passages, being sure to introduce quotes and then interpret them (never let them stand alone). Make connections within the work; a sk “why” and “how” the various parts of the text relate to each other.
Cultural Studies critics see all texts as connected to society; the critic therefore has to connect a text to at least one political or social issue. How and why does the text reproduce particular knowledge systems (known as discourses) and how do these knowledge systems relate to issues of power within the society? Who speaks and when? Answering these questions helps your reader understand the text in context. Cultural contexts can include the treatment of gender (Feminist, Queer), class (Marxist), nationality, race, religion, or any other area of human society.
Other approaches, such as psychoanalytic literary criticism , look at literary texts to better understand human psychology. A psychoanalytic reading can focus on a character, the author, the reader, or on society in general. Ecocriticism look at human understandings of nature in literary texts.
We select our research methods based on the kinds of things we want to know. For example, we may be studying the relationship between literature and society, between author and text, or the status of a work in the literary canon. We may want to know about a work’s form, genre, or thematics. We may want to know about the audience’s reading and reception, or about methods for teaching literature in schools.
Below are a few research methods and their descriptions. You may need to consult with your instructor about which ones are most appropriate for your project. The first list covers methods most students use in their work. The second list covers methods more commonly used by advanced researchers. Even if you will not be using methods from this second list in your research project, you may read about these research methods in the scholarship you find.
Most commonly used undergraduate research methods:
- Scholarship Methods: Studies the body of scholarship written about a particular author, literary work, historical period, literary movement, genre, theme, theory, or method.
- Textual Analysis Methods: Used for close readings of literary texts, these methods also rely on literary theory and background information to support the reading.
- Biographical Methods: Used to study the life of the author to better understand their work and times, these methods involve reading biographies and autobiographies about the author, and may also include research into private papers, correspondence, and interviews.
- Discourse Analysis Methods: Studies language patterns to reveal ideology and social relations of power. This research involves the study of institutions, social groups, and social movements to understand how people in various settings use language to represent the world to themselves and others. Literary works may present complex mixtures of discourses which the characters (and readers) have to navigate.
- Creative Writing Methods: A literary re-working of another literary text, creative writing research is used to better understand a literary work by investigating its language, formal structures, composition methods, themes, and so on. For instance, a creative research project may retell a story from a minor character’s perspective to reveal an alternative reading of events. To qualify as research, a creative research project is usually combined with a piece of theoretical writing that explains and justifies the work.
Methods used more often by advanced researchers:
- Archival Methods: Usually involves trips to special collections where original papers are kept. In these archives are many unpublished materials such as diaries, letters, photographs, ledgers, and so on. These materials can offer us invaluable insight into the life of an author, the development of a literary work, or the society in which the author lived. There are at least three major archives of James Baldwin’s papers: The Smithsonian , Yale , and The New York Public Library . Descriptions of such materials are often available online, but the materials themselves are typically stored in boxes at the archive.
- Computational Methods: Used for statistical analysis of texts such as studies of the popularity and meaning of particular words in literature over time.
- Ethnographic Methods: Studies groups of people and their interactions with literary works, for instance in educational institutions, in reading groups (such as book clubs), and in fan networks. This approach may involve interviews and visits to places (including online communities) where people interact with literary works. Note: before you begin such work, you must have Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval “to protect the rights and welfare of human participants involved in research.”
- Visual Methods: Studies the visual qualities of literary works. Some literary works, such as illuminated manuscripts, children’s literature, and graphic novels, present a complex interplay of text and image. Even works without illustrations can be studied for their use of typography, layout, and other visual features.
Regardless of the method(s) you choose, you will need to learn how to apply them to your work and how to carry them out successfully. For example, you should know that many archives do not allow you to bring pens (you can use pencils) and you may not be allowed to bring bags into the archives. You will need to keep a record of which documents you consult and their location (box number, etc.) in the archives. If you are unsure how to use a particular method, please consult a book about it. [1] Also, ask for the advice of trained researchers such as your instructor or a research librarian.
- What research method(s) will you be using for your paper? Why did you make this method selection over other methods? If you haven’t made a selection yet, which methods are you considering?
- What specific methodological approaches are you most interested in exploring in relation to the chosen literary work?
- What is your plan for researching your method(s) and its major approaches?
- What was the most important lesson you learned from this page? What point was confusing or difficult to understand?
Write your answers in a webcourse discussion page.
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- Introduction to Research Methods: A Practical Guide for Anyone Undertaking a Research Project by Catherine, Dr. Dawson
- Practical Research Methods: A User-Friendly Guide to Mastering Research Techniques and Projects by Catherine Dawson
- Qualitative Inquiry and Research Design: Choosing Among Five Approaches by John W. Creswell Cheryl N. Poth
- Qualitative Research Evaluation Methods: Integrating Theory and Practice by Michael Quinn Patton
- Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches by John W. Creswell J. David Creswell
- Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners by Ranjit Kumar
- Research Methodology: Methods and Techniques by C.R. Kothari
Strategies for Conducting Literary Research Copyright © 2021 by Barry Mauer & John Venecek is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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Research Methodology- An Introduction To Literary Studies
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2019, CENTRAL ASIAN JOURNAL OF LITERATURE, PHILOSOPHY AND CULTURE
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This study aims to present a general consideration for the postmodern paradigmatic shift and the reflection of these debates about literature studies which has had an important change in 20th century. It is a well-known fact that application of positive scientific methods has been inadequate about the expected results. The first reason behind this assumption is that it examines the phenomenon of literature and these natural sciences methods are not conductive to analyze these artistic methods. Postmodern paradigm presents a more comprehensive ground for the arts and the sciences dealing with arts. Due to the identicalness between arts reception and reviewer, it finds problematic applying the scientific methods to artistic facts art and objectifying the analysis carried out by the artistic sciences. In fact, postmodernism in the literature analysis have began effective in the late of 1980s, but it can be mentioned about the relativist and indeterminist traditions dating back to 1960s. After 1980s, Eurocentric theories such as Poststructuralism, Intertextuality and Reader Response; theories based on social criticism such as Critical Theory and Feminist Theory began to join to these same postmodern objections. These objections' common features can be listed as multidisciplinary versus scientific decomposition, eclecticism versus mono methodology; quantitative versus qualitative.
Irma Vilà Òdena
The Import of Literary Criticism
Abstract With the present global inclination to science, technology, and agriculture, criticism seems to have been tilted in that direction. The flame of reading literature seems to be going out gradually but steadily and with it, the reading and mastery of its prescriptive theories and their application to literary texts. If we consider that literature is concerned with life’s affairs which are more pressing than the reading black and white symbols of a text and their abstract interpretation, if we consider that literature is a vortex where distant and usually seemingly unrelated areas of human knowledge meet and interact, that war, the environment, the economy and even politics are involved in literary studies, then we would try to value the text more, and its criticism which is the decoding of the message of the text, which sometimes has a problem solving perspective, would be given its due import, since literature is in fact, a pattern of infinite potentialities, proffered by an absence presence, which have to be investigated through the right procedures. Because this domain is involved with every sphere of life, the import of getting its message cannot be overrated. However, the shade of meanings got without the use of literary theories would be highly informal, judgmental, and oftentimes superficial. Literary criticism is meant to throw light into the text through theories, and to assess the public comprehension of the text. In this vein, criticism is more important than the text, for it says in several ways what the text says. The main thrust of this paper is its attempt at encouraging literary criticism by showing how beneficial it is to the reader, writer and critic as individuals and to the society as a whole. Keyword: Criticism
Kelsay E Myers
This presentation of literary works that engage arts-based methods of research was created for Dr. Daniel Deslaurier's Integral Research: Arts and Imagination-Based Methods course in the Transformative Inquiry Department at California Institute of Integral Studies. Since Patricia Leavy (2015) focuses on qualitative studies that use ABR (that is her background, after all) in her book Method Meets Art: Arts-Based Research Practice, this presentation will focus on the creative, or artistic, aspects of literary writing to offer further examples of how literary aesthetics can enhance your own inquiries and writing (as that is my background).
Zulfiya Pardaeva
The article explores the features of the philological analysis of a literary text, in the implementation of which the integration of research methods is used. One of the manifestations of linguistic possibilities in a literary text is the verbal reproduction of a color detail. Color detail-a way of reflecting the romantic worldview, helps the poet to determine his attitude to the world. Using the methods of linguo-poetic analysis, the meaning of color in the lyrics of Marina Tsvetaeva is interpreted. The philological analysis of a literary text is designed to consolidate the skills and abilities acquired by students in the study of the main substantive provisions of linguistics and literary criticism.
Husain Necklace
This is a humble guide towards analyzing Literature for students of Literature as well as any audience or individuals who desire to understand and analyze Literature. It consist of no literary theories, only the basic ways of analyzing Literature which will help the readers comprehend literary texts much like any professional critique or analysts.
Bharat Gugane
Since its emergence, critical faculty has been following literature. The major concerns of critical enquiry have been focused upon the interpretation, evaluation and appreciation. Moreover it was engaged in affirming the canons of literary studies. Literature and literary studies are two different enterprises. The first one is concerned with creativity whereas the second one is related to learning. The faculty of critical study belongs to the second category. It is about the science of literature. Critical study analyses literature in terms of its nature and function. In all attempts defining literature, critics deal with contemporary instances of literature. While doing so critics focus on the content, and the biography of author. In other words he/she tries to decipher the text in terms of its social, economic and cultural underpinnings. This scholarly endeavour went through several transformations over a long period of time. It is interesting to see the evolution of critical stud...
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The Roadmap to Research: Fundamentals of a Multifaceted Research Process
Research Questions and Research Design
- Research Problems
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Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Research methods for English studies : an introduction / Gabriele Griffin -- 2. Archival methods / Carolyn Steedman -- 3. Auto/biography as a research method / Mary Evans -- 4. Oral history as a research method / Penny Summerfield -- 5. Visual methodologies / Gillian Rose -- 6.
students fail to understand the books written on Research Methodology because generally they are written in technical language. Since this course is not taught before the Masters degree, the students are not ... Formulating the Research Problem (ii) Extensive Literature Survey (iii) Developing the Research Hypothesis (iv) Preparing the Research ...
Download file PDF. Read file. ... books, journals, nature, etc. Hence, research is a logical and systematic search for new and useful information on a particular topic. ... methods, literature so ...
This study uses literature review research methods as an approach to investigate and analyze views and paradigms related to religious relations with the state in an Islamic perspective (Mishra ...
About the book: The first of its kind, this volume introduces students to a range of research methods used in the study of English, particularly the nineteenth and twentieth centuries.
5. James Thorpe; ed.: The Aims and Methods of Scholarship in Modern Language and Literature, 2nd edition 6. Edward D. Seeber: A Style Manual for Students, 2nd edition 7. Gabrielle Griffin, "Discourse Analysis," Research Methods for English Studies, Gabrielle Griffin (Ed), Edinburgh, 2005. 8.
Sanam Khan. Edited by Delia da Sousa Correa and W.R. Owens The Handbook to Literary Research is a practical guide for students embarking on postgraduate work in Literary Studies. It introduces and explains research techniques, methodologies and approaches to information resources, paying careful attention to the differences between countries ...
Download Free PDF. MA English literature EL7308 RESEARCH METHODS MODULE HANDBOOK ... MA English literature EL7308 RESEARCH METHODS MODULE HANDBOOK 2020 Module Leader: Dr. Dan Mattingly ([email protected]) Lecture-Seminar-Workshop: Thursdays, 18:00-21:00 (6pm-9pm), Winton Building Room 3 Catalogue Summary: This module will enable ...
Most commonly used undergraduate research methods: Scholarship Methods: Studies the body of scholarship written about a particular author, literary work, historical period, literary movement, genre, theme, theory, or method. Textual Analysis Methods: Used for close readings of literary texts, these methods also rely on literary theory and ...
This Book Introduces Post-Graduate Students And Researchers To The Basics And Techniques Of Research Methods In English Literature And Language. It Covers Qualitative And Quantitative Methodology And Includes The Following Topics:" Definition, Aims And Objectives Of Research" Materials And Tools Of Research" Background Knowledge Of The Researcher" Methods Of Research (I) Biography (Ii ...
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners Fifth Edition Ranjit Kumar University of Western Australia Eight steps, two pathways, one book. The fifth edition of the bestseller Research Methodology has reimagined, redesigned and fully renovated how a textbook can help students achieve success in their methods course or research project.
The Handbook to Literary Research - Dr.Nishikant Jha
Research Methods for English Studies on JSTOR. JSTOR is part of , a not-for-profit organization helping the academic community use digital technologies to preserve the scholarly record and to advance research and teaching in sustainable ways. ©2000-2024 ITHAKA.
New and advanced methods for doing research in English Literature are discussed and pointed in this book. About the author (2020) Prof. Dr. Nilesh Popatlal Sathvara, Professor and Head of the Department of English (Post Graduate) at Shri Harivallabhdas Kalidas Arts College, Ahmedabad, Gujarat (India).
Research Methodology for English Literature. Srirangachari Rengachari. 1995 - English literature - 67 pages. Bibliographic information. Title: Research Methodology for English Literature ... Length: 67 pages : Export Citation: BiBTeX EndNote RefMan: About Google Books ...
RESEARCH METHODS FOR THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES. Published Titles. Research Methods for English Studies, 2nd Edition. Edited by Gabriele Gri n. Research Methods for Law. Edited by Mike McConville and ...
book deals with the variety of research methods used in management and social sciences, with particular emphasis on the pharmacy course curriculum. A Handbook of Research Methodology is recommended for use in undergraduate and postgraduate courses focusing on research methodologies in various disciplines. Authors Sample Copy.
Operations research is an example of decision oriented research since it is a scientific method of providing executive departments with a quantitative basis for decisions regarding operations under their control. Research Methods versus Methodology 6.a Research methods are the various procedures, schemes and algorithms used in research.
This book presents a guide for research methodology and scientific writing covering various elements such as finding research problems, writing research proposals, obtaining funds for research, selecting research designs, searching the literature and review, collection of data and analysis, preparation of thesis, writing research papers for journals, citation and listing of references ...
Designed with students, for students Eight steps, two pathways, one book. The Fifth Edition of the bestseller Research Methodology has reimagined, redesigned, and fully renovated how a textbook can help students achieve success in their methods course or research project. Eight steps: Foolproof for any beginner researcher, the book breaks the process of designing and doing a research project ...
An illustration of an open book. Books. An illustration of two cells of a film strip. Video An illustration of an audio speaker. ... Research methodology : a step-by-step guide for beginners by Kumar, Ranjit, author. Publication date 2014 ... Pdf_module_version 0.0.22 Ppi 360 Rcs_key 24143 Republisher_date ...
Literature reviews allow scientists to argue that they are expanding current. expertise - improving on what already exists and filling the gaps that remain. This paper demonstrates the literatu ...
Guijuan Lin Xiamen Software College No. 1199 Sunban South Road, Jimei District, Xiamen, Fujian Province 361012, China Tel: 86-592-5053678 E-mail:[email protected]. Abstract. Starting by a brief introduction of literature method, this paper raises the question of how to choose representative research literatures.
Abridged Science for High School Students. The Nuclear Research Foundation School Certificate Integrated, Volume 2. Book. • 1966. Abschlusskurs Sonografie der Bewegungsorgane First Edition. Book. • 2024. Absolute Radiometry. Electrically Calibrated Thermal Detectors of Optical Radiation.