nursing home business manager

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The Integral Role of a Skilled Nursing Facility Business Office Manager

Any skilled nursing facility could have the brightest doctors on staff, the most attentive nurses and the newest building in town—and still fail miserably. For an operation to succeed long-term, it must run smoothly and efficiently in every aspect of the business, from the moment a resident or patient is introduced to the facility, to the necessary follow-ups that occur after discharge. In a skilled nursing facility, a business office manager plays a key role in every stage of the patient lifecycle. Although this administrative position operates very much “behind the scenes” and is not typically considered a revenue-generating role, leadership would be gravely mistaken to underestimate their influence on the bottom line.

A business office manager in a skilled nursing facility wears many hats, and should therefore be competent in a variety of skills including administrative/customer service, accounting, compliance, and multitasking so much more. Below we break down these four broad skills that are essential for a healthcare business office manager:

Essential Skills for a Skilled Nursing Facility Business Office Manager

Customer Service

Many skilled nursing business office managers are responsible for managing the phone lines and assisting everyone who comes through the door—and it is those interactions that set the tone for the entire facility. Any unpleasant experience can cause residents and/or their family members to be dissatisfied, which could easily result in losing their business. Excellent customer service should always be a priority, but this is especially true for front line leadership positions such as the business office manager. Understanding the needs of the resident and effective communication are imperative.

Billing and collection are complex tasks that require knowledge of your systems, insurance payer contracts, regulatory guidelines, billing codes, denial trends and more. In facilities where the primary skilled nursing business office manager is responsible for billing, they must work to ensure charges, claims and statements are accurate, or reimbursement will be delayed or forfeited. They must pursue and correct denials in a timely manner, or significant revenue will be lost. Business office managers may also oversee resident trust funds, which is highly regulated and should be properly handled with safeguards to protect against theft and fraud.

Ongoing changes in healthcare laws and regulation means that providers need someone focused on policies, procedures, auditing and monitoring. Providers are constantly faced with new risks, and any kind of misconduct can result in fines or penalties. Skilled nursing business office managers are an important party of the interdisciplinary team, and need to employ training and best practices to minimize risks.

Multitasking

With so many responsibilities to balance, a skilled nursing business office manager must learn to adapt to the demands and priorities for the day. In one moment, they may be assisting a resident with their Medicaid eligibility paperwork, and the next addressing a complaint or preparing an insurance claim. Interruptions throughout their day should be expected, yet they must remain organized, flexible and focused on efficiency.

As if recruiting candidates for this office-based administrative position was not challenging enough, a business office manager must also have knowledge of the skilled nursing industry, insurance payers and government regulations—all of which must be learned in time. This combination of skill and industry experience is unique, which is why so many providers continually struggle to hire and retain the right talent.

Luckily, there is a solution.

Enhancing Outcomes with Richter

A skilled nursing business office manager plays an integral role in an organization’s ability to thrive financially. When they are inexperienced or feel unsupported, the effects will be felt companywide. As the industry’s leading skilled nursing and long-term care consultants , Richter can deliver customized solutions to help you achieve your goals. Whether you are in the market for a new business office manager or seek to further educate your staff, our team of professionals are here to assist.

• We can prepare attractive job descriptions to help you recruit the right talent
• We offer thorough and flexible training programs that can be customized for new talent or annual competency initiatives
• Our team can evaluate your current organizational responsibilities and make suggestions for distributing the workload
• We can help incorporate new technology to increase efficiency
• As a liaison and extension of your team, you can lean on us for support on-demand
• We can help improve company culture and increase employee retention

To learn more about comprehensive solutions for skilled nursing facilities , contact us here or call us at 866.806.0799 .

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What does a business office manager do in a nursing home?

What are the main duties of a business office manager in a nursing home, what qualifications and skills are required to become a business office manager in a nursing home, 1. what does a business office manager do in a nursing home, 2. what qualifications are required to become a business office manager in a nursing home, 3. what skills are necessary for success in the role of a business office manager in a nursing home, 4. how important is financial management for a business office manager in a nursing home, 5. what is the role of a business office manager in ensuring compliance with regulations, 6. how does a business office manager support residents and their families, 7. what collaboration is required in the role of a business office manager in a nursing home, 8. what are the challenges faced by business office managers in a nursing home.

Running a nursing home involves various administrative tasks and responsibilities, and one crucial role in ensuring the smooth functioning of operations is that of a business office manager. This key position encompasses a wide range of duties, ranging from financial management to human resources. Let’s explore the details of what a business office manager does in a nursing home.

Duties and Responsibilities

A business office manager in a nursing home handles a multitude of tasks to keep the facility running efficiently. Some of the main responsibilities include:

1. Financial Management: Managing billing, accounts payable and receivable, budgeting, payroll, and ensuring compliance with financial regulations. 2. Insurance and Medicare Coordination: Working with insurance providers and ensuring accurate billing and reimbursement. 3. Human Resources: Overseeing employee onboarding, maintaining personnel records, managing benefits, and handling payroll-related matters. 4. Compliance and Regulations: Ensuring compliance with state and federal regulations related to healthcare and nursing home operations. 5. Resident Billing and Support: Handling resident billing, answering questions and concerns, and addressing financial issues with empathy and professionalism. 6. Record-Keeping: Maintaining accurate and organized records of financial transactions, patient information, and other necessary documentation. 7. Support to Residents and Families: Assisting residents and their families with financial inquiries, providing information on available resources, and offering guidance through the financial aspects of nursing home care. 8. Team Collaboration: Working closely with administrators, nurses, and other departments to ensure effective communication and coordination.

To become a business office manager in a nursing home, certain qualifications and skills are beneficial. These typically include:

1. Education: A bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration, business administration, or a related field is often preferred, although some positions may consider equivalent work experience. 2. Experience: Prior experience in healthcare administration, medical billing, or financial management is highly desirable. Experience specifically in a nursing home setting is an added advantage. 3. Knowledge: A comprehensive understanding of healthcare billing and insurance processes, financial management, and human resources is crucial for success in this role. 4. Attention to Detail: Meticulousness and accuracy in record-keeping are essential to ensure compliance with financial and regulatory standards. 5. Communication Skills: Effective written and verbal communication skills are necessary to liaise with residents, families, staff, and external entities. 6. Problem-Solving: The ability to think critically and find creative solutions to challenges is valuable, given the complexity of financial and operational matters in a nursing home. 7. Organizational Skills: Strong organizational abilities, including time management and the ability to multitask, are vital to handle the myriad responsibilities of this role.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

A business office manager in a nursing home is responsible for various administrative tasks, including financial management, insurance coordination, human resources, compliance, resident billing, record-keeping, and supporting residents and their families.

While specific qualifications may vary, a bachelor’s degree in healthcare administration, business administration, or a related field is typically preferred. Prior experience in healthcare administration, medical billing, or financial management is highly desirable.

Key skills for a business office manager in a nursing home include knowledge of healthcare billing and insurance processes, financial management, human resources, attention to detail, strong communication skills, problem-solving abilities, and excellent organizational skills.

Financial management is crucial for a business office manager in a nursing home as it involves managing billing, accounts payable and receivable, budgeting, payroll, and ensuring compliance with financial regulations.

A business office manager in a nursing home is responsible for ensuring compliance with state and federal regulations related to healthcare and nursing home operations. They must stay updated on regulatory changes and ensure all documentation and processes align with the required standards.

A business office manager supports residents and their families by handling billing inquiries, addressing financial concerns, informing about available resources, and providing guidance through the financial aspects of nursing home care with empathy and professionalism.

A business office manager collaborates closely with administrators, nurses, and other departments to ensure effective communication and coordination. This collaboration is necessary to address financial and operational matters efficiently.

Business office managers in nursing homes may face challenges related to complex financial regulations, insurance coordination, resident billing issues, and aligning processes with changing healthcare and regulatory environments. Their ability to adapt and find solutions is essential in overcoming these challenges.

With their extensive range of responsibilities and expertise in financial management and compliance, business office managers play a vital role in the successful operation of nursing homes. Their contributions ensure the facility can focus on providing quality care to residents while maintaining financial stability and adherence to regulations.

About The Author

Regina Neal

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BUSINESS CAREER GUIDES

Nursing Home Manager Career

What is a nursing home manager.

A nursing home manager satisfies all administrative responsibilities that a nursing home environment requires. You will supervise food services, ensure high levels of patient care, oversee the management of nursing home finances, and implement any new or updated healthcare regulations.

The position of nursing home manager is obtainable with a bachelor’s degree. However, qualified applicants will also need to complete hundreds of hours of supervised nursing home service before they obtain one or more certifications and pass a qualifying exam.

To start  drawing your nursing career map , you should understand how the role of a nursing home manager differs from other nursing professions. Unlike nursing home administrators,  nurse case managers  care for clients recovering from injury or illness, in addition to their work with geriatric patients. The role of a nurse manager is also unique from that of a nursing home manager, mainly in that nurse managers work in hospital or clinical settings and provide direct supervision strictly for nursing staff.

If you’re searching for a  nursing leadership career —like the operational role of a  healthcare administrator —you should first take steps to understand what  nursing leadership roles  mean in a healthcare environment. Unlike managerial staff,  leaders empower their teams by example , implementing high-level strategies and creating a long-term vision for a company’s future. 

RESPONSIBILITIES

What does a nursing home manager do.

Nursing home managers fulfill a wide range of responsibilities. From communicating with patients and healthcare staff to organizing a nursing home’s budgets, you’ll remain busy each day on the job.

The exact responsibilities of a nursing home manager can include:

• Ensuring effective nursing home operations daily.
• Establishing nursing home nurse schedules in a way that allows each nurse sufficient working hours without reaching  nurse burnout .
• Implementing  autonomous nursing practices  that allow nurses to make decisions and implement processes without having to consult doctors or other healthcare professionals.
• Developing nursing home goals and objectives to be shared across all nursing home departments.
• Communicating with nursing home department administrators to ensure that each branch of nursing home operations is functioning smoothly.
• Speaking to nursing home operations and success during investor and executive board meetings.
• Monitoring nursing home budgets to ensure that finances are spent appropriately.

These and other responsibilities help nursing home managers find success while connecting all geriatric patients with high levels of personalized care.

EDUCATION & BEST DEGREES

What education and qualifications does a nursing home manager need.

Before you can begin a career as a nursing home manager, you’ll first need to satisfy a few educational requirements. Often, this means you will need to obtain a bachelor’s degree in  healthcare administration , health science  or a related field. A healthcare management degree program is a fantastic option as it allows students to learn about the intersection of business and healthcare, giving them specific insight into how healthcare organizations run, their financial needs, strategies, management practices, and more.

In order to move into a management position, a master’s degree is typically required. An  MBA in healthcare management  can be an ideal option for students looking to pursue a management career in a nursing home or other health field. This type of MBA program will again focus on combining healthcare best practices and business skills, giving students insight into how these two areas work together. Courses on marketing, accounting, communication, leadership, and healthcare regulation can all be expected in this type of MBA program. Similarly, a  Master of Healthcare Administration  degree  could help those who need more information on the healthcare elements of business management. When determining the  right healthcare leadership degree for you , consider your desired role.

Best Degrees for a Nursing Home Manager

Prepare for a career leading private or public healthcare organizations....

Prepare for a career leading private or public healthcare organizations.

• Time:  WGU lets you set a schedule so you can finish your MBA in just one year.
• Tuition:  $4,755 per 6-month term.
• Courses : 11 total courses in this program.

Skills for your résumé you will learn in this program include: 

• Regulatory compliance
• Patient care improvement
• Service line development
• Healthcare trends
• Health policy and legislation

Healthcare is big business in today's complex economy.  Steer your career with this specialty MBA.

Compare online business degrees

This program is not the only online business degree WGU offers that is designed to create leaders in the field of healthcare. Compare our health leadership degrees.

You can become a healthcare industry leader:...

You can become a healthcare industry leader:

Compare with B.S. Health Information Management

• Time: 63% of graduates finish within 17 months
• Tuition:  $3,755 per 6-month term.
• Courses: 40 total courses in this program.
• Communication
• Team Leadership
• Strategic Planning

The online courses in this career-focused business degree program will prepare you with management-level skills and an up-to-date understanding of our healthcare delivery system.

A master's focused on managing comprehensive, value-based care, directly...

A master's focused on managing comprehensive, value-based care, directly in line with innovations in health and healthcare.

• Time:  60% of grads finish within 21 months. 
• Tuition:  $4,995 per 6-month term.
• Courses: 12 total courses in this program.

Skills for your résumé that you will learn in this program:

• Collaborative Leadership
• Healthcare Models and Systems
• Healthcare Financial Management
• Enterprise Risk Management
• Healthcare Information Technology

Your rich experience in a health-related field can mean more when you bring a master's level of understanding to the problems that organizations need to solve.

Compare degrees

This program is not the only degree WGU offers designed to create leaders in the field of healthcare. Compare our health leadership degrees.

An online health science program designed for students who want real-world...

An online health science program designed for students who want real-world skills for valuable health careers.

• Time:  63% of students finish similar programs in 24 months.
• Tuition:  $4,210 per 6-month term
• Courses:  28 total courses in this program
• Epidemiology
• Disease prevention
• Behavioral health
• Substance abuse support
• Health research
• Medical technology

This degree prepares you with relevant industry skills and experience that will help you move forward in your healthcare career.

How Much Does a Nursing Home Manager Make?

As with many healthcare careers,  your exact role will heavily affect your earning power . The exact income of a nursing home manager can vary, based on factors that include your employer, employer’s location, employer’s private or public funding, years of experience, education, and obtained certifications.

In general, the  salary of a nursing home manager  can average $55,481, with a range of roughly $35,000 to $82,000 earned each year.

What Is the Projected Job Growth?

A positive job outlook is one of the main  reasons why you should consider obtaining a healthcare management degree . The employment  of health services managers, in general , is expected to grow 28% from 2022 to 2032, as populations continue to age and require greater levels of care.

With the natural aging of the baby-boomer generation, nursing homes will face an increased demand for long-term treatment and quality care. The demand for nursing home managers should grow in parallel, creating multiple avenues for  growth in the nursing industry .

What Skills Does a Nursing Home Manager Need?

In communication with nursing home employees and patients, budget allocation, and installation of new procedures, a nursing home manager regularly depends on a wide variety of skills to be successful.

• Team leadership.  The ability to inspire a team by example, as you lead all nursing home employees toward solutions that improve long-term outcomes for all patients.
• Business management.  The ability to facilitate successful nursing home operations and to correctly inform all nursing home departments on correct procedures.
• Staffing.  The ability to maintain a high-functioning nursing home staff by onboarding new employees and releasing employees whenever necessary.
• Instruction.  The ability to teach new and existing nursing home employees whenever a policy needs to be integrated, updated, or altogether changed.
• Public speaking.  The ability to confidently address groups of patients, nursing home employees, or executives.
• Technological proficiency.  The ability to correctly use all necessary pieces of technology, including any computers, tablets, phones, and online tools.
• Problem-solving.  The ability to creatively solve problems that patients or nursing home staff members might face.

These and other skills can help make you into a successful nursing home manager, and equip you to solve any issues that might come across your desk.

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Average Business Office Manager, Nursing Home Hourly Pay

The average hourly pay for a Business Office Manager, Nursing Home is $22.61 in 2024

Featured Content

What is the pay by experience level for business office manager, nursing homes .

An entry-level Business Office Manager, Nursing Home with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $16.40 based on 128 salaries. An early career Business Office Manager, Nursing Home with 1-4 years of experience earns an average total compensation …Read more

What Do Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes Do?

While elder care facilities deserve credit and respect for the services they offer, many of these facilities are either for-profit, or non-profit while needing to be run on a break-even basis. To manage these affairs, a nursing home of any size will typically employ a business office manager. This person is responsible for ensuring that the facility's bills are paid and remittances and other payments are received, as well as for the creation and ongoing management of the budget to ensure the …Read more

How do Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes Rate Their Jobs?

Common health benefits for a business office manager, nursing home, gender breakdown for business office manager, nursing homes.

FAQs About Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes

What is the highest pay for business office manager, nursing homes.

Our data indicates that the highest pay for a Business Office Manager, Nursing Home is $28.90 / hour

What is the lowest pay for Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes?

Our data indicates that the lowest pay for a Business Office Manager, Nursing Home is $16.16 / hour

How can Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes increase their salary?

Increasing your pay as a Business Office Manager, Nursing Home is possible in different ways. Change of employer: Consider a career move to a new employer that is willing to pay higher for your skills. Level of Education: Gaining advanced degrees may allow this role to increase their income potential and qualify for promotions. Managing Experience: If you are a Business Office Manager, Nursing Home that oversees more junior Business Office Manager, Nursing Homes, this experience can increase the likelihood to earn more.

IMPORTANT: HRSA Announces New COVID-19 Reimbursement Program for Providers | HelpDesk Details

Administrators: How To Help Your Business Office EXCEL!

On top of all of their other duties, the Nursing Home Administrator of a Skilled Nursing Facility (SNF) can do quite a bit to help ensure their Business Office’s billing and accounts receivable (A/R) success .  Of course they involve working with the Business Office Manager and the business office staff, as well as providing operational and emotional support, direction, training and other aids

The Administrator sets the tone in their facility.  That may sound corny or cliche to some, but it is as true in a SNF as in any organization or business.  One of the strongest things a good administrator can do for the entire facility is to create and foster a culture and attitude built on integrity, communication and mutual support .  By consistently sharing their vision for the facility, the administrator details how the staff members are expected to interact with each other and the public.  This is the perfect opportunity to reinforce the expectation and need for integrity and honesty in all dealings, both internal and external.

The most helpful thing the administrator can do for the business office manager is to provide overall support, oversight, assistance, tools and training when necessary.

Support and Oversight

The support and presence of the administrator in the A/R process can be a huge boost for the business office staff and their results.  Be the leader of the team.  The most successful facilities we have seen are those where the Administrator takes an active interest in the business office functions.  This does not mean they have to be active in the actual billing. The Business Office Manager (BOM) runs the office and day-to-day functions while the Administrator is the Manager who provides vision, oversight and support .

Oversight is provided by being a regular presence and keeping on top of the current and on-going issues and challenges. Perform regular reviews of the aging report , hold regular meetings with the BOM and the rest of the billing staff and keep tabs on them and the accounts.

Assistance:

Of course it is also very important for Administrators to roll up their sleeves and pitch in when help is needed.  In the case of the A/R, this means stepping in and helping with the tough collections .  The most time-effective way to help with this is to have the Administrator step in to directly call the reluctant residents and families about unpaid bills.  Sometimes just knowing their account has made it all the way to the top is enough to get a family to at least try to work something out with the facility.

Work with the clinical staff about providing clear and complete documentation so there are no questions when it gets to the billing staff.  The documentation they provide the billing staff is the most fundamental part of the billing process.  If it is hard to decipher, incomplete or otherwise questionable or unusable, the billing staff is essentially working with their hands tied.

Help to make sure the communication lines between the billing staff and the other facility departments are open and clear.  The quality of this communication is absolutely key to your ability to promptly and accurately bill your claims.

Tools and Training:

Give your staff the proper tools to do their job well.  Make sure you have a good A/R software system with the tools they need to be efficient and effective.  Consider getting one of the good Resident Trust automated systems if you don’t have one already.  Give them the opportunity to pursue the training they need.  Let them, and encourage them to, do what they can as far as classes, online training and webinars.

Giving your staff the support they need so they have the time to do their job with as few interruptions as reasonably possible.  Time is not a luxury , but simply a basic necessity for your staff to be able to do their jobs. Work with them to ensure they are using their time efficiently and they have the ability to create uninterrupted “quiet” time to be able to process their billing and make those all-important follow-up calls on denials.

Does the Administrator need to spend all of their time in the business office? Not at all. But, her/his presence should always be felt there.  The performance standards, expectations of honesty and integrity, lines of support and training all combine to put your stamp on the business office, and the entire facility.  Simply put, let them know you care about their work, their results, them as employees and people and their careers. Back it up with an open door, consistent support along with timely and effective training.  All of these combined help to create an atmosphere where it is possible to build and maintain a content and productive business office team who combine to produce consistently good results while meeting all of your standards.

5 ways to increase your revenue without adding a single resident

Chances are that you’re leaving revenue on the table. This quick resource guide will help ensure that your office is getting the most from your existing business so you can maximize your revenue without adding a single resident.

For more information, please call 407-977-8878 or contact us. One of our experts will answer all your questions.

Optimizing Revenue Through Digital Billing: A NY Independent Living Center  Story

A compliance coordinator at a new york-based independent living center reveals how their agency maximized revenue without overburdening staff by transitioning to caretime’s electronic billing system., challenges and the need for change.

Volume and Growth As the center expanded, its billing requirements grew significantly, quickly overwhelming the existing team. The increased workload highlighted the inefficiencies of their outdated paper-based processes. The compliance coordinator noted, “It became too large to manage internally using outdated paper processes.”

“It became too large to manage internally using outdated paper processes ” 

Complexity with over a dozen different payers to manage, even within New York state, the billing process became increasingly complex. Each payer had unique requirements, which added layers of complexity and increased the likelihood of errors in a manual system. "The manual, paper-based billing process was not only time-consuming but also prone to human error," the coordinator explained. It became evident that the agency needed a more robust solution to handle the growing demands. “It was time for an electronic solution.”

Moving into the Digital Era with CareTime

The impending EVV (Electronic Visit Verification) regulations presented both a challenge and an opportunity for the agency. Compliance with these new regulations required a swift move towards digital solutions to ensure accurate billing data collection and submission. The compliance coordinator shared, “The primary reason we chose CareTime was to align with the EVV requirements. Our billing data also had to be accurately reported to New York State.” Additionally, the center’s involvement with various payers and programs, which often change annually, necessitated a streamlined and flexible billing process that could adapt to frequent changes. The need for an integrated system that could handle time and attendance while simplifying the revenue cycle management was clear.

“The primary reason we chose CareTime was to align with the EVV requirements. Our billing data also had to be accurately reported to New York State"

Integrating caretime’s home care management with revenue cycle management .

Given their existing use of CareTime for time and attendance, the decision to expand its use to include revenue cycle management (RCM) was a logical step. “Switching to an electronic system was essential, especially as we already used CareTime for time and attendance. It made sense to consolidate everything under one platform,” said the coordinator. After experimenting with various in-house billing solutions during periods of acquisition and expansion, the benefits of a unified, efficient system became apparent. “With CareTime’s RCM, we reduced our billing team and accounting department because manual processes were eliminated,” the coordinator added. This reduction in administrative burden allowed the center to reallocate resources more effectively, focusing on patient care rather than paperwork.

“Switching to an electronic system was essential, especially as we already used CareTime for time and attendance. It made sense to consolidate everything under one platform, ”

The benefits of outsourcing revenue cycle management, “it's a relief not having to manage billing internally anymore ”.

Outsourcing revenue cycle management (RCM) provided significant relief for the agency. “It's a relief not having to manage billing internally anymore,” the compliance coordinator admitted. Previously, the agency had to manually process time and attendance data, create custom dashboards, and perform many repetitive tasks that are now seamlessly handled by CareTime’s RCM system. By transitioning to an electronic billing system, the agency not only improved compliance and accuracy but also gained valuable time back in their week. “Now, we have more information at our fingertips and can fully embrace electronic processes,” the coordinator concluded.

Give yourself and your team time back in your busy week with Caretime. 

If you’re exploring ways to streamline your billing and maximize efficiency, consider how a digital approach could benefit your agency. With CareTime, give yourself and your team time back in your busy week.

About CareTime:

CareTime is home care software that simplifies business management. Whether you are a Medicaid or Private Pay Agency, Consumer-Directed Model, or Home Care Registry, our software is designed to help your business scale. With customizable features and powerful functionality, CareTime supports hundreds of businesses like yours in providing compliant care and improving operations.

Contact us today to schedule your free demo . 

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MoSCoW Prioritization

What is moscow prioritization.

MoSCoW prioritization, also known as the MoSCoW method or MoSCoW analysis, is a popular prioritization technique for managing requirements. 

  The acronym MoSCoW represents four categories of initiatives: must-have, should-have, could-have, and won’t-have, or will not have right now. Some companies also use the “W” in MoSCoW to mean “wish.”

What is the History of the MoSCoW Method?

Software development expert Dai Clegg created the MoSCoW method while working at Oracle. He designed the framework to help his team prioritize tasks during development work on product releases.

You can find a detailed account of using MoSCoW prioritization in the Dynamic System Development Method (DSDM) handbook . But because MoSCoW can prioritize tasks within any time-boxed project, teams have adapted the method for a broad range of uses.

How Does MoSCoW Prioritization Work?

Before running a MoSCoW analysis, a few things need to happen. First, key stakeholders and the product team need to get aligned on objectives and prioritization factors. Then, all participants must agree on which initiatives to prioritize.

At this point, your team should also discuss how they will settle any disagreements in prioritization. If you can establish how to resolve disputes before they come up, you can help prevent those disagreements from holding up progress.

Finally, you’ll also want to reach a consensus on what percentage of resources you’d like to allocate to each category.

With the groundwork complete, you may begin determining which category is most appropriate for each initiative. But, first, let’s further break down each category in the MoSCoW method.

Start prioritizing your roadmap

Moscow prioritization categories.

1. Must-have initiatives

As the name suggests, this category consists of initiatives that are “musts” for your team. They represent non-negotiable needs for the project, product, or release in question. For example, if you’re releasing a healthcare application, a must-have initiative may be security functionalities that help maintain compliance.

The “must-have” category requires the team to complete a mandatory task. If you’re unsure about whether something belongs in this category, ask yourself the following.

If the product won’t work without an initiative, or the release becomes useless without it, the initiative is most likely a “must-have.”

2. Should-have initiatives

Should-have initiatives are just a step below must-haves. They are essential to the product, project, or release, but they are not vital. If left out, the product or project still functions. However, the initiatives may add significant value.

“Should-have” initiatives are different from “must-have” initiatives in that they can get scheduled for a future release without impacting the current one. For example, performance improvements, minor bug fixes, or new functionality may be “should-have” initiatives. Without them, the product still works.

3. Could-have initiatives

Another way of describing “could-have” initiatives is nice-to-haves. “Could-have” initiatives are not necessary to the core function of the product. However, compared with “should-have” initiatives, they have a much smaller impact on the outcome if left out.

So, initiatives placed in the “could-have” category are often the first to be deprioritized if a project in the “should-have” or “must-have” category ends up larger than expected.

4. Will not have (this time)

One benefit of the MoSCoW method is that it places several initiatives in the “will-not-have” category. The category can manage expectations about what the team will not include in a specific release (or another timeframe you’re prioritizing).

Placing initiatives in the “will-not-have” category is one way to help prevent scope creep . If initiatives are in this category, the team knows they are not a priority for this specific time frame. 

Some initiatives in the “will-not-have” group will be prioritized in the future, while others are not likely to happen. Some teams decide to differentiate between those by creating a subcategory within this group.

How Can Development Teams Use MoSCoW?

  Although Dai Clegg developed the approach to help prioritize tasks around his team’s limited time, the MoSCoW method also works when a development team faces limitations other than time. For example: 

Prioritize based on budgetary constraints.

What if a development team’s limiting factor is not a deadline but a tight budget imposed by the company? Working with the product managers, the team can use MoSCoW first to decide on the initiatives that represent must-haves and the should-haves. Then, using the development department’s budget as the guide, the team can figure out which items they can complete. 

Prioritize based on the team’s skillsets.

A cross-functional product team might also find itself constrained by the experience and expertise of its developers. If the product roadmap calls for functionality the team does not have the skills to build, this limiting factor will play into scoring those items in their MoSCoW analysis.

Prioritize based on competing needs at the company.

Cross-functional teams can also find themselves constrained by other company priorities. The team wants to make progress on a new product release, but the executive staff has created tight deadlines for further releases in the same timeframe. In this case, the team can use MoSCoW to determine which aspects of their desired release represent must-haves and temporarily backlog everything else.

What Are the Drawbacks of MoSCoW Prioritization?

  Although many product and development teams have prioritized MoSCoW, the approach has potential pitfalls. Here are a few examples.

1. An inconsistent scoring process can lead to tasks placed in the wrong categories.

  One common criticism against MoSCoW is that it does not include an objective methodology for ranking initiatives against each other. Your team will need to bring this methodology to your analysis. The MoSCoW approach works only to ensure that your team applies a consistent scoring system for all initiatives.

Pro tip: One proven method is weighted scoring, where your team measures each initiative on your backlog against a standard set of cost and benefit criteria. You can use the weighted scoring approach in ProductPlan’s roadmap app .

2. Not including all relevant stakeholders can lead to items placed in the wrong categories.

To know which of your team’s initiatives represent must-haves for your product and which are merely should-haves, you will need as much context as possible.

For example, you might need someone from your sales team to let you know how important (or unimportant) prospective buyers view a proposed new feature.

One pitfall of the MoSCoW method is that you could make poor decisions about where to slot each initiative unless your team receives input from all relevant stakeholders. 

3. Team bias for (or against) initiatives can undermine MoSCoW’s effectiveness.

Because MoSCoW does not include an objective scoring method, your team members can fall victim to their own opinions about certain initiatives. 

One risk of using MoSCoW prioritization is that a team can mistakenly think MoSCoW itself represents an objective way of measuring the items on their list. They discuss an initiative, agree that it is a “should have,” and move on to the next.

But your team will also need an objective and consistent framework for ranking all initiatives. That is the only way to minimize your team’s biases in favor of items or against them.

When Do You Use the MoSCoW Method for Prioritization?

MoSCoW prioritization is effective for teams that want to include representatives from the whole organization in their process. You can capture a broader perspective by involving participants from various functional departments.

Another reason you may want to use MoSCoW prioritization is it allows your team to determine how much effort goes into each category. Therefore, you can ensure you’re delivering a good variety of initiatives in each release.

What Are Best Practices for Using MoSCoW Prioritization?

If you’re considering giving MoSCoW prioritization a try, here are a few steps to keep in mind. Incorporating these into your process will help your team gain more value from the MoSCoW method.

1. Choose an objective ranking or scoring system.

Remember, MoSCoW helps your team group items into the appropriate buckets—from must-have items down to your longer-term wish list. But MoSCoW itself doesn’t help you determine which item belongs in which category.

You will need a separate ranking methodology. You can choose from many, such as:

• Weighted scoring
• Value vs. complexity
• Buy-a-feature
• Opportunity scoring

For help finding the best scoring methodology for your team, check out ProductPlan’s article: 7 strategies to choose the best features for your product .

2. Seek input from all key stakeholders.

To make sure you’re placing each initiative into the right bucket—must-have, should-have, could-have, or won’t-have—your team needs context. 

At the beginning of your MoSCoW method, your team should consider which stakeholders can provide valuable context and insights. Sales? Customer success? The executive staff? Product managers in another area of your business? Include them in your initiative scoring process if you think they can help you see opportunities or threats your team might miss. 

3. Share your MoSCoW process across your organization.

MoSCoW gives your team a tangible way to show your organization prioritizing initiatives for your products or projects. 

The method can help you build company-wide consensus for your work, or at least help you show stakeholders why you made the decisions you did.

Communicating your team’s prioritization strategy also helps you set expectations across the business. When they see your methodology for choosing one initiative over another, stakeholders in other departments will understand that your team has thought through and weighed all decisions you’ve made. 

If any stakeholders have an issue with one of your decisions, they will understand that they can’t simply complain—they’ll need to present you with evidence to alter your course of action.  

Related Terms

2×2 prioritization matrix / Eisenhower matrix / DACI decision-making framework / ICE scoring model / RICE scoring model

Prioritizing your roadmap using our guide

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His Ex-Boss Issued Him a Cease-and-Desist Order. Neither Man Expected What Happened in a Parking Lot Next: 'I Bleed This Business. It's Cold-Blooded.' Austin Mac Nab wanted to hire Ricky Onofre as soon as they met. But the partnership would hit a rough patch.

By Amanda Breen Edited by Jessica Thomas Aug 27, 2024

Key Takeaways

• Mac Nab and Onofre met at a local Sprint store shortly after Mac Nab launched his payment processing business VizyPay.
• Onofre joined the company and became a sales director, but a breakdown in communication motivated him to leave.
• Mac Nab's cease-and-desist letter followed — but Onofre wanted to have another conversation to end on better terms.

Austin Mac Nab, founder and CEO of Iowa-based payment processing service VizyPay , wanted to hire Ricky Onofre as soon as they met at a local Sprint store, where Onofre worked at the time. "He was a good salesman and seemed like a very genuine guy," Mac Nab recalls. "I just basically said, 'Hey, if you're ever looking for something, swing by our janky office.'" The business he'd launched in 2017 was still very much a startup at that point, Mac Nab explains.

Sprint was about to be acquired by T-Mobile. The "writing was on the wall," Onofre says, so he took Mac Nab up on his offer to join VizyPay in 2019. He began in tech support and made the jump to sales director about eight months later. Over the nearly three years that followed, Onofre built up a team of roughly 45 people.

"My mindset was honestly pretty bad. I didn't ask for help. I was really bad about that."

However, as the company continued to grow, so did Onofre's concerns about the direction of his work. He felt stagnant and no longer had as much communication with or guidance from Mac Nab. "My mindset was honestly pretty bad," Onofre admits, "and I didn't ask for help. I was really bad about that."

Related: Stop These 8 Negative Mindsets That Make Entrepreneurs Miserable

Onofre left the company in October 2022. When he told Mac Nab he was ready to move on, Mac Nab says he had a "heat-of-moment" reaction — and told Onofre, "Fine, there's the door."

In the days that followed, the men exchanged a series of text messages. When Onofre inquired about the possibility of working for a competitor , Mac Nab was reminded of himself in his 20s. "I was hard-headed," Mac Nab explains. "I was hungry; I didn't ask for help very often. I wanted to do it all myself, and that's who he is in general. He's a guy that wants to find solutions and get things done."

"The business world is not as easy as people think. It's cold-blooded."

Mac Nab didn't want Onofre to make some of the mistakes he made throughout his career.

"I've been in this business since I was 18," Mac Nab says. "So I live it. I breathe it. I bleed this business. I turn 40 this year, and this is all I know. So, every dumb mistake that I've seen anyone make, I have made, and I've had lawyers at my doorstep. I've had people call me out. I was naive to the fact that the business world is not as easy as people think. It's cold-blooded."

That's why Mac Nab sent Onofre a cease-and-desist letter. It wasn't about trying to prevent Onofre from making a living, according to Mac Nab; it was about protecting Onofre's professional reputation. If Onofre were to "start stealing employees and clients," not only would Mac Nab's business pay the price, but Onofre would also have to deal with the fallout — at his next company and potentially even further down the line.

Related: Worried About Your Competition? Here's How to Persuade Their Customers to Buy From You Instead

Neither man was thrilled that the relationship appeared to be ending on such poor terms. After Onofre received the cease-and-desist order, his younger cousin, who also works at VizyPay, encouraged Onofre to talk it out with his former boss. Onofre was at his gym when he texted Mac Nab and proposed another conversation.

"You're not just hungry. You're an entrepreneur at heart."

Mac Nab drove to the gym and met Onofre in the parking lot. The men considered sitting on the curb to have their discussion, but it was a chilly October evening, and the sun was going down, so they opted for the car instead.

"We sat in a parking lot for three hours, and we talked, and I explained why I [issued the cease-and-desist order]," Mac Nab says. "And I also explained to him that you're not just hungry. You're an entrepreneur at heart , and my whole goal is for you not to make the same mistakes I made, regardless of if you work with us or not. But I think it is a mistake if you go elsewhere because the grass is not always greener on the other side."

Mac Nab says it's rare for him to fight for an employee to the extent that he fought for Onofre. By the end of their three-hour conversation, during which they went over the breakdown in communication and what had led them to that point, Mac Nab offered Onofre his job back.

Related: 4 Expert-Backed Strategies for Improving Your Communication Skills

"We go side by side on this journey," Mac Nab recalls saying. "I don't walk ahead of you; I don't walk behind you. I walk right beside you on this journey in the payment space, and hopefully, you and your family benefit from it, and then the people you're helping benefit from it, and we as a group benefit from it."

"I'm a much different person. I look at things a lot differently."

Onofre hadn't expected an invitation to rejoin the company, but he was glad for the second chance. "I didn't want to lose the friendship that we had gained," Onofre says. "He's done a lot for me, him and Frank [Pagano] [VizyPay's managing partner], and when someone does so much for you, you don't want to end on a bad note."

The duo did a "quick brainstorm" about what it would be like for Onofre to rejoin VizyPay — "You let people down," Mac Nab recalls telling Onofre, "[and] as soon as you left, you caused an eruption." But Onofre's commitment to being back with his team helped pave the path for his return, and despite some anxiety similar to being the new kid in school, his new perspective was a game changer.

"I'm actually glad [my leaving and return] happened," Onofre says. "Because I'm a much different person. I look at things a lot differently. And I don't really tell people I'm [in] sales, so to speak. I'm more on the business development [side], helping others grow their business ."

"Having one aggressive or hard conversation a day means you're growing."

Now, Onofre and Mac Nab communicate more than they ever did, even though they're not necessarily working side by side every day. "We might not talk for hours," Onofre explains. "[But] there's something at least said every day in our communication, or if I do have a problem, I go to him and say, 'Hey, I need you for 10 or 15 minutes.'"

Related: 7 Communication Skills Every Entrepreneur Must Master

For his part, Mac Nab has learned that it's okay to have a difference in opinion , but the key is to have important conversations, even when they're uncomfortable or challenging — and perhaps especially then.

"Having one aggressive or hard conversation a day means you're growing," Mac Nab says, "or even two or three — that means you'd maybe learn two or three times that day how to grow. But if you're not having those conversations, you're not growing. You're failing, and you're going to be disappointed. And that's how I look at what we do for a living."

Entrepreneur Staff

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Telegram messaging app CEO Durov arrested in France

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• Durov arrested in Bourget airport, police sources say
• Telegram says Durov has nothing to hide
• Durov has French and UAE citizenship
• Russia says Durov's rights should be respected
• Russian lawmaker: freedom of speech is dead in Europe

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As Moscow bureau chief, Guy runs coverage of Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States. Before Moscow, Guy ran Brexit coverage as London bureau chief (2012-2022). On the night of Brexit, his team delivered one of Reuters historic wins - reporting news of Brexit first to the world and the financial markets. Guy graduated from the London School of Economics and started his career as an intern at Bloomberg. He has spent over 14 years covering the former Soviet Union. He speaks fluent Russian.

Israeli operation in the West Bank kills at least 9, Palestinian officials say

Israeli strikes in the West Bank killed at least nine people, Palestinian health authorities said on Wednesday, in a major operation in the occupied territory.

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As russia feels effects of multilateral sanctions campaign, treasury takes further action against russia’s international supply chains.

One day ahead of Ukrainian Independence Day, Treasury continues implementation of G7 sanctions commitments in support of Ukraine

WASHINGTON — Building on the sanctions already imposed on Russia in response to its continued war of aggression against Ukraine, today the U.S. Department of the Treasury and the Department of State targeted nearly 400 individuals and entities both in Russia and outside its borders—including in Asia, Europe, and the Middle East—whose products and services enable Russia to sustain its war effort and evade sanctions. The United States government will continue to support Ukraine as it defends its independence and hold Russia accountable for its aggression.

“Russia has turned its economy into a tool in service of the Kremlin’s military industrial complex. Treasury’s actions today continue to implement the commitments made by President Biden and his G7 counterparts to disrupt Russia’s military-industrial base supply chains and payment channels,” said Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Wally Adeyemo. “Companies, financial institutions, and governments around the world need to ensure they are not supporting Russia’s military-industrial supply chains.”

Treasury is targeting numerous transnational networks, including those involved in procuring ammunition and military materiel for Russia, facilitating sanctions evasion for Russian oligarchs through offshore trust and corporate formation services, evading sanctions imposed on Russia’s cyber actors, laundering gold for a sanctioned Russian gold company, and supporting Russia’s military-industrial base by procuring sensitive and critical items such as advanced machine tools and electronic components. Today’s sanctions further limit Russia’s future revenue from metals and mining. Treasury is also targeting Russian financial technology companies that provide necessary software and IT solutions for Russia’s financial sector.

Treasury is aware of Russian efforts to facilitate sanctions evasion by opening new overseas branches and subsidiaries of Russian financial institutions. Foreign regulators and financial institutions should be cautious about any dealings with overseas branches or subsidiaries of Russian financial institutions, including efforts to open new branches or subsidiaries of Russian financial institutions that are not themselves sanctioned. Treasury has a range of tools available to respond to the establishment of new evasion channels.

The State Department is targeting entities and individuals involved in Russia’s future energy, metals, and mining production and exports; sanctions evasion; Russia’s military-industrial base, including armed unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) production, Belarusian support for Russia’s war effort, and air logistics entities; additional subsidiaries of State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom; and malign actors involved in the attempted, forcible “re-education” of Ukraine’s children.

SANCTIONS EVASION, CIRCUMVENTION, AND BACKFILL

Consistent with commitments made by President Biden and G7 leaders, Treasury continues to target transnational networks that supply Russia with military materiel and sensitive dual-use goods like those included in the multilateral Common High Priority List , jointly developed by the United States, European Union, Japan, and the United Kingdom. Treasury is also targeting multiple networks that facilitate or enable illicit financial schemes and sanctions evasion on behalf of Russian revenue generators and oligarchs. Many of today’s designations were enabled or informed by extensive coordination with Treasury’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). Today’s action targets almost a dozen distinct networks, designating more than 100 individuals and entities across 16 jurisdictions, including the People’s Republic of China, Switzerland, Türkiye, and the United Arab Emirates.

For more information on these targets, please see Annex 1.

RUSSIA’S TECHNOLOGICAL BASE

Today, Treasury is targeting more than 60 Russia-based technology and defense companies that are critical for the sustainment and development of Russia’s defense industry, including entities involved in weapons development and modernization, automation and robotics, development and acquisition of dual-use electronics, digital surveillance, Internet of Things, and artificial intelligence. These sanctions target Russia’s defense industry while protecting the access by Russian citizens to crucial telecommunications and other digital technology.

For more information on these targets, please see Annex 2.

LIMITING RUSSIA’S STRATEGIC METALS AND MINING SECTOR

Guided by commitments made by President Biden and G7 leaders to reduce Russia’s revenues from metals, today Treasury is targeting entities involved in Russia’s metals and mining sector, including steel, iron, and coal mining firms and auxiliary firms that provide specialized services to Russian metals and mining companies.

For more information on these targets, please see Annex 3.

RUSSIAN FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY

Today, OFAC is targeting Russian financial technology companies as a part of implementing G7 commitments to curtail Russia’s use of and access to the international financial system to further its war against Ukraine.

Atol is a Russian technology developer involved in services related to payments.

Centre of Financial Technologies Group (CFT)is one of the largest software companies in the Russian market. CFT provides an array of software products for banking and payment solutions for the Russian financial market.

Diasoft Ltd (Diasoft) is one of Russia’s largest developers and suppliers of information technology (IT) solutions for the financial sector.

Atol, CFT, and Diasoft were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

ANNEX 1: SANCTIONS EVASION, CIRCUMVENTION, AND BACKFILL

Ammunition procurement network.

Italian national Giulio Sfoglietti (Sfoglietti) has been involved in a procurement network involving a Türkiye facilitator to purchase more than $150 million worth of military equipment, ammunition, and ordnance for the Russian military from potential suppliers in Africa, Asia, the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Iran. Türkiye national Hayri Tahirbeyoglu (Tahirbeyoglu) is the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Türkiye-based ammunition, weapons, and military materiel company Taha Savunma Sanayi Ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (Taha Savunma) and has worked with Sfoglietti on the procurement of ammunition and weapons for likely Russian end-use. Sfoglietti has also worked to procure microelectronics and chips for Russia-based end-users.

Sfoglietti associate Russian national Marat Khanbalevich Gabitov (Gabitov) has worked with an employee of U.S.-designated Russian defense conglomerate State Corporation Rostec to procure microelectronics related to radio frequency (RF) equipment. Gabitov has also worked to procure microelectronics, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), and other machinery and equipment for Russia-based end-users.

Sfoglietti was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel and technology sectors of the Russian Federation economy. Tahirbeyoglu and Taha Savunma were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy. Gabitov was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Promtekh Supply Chain

U.S.-designated Russia-based Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Promyshlennye Tekhnologii (Promtekh) has used a network of companies located in Türkiye, France, and Hong Kong to send high priority goods to Promtekh’s subsidiaries. Russia-based Aspectriym Limited Trade Development (Aspectriym) is a subsidiary of Promtekh and is a defense procurement firm involved in the wholesale of electronic equipment and parts.

France-based Industrial Technologies Group France (ITGF) is a sister firm of U.S.-designated Promtechcomplekt JSC , a subsidiary of Promtekh, and has worked with Aspectriym to procure foreign- and U.S.-made electronic components. Hong Kong-based Interasia Trading Group Limited (Interasia Trading) is the sole owner of ITGF. Russian national Igor Aleksandrovich Reutov (Reutov) is the Executive Director of ITGF. Reutov is also the owner of Estonia-based Free Sky Solutions OU (Free Sky) and the Managing Partner of France-based Aerialia . Aerialia was established in January 2024.

ITGF also created a Türkiye-based firm, Enutek Makina Sanayi ve Ticaret Limited Sirketi (Enutek). Enutek has made hundreds of shipments of technology, including high priority dual-use technology such as electronic integrated circuits and ceramic capacitors, to U.S.-designated Promtekh subsidiaries, including Promtech Ulyanovsk, Dubna Switching Equipment Plant, and Promtech Irkutsk . Enutek was established in December 2022.

Other foreign suppliers to Promtekh subsidiaries include:

• Türkiye-based Confienza Gida Pazarlama ve Ticaret Anonim Sirketi (Confienza) has sent over 200 shipments to Aspectriym, with shipments including high priority dual-use technology.
• Hong Kong-based Grun Group Co Limited (Grun Group) has sent shipments totaling over $3 million to U.S.-designated subsidiaries of Promtekh, including shipments with high priority dual-use technology.
• Hong Kong-based Hong Kong Yayang Trading Limited (Yayang Trading) has sent shipments totaling over $9 million to U.S.-designated Promtekh subsidiaries Dubna Switching Equipment Plant and Aspectriym, with shipments including high priority dual-use technology.
• Hong Kong-based Kira International Trade Co Limited (Kira International) is a partner of Aspectriym. Kira International has sent shipments totaling over $1.5 million to Aspectriym, with shipments including high priority dual-use technology.
• Hong Kong-based Most Development Limited (Most Development) has sent shipments totaling over $1 million to Aspectriym, with shipments including high priority dual-use technology.
• Hong Kong-based New Wally Target International Trade Co Limited (New Wally Target) has sent over $4 million worth of shipments to Aspectriym, with shipments including high priority dual-use technology.

Aspectriym, ITGF, Enutek, Interasia Trading, Reutov, Confienza, Grun Group, Yayang Trading, Kira International, Most Development, and New Wally Target were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. Free Sky and Aerialia were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Reutov.

Sanctions Evasion Through Switzerland and Liechtenstein Trust and Corporate Services Providers

Swiss national Anton Daniel Wyss (Wyss) is a major enabler of Russian cash flow in Switzerland and Liechtenstein and has used his Liechtenstein-based trust and corporate services provider (TCSP) Audax Consulting Trust Establishment (Audax) to obfuscate Russian beneficial ownership and investments into foreign ventures. Through their co-owned Liechtenstein-based company One Asset Management AG (One Asset), Wyss and his Austrian national associate Alexander Franz Josef Lins (Lins) provide asset management and reallocation services to sanctioned Russian nationals. Lins uses his own TCSP, Liechtenstein-based LMG Lighthouse Trust Reg (LMG), to facilitate sanctions evasion schemes for Russian clients. Audax, One Asset, and LMG are all located at the same address, and both Audax and LMG advertise their services in Russian-language brochures. Austrian national Stefan Anton Wolf (Wolf) is a director of Audax.

Wyss, Audax, LMG, and Lins were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the trust and corporate formation services sector of the Russian Federation economy. Wolf was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being or having been a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of Audax. One Asset was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Wyss and Lins.

PRC-based Suppliers to Russia’s Military-Industrial Base

The following entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Hong Kong-based machinery distributor Smart Kit Technology Limited (Smart Kit) has shipped high priority items, including chip-making machinery, to Russian companies including Inzhiniring Grupp OOO (Inzhiniring Grupp). Inzhiniring Grupp imports industrial machinery and equipment into Russia and has supplied manufacturing equipment to Russian government-owned labs.
• Hong Kong-based Siliborn Technology Limited (Siliborn) is an electronic component distributor that has shipped high priority items, including electronic integrated circuits, to Russian companies, including U.S.-designated electronics company Staut Company Limited .
• Hong Kong and PRC-based YLH Electronics HK Co Limited has supplied high-priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to Russian company Zakrytoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Nauchno Vnedrencheskoe Predpriyatie Bolid , a Russian manufacturer of sensors and security equipment.
• Hong Kong-based Hongkong Chip Line International Co has supplied high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to U.S.-designated Russian microelectronics manufacturer Matriks Elektronika and Russian technology company Maveriks , another importer of high priority goods.
• Hong Kong-based Hengye Tech Limited has supplied high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to Russian electronic components manufacturer Elektroradiokomponenty Severo Zapad .
• Hong Kong-based LL Electronic Limited has shipped electronic integrated circuits and multilayer ceramic capacitors to U.S.-designated Russian electronic component importer Limited Liability Company Kvazar .
• Hong Kong-based Allchips Limited has supplied high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to Limited Liability Company Micropribor , a Russian wholesaler of electronic equipment.
• Hong Kong-based Fepood Electronics HK Co Limited has shipped electronic integrated circuits and multilayer ceramic capacitors to U.S.-designated Russian electronic components supplier LLC Spetselservis .
• Hong Kong-based Xin Quan Electronics Co Limited has made thousands of shipments of high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to Russian company Snabinter , a Russian wholesaler of electronic equipment.
• PRC-based Jinhua Hairun Power Technology Co Ltd produces cutting machines, carburetors, and pistons and has made hundreds of shipments to Russia, including engine parts, transmissions, and gear components.
• Hong Kong-based Ace Era Co Limited (Ace Era) has shipped electronic integrated circuits, multilayer ceramic capacitors, and tantalum capacitors to U.S.-designated Russian electronic equipment wholesaler Streloi Ekommerts . Ace Era has sent over $3 million worth of shipments to Streloi Ekommerts.
• Hong Kong-based Shenzhen Royo Technology Co Limited and PRC-based Qingdao Hehuixin International Trade Co Ltd have shipped technologies to U.S.-designated Russian defense company Limited Liability Company Drake , which is contracted to receive UAV parts, components, and materials from Iran for use in Iranian-designed, Russian-manufactured UAVs.
• Hong Kong-based HK Cinty Co Limited (HK Cinty) has shipped electronic integrated circuits, multilayer ceramic capacitors, and electrical parts of machinery to Russia-based end-users. HK Cinty has sent over $2 million worth of goods to Russia-based end-users, with shipments including high priority goods. HK Cinty was established in July 2022.
• PRC-based Foshan Golden Age Motor Technology Co., Ltd. supplies technology, including electric drives and servo motors, to Russia-based Limited Liability Company Mekhatronika , a computer numerical control technology developer and importer of integrated circuits.
• Hong Kong-based Asia Material Solutions Company Limited (Asia Material) has shipped electronic integrated circuits to Russia-based end-users. Asia Material has sent shipments worth just under $1,000,000 to Russia-based end users. Asia Material has been identified as a cover company for Russian intelligence.

Fighter Jet Supply Network

Russia-based Exiton has imported foreign electronic components into Russia and supplies U.S.-designated Russian company Joint Stock Company Experimental Design Bureau named after A.S. Yakovlev , a manufacturer involved in the production of Sukhoi fighter jets. Russia-based Limited Liability Company Eksiton (Eksiton) imports high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits. Hungary-based Matrix Metal Group Korlatolt Felelossegu Tarsasag Felszamolas Alatt (Matrix Metal) has supplied high priority goods, including electronic integrated circuits, to Eksiton. Additionally, Russia-based military contractor and developer of anti-aircraft systems Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Displei Komponent (Displei Komponent) has received regular shipments of electronic components from both Matrix Metal and Cyprus-based Noratec Holdings Ltd .

Exiton, Eksiton, Matrix Metal, Displei Komponent, and Noratec Holdings Ltd were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Alexandre Orloff

Swiss-Russian national Alexandre Orloff (Orloff) has been working with a Russian government covert procurement network for years to acquire high-value, foreign-made semiconductor-related equipment and technology for Russian military end-users. Orloff has also been part of a scheme to acquire specialized thermal cameras for a Russian end-user.

Orloff owns and is the director and secretary of an eponymous United Kingdom-based company, Alexandre Orloff Ltd (AO Ltd). AO Ltd, in turn, owns Hong Kong-based Zvigeni Technological Systems Limited (Zvigeni) and Dougong Trading Hong Kong Limited (Dougong) and Canada-based 9105 2829 Quebec Inc . Orloff is also the founder and CEO of UAE-based Digital Marketing Awards FZ LLC (DMA).

PRC-based Shanghai Techinital Materials Co Ltd (Shanghai Techinital), a producer of components for semiconductor manufacturing equipment, has made dozens of shipments to U.S.-designated Joint Stock Company Scan (JSC Scan), including of high priority dual-use technology such as signal generators and oscilloscopes. JSC Scan designs microelectronics and has its own center for designing integrated circuits. Shanghai Techinital has open contracts to provide JSC Scan with technology, despite the latter’s designation. In 2023 alone, Zvigeni transmitted more than $1.5 million to Shanghai Techinital.

Orloff and Shanghai Techinital were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. AO Ltd, Zvigeni, Dougong, 9105 2829 Quebec Inc, and DMA were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Orloff.

Russian Evasion of Cyber Sanctions

In June 2018, the Department of the Treasury sanctioned a network of entities working at the behest of the Russian Federation and its military and intelligence units to increase Russia’s malicious cyber capabilities. Since that time, individuals associated with those entities, including Ilya Medvedovsky (Medvedovsky), Dmitriy Evdokimov (Evdokimov), Yevgeniya Klimina (Klimina), Dmitriy Chastuhin (Chastuhin), Taranjeet Kambo (Kambo), and Gleb Cherbov (Cherbov) have established, developed, and supported a complex network of technology companies to continue their work unimpeded. The front companies set up by these individuals, at times registered in the names of family members, operate primarily in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy, with efforts being taken by individuals such as Chastuhin and Klimina, to establish a technology presence outside of Russia. Included in these companies is OOO Soft Plyus , a Russia-based firm that sells cyber security software and is formerly known as OOO Hexway, for whom Chastuhin has claimed to be the founder and CEO; Cloudrun LLC , a Russia-based company founded by Evdokimov that develops computer software; Didzhital Komplaens, OOO and Kiber Servis, OOO , both of which offer cyber security services and were founded by an individual believed to be related to Medvedovksy; Didzhital Sekyuriti Servisis, OOO ; and Machine Learning Labs S.R.O. , founded and owned by Klimina. Medvedovsky, alongside Chastuhin, Cherbov, and Klimina, have been involved in decision making related to the operation of Soft Plyus and other related companies, whereas Kambo and Cherbov have worked together to service customers of Soft Plyus.

Medvedovsky, Klimina, OOO Soft Plyus, Cloudrun LLC, Didzhital Komplaens, OOO, Didzhital Sekyuriti Servisis, OOO, and Kiber Servis, OOO, were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy. Chastuhin was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being or having been a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of OOO Soft Plyus. Evdokimov was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being or having been a leader, official, senior executive officer, or member of the board of directors of Cloudrun LLC. Cherbov and Kambo were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, OOO Soft Plyus. Machine Learning Labs S.R.O. was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Klimina.

Alikhanov Machine Tool Procurement

Italy-based machine tool manufacturer Fagima Fresatrici SPA (Fagima) has worked closely with U.S.-designated Russian procurement agent Dmitrii Vladimirovich Alikhanov (Alikhanov) to facilitate the shipment of Fagima-produced machines through various third-country intermediary companies for Russian defense end-users. Fagima’s owner and CEO Massimo Falchini (Falchini) and Fagima marketing executive Fulvio Salvadori (Salvadori) have helped fulfill orders for Alikhanov’s network and evade sanctions, including after Alikhanov’s designation in June 2024.

Fagima, Falchini, and Salvadori were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Illicit Russian Gold Trade

UAE-based, UK-sanctioned Paloma Precious DMCC (Paloma Precious) is a precious metals trading firm that has helped move Russian gold abroad. Paloma Precious and U.S.-designated Taube Precious HK Limited played a key role in numerous illicit Russian gold trading and laundering schemes, including with U.S.-designated Andrey Dmitriyevich Sudakov (Sudakov). Sudakov, an employee of U.S.-designated Russian gold producer Public Joint Stock Company Polyus , and his Hong Kong-based associate Mu Xiaolu (Mu), engaged in a complex, multi-layered laundering scheme whereby payments from the sale of Russian-origin gold were converted into fiat currency and cryptocurrencies through numerous UAE and Hong Kong-based front companies.

UAE-based Russian national Vladislav Faridovich Guzey (Guzey) has worked closely with Sudakov and Mu to launder proceeds of Russian-origin gold through UAE- and Hong-Kong based entities. As part of their effort to move Russia-origin gold, Sudakov and Mu utilized UAE-based front companies Shams Gold Trading FZE (Shams) and Swiss Luxury FZE (Swiss Luxury), and Hong Kong-based front companies Universal Gold Hong Kong Limited (Universal Gold) and Bright Universe International Limited (Bright Universe).

UAE-based Trio Jewells LLC (Trio) has made dozens of shipments of precious metal ingots to and from a Russia-based precious metals producer and processor.

Paloma Precious, Guzey, Shams, Swiss Luxury, Universal Gold, Bright Universe, and Trio were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Petrov Covert Procurement

Türkiye-based Whitestone Bilism Tic Ve Sanayi Ltd Sti (Whitestone) is owned by U.S.-designated Evgenii Stanislavich Petrov (Petrov) and has been used by Petrov to process payments for Petrov’s procurement activity for Russian end-users linked to Russia’s intelligence services. Petrov has acted as a covert procurement intermediary and has worked to obtain export-controlled foreign-made products on behalf of Russian-end-users. Whitestone was established in October 2023. Treasury also previously designated Türkiye-based MSO Lojistik Tic Ve Sanayi Ltd Sti for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Petrov.

Whitestone was designated for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Petrov, a person whose property and interest in property are blocked pursuant to E.O. 14024.

Russia-based machinery and spare parts provider Dalkos Co Ltd (Dalkos) has orchestrated a transnational sanctions evasion scheme to deceive foreign machinery manufacturers into inadvertently sending machine tools into Russia via third countries. Dalkos customers include Russian companies that produce drones, tanks, and air defense units. Dalkos co-owners Konstantin Svyatoslavovich Kalinov (Kalinov) and Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Pushkov (Pushkov) also own Estonia-based SPE OU , which Dalkos has used to acquire millions of dollars of goods.

Dalkos, Kalinov, and Pushkov were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy. SPE OU was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for being owned or controlled by, or having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Kalinov and Pushkov.

Türkiye-based Manufacturing Equipment Suppliers

Türkiye-based Hidropark Hidrolik Pnomatik San Ve Tic Ltd Sti (Hidropark) sells hydraulic and pneumatic equipment and has supplied computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools and machining centers to Russian end-users. Hidropark has sent shipments totaling over $800,000 to Russia-based end-users, which is more than its reported annual revenue.

Turkiye-based Feva Dis Ticaret Limited Sirketi (Feva) has supplied CNC machine tools to Russian end-users. Feva has sent over 500 shipments to Russia-based end-users, with shipments including manufacturing equipment. U.S.-designated Russian firm Limited Liability Company AK Microtech sought to evade sanctions by purchasing goods through Feva. Feva was established in April 2022.

Hidropark and Feva were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy.

Technopole Procurement Network

On December 22, 2022 , the U.S. Department of State designated Technopole Company (Technopole) and the P.P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Shirshov Institute) pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the marine sector of the Russian Federation economy. Technopole produces a navigation system for the use of Russian military vessels and provides equipment for a variety of ocean exploration, oceanology, oceanography, and hydrography activities, among others. The Shirshov Institute is the largest Russian oceanology research center. The Shirshov Institute also develops remotely operated and autonomous robotic tools that support the surface and submarine forces of the Russian navy and other Russian government agencies. Russian national Alexander Petrovich Voronkov (Voronkov) has been the Director of Technopole since 2007 and is the 100 percent owner of the company. Russian national Viktor Georgiyevich Spiridonov (Spiridonov) is the Deputy Director of Technopole and is actively involved in Russian procurement of western-origin equipment.

Idronaut S.R.L. (Idronaut) is one of Technopole’s foreign partners and facilitates the procurement and sale of equipment, on behalf of Technopole and other Russian military end users, including the Shirshov Institute. Flavio Graziottin (Graziottin) owns Idronaut and has worked to circumvent U.S. and European Union sanctions through Idronaut to acquire equipment for Technopole.

Idronaut and PRC-based company Shanghai Oceanen Environmental Science and Technology Co. (Shanghai Oceanen) have worked to circumvent sanctions on Technopole and have procured equipment on Technopole's behalf. Shanghai Oceanen is the distributor for Idronaut in the PRC and has acted as a middleman to ship Idronaut’s equipment to Technopole and the Shirshov Institute. Shanghai Oceanen has historically assisted Technopole in procuring dual-use equipment for Russian end users. In early 2023, Shanghai Oceanen sent a shipment to Technopole containing surveying equipment, including hydrographic, oceanographic, hydrological, meteorological, or geophysical instruments and appliances. PRC national Liu Yang is the Technical Director for Shanghai Oceanen and uses the company to facilitate the procurement of foreign equipment.

Russia-based Technomar offers advanced measurement oceanographic and hydrographic equipment in the fields of oceanography and hydrology from the world's leading manufacturers.

Voronkov and Spiridonov were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Technopole. Idronaut was designated pursuant to E.O.14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, Technopole and the Shirshov Institute. Graziottin was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Idronaut. Shanghai Oceanen was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided financial, material, technological or other support for, or goods or services in support of, Technopole. Liu Yang was designated pursuant to E.O.14024 for having acted or purported to act for or on behalf of, directly or indirectly, Shanghai Oceanen. Technomar was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the marine sector of the Russian Federation economy.

ANNEX 2: RUSSIA’S DOMESTIC WAR ECONOMY

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the defense and related materiel sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• 46th Central Research and Development Institute of the Ministry of Defense (46th CRDI) is a Russian Ministry of Defense (MoD) research organization that develops systems to modernize Russia’s weapons. The 46th CRDI also studies electronic warfare and military applications of artificial intelligence.
• Federal State Governmental Institution 4 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation (4CRI) is a Russian entity involved in the development and implementation of dual-use technologies in the creation of new types of weapons. 4CRI provides scientific and technical support for missile systems.
• Federal State Governmental Institution 27 Central Research Institute of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation is a Russian MoD scientific research institute that conducts military scientific research, provides military scientific support for the creation of automated systems and complexes, and creates samples of military equipment.
• Joint Stock Company KT – Unmanned Systems (KT – Unmanned Systems) cooperates with the Russian MoD and U.S.-designated Federal Security Service (FSB). KT – Unmanned Systems supports software used for Russian weapons development.
• Joint Stock Company Special Design Bureau of the Russian Ministry of Defense develops unmanned robotic combat vehicles.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Konstruktorskoe Byuro Vostok is the developer of the Scalpel UAV, which is used by Russian forces in Ukraine such as the Vostok Battalion. The Scalpel UAV is a one-way-attack platform that can be equipped with a payload weighing up to five kilograms.
• Prikladnye Tekhnologii has indicated a willingness to procure Chinese-origin engines with cruise missile applications for the Russian weapons sector.
• Tekhekspertiza AO has worked with the Russian weapons sector to arrange the purchase of engines with cruise missile applications.
• TRV Engineering JSC is the official authorized procurement agent for Russia’s U.S.-designated Tactical Missiles Corporation (KTRV) and its subordinate companies. TRV Engineering JSC receives a commission for goods supplied, work performed, and services provided to KTRV, its subordinates, and other members of Russia’s defense industrial base. TRV Engineering JSC has been directly involved with supplying products and services in support of Russian state defense orders, including providing machine tools to KTRV subordinates such as U.S.-designated State Machine-Building Design Bureau Raduga . TRV Engineering JSC’s General Director Mikhail Vladimirovich Kolesnikov was directly involved with fulfilling TRV Engineering JSC’s state defense orders and other procurements in the interest of companies in the Russian defense industrial base.

Russia-based electronic parts wholesaler LLC Semicor is a subsidiary of U.S.-designated LLC Laser Components (Laser Components). LLC Semicor has offered to supply engines on behalf of LLC Laser Components in support of Russian cruise missile development. LLC Semicor was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for having materially assisted, sponsored, or provided material, financial, or technological support for, or goods or services to or in support of, Laser Components.

The following Russia-based persons were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Korporatsiya Galaktika develops digitalization platforms, including for U.S.-designated Russian defense giants Rostec and Uralvagonzavod .
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Opytnoe Konstruktorskoe Byuro Eksiton is involved in experimental design work and research with the Russian MoD, including related to the assembly of microcircuits.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Zavod Rekond specializes in the production of electronic components, microcircuits, and semiconductor devices, particularly sensitive dual-use devices such as ceramic and tantalum capacitors.
• AO NPP SAIT (Sait), a producer of technology such as memory units, has received Russian state funding and is involved in the manufacture of computers and peripheral equipment. Sait works with U.S.-designated Russian defense entity Federal State Institution of Higher Vocational Education Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology , which has been recognized by the Russian MoD for developing technologies in the interest of Russia’s military.
• Autonomous Non Profit Organization Artificial Intelligence Research Institute conducts research in the field of artificial intelligence and has developed neural networks related to unmanned vehicles.
• Elprom Limited Liability Company supplies microcircuits and other electronic components, including to a Russian UAV producer.
• Federal State Budgetary Institution Technological Institution for Superhard and Novel Carbon Materials develops advanced manufacturing technologies and high-tech components used by several U.S.-designated Russian defense entities.
• Federal State Institution Federal Research Center Informatics and Management of the Russian Academy of Sciences (FRC CSC RAS) conducts research and development in the fields of computer science, informational technology, and systems analysis. A FRC CSC RAS researcher has developed mathematical modeling technology for analyzing financial flows for Russia’s military-industrial base.
• FGUP PO Oktyabr , one of the largest radio-electronics companies in Russia, produces radar systems.
• Joint Stock Company 31 State Design Institute for Special Construction (31 State Design Institute) designs complex antenna systems, radio equipment, radio electronic equipment, and facilities with network computer control systems, information security systems, and intrusion protection and detection systems. 31 State Design Institute has built central and command posts for the Russian MoD.
• Joint Stock Company Akmetron (Akmetron) develops and produces electronics and specialized software. Akmetron has procured dual-use technology for a Russian UAV producer.
• Joint Stock Company Aerocon develops manufacturing, design, and engineering software and aeronautic systems for fighter aircraft and designs UAVs.
• Joint Stock Company Research and Production Center NII Microdevices , a resident of U.S.-designated Joint Stock Company Special Economic Zone Technopolis Moscow , specializes in the development and production of light-technology products based on light-emitting diodes for nautical technology.
• Joint Stock Company Research Institute of Polymeric Material develops technologies and equipment for processing polymer materials.
• Katod manufactures electronic components and optical instruments, including night vision devices.
• Kribrum JSC develops hardware and software for monitoring social media and has signed a contract with the Russian Government’s main censorship body to automate internet monitoring.
• Kugel Limited Liability Company develops robotic solutions for welding.
• Limited Liability Company 4Test has imported high-priority items, including high-value electronics and manufacturing, production, and quality testing equipment for electronics components, circuit boards, and modules.
• Limited Liability Company Afinor supplies control-measurement equipment and software and has contracted with the Government of the Russian Federation for missile-related activities.
• Limited Liability Company Alfa Instruments imports and wholesales high priority goods, such as oscillographs and signals generators, including to the U.S.- designated Institute of Laser Physics of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences .
• Limited Liability Company Eksikyushn Er Di Si (Execution RDC) operates in the field of enterprise automation. Execution RDC works with Russia’s main censor on a neural network that uses artificial intelligence to scan the Internet.
• Limited Liability Company ETM Photonics imports high priority goods, including integrated circuits, and a wholesaler of technology, including through Russian state procurement contracts.
• Limited Liability Company Khaverim wholesales electronic equipment and has imported high priority electronics, such as electronic integrated circuits, into Russia.
• Limited Liability Company Head Point provides an Internet of Things (IoT) platform that can be used by law enforcement and supports Russian government surveillance systems.
• Limited Liability Company Palitrumlab (Palitrumlab) develops machine-learning and linguistics algorithms and software that can be used to monitor social networks and social media. Palitrumlab is involved in Russian censorship activities.
• Limited Liability Company Vektor Iks (Vektor Iks) develops neural networks and algorithms that are used in Russian censorship activities.
• Limited Liability Company Intem Lab (InTheme) specializes in the digitalization of logistics processes. InTheme provides business process automation services to several U.S.-designated Russian entities.
• Limited Liability Company Green Chip supplies radio-electronic components for the development, production, and repair of industrial, special-purpose, and energy enterprises.
• Limited Liability Company Umnyi Sklad (IQSklad) provides logistics and warehouse automation solutions and develops its own technologies, including a hardware and software system for production and logistics processes. IQSklad has completed a project for U.S.-designated Russian defense company Concern Morinformsystem Agat Joint Stock Company , which specializes in the design and production of missile systems.
• Limited Liability Company Tsifra (Zyfra) develops and implements industrial digital solutions. The Zyfra Industrial IoT platform has been used by U.S.-designated military engine producer Joint Stock Company United Engine Corporation to monitor production and simulate testing for turbo jets for a combat-capable trainer aircraft.
• Limited Liability Company Dronoport , using the trade name “HIVE,” develops autonomous drone solutions for monitoring and has developed a neural network to analyze input data, including thermal imagery and special indicators.
• Limited Liability Company PT Elektronik is an electronics distributor that has supplied a Russian UAV producer.
• Limited Liability Company Simbirskoe Konstruktorskoe Byuro Piranya is a computer programming company that develops drones used by Russia’s military.
• Limited Liability Company Amitron Elektroniks produces military-certified coaxial radio components.
• Limited Liability Company Uraldronzavod is involved in computer programming activities and has developed a UAV used by the Russian MoD.  
• Limited Liability Company KB Rus manufactures electronic components and has created a drone helicopter that is planned for use by Russia’s military.
• Limited Liability Company NPK Tesart develops and manufactures technology, including radio-measurement systems, and its products are advertised on the website of U.S.-designated Scientific Equipment Group of Companies , a Russian company that provides high-tech equipment to industrial enterprises.
• Limited Liability Company Company Scan is a wholesaler of machinery and electronic equipment, including to the U.S.-designated Russian technology research institute Federal State Financed Institution of Science Physics and Technology Institute Named after A. F. Ioffe of the Russian Federation Academy of Sciences .
• Limited Liability Company TC Element is a wholesaler and technical services provider for machinery, computers, and analytical equipment, including spectrometers.
• Limited Liability Company Vector is a manufacturer of electronic components that imported millions of dollars’ worth of high priority electronics, including electronic integrated circuits.
• Nauchno Issledovatelskaya Laboratoriya Aerokosmicheskoi Tekhniki DOSAAF (DOSAAF) has a research laboratory for aerospace technology, and manufactures radar equipment, radio navigation devices, and remote-control radio apparatuses. DOSAAF has also contributed to a project led by U.S.-designated Russian defense entity JSC Academic M.F. Reshetnev Information Satellite Systems .
• Nauchno Proizvodstvennoe Predpriyatie Tomilinskii Elektronnyi Zavod manufactures microchips allegedly used in missile production.
• Nauchno Proizvodstvennoe Obyedinenie Gran manufactures robots and other robotized vehicles used by Russian assault teams in Ukraine and for remote-controlled minelaying.
• OJSC Vladimir Radio Communications Design Bureau develops software and hardware systems, as well as radio communication systems for the Russian MoD.
• Open Joint Stock Company MStator produces high-tech electromagnetic components, including inductors for the Russian MoD.
• Proteh Co Ltd (Proteh) modernizes production facilities in the radio-electronic and instrument-making industries. Proteh works with U.S.-designated Russian defense conglomerate Rostec and has helped the U.S.-designated Russian UAV producer Special Technology Center acquire foreign-made components.
• Radioline Ltd (Radioline) designs, develops, and produces positioning systems for industrial robots. Radioline has also made agreements to procure technology for U.S.-designated Russian UAV producer Special Technology Center.
• Research and Production Association Lepton manufactures remote sensing cameras and high-resolution telescope cameras that can provide military and intelligence collection capabilities.
• Russian Artificial Intelligence Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAIRI) develops systems related to artificial intelligence. A leading RAIRI researcher has presented on robotic systems at a Russian military forum.
• Scientific and Production Association State Institute of Applied Optics , a subsidiary of U.S.-designated Russian defense entity Joint Stock Company Shvabe , develops and produces advanced optoelectronic systems.
• Scientific Production Association Computing Systems manages IT infrastructure for the Russian MoD and the Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
• Scientific Research Institute for Optoelectronic Instrument Engineering (OIE) develops, creates, tests, and calibrates optoelectronic and laser devices. OIE has filed a patent related to defense technology.
• Scientific Research Center Resonance Joint Stock Company develops radar systems for the Russian MoD.
• Speech Technology Center Limited (STC) develops facial, voice, and biometric recognition software and systems. STC works with the FSB and Russian Ministry of Internal Affairs.
• STC Innovations Limited is an STC subsidiary that develops biometric and person-identifying technologies, including for government agencies.
• STC Soft Limited is an STC subsidiary that provides biometric search capabilities to Russian authorities.
• Sfera JSC (Sfera) develops software and facial recognition surveillance systems. The Russian Government has used Sfera surveillance systems to detain protestors.
• ZAO Svetlana EP develops microwave radiation-resistant semiconductor devices and technology for next-generation radar systems.

ANNEX 3: RUSSIA’S STRATEGIC METALS AND MINING SECTOR

The following Russia-based companies are involved in or provide services to Russia’s metals industry.

Russian metals and mining companies

The following Russia-based companies were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy.

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Evraz Kachkanarski Gorno Obogatitelny Kombinat mines iron and metal ores and non-metallic minerals.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Evraz Nizhnetagilski Metallurgicheski Kombinat (NTMK) is one of the largest integrated steel production plants in Russia. NTMK’s production and processing cycle includes coke production facilities, blast furnaces, steelmaking units, and seven rolling mills.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Evraz Obedinenny Zapadno Sibirski Metallurgicheski Kombinat is the largest steel producer in Siberia.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Evraz Vanadi Tula produces vanadium pentoxide that includes specific additive alloys for the manufacture of high-strength steel.
• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Obyedinennaya Ugolnaya Kompaniya Yuzhkuzbassugol is a bituminous coal and lignite surface mining company.
• AO Evraz Market is a leading provider of steel for infrastructure projects, and a trading company involved in the supply of rebar, and flat, tubular, and rolled steel.
• Limited Liability Company GRK Bystrinskoe is an ore mining and processing plant.
• Obshchestvo S OgranichennoI Otvetstvennostyu Raspadskaya Ugolnaya Kompaniya ’s activities include coal mining services, surface and underground coal mining, and the wholesale of coal, ores, and other minerals.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Shakhta Alardinskaya develops coal mining sites and prepares, cleans, washes, screens, and sizes coal.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Shakhta Esaulskaya ’s activities include coal mining services and the wholesale of coal, ore, and other minerals.
• Publichnoe Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Raspadskaya (Raspadskaya) specializes in the production and sale of coking coal.

Russian metals and mining support services companies

Russia-based Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Norilsk Avia (Norilsk Avia) provides helicopter transportation services. Norilsk Avia was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the aerospace sector of the Russian Federation economy.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Norilski Gorno Metallurgicheski Kombinat Im AP Zavenyagina is involved in holding company and securities management.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu AP Invest (AP Invest) specializes in real estate transactions, particularly in secured lending and mortgage services. AP Invest has partnered with more than 20 banks.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Evrazkholding Finans is engaged in financial intermediation, deposit banking, business credit, and financial transactions processing.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the transportation sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Aktsionernoe Obshchestvo Taimyrskaya Toplivnaya Kompaniya is engaged in the retail, sale, wholesale, storage, and transshipment of chemical products.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Norilski Promyshlenny Transport is engaged in freight transport services, including general and specialized freight trucking.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the technology sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Limited Liability Company BaseAlt is involved in custom computer programing services, software development, and the creation of operating systems. BaseAlt entered into a technology agreement with a Russian metals and mining conglomerate to develop and promote domestic digital products, including the development of an operating system with built-in information security tools.
• Limited Liability Company Nornickel Sfera is engaged in critical information infrastructure security and software product publishing.
• Limited Liability Company Nornickel Sputnik is involved in IT design and operational activities that support digital transformation efforts.
• Serenity Cyber Security Limited Liability Company (MTS Red) is involved in computer programming, computer consultancy, and information security. MTS Red and a Russian metals and mining conglomerate signed a 2024 cooperation agreement on information security for the development of cybersecurity products and services for the industrial sector.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the construction sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Limited Liability Company Nornikel Technical Services constructs buildings, roads and highways, and engineering structures in Russia.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Pechengskoe Stroitelnoe Obedinenie is involved in building construction and civil engineering works.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Vostokgeologiya constructs, reconstructs, repairs, and maintains roads, railways, and road structures. It is also engaged in the construction, operation, and repair of limestone mining facilities.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Zapolyarnaya Stroitelnaya Kompaniya specializes in the construction and reconstruction of underground facilities and surface mine infrastructure.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the engineering sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Institut Gipronikel provides general design services, customer engineering services, and field engineering services.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu NN conducts engineering surveys and engineering and technical design and provides construction project management, construction control and supervision, and technical advice.

The following Russia-based entities were designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the manufacturing sector of the Russian Federation economy:

• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Norilski Obespechivayushchi Kompleks manufactures metal structures and provides spare sparts and other equipment and products to enterprises engaged in mining, processing, metallurgy, construction, and maintenance.
• Obshchestvo S Ogranichennoi Otvetstvennostyu Norilsknikelremont provides repair and maintenance services for metallurgical and concentration plant equipment; mining equipment; automotive vehicles and rolling stock; self-propelled diesel equipment; and instrumentation and automation systems.

Russia-based Publichnoe Aktsionernoe Obschestvo Magnitogorskiy Metallurgicheskiy Kombinat (MMK) was designated pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the metals and mining sector of the Russian Federation economy. MMK is the largest iron and steel works company in Russia and a leading steelmaker globally. OFAC previously designated MMK pursuant to E.O. 14024 for operating or having operated in the financial services sector of the Russian Federation economy.

SANCTIONS IMPLICATIONS

As a result of today’s action, all property and interests in property of the persons above that are in the United States or in the possession or control of U.S. persons are blocked and must be reported to OFAC. In addition, any entities that are owned, directly or indirectly, 50 percent or more by one or more blocked persons are also blocked. All transactions by U.S. persons or within (or transiting) the United States that involve any property or interests in property of designated or blocked persons are prohibited unless authorized by a general or specific license issued by OFAC, or exempt. These prohibitions include the making of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services by, to, or for the benefit of any blocked person and the receipt of any contribution or provision of funds, goods, or services from any such person. Non-U.S. persons are also prohibited from causing or conspiring to cause U.S. persons to wittingly or unwittingly violate U.S. sanctions, as well as from engaging in conduct that evades U.S. sanctions. OFAC’s Economic Sanctions Enforcement Guidelines provide more information regarding OFAC’s enforcement of U.S. sanctions, including the factors that OFAC generally considers when determining an appropriate response to an apparent violation.

In addition, foreign financial institutions that conduct or facilitate significant transactions or provide any service involving Russia’s military-industrial base run the risk of being sanctioned by OFAC. For additional guidance, please see the updated OFAC advisory , “Updated Guidance for Foreign Financial Institutions on OFAC Sanctions Authorities Targeting Support to Russia’s Military-Industrial Base,” as well as OFAC Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) 1146-1157 .

The power and integrity of OFAC sanctions derive not only from OFAC’s ability to designate and add persons to the SDN List, but also from its willingness to remove persons from the SDN List consistent with the law. The ultimate goal of sanctions is not to punish, but to bring about a positive change in behavior. For information concerning the process for seeking removal from an OFAC list, including the SDN List, please refer to OFAC’s FAQ 897 here. For detailed information on the process to submit a request for removal from an OFAC sanctions list, please click here.

Any persons included on the SDN List pursuant to E.O. 14024 may be subject to additional export restrictions administered by the Department of Commerce, Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS).

For identifying information on the individuals and entities sanctioned today, click here .