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17.1 An Overview of the Endocrine System

Learning objectives.

By the end of this section, you will be able to:

• Distinguish the types of intercellular communication, their importance, mechanisms, and effects
• Identify the major organs and tissues of the endocrine system and their location in the body

Communication is a process in which a sender transmits signals to one or more receivers to control and coordinate actions. In the human body, two major organ systems participate in relatively “long distance” communication: the nervous system and the endocrine system. Together, these two systems are primarily responsible for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

Neural and Endocrine Signaling

The nervous system uses two types of intercellular communication—electrical and chemical signaling—either by the direct action of an electrical potential, or in the latter case, through the action of chemical neurotransmitters such as serotonin or norepinephrine. Neurotransmitters act locally and rapidly. When an electrical signal in the form of an action potential arrives at the synaptic terminal, they diffuse across the synaptic cleft (the gap between a sending neuron and a receiving neuron or muscle cell). Once the neurotransmitters interact (bind) with receptors on the receiving (post-synaptic) cell, the receptor stimulation is transduced into a response such as continued electrical signaling or modification of cellular response. The target cell responds within milliseconds of receiving the chemical “message”; this response then ceases very quickly once the neural signaling ends. In this way, neural communication enables body functions that involve quick, brief actions, such as movement, sensation, and cognition.In contrast, the endocrine system uses just one method of communication: chemical signaling. These signals are sent by the endocrine organs, which secrete chemicals—the hormone —into the extracellular fluid. Hormones are transported primarily via the bloodstream throughout the body, where they bind to receptors on target cells, inducing a characteristic response. As a result, endocrine signaling requires more time than neural signaling to prompt a response in target cells, though the precise amount of time varies with different hormones. For example, the hormones released when you are confronted with a dangerous or frightening situation, called the fight-or-flight response, occur by the release of adrenal hormones—epinephrine and norepinephrine—within seconds. In contrast, it may take up to 48 hours for target cells to respond to certain reproductive hormones.

Interactive Link

Visit this link to watch an animation of the events that occur when a hormone binds to a cell membrane receptor. What is the secondary messenger made by adenylyl cyclase during the activation of liver cells by epinephrine?

In addition, endocrine signaling is typically less specific than neural signaling. The same hormone may play a role in a variety of different physiological processes depending on the target cells involved. For example, the hormone oxytocin promotes uterine contractions in people in labor. It is also important in breastfeeding, and may be involved in the sexual response and in feelings of emotional attachment in humans.

In general, the nervous system involves quick responses to rapid changes in the external environment, and the endocrine system is usually slower acting—taking care of the internal environment of the body, maintaining homeostasis, and controlling reproduction ( Table 17.1 ). So how does the fight-or-flight response that was mentioned earlier happen so quickly if hormones are usually slower acting? It is because the two systems are connected. It is the fast action of the nervous system in response to the danger in the environment that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete their hormones. As a result, the nervous system can cause rapid endocrine responses to keep up with sudden changes in both the external and internal environments when necessary.

Structures of the Endocrine System

The endocrine system consists of cells, tissues, and organs that secrete hormones as a primary or secondary function. The endocrine gland is the major player in this system. The primary function of these ductless glands is to secrete their hormones directly into the surrounding fluid. The interstitial fluid and the blood vessels then transport the hormones throughout the body. The endocrine system includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands ( Figure 17.2 ). Some of these glands have both endocrine and non-endocrine functions. For example, the pancreas contains cells that function in digestion as well as cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon, which regulate blood glucose levels. The hypothalamus, thymus, heart, kidneys, stomach, small intestine, liver, skin, ovaries, and testes are other organs that contain cells with endocrine function. Moreover, adipose tissue has long been known to produce hormones, and recent research has revealed that even bone tissue has endocrine functions.

The ductless endocrine glands are not to be confused with the body’s exocrine system , whose glands release their secretions through ducts. Examples of exocrine glands include the sebaceous and sweat glands of the skin. As just noted, the pancreas also has an exocrine function: most of its cells secrete pancreatic juice through the pancreatic and accessory ducts to the lumen of the small intestine.

Other Types of Chemical Signaling

In endocrine signaling, hormones secreted into the extracellular fluid diffuse into the blood or lymph, and can then travel great distances throughout the body. In contrast, autocrine signaling takes place within the same cell. An autocrine (auto- = “self”) is a chemical that elicits a response in the same cell that secreted it. Interleukin-1, or IL-1, is a signaling molecule that plays an important role in inflammatory response. The cells that secrete IL-1 have receptors on their cell surface that bind these molecules, resulting in autocrine signaling.

Local intercellular communication is the province of the paracrine , also called a paracrine factor, which is a chemical that induces a response in neighboring cells. Although paracrines may enter the bloodstream, their concentration is generally too low to elicit a response from distant tissues. A familiar example to those with asthma is histamine, a paracrine that is released by immune cells in the bronchial tree. Histamine causes the smooth muscle cells of the bronchi to constrict, narrowing the airways. Another example is the neurotransmitters of the nervous system, which act only locally within the synaptic cleft.

Career Connection

Endocrinologist.

Endocrinology is a specialty in the field of medicine that focuses on the treatment of endocrine system disorders. Endocrinologists—medical doctors who specialize in this field—are experts in treating diseases associated with hormonal systems, ranging from thyroid disease to diabetes mellitus. Endocrine surgeons treat endocrine disease through the removal, or resection, of the affected endocrine gland.

Patients who are referred to endocrinologists may have signs and symptoms or blood test results that suggest excessive or impaired functioning of an endocrine gland or endocrine cells. The endocrinologist may order additional blood tests to determine whether the patient’s hormonal levels are abnormal, or they may stimulate or suppress the function of the suspect endocrine gland and then have blood taken for analysis. Treatment varies according to the diagnosis. Some endocrine disorders, such as type 2 diabetes, may respond to lifestyle changes such as modest weight loss, adoption of a healthy diet, and regular physical activity. Other disorders may require medication, such as hormone replacement, and routine monitoring by the endocrinologist. These include disorders of the pituitary gland that can affect growth and disorders of the thyroid gland that can result in a variety of metabolic problems.

Some patients experience health problems as a result of the normal decline in hormones that can accompany aging. These patients can consult with an endocrinologist to weigh the risks and benefits of hormone replacement therapy intended to boost their natural levels of reproductive hormones.

In addition to treating patients, endocrinologists may be involved in research to improve the understanding of endocrine system disorders and develop new treatments for these diseases.

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Endocrine System Hormone Case Studies Analysis

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Endocrine system: Quiz questions, diagrams and study tools

Author: Molly Smith, DipCNM, mBANT • Reviewer: Dimitrios Mytilinaios, MD, PhD Last reviewed: October 30, 2023 Reading time: 2 minutes

The endocrine system is arguably one of the most interesting systems in the human body. However, it’s also one of the most complex. Understandably, this can make learning it feel like a giant pain in the gluteus maximus. But fear not. There are lots of ways to break it down to make your studies more manageable - and we’ll be discussing them all in this article! Read on...

Endocrine system diagram

Quizzes: questions and practice test.

First things first - you’ll need to know which organs the endocrine system is comprised of! Organs like the thyroid , pancreas and adrenal glands are the guys doing all of the important work behind the scenes, like synthesizing and releasing hormones. Once you know which organs are which, you can start the business of learning exactly what it is that they do.

Want to revise the endocrine system in half the time? Flashcard-style quizzes are the way to go.

Start by observing the labeled endocrine system diagram above. Spend some time familiarizing yourself with the location and appearance of each organ, then try labeling each one yourself using the unlabeled version of the diagram below. This endocrine system practice test is a great way to set yourself up for the next stage of your studies: using our spaced repetition endocrine quizzes! 

Download PDF Worksheet (blank) Download PDF Worksheet (labeled)

At Kenhub, we have quizzes to suit every level , from beginner through to advanced. If you’re just starting out learning about the endocrine system, quizzes on basic identification would be a great place to begin. 

If you fancy more of a challenge, try our advanced identification or clinical question bank questions. These endocrine quizzes are set up to emulate the same types of questions you’ll find in your exam, making them the perfect preparation tool. 

Ready to get started? Have a browse through our selection of endocrine quizzes below. P.S. As you progress through the quiz, our intelligent algorithm learns which endocrine system questions you could do with more practice on based on your answers. For those areas, you’ll automatically get tested on them more frequently. Which quiz will you take first? 

Are you enjoying using our quizzes and labeled diagrams to learn anatomy? Check out our anatomy practice quizzes and diagrams on every topic ! 

Author: Molly Smith

Layout: Niels Hapke

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Suggestions for you See more Endocrine System 8th -  9th  , cell signaling, 11th -  12th  , quizizz test lesson, body homeostasis, homeostasis and feedback loops, homeostasis lesson, feedback loops, 9th -  10th  , homeostasis, 9th -  12th  . 24 questions Introducing new   Paper mode No student devices needed.   Know more 1. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Structure of the Endocrine System which produces and releases hormones.  Endocrine Glands  hormones  Homeostasis  Negative Feedback 2. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Part of the brain that links the nervous system and the endocrine system.  Pancreas  Hypothalamus  renal glands  Enbryo 3. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt The process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment.  Positive Feedback Negative Feedback Homeostasis  Targeted Cells  4. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt A cell in the body that recognizes a hormone structure.  targeted cell Pituitary gland Hormone Hypothalamus  5. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Chemical product of an Endocrine Gland. Homeostasis Hormone mitosis meiosis  6. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt An endocrine gland that controls many body activities.  hormone pituitary gland hypothalamus homeostasis  7. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt True or False, is a hormone slow acting, but longer lasting messenger.   True False  9. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What is the main function of the endocrine system?   it creates chemicals that are sent around the body to maintain homeostasis it creates electrical messages that are sent around the body to maintain homeostasis it maintains the correct level of oxygen in the body to maintain homeostasis it releases waste from the body to maintain homeostasis 10. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What gland secretes thyroxin causing metabolism to increase? Thyroid Parathyroid Adrenal Pancreas 11. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which gland secretes insulin? Pancreas Ovaries Parathyroid Thymus 12. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What hormone is responsible for the "fight or flight" response? Testosterone Cortisol Adrenaline Parathyroid Hormone 13. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which hormone helps get calcium from the blood into bone for storage or strength? Estrogen Adrenaline Parathyroid Hormone Calcitonin 14. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt Which hormone helps glucose get it into the cells of the body? Calcitonin Thyroxin Insulin Cortisol 15. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt What gland is known as the the master gland? Adrenal Pituitary Thyroid Thymus 16. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt The pituitary gland is most similar to: a worker in a factory a mail carrier the boss of a big office a security guard 17. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt When might your body release adrenaline? when you're waking up from a long night's sleep when there isn't enough calcium in your bloodstream when you're threatened by a schoolyard bully when you've had too much to eat 24. Multiple Choice Edit 30 seconds 1 pt How do hormones travel to target cells? Blood Stream Ducts Secretory Vessicles Goblet Cells Explore all questions with a free account Continue with email Continue with phone 165 IMAGES Endocrine System Diagram Endocrine System Diagram Endocrine System Diagram The Endocrine System Diagram The Endocrine System Diagram Endocrine System Hormone Case Studies Analysis by Brilliant Biology COMMENTS Endocrine System Hormone Case Study Analysis Flashcards Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like A woman is not able to produce enough milk for her newborn baby., Jonathon is extremely short for his age., Ron skipped breakfast. ... 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The interstitial fluid and the blood vessels then transport the hormones throughout the body. The endocrine system includes the pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, and pineal glands (Figure 17.2). Some of these glands have both ... Chap 16 Endocrine System Practice Exam Questions with answers Based on this information, hormone A is controlled by ___. Changes in the level of a chemical in the blood; Direct stimulation by the nervous system; Stimulation by a hormone released from another endocrine gland; F. Hormone "A" stimulates the release of hormone "B." As levels of hormone "B" increase, the secretion of hormone "A" is decreased. Endocrine System Hormone Case Studies Analysis Description. Objective: Students will analyze patient symptoms to diagnose the hormone (s) responsible for the patients' illness. This file comes with 2 activities. • Activity 1 - The students are given the patients' symptoms. 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