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Easy Science Fair Projects

Presenting Data Visually for a Science Fair Project

Choosing the right graph is crucial for effectively presenting data in your science fair project. In this article, we will explore why selecting the right graph matters, different types of graphs to consider, how to choose the best graph for your data, and tips for creating effective graphs. By following these guidelines, you can ensure that your data is accurately and clearly represented, making your science fair project stand out.

Key Takeaways

• Understanding the purpose of your project is essential in choosing the right graph.
• Identify the data you need to present and consider the audience and context.
• Different types of graphs, such as bar graphs, line graphs, pie charts, scatter plots, and histograms, serve different purposes.
• Match data types to graph types and highlight key findings with the right graph.
• Consider the complexity of your data and ensure clarity and readability in your graphs.

Why Choosing Graph Type Matters

Understanding the Purpose of Presenting Data Visually

When starting your science fair project , it’s important to understand the purpose behind it. Are you trying to compare different things, show a trend, or visualize proportions? Knowing the purpose will help you choose the best graph to present your data.

If your project involves structured, quantitative data, you can use a table to present your findings. Make sure the table is concise and formatted correctly in Markdown.

On the other hand, if your project involves less structured content, like steps or qualitative points, you can use a bulleted or numbered list . This will help organize your information in a clear and easy-to-follow manner.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to understand for your audience. So choose the right format and present your data in a way that tells a compelling story!

Identifying the Data You Need to Present

When it comes to identifying the data you need to present for your science fair project, it’s important to consider what information is most relevant and important to your project. Think about the key findings or results that you want to showcase to your audience.

To present structured, quantitative data, you can use a table . A table is a great way to organize and display numerical information in a clear and concise manner. Make sure to format the table correctly in Markdown.

On the other hand, if your data is less structured or consists of qualitative points or a series of related items, you can use a bulleted or numbered list . This will help you present the information in a more organized and easy-to-read format.

Remember, the goal is to present your data in a way that is clear and understandable to your audience. So choose the format that best suits your data and helps convey your findings effectively.

Considering the Audience and Context

When choosing the best graph for your science fair project , it’s important to consider your audience and the context in which you will be presenting your data. Think about who your audience is and what information they need to understand. Are they fellow students, teachers, or judges? What are they interested in and what concerns might they have?

To ensure clarity and readability, it’s important to format your graph in a way that is easy to understand. You can use bold to highlight important keywords and italics for subtle emphasis. If your data is structured and quantitative, consider using a Markdown table to present it. Make sure the table is succinct and formatted correctly.

If your data is less structured, like a series of steps or qualitative points, you can use a bulleted or numbered list. This will help organize your information and make it easier for your audience to follow.

Remember, when presenting your graph, it’s important to show the whole picture. Consider looking at your question from different points of view to provide all the necessary information for your audience to make an informed decision.

Lastly, keep in mind the medium in which you will be presenting your graph. If it’s a live presentation, you can have fewer comments on the graph since you can provide the necessary context through your spoken words. However, if you’re sending your graph via email or Slack, it’s better to provide all the details in the graph itself.

By considering your audience and the context, formatting your graph effectively, and providing the necessary information, you can choose the best graph for your science fair project and effectively communicate your findings.

Exploring Different Types of Graphs

Bar Graphs: Perfect for Comparing Categories

When it comes to comparing different categories, bar graphs are the way to go! Bar graphs are a great tool for visualizing and comparing data in a fun and easy-to-understand way. Here are some tips to help you create an awesome bar graph for your science fair project:

• Order your categories : It’s a good idea to order your categories in descending order to make it easier to interpret the graph.
• Use a table for structured data : If you have structured, quantitative data, consider using a table to present it. Make sure the table is succinct and formatted correctly in Markdown.
• Consider a stacked bar chart : Sometimes, it’s easier to compare the structure of different categories using a stacked bar chart. This can be especially useful when looking at the share of customers by age in different regions.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to read and understand. So, get creative and have fun with your bar graph!

Line Graphs: Showing Trends and Patterns

When you want to show how something changes over time, a line graph is the perfect choice! Line graphs are great for visualizing trends and patterns in your data. They are especially useful when you have ordered variables on both the X- and Y-axes.

To create a line graph, you can use a simple table to organize your data. Make sure to label the X-axis with the time periods and the Y-axis with the values you are measuring. Then, plot the points on the graph and connect them with a line. Voila! You have a line graph that shows the progression of your data over time.

If you’re not sure how to interpret the data on a line graph, don’t worry! Just remember that the line represents the change in the values over time. If the line goes up, it means the values are increasing. If the line goes down, it means the values are decreasing. And if the line stays relatively flat, it means the values are staying the same.

Here’s a quick example to help you understand. Let’s say you’re tracking the temperature in your city over the course of a week. You can create a line graph with the days of the week on the X-axis and the temperature on the Y-axis. As you plot the temperature for each day and connect the points, you’ll see a line that shows how the temperature changes throughout the week.

So remember, when you want to show trends and patterns over time, grab a line graph and start plotting your data!

Pie Charts: Visualizing Proportions

When it comes to visualizing proportions, pie charts are the perfect tool! Pie charts are a fun and colorful way to show how different parts make up a whole. They are especially useful when you want to compare the sizes of different categories or parts.

To create a pie chart, you can use a Markdown table to present your data in a structured and quantitative way. Make sure to keep it succinct and format it correctly in Markdown. Each category or part should be represented by a slice of the pie, with the size of the slice corresponding to the proportion it represents.

If your information is less structured or you want to present a series of related items, you can use a bulleted or numbered list . This is a great option for steps, qualitative points, or a series of related ideas.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to understand and visually appealing. So, get creative with colors and formatting, but make sure it’s still clear and readable. Happy graphing!

Scatter Plots: Examining Relationships

When it comes to examining relationships between two variables, scatter plots are the way to go! Scatter plots are a great tool for visualizing how one variable changes with another. They are especially useful when you want to see if there is a correlation between the values.

To create a scatter plot, you can use Plotly Graphical objects. This allows you to customize the graph to your liking. If you have a lot of data points and they start to overlap, reducing the opacity of the points can help reveal the relationship.

For example, take a look at the two graphs below. The second graph, with reduced opacity, gives a better understanding of the data distribution.

• Graph with overlapping points
• Graph with reduced opacity

Remember, scatter plots are all about examining relationships, so make sure to add a trend line to highlight the correlation between the variables.

Now that you know how to create a scatter plot, go ahead and use this graph type to analyze the relationship between your data points in your science fair project. Have fun exploring the connections between variables and discovering new insights!

Histograms: Analyzing Data Distribution

A histogram is a graphical method for displaying the shape of a distribution. It is particularly useful when there are a large number of observations. The goal is to understand how value is distributed: Is it normally distributed? Is it unimodal? Do we have any outliers in our data?

To create a histogram, follow these steps:

• Create a frequency table to organize your data.
• Determine the appropriate number of intervals (or bins) to divide your data into.
• Plot the intervals on the x-axis and the frequency (or proportion) on the y-axis.
• Draw vertical bars to represent the frequency (or proportion) of each interval.

Remember to choose the appropriate bin width to accurately represent your data. If you have a large range of values, you may need to adjust the bin width to capture the important details.

Here’s an example of a frequency table for the scores of 642 students on a psychology test:

By creating a histogram, you can easily visualize the distribution of scores and identify any patterns or outliers. Remember, histograms are a great tool for analyzing data distribution and can provide valuable insights for your science fair project.

Choosing the Best Graph for Your Data

Matching Data Types to Graph Types

When it comes to choosing the best graph for your data, it’s important to consider the type of data you have. Different types of data are best represented by different types of graphs. Let’s take a look at some common data types and the corresponding graph types:

• Structured, quantitative data : For presenting structured, quantitative data, you can use a table. Tables are a great way to organize and display numerical information in a clear and concise manner. Make sure to format your table correctly using Markdown.
• Less structured content : If your data is less structured, like steps, qualitative points, or a series of related items, you can use a bulleted or numbered list. Lists are a simple and effective way to present information in a concise and easy-to-read format.

Remember, the goal is to choose a graph type that best represents your data and makes it easy for your audience to understand. So, take some time to think about the type of data you have and choose the graph type that will showcase it best.

Tip : Don’t forget to format your important keywords in bold and use italics for subtle emphasis where needed.

Highlighting Key Findings with the Right Graph

When it comes to highlighting key findings in your data, choosing the right graph can make all the difference. By selecting the appropriate graph type, you can effectively communicate your results to others. Here are some tips to help you choose the best graph for your data:

• Bar Graphs : Perfect for comparing categories, such as different treatments or variables.
• Line Graphs : Ideal for showing trends and patterns over time.
• Pie Charts : Great for visualizing proportions or percentages.
• Scatter Plots : Useful for examining relationships between variables.
• Histograms : Helpful for analyzing the distribution of data.

Remember to format important keywords in bold and use italics for subtle emphasis. You can use a table to present structured, quantitative data, or a bulleted or numbered list for less structured content. And don’t forget to keep your graphs clear and readable by avoiding unnecessary elements. Happy graphing!

Considering the Complexity of Your Data

When it comes to graphing complex data, it’s important to keep a few things in mind. First, remember to start simple and then add complexity only when it is actually needed. Sometimes, we may think that complex problems require complicated graphs, but studies have shown that simplification usually produces more precise models. So, don’t be afraid to keep it simple!

If your data is structured and quantitative, consider using a table to present it. Tables are a great way to organize and display data in a clear and concise manner. Just make sure to format the table correctly using Markdown.

On the other hand, if your data is less structured or consists of qualitative points, a bulleted or numbered list can be a useful tool. Lists are perfect for presenting steps, points, or a series of related items. They are easy to read and understand, making them ideal for kids in grade school through high school.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to understand and interpret. So, keep it simple, use the right format for your data, and let your creativity shine!

Ensuring Clarity and Readability

When creating graphs for your science fair project, it’s important to ensure clarity and readability. Here are some tips to help you present your data effectively:

• Format at most one important keyword in bold and use italics for subtle emphasis where needed.
• Avoid including the H3 heading in your paragraph.
• If you have structured, quantitative data, consider using a Markdown table to present it. Make sure the table is succinct and formatted correctly.
• For less structured content, like steps or qualitative points, use a bulleted or numbered list.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to understand for your audience. So, choose the right formatting and organization that best suits your data. Good luck with your science fair project!

Tips for Creating Effective Graphs

Selecting appropriate labels and titles.

When creating graphs for your science fair project, it’s important to select appropriate labels and titles to ensure clarity and understanding. Here are some tips to help you:

• Do not include the H3 heading in the paragraph.
• If you have structured, quantitative data, consider using a Markdown table to present it. Make sure the table is succinct and formatted correctly in Markdown.
• For less structured content, like steps, qualitative points, or a series of related items, use a bulleted or numbered list .
• Optionally, you can include a Markdown blockquote for important tips or advice.

Remember, the goal is to make your graph easy to read and understand, so choose labels and titles that are clear and concise. Happy graphing!

Using Colors and Symbols Wisely

When it comes to using colors and symbols in your graphs, it’s important to keep a few things in mind. First, bold formatting can be used to highlight important keywords or data points that you want to draw attention to. This can help make your graph more visually appealing and easier to understand. Additionally, italics can be used for subtle emphasis where needed.

If you have structured, quantitative data that you want to present, consider using a Markdown table. Tables can help organize your data in a clear and concise manner. Just make sure to format the table correctly in Markdown.

On the other hand, if you have less structured content, like steps, qualitative points, or a series of related items, a bulleted or numbered list can be a great choice. Lists are easy to read and can help break down information into smaller, digestible chunks.

Remember, the goal is to create graphs that are easy for kids in grade school through high school to understand. So, keep the instructions simple and straightforward. Happy graphing!

Adding Clear and Informative Legends

When creating a graph, it’s important to add clear and informative legends. Legends help the reader understand what each color or symbol represents in the graph. To create a legend, follow these steps:

• Identify the different categories or variables in your graph.
• Assign a unique color or symbol to each category or variable.
• Create a table to present the categories or variables along with their corresponding colors or symbols.

Here’s an example of how a legend table could look like:

By including a clear and informative legend, you’ll make it easier for others to understand your graph and interpret the data accurately.

Avoiding Chartjunk and Unnecessary Elements

When creating graphs for your science fair project, it’s important to avoid cluttering your charts with unnecessary elements. Focus on the key information and keep the design clean and simple. Here are some tips to help you create effective graphs:

• Simplify your labels and titles : Use clear and concise labels and titles that accurately describe the data you are presenting.
• Use colors and symbols wisely : Choose colors that are easy to distinguish and use symbols sparingly to highlight important data points.
• Add clear and informative legends : Include a legend to explain the meaning of different colors or symbols used in your graph.
• Avoid chartjunk : Don’t overcrowd your graph with unnecessary elements like excessive gridlines or decorative backgrounds.

Remember, the goal is to present your data in a clear and visually appealing way. By following these tips, you’ll be able to create graphs that effectively communicate your findings to your audience.

Choosing the best graph for your science fair project can make a big difference in how your data is presented and understood. Remember to consider the type of data you have and the story you want to tell. Whether it’s a bar chart, scatter plot, or stem and leaf display, each graph has its own strengths and weaknesses. Experiment with different visual encodings and see which one works best for your project. And most importantly, have fun with your science fair project and let your creativity shine!

Frequently Asked Questions

How important is it to choose the right graph for my science fair project.

Choosing the right graph is crucial for effectively presenting your data and conveying your findings to the audience. It helps in understanding the purpose of your project, identifying the data you need to present, and considering the audience and context.

What are the different types of graphs that I can use for my science fair project?

There are various types of graphs you can use, such as bar graphs for comparing categories, line graphs for showing trends and patterns, pie charts for visualizing proportions, scatter plots for examining relationships, and histograms for analyzing data distribution.

How do I choose the best graph for my data?

To choose the best graph for your data, you need to match data types to graph types, highlight key findings with the right graph, consider the complexity of your data, and ensure clarity and readability.

What are some tips for creating effective graphs?

Some tips for creating effective graphs include selecting appropriate labels and titles, using colors and symbols wisely, adding clear and informative legends, and avoiding unnecessary elements and chartjunk.

Should parents be involved in creating graphs for science fair projects?

Parents can be involved in creating graphs for science fair projects, especially for younger children. However, it is important to consider the abilities of the child and their frustration level. Parents can assist with typing and creating charts, but it is important to ensure that the project remains scientifically accurate and reflects the child’s work.

How many times should I do a science fair project?

It is generally recommended to do a science fair project once for an experiment. However, if you are interested in exploring different aspects or variations of the project, you can conduct multiple experiments and document them in your project.

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How To Design a Science Fair Experiment

Design a Science Fair Experiment Using the Scientific Method

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A good science fair experiment applies the scientific method to answer a question or test an effect. Follow these steps to design an experiment that follows the approved procedure for science fair projects.

State an Objective

Science fair projects start with a purpose or objective. Why are you studying this? What do you hope to learn? What makes this topic interesting? An objective is a brief statement of the goal of an experiment, which you can use to help narrow down choices for a hypothesis.

Propose a Testable Hypothesis

The hardest part of experimental design may be the first step, which is deciding what to test and proposing a hypothesis you can use to build an experiment.

You could state the hypothesis as an if-then statement. Example: "If plants are not given light, then they will not grow."

You could state a null or no-difference hypothesis, which is an easy form to test. Example: There is no difference in the size of beans soaked in water compared with beans soaked in saltwater.

The key to formulating a good science fair hypothesis is to make sure you have the ability to test it, record data, and draw a conclusion. Compare these two hypotheses and decide which you could test:

Cupcakes sprinkled with colored sugar are better than plain frosted cupcakes.

People are more likely to choose cupcakes sprinkled with colored sugar than plain frosted cupcakes.

Once you have an idea for an experiment, it often helps to write out several different versions of a hypothesis and select the one that works best for you.

See Hypothesis Examples

Identify the Independent, Dependent, and Control Variable

To draw a valid conclusion from your experiment, you ideally want to test the effect of changing one factor, while holding all other factors constant or unchanged. There are several possible variables in an experiment, but be sure to identify the big three: independent , dependent , and control variables.

The independent variable is the one you manipulate or change to test its effect on the dependent variable. Controlled variables are other factors in your experiment you try to control or hold constant.

For example, let's say your hypothesis is: Duration of daylight has no effect on how long a cat sleeps. Your independent variable is duration of daylight (how many hours of daylight the cat sees). The dependent variable is how long the cat sleeps per day. Controlled variables might include amount of exercise and cat food supplied to the cat, how often it is disturbed, whether or not other cats are present, the approximate age of cats that are tested, etc.

Perform Enough Tests

Consider an experiment with the hypothesis: If you toss a coin, there is an equal chance of it coming up heads or tails. That is a nice, testable hypothesis, but you can't draw any sort of valid conclusion from a single coin toss. Neither are you likely to get enough data from 2-3 coin tosses, or even 10. It's important to have a large enough sample size that your experiment isn't overly influenced by randomness. Sometimes this means you need to perform a test multiple times on a single subject or small set of subjects. In other cases, you may want to gather data from a large, representative sample of population.

Gather the Right Data

There are two main types of data: qualitative and quantitative data. Qualitative data describes a quality, such as red/green, more/less, yes/no. Quantitative data is recorded as a number. If you can, gather quantitative data because it's much easier to analyze using mathematical tests.

Tabulate or Graph the Results

Once you have recorded your data, report it in a table and/or graph. This visual representation of the data makes it easier for you to see patterns or trends and makes your science fair project more appealing to other students, teachers, and judges.

Test the Hypothesis

Was the hypothesis accepted or rejected? Once you make this determination, ask yourself whether you met the objective of the experiment or whether further study is needed. Sometimes an experiment doesn't work out the way you expect. You may accept the experiment or decide to conduct a new experiment, based on what you learned.

Draw a Conclusion

Based on the experience you gained from the experiment and whether you accepted or rejected the hypothesis, you should be able to draw some conclusions about your subject. You should state these in your report.

• Examples of Independent and Dependent Variables
• Null Hypothesis Examples
• Difference Between Independent and Dependent Variables
• The 10 Most Important Lab Safety Rules
• Six Steps of the Scientific Method
• What Is an Experiment? Definition and Design
• What Is a Testable Hypothesis?
• What Are the Elements of a Good Hypothesis?
• Scientific Method Flow Chart
• Scientific Method Vocabulary Terms
• How to Do a Science Fair Project
• How to Select a Science Fair Project Topic
• What Is a Hypothesis? (Science)
• 5 Types of Science Fair Projects
• Understanding Simple vs Controlled Experiments

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How To Make A Graph For A Science Project

How to Make a Chart for a Science Fair Project . Highlighting Components – When you look at a textbook or professional scientific report, you will notice images and charts interspersed in the text. These illustrations are meant to be eye-catching, and sometimes, they are more valuable than the text itself. Charts and graphs can present complex data in a readable way, so that you can present information clearly to your audience. For your science fair project, include charts in your written report and on your project board to make your results pop. Collecting Data The first step when making a chart for your science fair project is to collect and organize data. Some bits of information might seem more important than others, so ask yourself if you obtained the results you expected or if some evidence you collected surprised you. In a few short sentences, write down what you discovered from your experiment. Likely, these tidbits will make the most interesting charts because these tidbits are unusual details or findings unearthed from your experiment. You don’t want to create a chart for each piece of data you collected, but you want to highlight what’s most interesting.

10 Tips for a Successful Graph Data Science Project

Get 10 project tips and bonus resources to drive your graph data science project forward to the production of your graph use cases.

Video advice: Creating Graphs for Scientific Experiments

The basics of how to create graphs for scientific experiments using independent and dependent variables.

In this blog post, we’re going to give you 10 project tips and some resources to guide you from the beginning of your graph data science project to its production. As opposed to technical details, here we’ll help you figure out how to successfully drive your graph project forward within your organization. Let’s dive in. 1. Investigate Use Cases and Get Comfortable with Concepts.

• Investigate Use Cases and Get Comfortable with Concepts
• Identify and Engage a Spearhead Team
• Evaluate Your “Graphy” Problem
• Assess the Current State
• Map the Value of the Proposed State
• Measure ROI
• Align Stakeholders
• Get Your Project Approved
• Conduct a POC and Plan for Production
• Get Connected and Continue Your Journey

Larger projects, especially if the technology is new to a team, often require a proof of concept (POC) before approval and deployment. In GDS, your data model and algorithm choices are highly dependent on the questions you’re trying to answer. Make sure your data scientists and subject matter experts are involved to ensure the right assumptions are made and your IT teams raise any red flags from end-users. Take advantage of vendors that provide POC services to help accelerate your project with their graph experience. 10.

Video advice: Create Graphs in Science

Learn how to create a graph for science.

Video advice: How to Make A Science Fair Table and Graph

Here is how to use a spreadsheet and a word processing program to create a table and graph for a science fair project in a helpful format. Mr. Luehmann is a middle school science teacher.

What kind of graph should I use for my science project?

BAR GRAPH – This is the most common type for science fair projects. You may select a bar graph when your independent variable is qualitative (categories) or quantitative (numbers). ... For example, line graphs are great for showing changes in the dependent variable over time or distance along a transect.

What are the 6 steps to making a scientific graph?

• Step 1: Identify the variables. ...
• Step 2: Determine the variable range. ...
• Step 3: Determine the scale of the graph. ...
• Step 4: Number and label each axis and title the graph.
• Step 5: Determine the data points and plot on the graph. ...
• Step 6: Draw the graph.

What is the easiest way to create a graph?

Create a chart

• Select the data for which you want to create a chart.
• Click INSERT > Recommended Charts.
• On the Recommended Charts tab, scroll through the list of charts that Excel recommends for your data, and click any chart to see how your data will look. ...
• When you find the chart you like, click it > OK.

What are 3 types of graphs used in science?

Using Graphs in Science Three commonly used types of graphs are bar graphs, circle graphs, and line graphs .

How do you graph science?

Drawing Scientific Graphs

• Give your graph a descriptive title. ...
• Ensure you have put your graph the right way around. ...
• Determine the variable range. ...
• Determine the scale factor of the graph.
• Label the horizontal and vertical axes with units clearly. ...
• Remove any outliers. ...
• Draw a line of best fit.

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1.3: Presenting Data - Graphs and Tables

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Types of Data

There are different types of data that can be collected in an experiment. Typically, we try to design experiments that collect objective, quantitative data.

Objective  data is fact-based, measurable, and observable. This means that if two people made the same measurement with the same tool, they would get the same answer. The measurement is determined by the object that is being measured. The length of a worm measured with a ruler is an objective measurement. The observation that a chemical reaction in a test tube changed color is an objective measurement. Both of these are observable facts.

Subjective  data is based on opinions, points of view, or emotional judgment. Subjective data might give two different answers when collected by two different people. The measurement is determined by the subject who is doing the measuring. Surveying people about which of two chemicals smells worse is a subjective measurement. Grading the quality of a presentation is a subjective measurement. Rating your relative happiness on a scale of 1-5 is a subjective measurement. All of these depend on the person who is making the observation – someone else might make these measurements differently.

Quantitative  measurements gather numerical data. For example, measuring a worm as being 5cm in length is a quantitative measurement.

Qualitative  measurements describe a quality, rather than a numerical value. Saying that one worm is longer than another worm is a qualitative measurement.

After you have collected data in an experiment, you need to figure out the best way to present that data in a meaningful way. Depending on the type of data, and the story that you are trying to tell using that data, you may present your data in different ways.

Query \(\PageIndex{1}\)

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Data Tables

The easiest way to organize data is by putting it into a data table. In most data tables, the independent variable (the variable that you are testing or changing on purpose) will be in the column to the left and the dependent variable(s) will be across the top of the table.

Be sure to:

• Label each row and column so that the table can be interpreted
• Include the units that are being used
• Add a descriptive caption for the table

Example \(\PageIndex{1}\)

You are evaluating the effect of different types of fertilizers on plant growth. You plant 12 tomato plants and divide them into three groups, where each group contains four plants. To the first group, you do not add fertilizer and the plants are watered with plain water. The second and third groups are watered with two different brands of fertilizer. After three weeks, you measure the growth of each plant in centimeters and calculate the average growth for each type of fertilizer.

Scientific Method Review:  Can you identify the key parts of the scientific method from this experiment?

• Independent variable – Type of treatment (brand of fertilizer)
• Dependent variable – plant growth in cm
• Control group(s) – Plants treated with no fertilizer
• Experimental group(s) – Plants treated with different brands of fertilizer

Graphing data

Graphs are used to display data because it is easier to see trends in the data when it is displayed visually compared to when it is displayed numerically in a table. Complicated data can often be displayed and interpreted more easily in a graph format than in a data table.

In a graph, the X-axis runs horizontally (side to side) and the Y-axis runs vertically (up and down). Typically, the independent variable will be shown on the X axis and the dependent variable will be shown on the Y axis (just like you learned in math class!).

Line graphs are the best type of graph to use when you are displaying a change in something over a continuous range. For example, you could use a line graph to display a change in temperature over time. Time is a continuous variable because it can have any value between two given measurements. It is measured along a continuum. Between 1 minute and 2 minutes are an infinite number of values, such as 1.1 minute or 1.93456 minutes.

Changes in several different samples can be shown on the same graph by using lines that differ in color, symbol, etc.

Bar Graph

Bar graphs are used to compare measurements between different groups. Bar graphs should be used when your data is not continuous, but rather is divided into different categories. If you counted the number of birds of different species, each species of bird would be its own category. There is no value between “robin” and “eagle”, so this data is not continuous.

Scatter Plot

Scatter plots are used to evaluate the relationship between two different continuous variables. These graphs compare changes in two different variables at once. For example, you could look at the relationship between height and weight. Both height and weight are continuous variables. You could not use a scatter plot to look at the relationship between number of children in a family and weight of each child because the number of children in a family is not a continuous variable: you can’t have 2.3 children in a family.

Query \(\PageIndex{3}\)

How to make a graph

• Identify your independent and dependent variables.
• Choose the correct type of graph by determining whether each variable is continuous or not.
• Determine the values that are going to go on the X and Y axis. If the values are continuous, they need to be evenly spaced based on the value.
• Label the X and Y axis, including units.
• Graph your data.
• Add a descriptive caption to your graph. Note that data tables are titled above the figure and graphs are captioned below the figure.

Example \(\PageIndex{2}\)

Let’s go back to the data from our fertilizer experiment and use it to make a graph. I’ve decided to graph only the average growth for the four plants because that is the most important piece of data. Including every single data point would make the graph very confusing.

• The independent variable is type of treatment and the dependent variable is plant growth (in cm).
• Type of treatment is not a continuous variable. There is no midpoint value between fertilizer brands (Brand A 1/2 doesn’t make sense). Plant growth is a continuous variable. It makes sense to sub-divide centimeters into smaller values. Since the independent variable is categorical and the dependent variable is continuous, this graph should be a bar graph.
• Plant growth (the dependent variable) should go on the Y axis and type of treatment (the independent variable) should go on the X axis.
• Notice that the values on the Y axis are continuous and evenly spaced. Each line represents an increase of 5cm.
• Notice that both the X and the Y axis have labels that include units (when required).
• Notice that the graph has a descriptive caption that allows the figure to stand alone without additional information given from the procedure: you know that this graph shows the average of the measurements taken from four tomato plants.

Descriptive captions

All figures that present data should stand alone – this means that you should be able to interpret the information contained in the figure without referring to anything else (such as the methods section of the paper). This means that all figures should have a descriptive caption that gives information about the independent and dependent variable. Another way to state this is that the caption should describe what you are testing and what you are measuring. A good starting point to developing a caption is “the effect of [the independent variable] on the [dependent variable].”

Here are some examples of good caption for figures:

• The effect of exercise on heart rate
• Growth rates of E. coli at different temperatures
• The relationship between heat shock time and transformation efficiency

Here are a few less effective captions:

• Heart rate and exercise
• Graph of E. coli temperature growth
• Table for experiment 1

Query \(\PageIndex{4}\)

Analyze Results Once you have your data, you may want to present it in the form of a graph. You can choose between the different types of graphs below. Decide which type of graph would best communicate your findings. Your basic choices are bar graph, line graph, pie chart, or scatter plot. BAR GRAPH  – This is the most common type for science fair projects. You may select a bar graph when your independent variable is qualitative (categories) or quantitative (numbers). LINE GRAPH  â€“ This type of graph is most often used to show changes in the dependent variable over time or distance. For example, you could show how the temperature of hot water placed in different containers changes over time. PIE CHART  â€“ Pie charts are good for projects that have qualitative independent variables (categories such as color) and have data that can be expressed as percentages of the total.  SCATTER PLOT  â€“ This type of graph is less common.  It is often used to determine if two variables are related when there is not a clear choice of independent and dependent variables (for example wind speed and water temperature). This option typically requires much more data than the others to observe a trend. 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Share Tweet Email Print Home ⋅ Science Fair Project Ideas for Kids, Middle & High School Students ⋅ A Science Fair Project on Tooth Decay Teeth Science Projects Healthy teeth are vital when you chew food, which is important for digestion. They make it easier for our mouths to form words and – let's not forget – they make radiant smiles. Because teeth are so important, tooth decay can be a serious problem. A science fair project provides an opportunity to demonstrate how tooth decay happens and how to prevent it. You'll need to create many samples for this project, and you probably don't have a collection of teeth for them. Don't worry. Eggshells are a great substitute, and you can get as many of those as you need. Causes of Tooth Decay You've probably heard that sweet foods are a major cause of tooth decay, but that leads to two important questions with demonstrable answers. The first question is "Does the sugar in these foods cause the decay or is it something else?" The second question is "How do you prevent decay? " To answer the first question, soak eggshells in a variety of solutions that may or may not cause decay. Eggshells are a good substitute for teeth because they are made from chemicals similar to those that form tooth enamel. You can choose the solutions based on what you think are the most likely causes of decay, but one of the solutions should be pure sugar water, because you specifically want to know if sugar is the culprit. Here are some other possibilities: Mineral water Let the samples sit for a week and then note the condition of the eggshells and write down the results. You'll probably notice that the eggshells that soaked in cola and vinegar are the most affected. In fact, there may be nothing left of them. On the other hand, the eggshells in mineral water and sugar water are mostly unaffected, while those in lemonade and milk may or may not show signs of decay. The Explanation Dentists warn about sweet foods because sugar feeds bacteria living in a layer of plaque on the surface of tooth enamel. These bacteria create acids through their metabolism, and it's the acids that cause decay. Cola contains phosphoric acid, and vinegar contains acetic acid. Both acids are concentrated enough to soften and partially dissolve eggshells. Sugar water and mineral water aren't acidic, so the eggshells in these liquids should be unaffected. Lemonade contains citric acid, and milk contains lactic acid, but these are less concentrated than the acids in cola and vinegar, so you may or may not see damage to the eggshells immersed in these liquids. As a follow-up, you might let the eggshells in the milk and lemonade sit for a while longer to see how long it takes for them to show signs of decay. Preventing Decay Besides cleaning your teeth regularly, is there any way to prevent decay? Dentists recommend fluoride, but does it really help? Find out for yourself with eggshells and two jars filled with vinegar. Coat one eggshell completely with gel fluoride toothpaste and put it in one jar and then put an uncoated eggshell in the other jar. Watch for signs of decay on the uncoated eggshell and when you see them, note the condition of the eggshell you coated with toothpaste. If fluoride works, you shouldn't see any decay. Follow up this demonstration by allowing the coated eggshell to remain in the vinegar to see how long it takes to start decaying. Related Articles Science project for the effects that beverages have..., list of acidic liquids, how to use eggs as a dental hygiene experiment, kids' science fair projects on tooth decay, science projects on soda & teeth, why does soda pop clean coins, experiments on cleaning pennies, chalk and vinegar science projects, penny tarnish reverse projects, toothpaste science projects, science projects about kitchen chemistry, science project on why bones get rubbery in vinegar, what do calcium chloride & baking soda make, dangers of phosphoric acid, good news tooth regeneration could replace fillings, how to raise the ph level in water, step-by-step science project on which juice cleans..., how to make water clear after adding food coloring, girly science fair projects for kids. Kids Health: Mouth and Teeth MadSci Network: How Are Teeth Similar to Eggshells? About the Author Chris Deziel holds a Bachelor's degree in physics and a Master's degree in Humanities, He has taught science, math and English at the university level, both in his native Canada and in Japan. He began writing online in 2010, offering information in scientific, cultural and practical topics. His writing covers science, math and home improvement and design, as well as religion and the oriental healing arts. Find Your Next Great Science Fair Project! GO Science Bob Experiments Science Fair Ideas Science Q&A Research Help Experiment Blog Okay, this is the hardest part of the whole project…picking your topic. But here are some ideas to get you started. Even if you don’t like any, they may inspire you to come up with one of your own. Remember, check all project ideas with your teacher and parents, and don’t do any project that would hurt or scare people or animals. Good luck! Does music affect on animal behavior? Does the color of food or drinks affect whether or not we like them? Where are the most germs in your school? ( CLICK for more info. ) Does music have an affect on plant growth? Which kind of food do dogs (or any animal) prefer best? Which paper towel brand is the strongest? What is the best way to keep an ice cube from melting? What level of salt works best to hatch brine shrimp? Can the food we eat affect our heart rate? How effective are child-proof containers and locks. Can background noise levels affect how well we concentrate? Does acid rain affect the growth of aquatic plants? What is the best way to keep cut flowers fresh the longest? Does the color of light used on plants affect how well they grow? What plant fertilizer works best? Does the color of a room affect human behavior? Do athletic students have better lung capacity? What brand of battery lasts the longest? Does the type of potting soil used in planting affect how fast the plant grows? What type of food allow mold to grow the fastest? Does having worms in soil help plants grow faster? Can plants grow in pots if they are sideways or upside down? Does the color of hair affect how much static electricity it can carry? (test with balloons) How much weight can the surface tension of water hold? Can some people really read someone else’s thoughts? Which soda decays fallen out teeth the most? What light brightness makes plants grow the best? Does the color of birdseed affect how much birds will eat it? Do natural or chemical fertilizers work best? Can mice learn? (you can pick any animal) Can people tell artificial smells from real ones? What brands of bubble gum produce the biggest bubbles? Does age affect human reaction times? What is the effect of salt on the boiling temperature of water? Does shoe design really affect an athlete’s jumping height? What type of grass seed grows the fastest? Can animals see in the dark better than humans? Didn’t see one you like? Don’t worry…look over them again and see if they give you an idea for your own project that will work for you. Remember, find something that interests you, and have fun with it. To download and print this list of ideas CLICK HERE . The scientific method science fair resources a little helpful advice Entertainment How to Watch My watchlist Stock market Biden economy Personal finance Stocks: most active Stocks: gainers Stocks: losers Trending tickers World indices US Treasury bonds Top mutual funds Highest open interest Highest implied volatility Currency converter Basic materials Communication services Consumer cyclical Consumer defensive Financial services Industrials Real estate Mutual funds Credit cards Balance transfer cards Cash back cards Rewards cards Travel cards Online checking High-yield savings Money market Home equity loan Personal loans Student loans Options pit Fantasy football Pro Pick 'Em College Pick 'Em Fantasy baseball Fantasy hockey Fantasy basketball Download the app Daily fantasy Scores and schedules GameChannel World Baseball Classic Premier League CONCACAF League Champions League Motorsports Horse racing Newsletters New on Yahoo Privacy Dashboard 15 men brought to military enlistment office after mass brawl in Moscow Oblast Local security forces brought 15 men to a military enlistment office after a mass brawl at a warehouse of the Russian Wildberries company in Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast on Feb. 8, Russian Telegram channel Shot reported . 29 people were also taken to police stations. Among the arrested were citizens of Kyrgyzstan. A mass brawl involving over 100 employees and security personnel broke out at the Wildberries warehouse in Elektrostal on Dec. 8. Read also: Moscow recruits ‘construction brigades’ from Russian students, Ukraine says We’re bringing the voice of Ukraine to the world. Support us with a one-time donation, or become a Patron ! Read the original article on The New Voice of Ukraine Grades 6-12 School Leaders NEW: Classroom Clean-Up/Set-Up Email Course! 🧽 72 Easy Science Experiments Using Materials You Already Have On Hand Because science doesn’t have to be complicated. If there is one thing that is guaranteed to get your students excited, it’s a good science experiment! While some experiments require expensive lab equipment or dangerous chemicals, there are plenty of cool projects you can do with regular household items. We’ve rounded up a big collection of easy science experiments that anybody can try, and kids are going to love them! Easy Chemistry Science Experiments Easy physics science experiments, easy biology and environmental science experiments, easy engineering experiments and stem challenges. 1. Taste the Rainbow Teach your students about diffusion while creating a beautiful and tasty rainbow! Tip: Have extra Skittles on hand so your class can eat a few! Learn more: Skittles Diffusion 2. Crystallize sweet treats Crystal science experiments teach kids about supersaturated solutions. This one is easy to do at home, and the results are absolutely delicious! Learn more: Candy Crystals 3. Make a volcano erupt This classic experiment demonstrates a chemical reaction between baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) and vinegar (acetic acid), which produces carbon dioxide gas, water, and sodium acetate. Learn more: Best Volcano Experiments 4. Make elephant toothpaste This fun project uses yeast and a hydrogen peroxide solution to create overflowing “elephant toothpaste.” Tip: Add an extra fun layer by having kids create toothpaste wrappers for plastic bottles. 5. Blow the biggest bubbles you can Add a few simple ingredients to dish soap solution to create the largest bubbles you’ve ever seen! Kids learn about surface tension as they engineer these bubble-blowing wands. Learn more: Giant Soap Bubbles 6. Demonstrate the “magic” leakproof bag All you need is a zip-top plastic bag, sharp pencils, and water to blow your kids’ minds. Once they’re suitably impressed, teach them how the “trick” works by explaining the chemistry of polymers. Learn more: Leakproof Bag 7. Use apple slices to learn about oxidation Have students make predictions about what will happen to apple slices when immersed in different liquids, then put those predictions to the test. Have them record their observations. Learn more: Apple Oxidation 8. Float a marker man Their eyes will pop out of their heads when you “levitate” a stick figure right off the table! This experiment works due to the insolubility of dry-erase marker ink in water, combined with the lighter density of the ink. Learn more: Floating Marker Man 9. Discover density with hot and cold water There are a lot of easy science experiments you can do with density. This one is extremely simple, involving only hot and cold water and food coloring, but the visuals make it appealing and fun. Learn more: Layered Water 10. Layer more liquids This density demo is a little more complicated, but the effects are spectacular. Slowly layer liquids like honey, dish soap, water, and rubbing alcohol in a glass. Kids will be amazed when the liquids float one on top of the other like magic (except it is really science). Learn more: Layered Liquids 11. Grow a carbon sugar snake Easy science experiments can still have impressive results! This eye-popping chemical reaction demonstration only requires simple supplies like sugar, baking soda, and sand. Learn more: Carbon Sugar Snake 12. Mix up some slime Tell kids you’re going to make slime at home, and watch their eyes light up! There are a variety of ways to make slime, so try a few different recipes to find the one you like best. 13. Make homemade bouncy balls These homemade bouncy balls are easy to make since all you need is glue, food coloring, borax powder, cornstarch, and warm water. You’ll want to store them inside a container like a plastic egg because they will flatten out over time. Learn more: Make Your Own Bouncy Balls 14. Create eggshell chalk Eggshells contain calcium, the same material that makes chalk. Grind them up and mix them with flour, water, and food coloring to make your very own sidewalk chalk. Learn more: Eggshell Chalk 15. Make naked eggs This is so cool! Use vinegar to dissolve the calcium carbonate in an eggshell to discover the membrane underneath that holds the egg together. Then, use the “naked” egg for another easy science experiment that demonstrates osmosis . Learn more: Naked Egg Experiment 16. Turn milk into plastic This sounds a lot more complicated than it is, but don’t be afraid to give it a try. Use simple kitchen supplies to create plastic polymers from plain old milk. Sculpt them into cool shapes when you’re done! 17. Test pH using cabbage Teach kids about acids and bases without needing pH test strips! Simply boil some red cabbage and use the resulting water to test various substances—acids turn red and bases turn green. Learn more: Cabbage pH 18. Clean some old coins Use common household items to make old oxidized coins clean and shiny again in this simple chemistry experiment. Ask kids to predict (hypothesize) which will work best, then expand the learning by doing some research to explain the results. Learn more: Cleaning Coins 19. Pull an egg into a bottle This classic easy science experiment never fails to delight. Use the power of air pressure to suck a hard-boiled egg into a jar, no hands required. Learn more: Egg in a Bottle 20. Blow up a balloon (without blowing) Chances are good you probably did easy science experiments like this when you were in school. The baking soda and vinegar balloon experiment demonstrates the reactions between acids and bases when you fill a bottle with vinegar and a balloon with baking soda. 21 Assemble a DIY lava lamp This 1970s trend is back—as an easy science experiment! This activity combines acid-base reactions with density for a totally groovy result. 22. Explore how sugary drinks affect teeth The calcium content of eggshells makes them a great stand-in for teeth. Use eggs to explore how soda and juice can stain teeth and wear down the enamel. Expand your learning by trying different toothpaste-and-toothbrush combinations to see how effective they are. Learn more: Sugar and Teeth Experiment 23. Mummify a hot dog If your kids are fascinated by the Egyptians, they’ll love learning to mummify a hot dog! No need for canopic jars , just grab some baking soda and get started. 24. Extinguish flames with carbon dioxide This is a fiery twist on acid-base experiments. Light a candle and talk about what fire needs in order to survive. Then, create an acid-base reaction and “pour” the carbon dioxide to extinguish the flame. The CO2 gas acts like a liquid, suffocating the fire. 25. Send secret messages with invisible ink Turn your kids into secret agents! Write messages with a paintbrush dipped in lemon juice, then hold the paper over a heat source and watch the invisible become visible as oxidation goes to work. Learn more: Invisible Ink 26. Create dancing popcorn This is a fun version of the classic baking soda and vinegar experiment, perfect for the younger crowd. The bubbly mixture causes popcorn to dance around in the water. 27. Shoot a soda geyser sky-high You’ve always wondered if this really works, so it’s time to find out for yourself! Kids will marvel at the chemical reaction that sends diet soda shooting high in the air when Mentos are added. Learn more: Soda Explosion 28. Send a teabag flying Hot air rises, and this experiment can prove it! You’ll want to supervise kids with fire, of course. For more safety, try this one outside. Learn more: Flying Tea Bags 29. Create magic milk This fun and easy science experiment demonstrates principles related to surface tension, molecular interactions, and fluid dynamics. Learn more: Magic Milk Experiment 30. Watch the water rise Learn about Charles’s Law with this simple experiment. As the candle burns, using up oxygen and heating the air in the glass, the water rises as if by magic. Learn more: Rising Water 31. Learn about capillary action Kids will be amazed as they watch the colored water move from glass to glass, and you’ll love the easy and inexpensive setup. Gather some water, paper towels, and food coloring to teach the scientific magic of capillary action. Learn more: Capillary Action 32. Give a balloon a beard Equally educational and fun, this experiment will teach kids about static electricity using everyday materials. Kids will undoubtedly get a kick out of creating beards on their balloon person! Learn more: Static Electricity 33. Find your way with a DIY compass Here’s an old classic that never fails to impress. Magnetize a needle, float it on the water’s surface, and it will always point north. Learn more: DIY Compass 34. Crush a can using air pressure Sure, it’s easy to crush a soda can with your bare hands, but what if you could do it without touching it at all? That’s the power of air pressure! 35. Tell time using the sun While people use clocks or even phones to tell time today, there was a time when a sundial was the best means to do that. Kids will certainly get a kick out of creating their own sundials using everyday materials like cardboard and pencils. Learn more: Make Your Own Sundial 36. Launch a balloon rocket Grab balloons, string, straws, and tape, and launch rockets to learn about the laws of motion. 37. Make sparks with steel wool All you need is steel wool and a 9-volt battery to perform this science demo that’s bound to make their eyes light up! Kids learn about chain reactions, chemical changes, and more. Learn more: Steel Wool Electricity 38. Levitate a Ping-Pong ball Kids will get a kick out of this experiment, which is really all about Bernoulli’s principle. You only need plastic bottles, bendy straws, and Ping-Pong balls to make the science magic happen. 39. Whip up a tornado in a bottle There are plenty of versions of this classic experiment out there, but we love this one because it sparkles! Kids learn about a vortex and what it takes to create one. Learn more: Tornado in a Bottle 40. Monitor air pressure with a DIY barometer This simple but effective DIY science project teaches kids about air pressure and meteorology. They’ll have fun tracking and predicting the weather with their very own barometer. Learn more: DIY Barometer 41. Peer through an ice magnifying glass Students will certainly get a thrill out of seeing how an everyday object like a piece of ice can be used as a magnifying glass. Be sure to use purified or distilled water since tap water will have impurities in it that will cause distortion. Learn more: Ice Magnifying Glass 42. String up some sticky ice Can you lift an ice cube using just a piece of string? This quick experiment teaches you how. Use a little salt to melt the ice and then refreeze the ice with the string attached. Learn more: Sticky Ice 43. “Flip” a drawing with water Light refraction causes some really cool effects, and there are multiple easy science experiments you can do with it. This one uses refraction to “flip” a drawing; you can also try the famous “disappearing penny” trick . Learn more: Light Refraction With Water 44. Color some flowers We love how simple this project is to re-create since all you’ll need are some white carnations, food coloring, glasses, and water. The end result is just so beautiful! 45. Use glitter to fight germs Everyone knows that glitter is just like germs—it gets everywhere and is so hard to get rid of! Use that to your advantage and show kids how soap fights glitter and germs. Learn more: Glitter Germs 46. Re-create the water cycle in a bag You can do so many easy science experiments with a simple zip-top bag. Fill one partway with water and set it on a sunny windowsill to see how the water evaporates up and eventually “rains” down. Learn more: Water Cycle 47. Learn about plant transpiration Your backyard is a terrific place for easy science experiments. Grab a plastic bag and rubber band to learn how plants get rid of excess water they don’t need, a process known as transpiration. Learn more: Plant Transpiration 48. Clean up an oil spill Before conducting this experiment, teach your students about engineers who solve environmental problems like oil spills. Then, have your students use provided materials to clean the oil spill from their oceans. Learn more: Oil Spill 49. Construct a pair of model lungs Kids get a better understanding of the respiratory system when they build model lungs using a plastic water bottle and some balloons. You can modify the experiment to demonstrate the effects of smoking too. Learn more: Model Lungs 50. Experiment with limestone rocks Kids  love to collect rocks, and there are plenty of easy science experiments you can do with them. In this one, pour vinegar over a rock to see if it bubbles. If it does, you’ve found limestone! Learn more: Limestone Experiments 51. Turn a bottle into a rain gauge All you need is a plastic bottle, a ruler, and a permanent marker to make your own rain gauge. Monitor your measurements and see how they stack up against meteorology reports in your area. Learn more: DIY Rain Gauge 52. Build up towel mountains This clever demonstration helps kids understand how some landforms are created. Use layers of towels to represent rock layers and boxes for continents. Then pu-u-u-sh and see what happens! Learn more: Towel Mountains 53. Take a play dough core sample Learn about the layers of the earth by building them out of Play-Doh, then take a core sample with a straw. ( Love Play-Doh? Get more learning ideas here. ) Learn more: Play Dough Core Sampling 54. Project the stars on your ceiling Use the video lesson in the link below to learn why stars are only visible at night. Then create a DIY star projector to explore the concept hands-on. Learn more: DIY Star Projector 55. Make it rain Use shaving cream and food coloring to simulate clouds and rain. This is an easy science experiment little ones will beg to do over and over. Learn more: Shaving Cream Rain 56. Blow up your fingerprint This is such a cool (and easy!) way to look at fingerprint patterns. Inflate a balloon a bit, use some ink to put a fingerprint on it, then blow it up big to see your fingerprint in detail. 57. Snack on a DNA model Twizzlers, gumdrops, and a few toothpicks are all you need to make this super-fun (and yummy!) DNA model. Learn more: Edible DNA Model 58. Dissect a flower Take a nature walk and find a flower or two. Then bring them home and take them apart to discover all the different parts of flowers. 59. Craft smartphone speakers No Bluetooth speaker? No problem! Put together your own from paper cups and toilet paper tubes. Learn more: Smartphone Speakers 60. Race a balloon-powered car Kids will be amazed when they learn they can put together this awesome racer using cardboard and bottle-cap wheels. The balloon-powered “engine” is so much fun too. Learn more: Balloon-Powered Car 61. Build a Ferris wheel You’ve probably ridden on a Ferris wheel, but can you build one? Stock up on wood craft sticks and find out! Play around with different designs to see which one works best. Learn more: Craft Stick Ferris Wheel 62. Design a phone stand There are lots of ways to craft a DIY phone stand, which makes this a perfect creative-thinking STEM challenge. 63. Conduct an egg drop Put all their engineering skills to the test with an egg drop! Challenge kids to build a container from stuff they find around the house that will protect an egg from a long fall (this is especially fun to do from upper-story windows). Learn more: Egg Drop Challenge Ideas 64. Engineer a drinking-straw roller coaster STEM challenges are always a hit with kids. We love this one, which only requires basic supplies like drinking straws. Learn more: Straw Roller Coaster 65. Build a solar oven Explore the power of the sun when you build your own solar ovens and use them to cook some yummy treats. This experiment takes a little more time and effort, but the results are always impressive. The link below has complete instructions. Learn more: Solar Oven 66. Build a Da Vinci bridge There are plenty of bridge-building experiments out there, but this one is unique. It’s inspired by Leonardo da Vinci’s 500-year-old self-supporting wooden bridge. Learn how to build it at the link, and expand your learning by exploring more about Da Vinci himself. Learn more: Da Vinci Bridge 67. Step through an index card This is one easy science experiment that never fails to astonish. With carefully placed scissor cuts on an index card, you can make a loop large enough to fit a (small) human body through! Kids will be wowed as they learn about surface area. 68. Stand on a pile of paper cups Combine physics and engineering and challenge kids to create a paper cup structure that can support their weight. This is a cool project for aspiring architects. Learn more: Paper Cup Stack 69. Test out parachutes Gather a variety of materials (try tissues, handkerchiefs, plastic bags, etc.) and see which ones make the best parachutes. You can also find out how they’re affected by windy days or find out which ones work in the rain. Learn more: Parachute Drop 70. Recycle newspapers into an engineering challenge It’s amazing how a stack of newspapers can spark such creative engineering. Challenge kids to build a tower, support a book, or even build a chair using only newspaper and tape! Learn more: Newspaper STEM Challenge 71. Use rubber bands to sound out acoustics Explore the ways that sound waves are affected by what’s around them using a simple rubber band “guitar.” (Kids absolutely love playing with these!) Learn more: Rubber Band Guitar 72. Assemble a better umbrella Challenge students to engineer the best possible umbrella from various household supplies. Encourage them to plan, draw blueprints, and test their creations using the scientific method. Learn more: Umbrella STEM Challenge Plus, sign up for our newsletters to get all the latest learning ideas straight to your inbox. You Might Also Like Magic Milk Experiment: How-To Plus Free Worksheet This classic experiment teaches kids about basic chemistry and physics. Continue Reading Copyright © 2024. All rights reserved. 5335 Gate Parkway, Jacksonville, FL 32256 for Education Google Classroom Google Workspace Admin Google Cloud Gemini for Google Workspace is here. Transform education with the help of Google’s most advanced AI widely available today. 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Contact sales Find a partner What’s happening in education New chromebook plus for educators, powered by ai, four new ways we’re partnering with the disability community, how we’re building accessibility into our chromebooks around the world, more ways to connect:. We’re here to help Learn more about our products, find a purchase partner, and get specific answers from our support team any time. Get support You're now viewing content for a different region. For content more relevant to your region, we suggest: Sign up here for updates, insights, resources, and more. Help | Advanced Search Computer Science > Machine Learning Title: spatio-spectral graph neural networks. Abstract: Spatial Message Passing Graph Neural Networks (MPGNNs) are widely used for learning on graph-structured data. However, key limitations of l-step MPGNNs are that their "receptive field" is typically limited to the l-hop neighborhood of a node and that information exchange between distant nodes is limited by over-squashing. Motivated by these limitations, we propose Spatio-Spectral Graph Neural Networks (S$^2$GNNs) -- a new modeling paradigm for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) that synergistically combines spatially and spectrally parametrized graph filters. Parameterizing filters partially in the frequency domain enables global yet efficient information propagation. We show that S$^2$GNNs vanquish over-squashing and yield strictly tighter approximation-theoretic error bounds than MPGNNs. Further, rethinking graph convolutions at a fundamental level unlocks new design spaces. For example, S$^2$GNNs allow for free positional encodings that make them strictly more expressive than the 1-Weisfeiler-Lehman (WL) test. Moreover, to obtain general-purpose S$^2$GNNs, we propose spectrally parametrized filters for directed graphs. S$^2$GNNs outperform spatial MPGNNs, graph transformers, and graph rewirings, e.g., on the peptide long-range benchmark tasks, and are competitive with state-of-the-art sequence modeling. On a 40 GB GPU, S$^2$GNNs scale to millions of nodes. Comments: 46 pages, 27 figures, 12 tables Subjects: Machine Learning (cs.LG); Artificial Intelligence (cs.AI) Cite as: [cs.LG]   (or [cs.LG] for this version)   Focus to learn more arXiv-issued DOI via DataCite Submission history Access paper:. Other Formats References & Citations Google Scholar Semantic Scholar BibTeX formatted citation Bibliographic and Citation Tools Code, data and media associated with this article, recommenders and search tools. Institution arXivLabs: experimental projects with community collaborators arXivLabs is a framework that allows collaborators to develop and share new arXiv features directly on our website. Both individuals and organizations that work with arXivLabs have embraced and accepted our values of openness, community, excellence, and user data privacy. arXiv is committed to these values and only works with partners that adhere to them. Have an idea for a project that will add value for arXiv's community? Learn more about arXivLabs . 262 IMAGES Charts And Graphs For Science Fair Projects Key components of a graph image use charts and data graphs in your science fair display projects Create A Graph How to Make A Science Fair Table and Graph Charts And Graphs For Science Fair Projects VIDEO Lung Capacity Experiment Science Fair FAIR EXPERIMENT #experiment #science #entertainment The Science Fair Volcano Science fair experiment! Mia's Science Fair Experiment COMMENTS Data Analysis & Graphs Graphs. Graphs are often an excellent way to display your results. In fact, most good science fair projects have at least one graph. For any type of graph: Generally, you should place your independent variable on the x-axis of your graph and the dependent variable on the y-axis. Be sure to label the axes of your graph— don't forget to include ... Presenting Data Visually for a Science Fair Project When creating graphs for your science fair project, it's important to ensure clarity and readability. Here are some tips to help you present your data effectively: Format at most one important keyword in bold and use italics for subtle emphasis where needed. Avoid including the H3 heading in your paragraph. Summarizing Your Data This graph shows why the mean, median, and mode are all called measures of central tendency. The data values are spread out across the horizontal axis of the graph, but the mean, median, and mode are all clustered towards the center. Each one is a slightly different measure of what happened "on average" in the experiment. Plop, Plop, Fizz Fast: The Effect of Temperature on ... Alka-Seltzer is a medical drug that works as a pain reliever and an antacid (antacids help neutralize stomach acidity, such as heartburn). The pain reliever used is aspirin and the antacid used is baking soda (sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3). To take the tablets, they should be fully dissolved in a glass of water. How to Make A Science Fair Table and Graph Here is how to use a spreadsheet and a word processing program to create a table and graph for a science fair project in a helpful format. Mr. Luehmann is a... PDF FOR THE SCIENCE FAIR PROJECT IMPORTANT to include all graphs, charts, or other visual data (pictures) that helps to show your results. ... Science Fair Project Resource Guide: Samples, ideas, magazines, resources, and more. Includes a list of ... Super Science Fair Projects: Guide to projects, topics, experiments, and tips for successfully completing a Data Analysis for Advanced Science Projects Three Different Ways to Examine Data. Generally speaking, scientific data analysis usually involves one or more of following three tasks: Generating tables, Converting data into graphs or other visual displays, and/or. Using statistical tests. Tables are used to organize data in one place. How to Make a Chart for a Science Fair Project Collecting Data. The first step when making a chart for your science fair project is to collect and organize data. Some bits of information might seem more important than others, so ask yourself if you obtained the results you expected or if some evidence you collected surprised you. In a few short sentences, write down what you discovered from ... How To Design a Science Fair Experiment Draw a Conclusion. Based on the experience you gained from the experiment and whether you accepted or rejected the hypothesis, you should be able to draw some conclusions about your subject. You should state these in your report. Cite this Article. Follow these steps to design and implement a science fair experiment using the scientific method. How to Write Results for a Science Fair Project When it comes to writing up the results of your science fair project, the first step is to summarize what you discovered during your experiment. Many scientists and science students rely on visual representations of the data to help show the reader precisely how the experiment turned out. For example, you might use a table or graph to show your ... How To Make A Graph For A Science Project 10 Tips for a Successful Graph Data Science Project. Get 10 project tips and bonus resources to drive your graph data science project forward to the production of your graph use cases. Video advice: Creating Graphs for Scientific Experiments. The basics of how to create graphs for scientific experiments using independent and dependent variables. PDF Science Fair Packet Science Fair Packet. Do Not Lose! Science Fair Project. Time Line. Make a schedule for yourself. It will keep you on task at a reasonable rate and help eliminate a last-minute rush. Generally, four to five weeks should be plenty of time to complete most projects. Then think of how relaxed you will be when it is done!! Conducting the Experiment for Your Science Fair Project It is very important to take very detailed notes as you conduct your experiments. In addition to your data, record your observations as you perform the experiment. Write down any problems that occur, anything you do that is different than planned, ideas that come to mind, or interesting occurrences. Be on the lookout for the unexpected. Create A Graph Read our: Create A Graph Tutorial. The NCES Kids' Zone provides information to help you learn about schools; decide on a college; find a public library; engage in several games, quizzes and skill building about math, probability, graphing, and mathematicians; and to learn many interesting facts about education. 1.3: Presenting Data Let's go back to the data from our fertilizer experiment and use it to make a graph. I've decided to graph only the average growth for the four plants because that is the most important piece of data. ... We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. Legal. Accessibility ... Inglewood Science Fair BAR GRAPH - This is the most common type for science fair projects. You may select a bar graph when your independent variable is qualitative (categories) or quantitative (numbers). LINE GRAPH - This type of graph is most often used to show changes in the dependent variable over time or distance. For example, you could show how the ... A Science Fair Project on Tooth Decay A science fair project provides an opportunity to demonstrate how tooth decay happens and how to prevent it. You'll need to create many samples for this project, and you probably don't have a collection of teeth for them. Don't worry. Eggshells are a great substitute, and you can get as many of those as you need. Make a Balloon Powered Car If you just want to build a car for fun, or for a science fair project, you can pick which materials you want to use. Many different materials will work, but here are some suggestions: ... Science Buddies / Science Buddies. Example graph shows ambient light measurements as a balloon-powered car passes over the light sensor on a smartphone. The ... Science Fair Project Resource Guide Graphs; A Written Report; Preparing a Display; An Oral Report; Whatever method your teacher or science fair has chosen, you should find some helpful advice in the following sites. Graphs . If your project involves counting or measuring anything — and science usually does — then your results will have a lot of numbers. PDF Data Analysis & Graphs Graphs are often an excellent way to display your results. In fact, most good science fair projects have at least one graph. For any type of graph: • Generally, you should place your independent variable on the x-axis of your graph and the dependent variable on the y-axis. • Be sure to label the axes of your graph— don't forget to include ... 70 Best High School Science Fair Projects in Every Subject Remove the air in a DIY vacuum chamber. Instructables. Difficulty: Medium / Materials: Medium. You can use a vacuum chamber to do lots of cool high school science fair projects, but a ready-made one can be expensive. Try this project to make your own with basic supplies. Learn more: Vacuum Chamber at Instructables. List of Science Fair Ideas and Experiments You Can Do Remember, find something that interests you, and have fun with it. To download and print this list of ideas CLICK HERE. Here's a list of over 30 Science Fair ideas to get you started. Then download science experiments, and watch experiment videos to inspire your project. Make Popping Boba Balls Out of Your Drinks Later, you could print your pictures and put them on your Science Fair Project Display Board. Add 1/8 tsp. (0.5 g) of sodium citrate to the 1/4 C of sodium alginate and food solution. Mix in the sodium citrate with a clean spoon and let the mixture sit for 60 sec; this will let bubbles you added from mixing settle out of the mixture. The Big List of Science Fair Project Ideas, Resources, and More Animal Habitat Activities and Projects. Balloon Science Experiments and Projects. Climate Change Activities and Project Ideas. Electricity Experiments and Science Projects. Ocean Experiments, Projects, and Activities. Plant Life Cycle Projects and Experiments. Science Projects for Learning About Germs. Space Science Experiments and Activities. 50 Fantastic 4th Grade Science Projects and Experiments Dec 27, 2023. Nothing gets kids more excited for science than hands-on experiments! Watch your 4th grade science students' eyes light up when they try some of these activities. You'll find physics, biology, engineering, chemistry, and more. These projects are easy to set up and really help drive the learning home. Get ready for some science ... AVSIM Library UUEE - Sheremetyevo International - Moscow, Russia. Sheremetyevo International Airport is an international airport located in the Moscow Oblast, Russia, 29 km (18 mi) north-west of central Moscow. It is a hub for the passenger operations of the Russian international airline Aeroflot, and one of the three major airports serving Moscow along with ... 15 men brought to military enlistment office after mass brawl ... Local security forces brought 15 men to a military enlistment office after a mass brawl at a warehouse of the Russian Wildberries company in Elektrostal, Moscow Oblast on Feb. 8, Russian Telegram ... 70 Easy Science Experiments Using Materials You Already Have Go Science Kids. 43. "Flip" a drawing with water. Light refraction causes some really cool effects, and there are multiple easy science experiments you can do with it. This one uses refraction to "flip" a drawing; you can also try the famous "disappearing penny" trick. Google for Education Bring flexible innovation to your school at scale. Spend less time on administrative tasks and more time making an impact on student education. Equip your teachers with tools, resources, and professional development so they can focus on their students. Discover K-12 solutions. Connect with a partner. [2405.19121] Spatio-Spectral Graph Neural Networks Spatial Message Passing Graph Neural Networks (MPGNNs) are widely used for learning on graph-structured data. However, key limitations of l-step MPGNNs are that their "receptive field" is typically limited to the l-hop neighborhood of a node and that information exchange between distant nodes is limited by over-squashing. Motivated by these limitations, we propose Spatio-Spectral Graph Neural ... essay homework paper phd project resume review speech study thesis