(%)
A detailed description of background and contextual variables appears in Table 1 . We include demographic measures of race, ethnicity, gender, socioeconomic status as measured by self-reported income, and age.
To investigate the effects of gang dynamics on gang members’ violent victimization, we present our sample as a pooled time series. Our outcome measures of victimization are counts, and, therefore, we assume the counts follow a Poisson distribution. In estimating Poisson regressions, we found overdispersion—the variance exceeds the mean due to a large number of zeros. The negative binomial corrects for overdispersion, providing consistent and asymptotically efficient estimates of parameters and consistent estimates of standard errors. We use robust standard errors to correct for clustering on individuals and control for previous crime and victimization at t-1. Our analysis then proceeds in two steps. We first present descriptive statistics for our full sample at the person level taken from their first year of gang membership (N= 169). Next, we present person-year negative binomial regression models for both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization based on gang identity, gang organization, gang centrality, and risky behaviors and histories and controls (N= 286). Specifically, we test the hypothesis that gang dynamics are associated with both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization, net of risky behavior and histories .
Descriptive statistics for our sample of gang members are presented in Table 1 . Consistent with prior research, DYS gang members report a relatively brief period of membership: Almost half of respondents report only one year of gang tenure, 28% report two years of gang tenure, and 27% report three to six years of gang tenure. The composition of the sample reflects the ethnic and racial composition of the neighborhoods in which they reside: 54% of respondents are Hispanic and more than one-third are Black . 4 The mean age respondents reported joining a gang is 16.7 ( SD = 2.38).
We examined the distribution of missing data on the key variables in our analysis by comparing the distribution of 24 variables for included observations (n = 169) against excluded observations (n = 57). Pertaining to the majority of variables in our models we find no substantial differences between included and excluded observations. However, findings regarding gang tenure, violent offending, and carrying a weapon did indicate some statistically significant differences between included and excluded observations – though the practical implications of these differences are mostly incidental. 5 As expected given having only one data point increases the likelihood of list-wise deletion, respondents missing from analysis are more likely to report only one year of gang tenure. In addition, the 57 respondents excluded from analyses were more likely to report carrying a weapon (71% vs. 52%) and more likely to report involvement in violent offending (64% vs. 46%). While these differences do not substantively alter our interpretation of our results concerning carrying a weapon, violent offending, and violent victimization, it is worth noting more serious offenders may be underrepresented in our analyses.
Table 2 presents models predicting self-reported simple- and aggravated-assault victimization. When discussing results from negative binomial models, we convert coefficients into percent changes in-text, using the following formula:
The Effects of Gang Membership on Reported Victimization (Negative Binomial Models)
Simple Assault Victimization | Aggravated Assault Victimization | |
---|---|---|
Observations | 286 | 286 |
Individual Respondents | 169 | 169 |
Intercept | 0.36 (1.19) | −7.62 (1.74) |
Gang Dynamics | ||
Gang Organization | 0.20 (0.07) | 0.27 (0.11) |
Gang Centrality | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.71 (0.15) |
Leadership | 0.18 (0.40) | −0.96 (0.53) |
Gang Identity | −0.20 (0.15) | −0.08 (0.16) |
Gang Tenure | −0.04 (0.11) | 0.08 (0.13) |
Risky Behaviors and Histories | ||
Prior Victimization | 0.01 (0.31) | 0.21 (0.32) |
Violent Offending | 1.32 (0.29) | 0.89 (0.35) |
Violent Offendingt-1 | −0.46 (0.29) | 0.16 (0.30) |
Carrying a Hidden Weapon | 1.12 (0.26) | 1.34 (0.38) |
Beer Drinking | 0.04 (0.01) | 0.04 (0.17) |
Hard Liquor Drinking | −0.04 (0.03) | −0.04 (0.03) |
Background and Contextual Variables | ||
Age | −0.17 (0.06) | 0.09 (0.07) |
Male | 0.92 (0.37) | 0.00 (0.45) |
Black | −0.01 (0.32) | −0.43 (0.40) |
White/Other Race | −0.28 (0.37) | 0.19 (0.43) |
Income in $10,000s | −0.18 (0.21) | 0.13 (0.27) |
Fit Statistics | ||
Wald Chi-Square (16) | 81.30 | 104.44 |
Log-Likelihood | −340.7762 | −231.1857 |
BIC | 783.3602 | 564.178 |
Robust standard errors in parentheses.
Given the frequency of beer and hard liquor consumption we divided the values by 10 so the interpretation is in terms of 10's of drinks.
Coefficients converted to percent changes in-text using the following formula: (exp β -1)×100= percent change in victimization counts
Overall, results support our hypothesis that gang dynamics are associated with simple- and aggravated-assault victimization. However, some gang dynamics are clearly more important than others with regards to predicting violent victimization, and the salience of gang dynamics is not uniform across the two types of victimization.
Of our focal variables, only gang organization is associated with simple-assault victimization: a one-unit increase in perceived gang organization is associated with a 22% increase in simple-assault victimization counts among gang members. These results indicate that as perceptions of gang organization increase, the number of times per year individual gang members are victims of simple assault do as well. Such results suggest gangs are organized in favor of violence not only towards outsider threats, but towards their own members as well. Gang identity and centrality were not significantly associated with simple-assault victimization, a difference we explore further in our Discussion section.
Among individual behaviors and histories, violent offending, carrying a hidden weapon, and beer drinking are positively and significantly associated with simple-assault victimization counts. Gang members who report having engaged in one or more violent offenses in the past year see a 274% increase in victimization counts, though prior histories of violent offending are not a significant predictor of simple-assault victimization. Carrying a hidden weapon also exerts a sizable effect on simple-assault victimization; it is associated with a 206% increase in victimization counts. Drinking beer 10 times a year is associated with a 4% increase in reports of victimization. Of the background and contextual variables, age is associated with a decrease in simple-assault victimization, while being male is associated with a 151% increase in victimization. These results imply perceived gang organization and individual histories are important correlates of gang members’ simple-assault victimization, and reveal that not all gang dynamics are associated with simple-assault victimization.
Our results for aggravated assault-victimization also partially support our hypothesis. Differentiating it from our results for simple-assault victimization is the fact that both perceived gang organization and gang centrality are significant predictors of aggravated-assault victimization. The positive association between perceived gang organization and aggravated-assault victimization is slightly larger in magnitude (31% increase with each additional feature of gang membership) than is the positive association between perceived gang organization and simple-assault victimization (22%). Further, a one-unit increase in gang centrality is associated with a 103% increase in aggravated-assault victimization. This is interpreted to mean gang members who are (or believe themselves to be) heavily involved in gang activities experience aggravated assaults in considerably greater numbers than do gang members who are further removed from gang activities. On the other hand respondents who report being a leader in their gang experience approximately 62% fewer incidents of aggravated-assault victimization than do non-leaders (p < 0.10).
As with simple-assault victimization, individual behaviors and histories are associated with aggravated-assault victimization. Having carried a hidden weapon in the past year is associated with an 282% increase in counts of aggravated-assault victimization, having been involved in one or more violent offenses is associated with a 144% increase in counts of aggravated-assault, and drinking beer 10 times a year is again associated with a 4% increase in reports of aggravated-assault victimization. No demographic variables are associated with experiences of aggravated-assault victimization.
Previous research finds gang membership is associated with increases in victimization ( Delisi et al. 2009 ; Fox 2017 ; Melde et al. 2009 ; Peterson et al. 2004 ; Taylor et al. 2007 ; Wu and Pyrooz 2016 ). However, a scarcity of gang-only samples means researchers generally compare gang members to similarly situated non-gang members using broader criminological theory. As a result, most research on how gang membership influences victimization offers a partial account of how gang dynamics influence youths’ victimization trajectories. By focusing on specific mechanisms shown to inform gang member behavior ( Decker et al. 2008 ; Hennigan and Spanovic 2012 ; Leverso and Matsueda 2019 ; Hagedorn and Macon 1988 ; Klien 1997 ; Vigil 2010 ; Pyrooz et al. 2013 ), we are able to empirically support our gang-informed framework and add nuance to the gang/victimization relationship. In addition, our inclusion of both gang dynamics and individual behaviors and histories known to influence victimization ( Katz et al. 2011 ; Spano et al. 2008 ; Taylor et al. 2008 ) allows us to test the importance of gang dynamics net of these factors.
We find varying levels of support for our hypothesis, gang dynamics are associated with both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization, net of risky behavior and histories . While perceived gang organization is positively and significantly associated with both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization, gang centrality and leadership are associated only with aggravated assault, and gang identity does not appear to be associated with violent victimization. Consistent with Ozer and Engel (2012) , our findings underscore the importance of disaggregating types of violent victimization in research on its correlates. One reason is that simple assault is considerably more prevalent than the more severely injurious victimization experience of aggravated assault (see Morgan and Truman 2019 ): DYS gang member respondents reported having experienced simple assault at more than double the amount of aggravated assault. Moreover, there are substantive differences in the experiences of our measures of simple and aggravated assault, being hit and being hit with a weapon by someone trying to cause death or serious injury (aggravated assault). For example, the former could describe an impulsive schoolyard fist fight among youths, whereas the latter could imply some premeditation (obtaining a weapon) and considerably more malicious intent. In line with this, our findings suggest that while these two types of violent victimization likely share some explanatory mechanisms, there are also important differences in how and why these events come to pass. While perceived gang organization is a crucial factor in both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization, gang centrality and leadership emerge as important predictors of aggravated-, but not simple-, assault victimization.
The finding that perceived gang organization is broadly associated with increases in violent victimization is unsurprising given prior literature indicates gangs are generally organized in ways that increase both within- and between-gang violence ( Decker and Curry 2002 ; Decker and Van Winkle 1996 ; Papachristos 2009 ). Initiation-type rituals ( Vigil 1996 ), corporal punishment for violations of gang code ( Padilla 1992 ) and impulsive physical scuffles amongst mostly young and male gang members may contribute to gang members’ experiences with simple-assault victimization. In addition, there is a feedback loop between violent offending and victimization ( Pyrooz, Moule, and Decker, 2014 ). Because gang organization is associated with greater levels of violent offending, it follows that members of gangs with greater levels of organization may be victimized at higher rates than gangs with less organization. Indeed, we find positive correlations between violent offending and violent victimization (see Table 2 ), and perceived gang organization and violent offending (supplementary analyses not shown).
While perceived gang organization is associated with both simple- and aggravated-assault victimization, gang centrality and leadership are only associated with the less common but more severe-in-its-consequences aggravated-assault victimization. We suggest this finding is related to what these two gang dynamics have in common: individual agency. Where gang organization and perceptions thereof may be more closely tied to structural characteristics of the gang, centrality and leadership are more dependent on individual gang members’ characteristics, desires, and abilities. Gang organization in favor of violence generally places gang members at higher risk of offending and victimization than similarly situated youth, but there is also variation among gang members regarding risk-taking and offending behaviors. Our findings suggest the gang-specific consequences of this behavioral diversity are expressed through gang centrality and leadership status. Specifically, we argue that as centrality to gang activities increases, risk of exposure to serious victimization does too. Simply put, gang activities are high risk, so it follows that the more gang activities one participates in the higher one’s risk of victimization.
This assertion is supported by our finding that gang centrality is associated with increases in aggravated-assault victimization (see also Sweeten et al. 2013 ). Further, more central gang members may be more likely to engage in retaliatory violence, which often involves acts of violence above and beyond simple assault ( Papachristos et al. 2013 ). In support of this statement, supplemental analyses indicate more “central” DYS gang members report more involvement in violent offending. It therefore appears that while gang organization uniformly influences risk of victimization among gang members, regardless of their within-gang status, central members of the gang experience contexts for risk above and beyond those of other members, and those contexts place them at greater risk of experiencing severe violent victimization. However, while gang dynamics indicative of being a more active member increase risk of aggravated-assault victimization, leadership status appears to exert the opposite effect.
The finding that being a leader is not related to simple assault and is negatively associated with aggravated-assault victimization is surprising. While our null finding for simple assault supports the assertion that individual-level gang dynamics are not especially predictive of simple-assault victimization, the tentative finding that leadership roles insulate members from aggravated-assault victimization appears to counter our narrative that “core” gang members are exposed to serious victimization risks more than peripheral members. However, we argue this finding may be because gang members’ perceptions of leaders as among the toughest people in a gang deters would-be assailants. In addition, leadership status may in fact be tied to capacity for violence, and it is possible gang leaders are more likely to forcibly end conflicts before they escalate past what we identify here as simple assault, and have greater control over decisions to fight (see Short and Strodtbeck 1965 ). Leadership roles, therefore, may afford members some protection from aggravated-assault victimization, though leaders experience simple assault victimization at the same rates as other members.
The finding that gang identity is not significantly associated with violent victimization is somewhat surprising, and we believe it has two likely explanations. First, as with other null findings regarding simple-assault victimization, it is likely that gang organization is the most salient predictor of this victimization type and that its influence eclipses the influence of gang dynamics at the individual level. Second, with regards to aggravated-assault victimization, it may be possible to identify strongly as a gang member but to be relatively uninvolved in high-risk gang activities. While gang centrality and identity likely overlap in important ways, they are not strongly correlated (α=0.26). Thus, it is possible that even among members who strongly identify with their gang, there is enough variation in taste for risk among these members that some are substantially more likely than others to steer clear of high-conflict, high-risk contexts. This finding therefore suggests a defining characteristic among deeply embedded gang members is their willingness to expose themselves to risky contexts, and that this exposure is an important predictor of aggravated-assault victimization among gang members. Regardless, given the relative novelty of this finding we encourage future researchers to explore this relationship using other datasets and analytical methods.
Of individual behaviors and histories, violent offending, carrying a weapon, and drinking beer were significantly associated with both types of violent victimization. Regarding simple assault, and taken together with our null findings regarding individual-level gang dynamics, we interpret results to mean the influence of individual-level characteristics that exist independent of respondents’ gang membership eclipses the influence of individual-level gang dynamics. Taking our results regarding aggravated assault together with the finding that gang centrality and leadership are important correlates of aggravated-assault victimization suggests both gang-dependent and non-gang-dependent individual-level characteristics influence aggravated-assault victimization. The finding that carrying a weapon exerts strong effects on aggravated-assault victimization aligns with prior research on the importance of individual behaviors, but contradicts prior research that indicates gang dynamics are spurious if one accounts for carrying a weapon ( Spano et al. 2008 ). Further, our analyses do not support the notion that prior victimization and/or offending are key factors in predicting gang members’ violent victimization. Thus, it appears prior histories of violent victimization and offending among gang members are less important than are their current gang contexts.
The above findings improve our knowledge of gang member victimization in important ways. DYS data on youths in high-risk communities facilitates a new vantage point in understanding the relationship between gangs and victimization in that it allows us to compare gang members to other gang members in an emergent gang city. In addition, this paper demonstrates the advantages of using gang-informed theory and concepts to better understand how different gang dynamics influence different types of violent victimization among gang-involved youth. The findings that the influence of gang dynamics varies based on both the type of dynamic and the type of victimization being analyzed should motivate future researchers to continue to disaggregate gang dynamics and victimization to further unpack this complex relationship.
This study has some limitations, and these limitations demonstrate future research is necessary to further support the findings and arguments presented in this paper. To start, while our sample affords us a rare opportunity to empirically compare gang members to other gang members, it is somewhat small and yields less statistical power than do larger samples (see Long and Fresses 2006 ). Thus our estimates of effect sizes may be conservative. Limitations related to our sample size may be especially relevant with regards to our argument that leadership roles insulate gang members from aggravated-assault victimization, given the leadership coefficient is only significant at p ≤ 0.10. Therefore, we present this finding as suggestive and encourage future researchers to critically evaluate this relationship. Finally, our measure of prior violent victimization necessarily includes victimization both within and prior to gang membership. While we explored restricting this variable to one state or the other, we ultimately determined it would have reduced the sample size in a way that would preclude multivariate models. For this reason, we suggest future researchers work to disaggregate pre- and post-gang-membership victimization in analyses wherever possible.
Regardless of its limitations, this study demonstrates the value of using gang-informed theory to analyze the relationship between gang dynamics and violent victimization in gang contexts. This research moves past the causal argument that gang membership leads to higher rates of victimization and suggests gang dynamics – particularly gang organization, gang centrality, and leadership – act as mechanisms to influence simple- and aggravated-assault victimization among gang members. Further, our results are robust to the inclusion of mechanisms for victimization suggested in prior literature, such as drinking, offending, and prior victimization. Taken together, these results clearly illustrate the advantages of investigating gang dynamics using gang-informed theory by showing this approach can help researchers understand an important dimension of youths’ violent victimization.
3 While research demonstrates self-report alone is a valid measure of gang membership ( Esbensen et al. 2001 ) the more restricted definition used here is necessary to rule out youths in non-criminal peer groups. For example, one participant reported being a member of a gang, but further analysis into the name of this gang revealed the respondent was referring to a church choir.
4 Unfortunately, the DYS did not disaggregate between race and ethnicity during data collection. Therefore, “Hispanic” is grouped along with racial identities despite the fact that it is an ethnicity. Thus, Black, White, and Asian Hispanics were forced to select either their race or their ethnicity during data collection.
5 Due to nontrivial levels of missingness, additional analyses were conducted using multiple imputation techniques. Missing values for our covariates were imputed using Stata 15’s chained command and imputing the data 10 times. Our imputation models adjusted for all independent variables with missingness. However, missing values for outcome variables were not imputed to prevent the introduction of bias. Sample size in these models increased to 343. Results, available on request, were consistent with the reported models.
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Gangs have been described as an episodic phenomenon comparable across diverse geographical sites, with the US gang stereotype often acting as the archetype. Mirroring this trend, academic researchers have increasingly sought to survey the global topography of gangs through positivist methodologies that seek out universal characteristics of gangs in different cultural contexts. So, research about youth street groups requires an innovative methodological approach to develop a renewed approach for the twenty-first century’s youth street groups, different from the local, coetaneous, male and face-to-face model, used to understand the twentieth century’s gangs. How can complex social forms such as street gangs be researched in the twenty-first century? Can a single ethnographic approach be shared by researchers working in entirely different cultural contexts? What novel methodological and ethical challenges emerge from such a task and how might they be resolved? This article examines the methodological perspectives of the TRANSGANG project.
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The structures used by the social scientist are, therefore, so to speak, constructs of the second degree, namely constructs of the constructs made by the actors in society itself, actors whose behaviour the researcher observes and tries to explain according to the procedural rules of his science (Schutz, 1974, p. 37-38).
Gangs Footnote 1 have been described as an episodic phenomenon comparable across diverse geographical sites. Academic researchers have increasingly sought to survey the global topography of gangs in order to define the “universal characteristics” of groups that operate in different cultural contexts (Klein 1971 ; Miller 1992 ; Esbensen and Maxson 2012 ). The use of quantitative data and positivist methodologies has tended to result in rather Eurocentric accounts in which the “US gang stereotype” acts as a kind of global “gang archetype”. Footnote 2 In contrast, ethnographic work has revealed that contemporary gang formations diverge significantly from this normative model. Modern gangs are not strictly territorial, nor do they have compact structures. Instead, gangs today are structurally fluid, have significant geographic mobility and, due to patterns of human migration and globalization, organise and have a strong presence on social media (Reguillo 1995 ; Brotherton and Barrios 2004 ; Perea 2007 ). Gang identities in the global era are best understood as hybrid clusters of elements taken from the respective countries of origin of gang members; they are nomadic identities that, just like other contemporary “youth cultures”, appropriate and reproduce styles and trends as they circulate around the globe (Nilan and Feixa 2006 ).
This paper presents preliminary findings from a large-scale, multi-sited ethnographic study (Marcus 1995 ) of transnational youth gangs in 12 different cities around the globe (Barcelona, Madrid, Marseille and Milan in Southern Europe; Casablanca, Tunis, Algiers and Djendel in Northern Africa; Medellin, San Salvador, Santiago de Cuba and Chicago in the Americas). The study began in 2018 and is due to finish in 2022. This paper explores the methodological and ethical challenges of developing an ethnographic project on such a large scale and with such a high degree of cultural difference between the field sites and communities of study. The project is based on an experimental approach that combines “extended case method” (Burawoy 2009 ) with “relational ethnography” (Desmond 2010 ) and departs from the twentieth century’s model of studying youth street groups (a model that privileged local, coetaneous, male and face-to-face gangs). Our aim is to situate the experiences of youths at the centre of the project, unveiling the positive aspects of youth street sociability and how marginalized position within social structure is resisted and remade as a consequence. Some research focuses on proactive experiences in gang behaviour and policies (Leinfelt and Rostami 2011 ; Venkatesh 2009 ), but very few studies systematically compare such aspects in order to find variants and invariants in the evolution or in the reversal of the criminal gang model, use a transnational comparative methodology or focus on a group rarely included in gang studies (Young Arabs) along with another over-studied group (Young Latinos). Both groups face big challenges regarding new generations in their homelands and in their diasporic new land where their collective forms of behaviour have been seen as barriers to their social inclusion. Our standpoint combines post-subcultural studies and decolonial theoretical perspectives with critical criminology focusing on challenging traditional understandings and uncovering false beliefs about youth street groups. As a result, the combination of these viewpoints facilitates look at the field within the social structure of class and status inequalities and considers law and punishment of crime as connected to a system of social inequality and as the means of producing and perpetuating this inequality. Beyond this, we highlight the difficulties to apply the traditional criminological perspective in several different cultural contexts. Accordingly, the third section presents the process of elaboration of a transnational operational definition of “gang” in several academic discussions among all the local researchers of the project. Moreover, the discussion is oriented to a key point marked by several authors in the conceptualization of the meaning of gang: the question of labelling. How can such complex contemporary social formations be researched? Can a singular methodological approach be applied across very different cultural contexts? What new methodological and ethical challenges emerge from such a task and how might they be resolved? This article examines the methodological perspectives of the TRANSGANG project. Footnote 3
The paper focus in particular on our attempts to accommodate cultural difference in the research design and what happened as we put on plans in practice. The first section of the paper shows the theoretical perspective adopted contrasting with current literature on gangs and youth street groups, highlighting the ethnocentric tendency to use experiences from the Americas as a heuristic for experiences elsewhere in the world. We then set our how our plans for fieldwork sought to overcome this limitation by framing our understanding of gangs and youth street groups through debates about post-colonialism and critical subcultural studies. In particular, we focus on the definition of youth street groups in a transnational perspective and the need for out working definitions to avoid trite Western centrist viewpoints and the coloniality of knowledge (Mignolo 2010 ). Footnote 4 In “ Methodological Perspectives on Gang Research in the Twenty-First Century ”, we explore what happened in the first stage of fieldwork and the advantages and limitations of our approach. In “ Methodology in Motion: Defining “Gang Field ””, we discuss our unique approach to research ethics and safety, our attempts to tailor the highly bureaucratic ethical guidelines of the EU’s European Research Council for use around the globe and some of the ethical issues that have emerged from fieldwork thus far. The article is closed by a conclusion section summarizing the main conclusions of the different sections and its general implications for youth street group research.
As it is mentioned, our methodological perspective aims to reverse the traditional criminological approach. If we analyse these groups, in the first place, we find that these adolescents and young adults have a feeling of union and group belonging in a structure of sociability that resembles a second family. The use of the word hermanito (brother) by Latino groups shows the dimension of fraternity in the organization, whose main objective is not to commit crimes, but to offer solidarity by sharing their difficult daily life in terms of protection, identity construction and feelings of affection (Brotherton and Barrios 2004 ; Nilan and Feixa 2006 ; Feixa et al. 2008 ). As it is evidenced in previous research, gangs are diverse in ethnic composition, criminal (or not) activities, age of members, propensity towards violence and stable organization (Feixa et al. 2008 ; Feixa et al. 2019 ). Gangs experience changes due to direct factors and indirect factors, such as demographic shifts, economic conditions or the influence of the media, and their reactions vary according to community understanding, representation and policies; effective responses are diverse too: prevention, intervention and suppression or enforcement. A decade later, this situation is still “in process” in the Latin diaspora and the same (in) definition affects the Arabic and Muslim diasporic youth worlds (Camozzi et al. 2014 ; Feixa and Romaní 2014 ; Queirolo Palmas 2014 ). The challenge is to build a framework focused in the background of personal and social narratives, subjectivities and identities of group members. Our proposal is a unique mixture of views coming from subcultural and post-subcultural youth studies combined with a decolonial perspective that applies intersectional frame analyses.
The first tradition is rooted in subcultural studies elaborated at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) at the University of Birmingham in the second half of the 1970s and the early 1980s. This university produced a series of influential works on youth and popular culture in the British context that opened up this new theoretical perspective from empirical research. One of the most insightful elements of the Birmingham school’s approach is its aim to take youth subcultures seriously and on their own terms, without dismissing them as ephemeral expressions of non-conformism youth or as forms of “juvenile deviance” like most of the previous studies on youth cultural practices and behaviours. As noted by Griffin: “The youth subculture project treated (…) working class youth cultural practices as imbued with meaning and political significance, as worthy to be studied in their own terms, and as potentially creative rather than inherently destructive or of minimal cultural value” (Griffin 2011 , p. 4). It provided youth research with crucial keys for understanding contemporary youth cultural practices such as street sociability; it is articulated more around expressive behaviour and less around direct and explicit political commitment. So, a comprehensive understanding of youth cultural worlds and production, drawing on ethnographic methods and on semiotic analytical tool, is essential for understanding the mediation processes at the heart of gangs.
However, we consider that there are several gaps in subcultural studies that need to be covered to refine this perspective according to our objectives. First, the attention paid to gender, sexual, ethnic and geographical differences among young people will be studied through an intersectional analysis (Yuval-Davis 2006 ). Moreover, we consider that youth subcultures are not clearly delimitated entities, but rather entities with blurred limits and crossbreed cultural references. Because the analysis of youth street groups’ cultural practices is no longer confined to spectacular styles, it rather tends to encompass the everyday life experiences and cultural practices of members or ex-members of youth groups. Consequently, the consideration of the limitations of the Birmingham conceptual framework and the new tendencies in conceiving youth cultural practices constitute the core elements of our “post-subcultural” approach (Bennett 1999 ; Bennett and Kahn-Harris 2004 ; Hodkinson and Diecke 2007 ).
On the other hand, this perspective considers identity construction as key variable in the research. Therefore, we refer to identifications rather than understand identity as a finished thing, as something in continuous construction and strategically negotiated. In recent descriptions of the identity creation processes among youth groups in the West, the treatment of the body (its construction, its treatment, its restructuring, deconstruction), the influence of an alleged global culture centred on the creation of transnational communities and the influence of music, specifically pop, rock, rap and local hybrid scenes, have emerged as major axes for young populations. These cultural elements are setting the primary reference markers for identity negotiation that some authors reflect upon in relation to global youth. Their importance to youth street groups is determined essentially by influencing choices, they invent new ways of understanding the body and diversifying transnational relations and the possibility of participating in solidarity groups related to similar cultural practices and identification artefacts coming from specific backgrounds differentiated from Western traditions. So, the identitarian processes emerge in an interface where, in addition to the hegemonic host culture and the traditional culture of their parents, several other subcultural traditions come together (Brotherton and Barrios 2004 ; Feixa and López 2015 ; Klein and Maxson 2006 ; Matza 1961 ; Venkatesh 2009 ). We can define five basic axes according to our subject, which are used as identification sources of cultural devices: (1) North American street gang tradition (Klein 1995 ; Thrasher 1927/2013 ; Whyte 1943 ); Latin American gang traditions: pandillas and naciones (Feixa 1998 ; Perea 2007 ; Ramoset al. 2013 ; Reguillo 2000 ); Arab youth subcultural traditions (Bayat 2012 ; Camozzi et al. 2014 ; Sánchez García 2016 , 2019 ); European subcultural traditions (Esbensen and Maxson 2012 ; Klein et al. 2001 ; Leccardi 2016 ; Queirolo Palmas 2016 ; van Gemert et al. 2008 ); and finally, virtual global tradition represented by youth identity models that circulate through the Internet (Fernández Planells et al. 2020 ).
Beyond this, post-subcultural studies meet critical criminology challenging traditional understandings about gangs. This perspective examines the gang field within the social structure of class and status inequalities and considers law and punishment of crime as connected to a system of social inequality and as the means of producing and perpetuating this inequality. As a result, crime is seen as a product of oppression of subaltern groups within society, such as women and ethnic minorities. According to Brotherton ( 2015 ) to research gangs as subaltern groups, it is necessary to have a critical anti-colonial ethnography, as youth members have “little option but to resist this relationship of domination” (Brotherton 2015 , p. 80). This position emphasizes the creative and agency capacity of the gang members, their cultural productions and their forms of sociability as resistance practices, of course contradictory and ambiguous, against a set of discrimination processes in relation to culture, class, race and ethnicity. On the one hand, these groupings are seen as places of production and social transformation; on the other hand, the reproduction dynamics are also evident, that is, the homologies between their functioning logics and their symbolisms (masculinity, strength, authority, hierarchy) and the global functioning of society.
Finally, post-colonial studies, critical criminology links with decolonial epistemologies introducing the concept of border as both a symbolic and a physical space joining gang members’ perspectives with stakeholders’ and academic studies to produce border thinking in gangs. Footnote 5 In short, border thinking is a tool that allows us to discard Western conceptions and seek to accumulate other visions of the world that have been previously dismissed as invalid or backward. Border thinking arises in those populations that neither want to accept the humiliation of being relegated to an inferior position nor assimilate the imposed model. It is in these border spaces that other possible ways of seeing arise, which do seek not only to get rid of what is imposed but also to empower other ways of thinking, being and living (Mignolo 2010 ). With all this, we understand the subjects and groups studied as agents (with their own agency) that negotiate their situation in migrant societies and that, in that displacement (physical or social), adapt varied cosmovisions that are situated in what we will call the border.
Beyond studying gangs, we are interpreting social processes with blurred boundaries in different locations with very different social, political and economic conditions. So, more than construct “subjects” of research in an inductive manner, the objective is to follow configurations of relations. The focus of fieldwork becomes to describe a system of relations, “to show how things hang together in a web of mutual influence or support or interdependence or what have you, to describe the connections between the specifics the ethnographer knows by virtue of being there” (Becker 1996 , p. 56). Thus, more than to construct “subjects”, “youth street groups” or “gangs” in an inductive or deductive manner, the objective is to follow configurations of relations. Methodology constructs the pitch, in our case, “youth street group micro-cosmos” encompassing those agents that are part of it (state, academia, media, the gang, themselves among others) to understand how this field works what positions each of these agents occupies (although positions are variable) and see what dynamics are generated.
In summary, to research youth street groups as subaltern groups, it is necessary to have a critical de-colonial ethnography, as youth members have “little option but to resist this relationship of domination” (Brotherton 2015 , p. 80). The final objective is not to know “what it is” but “what it could be”. This perspective emphasizes the creative and agency capacity of the gang members, their cultural productions and their forms of sociability as resistance practices, of course contradictory and ambiguous, against a set of discrimination processes in relation to culture, class, race and ethnicity. On the one hand, these groupings are seen as places of production and social transformation; on the other hand, the reproduction dynamics are also evident, that is, the homologies between their functioning logics and their symbolisms (masculinity, strength, authority, hierarchy) and the global functioning of society.
However, the term gang exists, although it is usually associated mainly with organized crime, delinquency and illegal businesses with leadership and hierarchies similar to gangs in North America; terms and meanings may vary according to geographic locations and subcultural traditions, but using the concept, the danger of stigmatization of although all youth street practices is on the table.
From an “emic” point of view, in the three regions in which our study will be carried out, the use of the term is far from homogeneous. In Europe (as in the USA), the term “gang” tends to have a pejorative sense associated with crime, so it is juxtaposed with other terms of local use. This is the case in Marseille, where youth street groups are considered actors of the small banditry (drug trafficking, deal), while gangs “play in the major leagues” (they have guns and appear once or twice a year on television). Students between 12 and 16 years old use the term gang—to simply refer to their group of friends, showing that young people can call themselves gangs, despite their involvement in criminal activities (Mansilla, forthcoming). In other contexts, as in peripheral neighbourhoods of Paris, young people perceive the term gang as an extra-stigmatization to the fact that their neighbourhoods are marginalized and prefer to call themselves team, clique or crou (Moignard 2007 ). In Spain, the term gang— banda in Spanish—evokes the tradition of banditry of ancient origin and opposes the term pandilla , which does not have criminal connotations but refers to a group of peers. In Italy, when maras appeared in Milan, newspapers started to write about gangs and pandillas to distinguish them from local youth street groups.
In Latin America, there are a lot of local terms to name youth street groups: gangas , clicas and vatos on the border between Mexico and the USA, chavos banda in Mexico, maras in Central America, combos, parches and galladas in Colombia, coros in the Dominican Republic, pibes choros in Argentina, etc. In Cuba, despite the ignorance of the government about the phenomena, the term banda is associated with a musical group, while the term pandilla designates a criminal group.
By his side, in Standard Arabic, the term gang is ignored by its colonial background. The general term used to refer to “criminal youth groups” is iṣhāba while the term shila is used to designate a youth street group. However, there are other related terms coming from the national and local contexts and expressed in colloquial Arabic, such as hittistes (Algeria), tcharmils (Morocco) and baltagiyya (Egypt), which designate different criminalized street groups from paramilitaries to organized drug clans.
On the other hand, each youth group can use different categories to define itself. In Barcelona, the Latin Kings define themselves as a “nation” or “organization”, while the Ñetas define themselves as an “association”. In San Salvador, the Salvatrucha is a mara while the 18 is a pandilla or a barrio . In the case of the North African region, young people do not use a specific name, but rather are identified with the neighbourhood. In addition, some youth street groups propose using the term “street family” to avoid the term “gang” and to denote the horizontal fraternity and vertical authority relationships that occur among them.
So, how can we be sure that we will give the same meaning to the key concepts? This section examines two main methodological challenges that emerged during the operationalization discussions with different local researcher teams of the central concept of the project: what does “gang” mean? Footnote 6
According to Thrasher’s definition, a gang is “an interstitial group originally formed spontaneously, and then integrated through conflict” (Thrasher 1927/2013 , p. 57). Thrasher also points out that gangs, as forms of sociability, are characterized by a behaviour guided by face-to-face encounters, fights, urban spatial movement as a unit, conflicts with other agents and the planning of their actions. Thus, “the result of this collective behaviour is the development of a tradition, unreflective internal structure, esprit-de-corps, solidarity, morale, group awareness, and attachment to a local territory” (ibid.). In line with this approach, a gang can be characterized as an informal group of peers who are attached to a territory, in conflict with other peer groups and sometimes with adult institutions, an obsolete definition.
Although crime is not the main reason why gangs form, the police and political approaches in the USA have reinforced the criminal conceptualisation of gangs. When delinquency is not considered as a fundamental attribute of youth street behaviour, other concepts are used, such as peer groups, street groups, subcultures, countercultures or lifestyles, among others, and the term gang is reserved for youth street groups with members from mainly minority, migrant or ethnic backgrounds. However, the criminological tradition has tended to use the term gang as a synonym of youth street group more or less linked to criminal activities. Consequently, offering a gang definition with which all social actors (gang members, researchers, social workers, institutions, among others) can agree has always been a difficult challenge. Hence, during the twenty-first century, scholars have faced different challenges and have provided different approaches when trying to offer a conceptualisation of gangs.
First, the way in which we define “youth gang” determine the number and composition of what it is that we are talking about regarding the conceptualization of the term. In this question, two kinds of approaches can be found: (1) those offering wide definitions that gather more young people into the gangs’ conceptual net; and, on the other side and (2) those offering narrow definitions that are more exclusive conceptualizations that include fewer young people in gangs. Should more youth groups be integrated in the conceptual field defined as gangs or should the definition be narrowed to include only those groups engaged in illegal activities? Choosing a narrow approach usually involves focusing more on the illegal activities of the group and, consequently, being a member of a gang is seen as a criminalized behaviour. This perspective is represented by academic researchers who apply Klein’s definition, developed in the seventies in Los Angeles: “a gang is a group of young people that can be identified by: a) being perceived as an aggregation different from the others in the neighbourhood, b) recognizing themselves as a defined group, c) being involved in various criminal episodes that generate a constant negative reaction of the neighbours and/or of the services in charge of the application of the law” (Klein 1971 , p. 13). In this direction, the Eurogang network of researchers has defined a gang as “a street gang (or troublesome youth group) is any durable, street-oriented youth group whose involvement in illegal activity is part of their group identity” (Esbensen and Maxson 2012 , p. 5). These broad definitions focus the core criteria on durability, street-orientation, youth, identity and, most importantly, illegal activity.
The second challenge is about the naming process associated with “youth gangs” research. Although the process of assigning characteristics to gang groups helps to determine how conflicts and social problems are framed, if we focus on gangs only as a “social problem”, we ignore fundamental structural issues like racism, poverty and social inequality. Scholars who fail to capture the fluidity and contradiction inherent in gang identification create an artificial sense of similarity between diverse cultural contexts. The image of “the gang” as socially dangerous or damaging prevents gangs from developing into pro-social organizations or more organized criminal entities, often leading to intervention by state agents of control. This is the case in Algeria, where the term gang or its French version bande is ignored for colonial reasons; the researchers do not accept using the label gangs to youth street groups because the remembrances of the concept are very far from the realities of street young people selling gold or looking for a precarious job walking the streets and prevent criminalization and stigmatization.
Another question arising from the conceptualisation of gangs is related to the problem of how to study collective behaviour and group commitments while integrating personal experience and individual behaviour as well. The gang can be understood as an analysis frame about group status and relationships with other social subjects as individuals, criminalizing all the members. Here the focus is on collective behaviour and group engagements, and the personal experience is ignored. A good example of this dichotomy is Miller’s definition: “A self-formed association of peers, united by mutual interests, with identifiable leadership and internal organization, who act collectively or as individuals to achieve specific purposes, including the conduct of illegal activity and control of a particular territory, facility, or enterprise” (Miller 1992 , p. 21).
The last critical challenge we would like to point out when trying to offer a gang definition is how to integrate and emphasize the creative and agency capacities of members of youth street organizations. The definitions that line up into this issue take gang’s cultural productions and forms of sociability as resistance practices, contradictory and ambiguous, against a set of discrimination processes by culture, class, race and ethnicity. In this sense, Queirolo Palmas ( 2014 , p. 23) define gangs as “urban youth groups that take shape in the interstices of a post-migration society, with their cultural practices and sometimes cooperative interactions that are sometimes conflicting, and which are designated by the thinking of the institutions and the media as gangs, a signifier associated with violence, crime and social danger”. A definition that attempts to collect all of these attributes is that offered by Brotherton and Barrios ( 2004 , p. 23): “groups formed in large part by young people and adults from marginalized classes, whose objective is to provide their members with an identity of resistance, an opportunity for empowerment both individually and collectively, of a possible ‘voice’ capable of challenging the dominant culture, of a refuge with respect to the tensions and sufferings of daily life in the ghetto and, finally, of a spiritual enclave in which practices and rituals considered sacred can be developed”. In this perspective, we find the Latin American tradition of gang studies understanding gangs as social formations that attempt to build a cultural citizenship from the margins.
Based on the evidence established from ethnographic research in diasporic situations, as in the case of the Latin Kings in Barcelona (Nilan and Feixa 2006 ), the definition focused on group remarks the identitarian capacity of the crowd and describes it as street-oriented youth groups, with names, symbols and long-time traditions, composed by youths from deprived social backgrounds. Some of their members have connections with illegal activities, even if these activities are not part of the core group identity (Feixa et al. 2019 ). Adding the society-network context and the potential role of gang members as mediators to the Thrasher’s classic definition, we propose to use the generic term “youth street group” to refer to any gathering of young people, according to the definition of youth that exists in each context, who recognize themselves as a group and who use the public space, physical or virtual, to meet and find ways to be respected.
Thus, our perspective challenges the traditional criminological perspective on “gang”, considering the youth street groups not as a sole model but as a “continuum”. At one extreme, we would find, always ideally, the classic gangs based on illegal activities and not only formed by young people—like the bacrim in Colombia, the maras in El Salvador, the tcharmil in Marocco and the quinquis in Spain. At the other extreme, we would find youth subcultures based on leisure and economic activities—like the vatos locos in the Mexican American border, the rappers in north Africa and the tribus urbanas in Spain. And in the middle, there are a variety of hybrid groups that combine both strategies—like the naciones in Latin America, the hittistes in North Africa and the bandas latinas in Spain. The proposed conceptualization and operationalization make it possible to differentiate street gangs not only from organized crime or from transnational criminal organizations, including terrorist cells, but also from informal groups without stable organization, grouped exclusively around leisure. In short, we consider a gang as a dynamic cultural formation in a context of exclusion and social transformation. Youth street groups can both evolve towards more associative, cultural or sports forms and specialize in some kind of crime.
In each of the project’s twelve field sites, local researchers are working with young, materially impoverished and social marginalised people who were possibly involved in criminality and may have little access to familial and social support. With a research topic of such ethical sensitivity, it was essential for us to develop project protocols that would ensure the interests of all researchers and research participants were safeguarded at all times. It was agreed with the European Research Council (ERC), the projects funder, that an internal Ethics Advisory Board (EAB) would be appointed to advise on the ongoing conduct of the project and that a post-doctoral researcher with experience of managing research ethics in the context of ethnographic research would be recruited.
Formalised research ethics review processes have been the subject to several bruising critiques from anthropologists and sociologists for their inherent Eurocentrism and general inapplicability to ethnographic research. In our project, the greatest difficulty was ensuring that we abided by our ethical agreement with the ERC while not blindly following a set of standards that were inappropriate for our subject of study and chosen methodology. We therefore worked to the principle that our agreement with the ERC was necessary but not sufficient to ensure the safe and ethical conduct of the research, or put differently, we sought to go beyond the agreement we made with the ERC by adapting our protocols to the ongoing, open-ended and culturally contingent nature of the ethnographic research process. In May 2019, work began on a “handbook” on how to conduct the aspects of the research that required special ethical consideration. The handbook was intended to be a reference document for fieldworkers and was based on broadly accepted ethics principles and norms of sociology and anthropology (ASA 2011 ), our agreement with the ERC and input and feedback from the local researchers and ERB. Before beginning fieldwork, each local researcher received training about how to use the handbook and conduct data collection activities in a manner that the research team considered safe and ethical.
Among the areas that required most adaptation was the process for gaining consent from research participants. Other than standard practices such as translating all consent documents into Spanish, English, Italian, French and Arabic to ensure that all research participants could understand the agreement they were signing, special consideration was given to the lower age limit of consent. The handbook states that laws and local customs and norms regarding the age of consent for participation in research must be respected by the researchers. However, in several of the locations where the research is based (including Spain, France and Italy), there exists no clear regulation regarding the age at which people can legally give consent for participation in research. Footnote 7 Moreover, the age at which people are considered mature adults is culturally contingent and varies in relation to class, gender, nationality and so on. In Algeria, for example, children are considered legally mature at 21. However, it is not clear whether legal maturity is required to give consent to research participation.
We decided that in countries where no law concerning research participation existed, only people over 14 years of age would be invited to participate in the research. This decision was based on the judgement that potential participants who were over the age of 14 were likely be able to (1) understand the information relevant to participating in the research, (2) understand the consequences of participating in the research and (3) give informed consent to participate in the research. Local researchers were instructed to exclude 14-year-olds who they believed lacked these capacities.
A second related point concerned parental permission. As potential participants over the age of 14 were considered able to give informed consent for themselves, we decided not to make the consent of parents and/ or legal guardians a mandatory precondition for participation. However, the handbook stated that under normal circumstances, parents and legal guardians should be informed by the local researchers about their child’s or ward’s participation in the project. This presented some difficulties, however. The team was concerned that some children may be put at risk of harm if their patents or legal guardians were informed about their association with a “gang”. Local researchers were therefore advised to only inform a participant’s legal guardians or parents about their child’s or ward’s participation in the project if they (1) had the participant’s permission and (2) believed that it was appropriate and safe to do so. If the local researchers judged it to be unsafe, they were advised not to tell the parents and to record their reasoning for not doing so in their next bimonthly ethics report. Our evocation of the researcher’s judgement was consciously intended as safeguard against ethnocentrism of the ethical principles on which ethical guidelines are based. The local researchers were recruited because of their local knowledge and expertise, and it was by positioning them as the principle decision maker that we hoped to avoid inappropriately applying our measures and definitions of safety.
A similar tension lay at the heart of the decisions we made regarding the process for recording consent. Among the trickiest aspect of the handbook that the team developed was the process for recording consent. The team was aware that gang members and ex-members may be reluctant to sign consent forms for fear of such documents being used against them in legal proceedings. It was decided that while written consent was ideal, in some circumstances, two alternative processes for recording consent could be used. The first was oral consent recorded via the researcher’s audio recorder. The second was a process called “single-party testimonial consent”. This is where the researcher writes a short description of the fact that the participant has given consent and explains their reasons for not recording consent via more conventional means. The local researchers were advised that if they used an alternative means of consent, they must include a description of their reasoning in their bimonthly ethics report for fieldworkers.
In Algeria, during an ethnographic visit, two local researchers arranged a meeting with a gold seller in a peripheral city about ten kilometres from Algiers. When the local researchers arrived to the informal market, they were met with a 19-year-old gold seller. Before starting the conversation, the local researchers asked him to sign a consent form, and because he was a minor, they asked for the permission of his parents as well. The gold seller refused both requests for different reasons. The gold sellers explained that he attended law classes, and having his name on a document that linked him to illicit economic activity could cause significate problems. The local researcher suggested that the gold seller sign the consent form for young members without seeking parental permission and explained again the nature of confidentially and anonymity in the project, but again, the gold seller refused, explaining that he would not sign any document for fear of the local authorities. In the end, another local researcher suggested that the consent could be recorded at the very beginning of the interview. The gold seller agreed, and the interview was conducted and audio-recorded. What this common situation demonstrates is that when working with at risk populations in repressive contexts, it is necessary to be flexible with the ethical requirements of the project design. By building this flexibility into out project protocols, we were able to avoid a situation where our efforts to be ethical, to ensure consent was properly recorded, ended up jeopardising the interests of our research participants.
Another area of particular concern was researcher and participant safety. All data collection for the project is being carried out under conditions of confidentiality. However, ethics committees usually require researchers to define the circumstances in which confidentiality may have to be broken. The general principle is that confidentiality and secrecy are not the same thing, and if a research participant discloses information that given the researcher course for concern, the researcher has an obligation to involve other professionals or agencies. Some studies work to the principle that any illegal activity uncovered during the course of the research should be reported to the relevant authority. The difficulty with this approach for our research was that it assumes that (1) criminal activity is unlikely to be revealed during the course of the research and that (2) state authorities can be trusted to safeguard the interests of those involved in the research (Scheper-Hughes 2004 ).
Neither assumption was safe in the context of our project, and if such an approach were applied, it could mean that local researchers would be obliged to report everyday forms of criminality such as drug use or vandalism to national authorities in whom they had no trust whatsoever. At the same time, however, the research team did not want local researchers to feel that they were never permitted to break confidentiality. The research team was concerned that local researchers may feel, for example, unable to warn one informant about a threat to their safety because of the need to protect the confidentiality of another. The team therefore developed a reporting framework that included examples of events that may occur and actions that should be taken in response. In the most severe cases, when the researcher believes someone involved in the project faces a credible threat of physical violence or abuse, they are instructed to report the incident immediately to regional coordinator, their local legal advisor, the project’s ethics supervisor and/or the ethics advisory board (EAB).
A discussion will then take place between all the interested parties, and a decision will be make about the appropriate action to take. Local researchers were told that in extremis, this may mean involving the police or some other state agency, but only if it is safe, beneficial and appropriate to do so. The handbook states that in such an event, the safety of the researcher will be treated as paramount and external reporting will not happen if it is likely to jeopardise the safety of the researcher. So far, in practice, only one serious ethical event has occurred during the course of the research. In our field site in Colombia, a group of armed men threatened one of the researcher participants, causing her and the local researcher to leave the neighbourhood where research was being conducted. By leaving the site when she believed she faced a credible threat of physical danger, our local researcher followed the protocols as set out in the project’s handbook. Thankfully, the situation has now been resolved and both the local researcher and research participant are not safe. The local researchers’ response to the threat reinforced the appropriateness of our approach.
The last example occurred in Madrid, Spain, during a course on mediation for members of youth street groups organized at the end of 2018—before writing the ethical handbook—in which we conducted a focus group. Three of the participants refused to fill the consent form and became silent. We interpreted that decision by the fact that their group suffered police prosecution even if it was not involved in criminal activities. One of the other participants was also reticent to sign the form, although he finally did, and he managed to finish the course and obtain the certificate. Time later, that same reticent participant was arrested by the police because his legal situation in Spain was irregular, but thanks to the certificate of the course provided by us, he was able to prove his integration and his social rooting in the community and avoided deportation. Another of the participants who had refused to sign the consent form ended up in prison, asked for our help and accepted to participate in the project.
In conclusion, while it is crucial to ensure that standardised protocols such as leaving field sites when threats are encountered are in place prior to the beginning of ethnographic fieldwork, it is equally important to allow people with local expertise to judge for themselves the severity of the threat and take action that they feel is appropriate.
The examples found during our fieldwork in Algeria, Colombia and Spain demonstrate that methodological tools, scientific categories and bureaucratic standards, such as ethical protocols, should be developed with flexibility in mind and should be adapted to the social and cultural context in which the research is conducted. As we have shown in the last section, flexibility built into the design of our ethical protocols means that the local researchers were able to respond appropriately and in a manner that was consistent with the cultural specificities of the field site. More than to construct “subjects” based on standardised categories and methodologies, our objective is to follow configurations of relations that came from “local knowledge” (Geertz 1983 )—in this case relations in, relations out and relations between youth street groups. The “macro-cosmos” of global gang’s policies and representations constitutes the general frame, but the pitch is formed by a myriad of local “youth street group micro-cosmos”.
What unites the three sections of the article is our commitment to emphasising the voices and perspectives of “others” is a basic ethical and methodological commitment that guides all aspects of the project including its methodology, its design, the data being collected and the ethical standards to which we adhere. This relates back to the point about “Eurocentrism” and post-colonial approaches. It is by providing researchers with autonomy and by having confidence in their expertise and judgement that we have been able to avoid reproducing the notion that “European” standards and ideas of risk and danger can be applied elsewhere. The fact that we are not “exporting” researchers from “the centre” (Europe) to the (semi)periphery (North Africa and Latin America) but rather relying on local expertise is the reason why we are able to work in this way. We celebrate the fact that since its inception, the project has made use of local researchers as a means of amplifying their voices, and this is what we mean by a “post-colonial” approach to research.
As seen in this article, traditionally, a youth gang has been typically understood as a small delinquent group of young men based in a locality. The focus has been on crime and violence. Where there has been acknowledgement of larger-sized gangs with a greater geographical range, the emphasis has still been primarily on violence and crime. Less attention has been paid to migration (rural-urban, transnational) and to the economies of gangs, that is, how members and local communities gain a variety of benefits. Gangs have also shown specific cultural practices and creative outputs. These, too, require recognition and highlight the needed of new ways of talking about transnational youth gangs in the global.
This article sets out to fill the gaps detected in gang conceptualization, and we expect to have helped to move forward thanks to the theoretical perspective proposed. The definition we have developed in this article is being implemented in the TRANSGANG project and has strong implications for practitioners and professionals working in law enforcement, public policy or with at-risk youth/young adults and for academic disciplines as criminology, social work, sociology or anthropology interested in youth street groups. The definition sets criminalization views aside and deals with inclusive and positive aspects of gang membership, trying to positivize the marginalized position of gangs within the social structure. Some research focuses on proactive experiences in gang behaviour and policies (Leinfelt and Rostami 2011 ; Venkatesh 2009 ), but very few studies systematically compare such aspects in order to find variants and invariants in the evolution or in the reversal of the criminal gang model.
Our perspective aims to recognize youth street groups as forms of youth culture to resist hegemonic discourses and practices and as social institutions to deal with and fight against stigmatization. Gangs have been examined as forms of youth culture used to resist hegemonic discourses and practices and as social resilience institutions to deal with and to fight against stigmatization. Normally, they are perceived as young, delinquent, depressed school drop-outs, jobless, marginalised, as well as aggressed by the lifestyle of the rich. However, the way of life they have chosen allows them to create distance from their sordid reality and everyday life, which is made even unliveable by contempt, exclusion and rejection.
04 december 2020.
A Correction to this paper has been published: <ExternalRef><RefSource>https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-020-00028-y</RefSource><RefTarget Address="10.1007/s43151-020-00028-y" TargetType="DOI"/></ExternalRef>
We use the term “gang” because it is used in daily life by most of the actors in the field—young people, adults, institutions, media, scholars—with different “emic” meanings. Nevertheless, in its more precise use, we will reserve this term to refer to the classical informal group associated with criminal activities, as it is used by hegemonic discourses, and we will use “youth street groups” as a generic term that includes different types of groupings: from those related to delinquency to those associated more with leisure and lifestyle (see “ Methodology in Motion: Defining “Gang Field” ”).
Eurocentrism, therefore, is not the cognitive perspective of the Europeans exclusively, or only of the rulers of world capitalism, but of the group of those educated under its hegemony. And although it implies an ethnocentric component, it does not explain it, nor is it its main source of meaning. It is the long-standing cognitive perspective of the whole Eurocentral world of colonial/modern capitalism and which naturalizes people’s experience of this pattern of power.
The TRANSGANG Project won an Advanced Grant by the European Research Council in the 2017 Call. The PI is Carles Feixa, Pompeu Fabra University (Barcelona). The entire project data are: Transnational Gangs as Agents of Mediation: Experiences of conflict resolution in youth street organizations in Southern Europe, North Africa and the Americas (TRANSGANG). European Union: HORIZON-2020, European Research Council - Advanced Grant [H2020-ERC-AdG-742705]. This is a five years project: it started in 2018 and will end in 2022. There is another ERC Project on gangs, led by Dennis Rodgers (Graduate Institute Geneva), that won an ERC Consolidator Grant in the 2018 Call: Gangs, Gangsters, Ganglands: Towards a Global Comparative Ethnography (GANGS). Both Projects – TRANSGANG and GANGS – will collaborate with the aim to produce advances in comparative gang research.
Our methodology adheres to the decolonial shift “a project of epistemic detachment in the sphere of the social (also in the academic sphere, by the way, which is a dimension of the social), while post-colonial criticism and critical theory are projects of transformation that operated basically in the European and American academy. From the academy to the academy” (Mignolo 2010 , p. 15).
The idea of “border thinking” (Mignolo 2013 ) can allow us to locate ourselves as researchers and also locate study agents. It is necessary to understand border thinking as a branch that comes directly from the decolonial vision born in the Third World. For this, the expansion of border thinking occurs through migrations as central spaces.
The different meanings of “gang” emerge in two different seminars. The first in the kick off Meeting of the project celebrated in Barcelona in October of 2018 where,all the local researchers engaged in the project and significant scholars in the field of “gang” studies participated and gave consensus to the operative definition of “gang”. The second one is a seminar with all the Spain team researchers where we discussed the operativa final definition.
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The article Gangs, Methodology and Ethical Protocols: Ethnographic Challenges in Researching Youth Street Groups, written by Carles Feixa, Jose Sánchez-García, and Adam Brisley, was originally published Online First without Open Access. After publication in volume 3, issue 1, page 5-21 the authors decided to opt for Open Choice and to make the article an Open Access publication. Therefore, the copyright of the article has been changed to © The Author(s) 2020 and the article is forthwith distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution CC BY. The original online version of this article as revised.
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Feixa, C., Sánchez-García, J. & Brisley, A. Gangs, Methodology and Ethical Protocols: Ethnographic Challenges in Researching Youth Street Groups. JAYS 3 , 5–21 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s43151-020-00009-1
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Gangs and violence.
Much of the ongoing concern about the presence of gangs and gang members in the community has to do with the association between street gangs and violence. Decades of research on street gangs demonstrates the complexity of the violent perpetration and victimization of gang members. Although the violence attributed to gang members reached its peak in the late 1980s and early 1990s, gang members continue to be disproportionately involved in violence, both as perpetrators and victims. Understanding gang violence requires careful consideration of the overlapping and intersecting relationships between violence and gang identity, victimization, perpetration, gender, and space. Violence plays an important role in the creation and maintenance of gang identity. Research on violence participation by gang members has demonstrated that gang violence can have both symbolic and instrumental purposes, and that this violence helps the gang build a collective identity and makes violence more normative. Despite some continued misconceptions about the role of female gang members and their presence in gangs, women make up a substantial portion of gang members, and any discussion of the relationship between gangs and violence must also consider the impact of gender on violence participation and victimization. Both male and female gang members are impacted by violence, but levels of participation and types of risk can vary by gender. The complex and gendered aspects of gang violence can make the prevention, intervention, and suppression of gang violence difficult tasks for law enforcement and policymakers. There are a range of perspectives on how best to reduce gang violence. Some researchers advocate early prevention programs to keep youth from joining gangs; others focus on ways to pull youth out of gangs at critical moments, such as when they enter emergency services. Other programs and policies are aimed at reducing gang violence that is ongoing in the community. These programs, such as Operation Ceasefire and Project Safe Neighborhoods, have utilized a focused deterrence framework to curb gang violence. All of these programs are aimed at reducing the amount of violence gang members participate in an attempt to minimize the risk of future violent victimization. Research on gang violence continues to grow and includes new avenues of research. The utilization of innovative methodologies, such as social network analysis, and new areas of research, such as examining the impact of social media on gang violence, continue to advance our knowledge of gang violence and its causes, correlates, and impact.
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Dear colleague,
Conflict, including the threat or fear of potential violence, or being witness to or a victim of physical, violence, constantly surrounds gangs and their communities and is the principal driver sustaining gang life. Much of the conventional gang-related research remains focused on this violence as a neighborhood-based phenomenon that directly impacts local community residents; however, the ubiquity of digital technology, particularly social media platforms, has disrupted this traditional dynamic. Online violence, including threats, taunts, or posting of violent acts that have taken place, is much less understood. This knowledge gap includes the link between the online activities of gang members and how it can manifest into real-world action. This Special Issue will examine the diverse nature of gang-related violence with the goal of better understanding the growing complexities of gang violence over the last two decades to better inform public policy solutions. Given the dynamic nature of gang-related violence today, we aim to include empirical and theoretical research (quantitative, qualitative, or mixed-methods) with multi/interdisciplinary perspectives from around the world that highlights cutting-edge approaches to examining gang-related violence. All submissions will be considered; however primary consideration will be given to manuscripts that
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The Journal of Gang Research
is the Official Publication of the
National Gang Crime Research Center
Copyrighted by the NGCRC, All Rights Reserved.
ISSN Number: 1079-3062
This file last updated: January 11, 2018
This file provides a voluminous amount of information about the Journal of Gang Research, including an index of authors, a complete listing of all articles ever published in the journal, journal subscription policies, journal subscription prices, information about ordering back issues, etc.
Credit card payment options for ordering of individual articles: information is located towards the end of this file.
Credit card/payment options for subscriptions/back issues (see very end of this file).
This file provides the official policies and procedures established by the NGCRC for the distribution and management of the Journal of Gang Research.
About the Journal of Gang Research
The Journal of Gang Research is an interdisciplinary journal and it is the official publication of the National Gang Crime Research Center (NGCRC). It is a peer-reviewed quarterly professional journal and the editors are well-known gang researchers or gang experts. It is abstracted in a number of different social sciences, including but not limited to: Sociological Abstracts (American Sociological Association), Psychological Abstracts (American Psychological Association), Criminal Justice Abstracts, National Criminal Justice Reference Service, Social Service Abstracts, and others.
If we were ever asked what is our philosophy as a model for guiding our social relations with customers and subscribers and anyone doing business with the NGCRC, the NGCRC is committed to being friendly, responsive, courteous, helpful, cooperative, and understanding — and above all, to treat people as we ourselves would like to be treated so that fairness and justice prevails.
For over two decades, the Journal of Gang Research has published original research, book reviews and interviews dealing with gangs and gang problems. These publications have included a wide range of topical areas including promising theory, scientifically sound research, and useful policy analysis related to gangs and gang problems. A list of the articles previously published in the Journal of Gang Research is published in this voluminous text file.
Librarians are able to order the Journal of Gang Research through EBSCO, LM Information Delivery, AOBC, Divine, Otto Harrassowitz GMBH & Co. KG (Germany), Business Magazine Subscriptions, Blackwell, Basch Subscriptions (now Prenax) — in short, most of the major subscription services. Librarians can also order “back issues” of the journal. So if you need access to the Journal of Gang Research, then what you need to do is contact your local college/university or public library, ask for the “acquisitions librarian” or the “serials librarian”. They can order it through any of the subscription services the library uses.
Do you want to have access to the Journal of Gang Research and the new “gang profiles” that are published in the future? The best way to do this is to ask your local librarian to subscribe to the Journal of Gang Research . Then your local library has the publication and it is accessible to you.
Currently, there are a number of important new research initiatives underway or in planning, the results of which are clearly likely to fundamentally change the nature of what we know about gangs and gang threats. Such initiatives include “cross national gangs”, gangs that operate across national borders and which operate inside or pose a threat to the United States of America, as well as new types of gangs, new approaches to old gang problems, and new developments in the arena of social policy on gangs as well.
The Journal of Gang Research particularly wants to encourage other gang analysts to contact the NGCRC if they are interested in working on a gang threat analysis of any type of violent criminal gang in any jurisdiction. Sometimes the NGCRC will assist with profile development, based on the many types of information it has developed over the years. The NGCRC does accept nominations for gang threat analysis as well: if a particular gang is presenting a growing problem in your jurisdiction, consider nominating it for a full gang profile analysis. To do this, simply write a letter to that effect to the NGCRC, PO Box 990, Peotone, IL 60468-0990.
The journal may be ordered directly from the NGCRC (see subscription form at the end of this file) or through any of the major subscription services: EBSCO, Harrassowitz, etc. A subscription form is included at the end of this file.
INFORMATION FOR AUTHORS
The Journal of Gang Research is now in its 22nd year as a professional interdisciplinary quarterly and is the official publication of the National Gang Crime Research Center. The Journal of Gang Research is interdisciplinary. It is widely abstracted (Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, etc). It publishes original research on gangs, gang members, gang problems, gang crime patterns, gang prevention, and basically any gang issue (policy, etc).
Authors should submit four (4) copies of the paper in ASA or APA format to: George W. Knox, Ph.D., Editor-in-Chief, Journal of Gang Research , National Gang Crime Research Center, Post Office Box 990, Peotone, IL 60468l-0990. The review process takes between 2 to 3 months; sometimes longer.
Staff of the Journal of Gang Research (Last Updated Volume 22, Number 2, Winter, 2015 issue):
EDITOR-IN-CHIEF:
George W. Knox, Ph.D, Executive Director, National Gang Crime Research Center.
EXECUTIVE EDITOR:
D. Lee Gilbertson, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN.
REVIEWING EDITORS:
Tom Barker, Ph.D., Criminal Justice & Police Studies, Eastern Kentucky University, Richmond, KY.
Thomas M. Batsis, Ph.D., School of Education, Loyola Marymount University, Los Angeles, CA.
Judith Bessant, Ph.D., Youth Studies and Sociology, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
Steven R. Cureton, Ph.D., Dept. of Sociology, University of North Carolina, Greensboro, NC.
Gregg W. Etter, Sr., Ed.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO.
Steve Feimer, DPA, Director, Criminal Justice Studies, the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD.
Sandra Fortune, Ed.D., Tax Accountant/Corrections Volunteer, Mountain City, TN.
Vicky Ganieany, DBA, Education and Internet Consultant, Bourbonnais, IL.
Robert D. Hanser, Ph.D., Inst. of Law Enforcement, University of Louisiana Monroe, Monroe, LA.
Mario L. Hesse, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice Studies, St. Cloud State University, St. Cloud, MN.
Wendy L. Hicks, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, Loyola University New Orleans, New Orleans, LA.
Jeffrey M. Johnson, Instructor, Legal Studies, University of Mississippi, University, MS.
Janice Joseph, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, Pomona, NJ.
Suman Kakar, Ph.D., Fellow of the Honors College, Florida International University, Miami, FL.
Siu-ming Kwok, Ph.D., RSW, School of Social Work, King's University College, London, Ont. Canada.
Richard H. Martin, Ph.D., Dept. of Justice, Mercer University, Atlanta, GA.
Keiron McConnell, Kwantlen Polytechnic University, Surrey, British Columbia, Canada.
David C. Moore, Ph.D., Department of Sociology, University of Nebraska at Omaha, Omaha, NE.
Todd Negola, Psy.D., Gang Consultant, Duncansville, PA.
Cynthia L. O'Donnell, Ph.D., Criminal Justice Administration and Policy, Marymount University, Arlington, VA.
Karen de Olivares, Ph.D.,The University of Texas at Dallas, Dallas, TX.
Chris J. Przemieniecki, Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice, West Chester University, West Chester, PA.
Professor Johnny R. Purvis, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR.
Dr. Manuel R. Roman, Jr., Dept. of Sociology/Psychology/Criminal Justice, Sierra College, Rocklin, CA.
Douglas L. Semark, Ph.D., Executive Director, Gang Alternatives Program, Wilmington, CA.
Carter F. Smith, J.D.,Ph.D., Dept. of Criminal Justice Administration, Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, TN.
James Sutton, Ph.D., Dept. of Anthropology and Sociology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges, Geneva, NY.
Charla Waxman, Ph.D., Linden Oaks at Edward, Naperville, IL.
Michael J. Witkowski, Ph.D., CPP, Dept. of Criminal Justice, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, MI.
Mickie Wong-Lo, Ph.D., Dept. of Special Eduction, Northeastern Illinois University, Chicago, IL.
Doris D. Yates, Ph.D., College of Education, California State University, East Bay, CA.
Douglas L. Yearwood, Director, North Carolina Justice Analysis Center, Raleigh, NC.
SOME FREQUENTLY ASKED Q & A INFORMATION FOR SUBSCRIBERS AND SUBSCRIPTION AGENCIES
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A: We send out an individualized letter to each and every subscriber (new and renewing) each time there is a transaction: e.g., payment received for a new or continuing subscription. In that letter, we indicate the start and end of the paid up subscription period.
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A: $175 per year. ($300 per year for any subscriber who is located outside of the U.S.A.); there is also a “Secure Subscription Service” at a slightly higher price due to increased mailing and postage costs.
Q: Has the journal achieved the kind of strong and interdisciplinary intellectual recognition it needs in order to be widely abstracted in the social sciences?
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A: Yes, the journal may be able to accommodate such private companies outside of academia, please inquire; please note, however, that the subscription rates for private, or for profit, or proprietary “abstracting companies” are significantly higher than the rates for regular subscribers. And, further, special “conditions” may apply: the Journal of Gang Research may insist upon a signed agreement to make certain the proprietary abstracting service is not going to abuse the NGCRC copyrights. Of course, depending on the transparency and openness of companies inquiring about such an option, the NGCRC reserves the right to refuse such services and terminate the subscription at any time an abuse is suspected.
Q: Do you permit blind subscriptions by agencies with a U.S. mailing address who can then reship the journal abroad or to a cloaked subscriber?
A: No, we need to know who our subscribers are.
Q: What is the number of issues per year (frequency) and which months are they published in?
A: The Journal of Gang Research is a “quarterly”: thus, four (4) times a year is the frequency at which the journal is published. The months it is published in here is defined as the months in which each issue is actually “mailed” out using the United States Postal Service, and those months are the four seasons: Fall, Winter, Spring, and Summer. E.G.: the fall issue is always mailed in “fall” which means between Sept. 22 nd and December 20 th . The Fall issue is always the sequence of issue number “1" within a volume. Thus, “issue number 4" will always be the “Summer” issue within a volume.
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A: Yes, we have a “journal replacement insurance” policy, where we provide up to one free replacement issue during any one year period of a subscription. The first replacement is free, no questions asked. If there are two or more “claims” in the same year, you would have to pay the replacement cost (reduced price) per each issue you wanted replaced. If there is ever a problem with the actual delivery of your journal copy (we use the U.S. Postal Service to deliver copies of the journal to you), then we have a provision where you can get a free replacement of a journal lost or stolen from the U.S. Mails. We have reasonable and affordable rates established below for individual back issues of the journal.
Q: What is the cost for individual replacement back issue copies?
A: See the price structure in this file at this file.
Q: Is there an online full text edition?
A: Yes, we have a number of back issues already online, we provide subscribers with a password to get access to these electronic versions of back issues and articles published in past issues of the journal. Not 100% of the back issues are all “on-line” yet. It is a work in progress.
Q: What languages is the Journal of Gang Research available in?
A: English only.
Q: Do we accept cancellations?
A: Yes, just print off a “cancellation request form” (see this webfile) and mail it to the NGCRC address on the form. We do not accept returned merchandise (copies of the journal received by the subscriber and then mailed back to us). We do not provide refunds of any kind: so if you were halfway through a one year subscription, and wanted to cancel hoping to get ½ of the subscription cost refunded, we cannot do that.
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A: Both are possible. One can backdate the subscription for most issues of the journal to almost Volume 4, Number 1, Fall 1996. We cannot guarantee all issues between Vol. 4, No. 1 and the present are “in stock”: thus we reserve the right to substitute another issue of the journal in case we are out of stock of a copy that occurs within the sequence of a retroactive order. Note: the rates for back issues apply to anyone who is an existing subscriber and wants back issues. Note: starting a subscription retroactively to any point up to Volume 4, Number 1 and paying the regular yearly subscription rates is available only to new subscribers and this is a domestic U.S. rate only. The Journal is not offering the retroactive start option to subscribers who are not located in the USA.
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A: Yes. Limited to a 30 day time period after receipt of said journal by the subscriber.
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A: From government agencies only.
Q: Is there a cost-effective method available from the Journal of Gang Research for a library or a private research agency to acquire individual copies of specific articles previously published in the Journal of Gang Research from Volume Number 1, Issue Number 1 to the present?
A: Yes, see that section for “ordering information” in this file. For U.S. and Canada, we can fax them, all other countries: we must mail the copies to you.
Q: What is the refund policy of the JGR?
A: No refunds are allowed for any unserviced portion of the subscription should a subscriber want to cancel the subscription..
The Right to Refuse Service or to Do Business: The Journal of Gang Research Policy on Subscriptions, Subscription Companies, Foreign Subscribers, etc:
It has been the policy of the NGCRC to exercise due diligence and consideration with regard to certain problematic situations arising in the context of persons, companies, governments seeking a subscription to or to do business with the Journal of Gang Research. The Journal of Gang Research publicly declared the country of South Africa, during the Apartheid Regime, to be ineligible to subscribe to our journal, and the NGCRC refused to do business with South African police agencies at the time, due to the issue of international human rights. Because of situations such as that and other good causes and the simple right to refuse service directly to subscribers and through subscription companies based on our judgment of what is best for us, the Journal of Gang Research reserves the right to refuse service to customers applying for new subscriptions. The Journal of Gang Research reserves the right to refuse to do business with or to continue to do business with subscription companies for any reason. The Journal of Gang Research reserves the right to refuse to provide subscriptions to any country designated as a state sponsor of terrorism by the U.S. State Department or to any country currently facing sanctions from the United States of America.
Cancellation Refund Policy:
We will stop your subscription when we receive the “Cancellation Request Form” provided below or any notification to that effect. But we do not provide any refunds on the unserviced portion of the subscription to the Journal of Gang Research as a longstanding policy.
INDIVIDUAL ARTICLE COPIES NOW AVAILABLE:
Back issues of the Journal of Gang Research can be ordered individually, see the end of this text file for a Back Issue Order Form. All back issues are available. Feel free to write to the National Gang Crime Research Center, P.O. Box 990, Peotone, IL 60468 for price information on large orders. The lowest cost per issue is $75 (for orders originating within the U.S. only, all foreign orders handled on an individual basis), and could be more for rare older issues; note that these are prices only within the U.S., for prices involvement shipment outside of the USA, please inquire first in writing.
Please note that the Journal of Gang Research has no relationship with the Copyright Clearance Center (CCC), and it is not possible to photocopy our materials and then later pay the CCC. We tried that for a few years, it did not work out, there were abuses to our copyrighted materials and we elected simply not to be listed with CCC. Please note that the Journal of Gang Research does not authorize second parties to xerox, photoduplicate, copy or disseminate our articles through Interlibrary Loan arrangements. There are no “ex post facto” prices for violation of our copyrights. Please do not do it. We provide a reasonable, low cost way to get our information, please follow these simple guidelines. This policy provides for an efficient and cost-effective way to get the information available in back issues of the Journal of Gang Research.
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A COMPLETE LISTING OF ARTICLES AND AUTHORS, WITH PAGE NUMBER REFERENCES IN THE ORIGINAL, ETC PUBLISHED IN THE Journal of Gang Research:
There are always four issues in each volume of the journal (Number 1, Number 2, Number 3 and Number 4). The seasons coinciding with numbers 1-4 are: Fall, Winter, Spring, Summer.
NOTE: Some issues may be out of print and therefore unavailable for back issue orders. Inquire before placing order.
Volume 1, Number 1:
"Lost in the Melting Pot: Asian Youth Gangs in the United States", by John Huey-Long Song, John Dembrink, and Gilbert Geis, pp. 1-12.
"Coming Out to Play: Reasons to Join and Participate in Asian Gangs", by Calvin Toy, pp. 13-30.
"Being Bad is Good: Explorations of the Bodgie Gang Culture in South East Australia, 1984-1956", by Judith Bessant and Rob Watts, pp. 31-56.
"Sisters Are Doin' It For Themselves: A Black Female Gang in San Francisco", by David Lauderback, Joy Hansen, and Dan Waldorf, pp. 57-72.
Volume 1, Number 2:
"Investigating Gang Migration: Contextual Issues for Intervention", by Cheryl L. Maxson, pp. 1-8.
"Issues in Accessing and Studying Ethnic Youth Gangs", by Karen A. Joe, pp. 9-24.
"Methodological Issues in Studying Chinese Gang Extortion", by Ko-lin Chin, Robert J. Kelly, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, pp. 25-36.
"A Preliminary Inquiry into Alabama Youth Gang Membership", by Carol Aiken, Jeffrey P. Rush, and Jerry Wycoff, pp. 37-48.
"Review Essay: A Methodological Critique of Islands in the Street ", by James F. Anderson, pp. 49-58.
"An Interview with Lewis Yablonsky: The Violent Gang and Beyond", by James G. Houston, pp. 59-68.
“Gang Colors: Should Students Be Allowed to Wear Them in College?”, pp. 69-70.
Volume 1, Number 3:
"Predictors of the Severity of the Gang Problem at the Local Level: An Analysis of Police Perceptions", by James F. Quinn and Bill Downs, pp. 1-11.
"Preliminary Findings from the 1992 Law Enforcement Mail Questionnaire Project", by George W. Knox, Edward D. Tromanhauser, Pamela Irving Jackson, Darek Niklas, James G. Houston, Paul Koch, and James R. Sutton, pp. 12-28.
"Non-Criminal Predictors of Gang Violence: An Analysis of Police Perceptions", by James F. Quinn and William Downs, pp. 29-38.
"The Implications of Social Psychological Theories of Group Dynamics for Gang Research", by Key Sun, pp. 39-44.
"Joe: The Story of an Ex-Gang Member", by Jessie Collins, pp. 45-50.
"An Interview With Richard Cloward", by Jeffrey Paul Rush, pp. 51-54.
Volume 1, Number 4:
"Do Gang Prevention Strategies Actually Reduce Crime?", by Dennis Palumbo, Robert Eskay, and Michael Hallett, pp. 1-10.
"When the Crips Invaded San Francisco - Gang Migration", by Dan Waldorf, pp. 11-16.
"Fraud Masters: Studying an Illusory, Non-Violent Gang Specializing in Credit Card Crimes", by Jerome E. Jackson, pp. 17-36.
"Asian Gang Problems and Social Policy Solutions: A Discussion and Review", by Lee-jan Jan, pp. 37-44.
"The Legacy of Street Corner Society and Gang Research in the 1990s: An Interview with William F. Whyte", by Karen A. Joe, pp. 45-52.
Volume 2, Number 1 (Fall 1994):
"The Effects of Gangs on Student Performance and Delinquency in Public Schools", by Thomas A. Regulus.
"The American 'Juvenile Underclass' and the Cultural Colonisation of Young Australians Under Conditions of Modernity", by Judith Bessant.
"National Policy Neglect and Its Impact on Gang Suppression", by James G. Houston.
"Youth Gang Intervention and Prevention in Texas: Evaluating Community Mobilization Training", by Elizabeth H. McConnell.
Volume 2, Number 2 (Winter 1995):
"A Comparative Analysis of Prison Gang Members, Security Threat Group Inmates and General Population Prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections", by Robert S. Fong and Ronald E. Vogel, pp. 1-12.
"The Gang Problem in Large and Small Cities: An Analysis of Police Perceptions in Nine States", by James F. Quinn, Peggy M. Tobolowsky, and William T. Downs, pp. 13-23.
"A Community-University Based Approach to Gang Intervention and Delinquency Prevention: Racine's Innovative Model for Small Cities", by Susan R. Takata and Charles Tyler, pp. 25-38.
"The Evolution of Gang Formation: Potentially Delinquent Activity and Gang Involvement", by Jeffery T. Walker, Judge Bill White, and E. Ashley White, pp. 39-50.
"A More Effective Strategy for Dealing With Inner City Street Corner Gangs", by Angelo Ralph Orlandella, pp. 51-60.
"An Interview with James F. Short, Jr.", by Eric L. Jensen, pp. 61-68.
Volume 2, Number 3 (Spring 1995):
"Gang Affiliation Among Asian-American High School Students: A Path Analysis of Social Development Model 1", by Zheng Wang, pp. 1-13.
"Predictors of Gang Violence: The Impact of Drugs and Guns on Police Perceptions in Nine States", by James F. Quinn and Bill Downs, pp. 15-27.
"Juvenile Gang Activity in Alabama", by Jerry C. Armor and Vincent Keith Jackson, pp. 29-35.
"Hispanic Perceptions of Youth Gangs: A Descriptive Exploration", by Marc Gertz, Laura Bedard, and Will Persons, pp. 37-49.
"Implications of the Shaw-McKay Studies and the Problems of Intervention in Gang Work", by Anthony Sorrentino, pp. 51-60..
"Findings on African-American Female Gang Members Using A Matched Pair Design", by George W. Knox, pp. 61-71.
Volume 2, Number 4 (Summer, 1995):
"Female Gang Members: A Growing Issue for Policy Makers", by George T. Felkenes and Harold K. Becker, pp. 1-10.
"The Disaster Within Us: Urban Conflict and Street Gang Violence in Los Angeles", by John P. Sullivan and Martin E. Silverstein, pp. 11-30.
"Patterns of Gang Activity in a Border Community", by William B. Sanders and S. Fernando Rodriguez, pp. 31-43.
"Blood-in, Blood-out: The Rationale Behind Defecting From Prison Gangs", by Robert S. Fong, Ronald E. Vogel, and Salvador Buentello, pp. 45-51.
"Potential Research Areas for Addressing Gang Violence", by Shirley R. Holmes, pp. 53-57.
"Preliminary Results of the 1995 National Prosecutor's Survey", a report of the National Gang Crime Research Center, pp. 59-71.
Volume 3, Number 1 (Fall 1995):
"Gang Enforcement Problems and Strategies: National Survey Findings", by Claire M. Johnson, Barbara A. Webster, Edward F. Connors, and Diana J. Saenz, pp. 1-18.
"Delinquency in Chicago During the Roaring Twenties: Assembling Reality in Ethnography", by Karen A. Joe, pp. 19-32.
"Investigating Gang Structures", by Cheryl L. Maxson and Malcolm W. Klein, pp. 33-40.
"Victimization Patterns of Asian Gangs in the United States", by John Huey-Long Song and Lynn M. Hurysz, pp. 41-49.
"Tattoos and the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, pp. 51-54.
"Gang Profile: The Gangster Disciples", by George W. Knox and Leslie L. Fuller, pp. 58-76.
Volume 3, Number 2 (Winter 1996):
"Gang Migration: The Familial Gang Transplant Phenomenon", by John A. Laskey, pp. 1-15.
"Community Strategies to Neutralize Gang Proliferation", by James F. Anderson and Laronistine Dyson, pp. 17-26.
"Preliminary Results of the 1995 Adult Corrections Survey: A Special Report of the National Gang Crime Research Center", pp. 27-63.
"Gang Profile: The Black Gangsters, AKA 'New Breed'", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 64-76.
Volume 3, Number 3 (Spring, 1996):
"What Works: The Search for Excellence in Gang Intervention Programs", by James G. Houston, pp. 1-16.
"A Violent Few: Gang Girls in the California Youth Authority", by Jill Leslie Rosenbaum, pp. 17-23.
"Specialization Patterns of Gang and Nongang Offending: A Latent Structure Analysis", by Kevin M. Thompson, David Brownfield, and Ann Marie Sorenson, pp. 25-35.
"The 'Tabula Rasa' Intervention Project for Delinquent Gang-Involved Females", by Ernest M. DeZolt, Linda M. Schmidt, and Donna C. Gilcher, pp. 37-43.
"Gang Profile: The Black Disciples", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 45-65.
Editorial on O.J.J.D.P., pp. 72-74.
Volume 3, Number 4 (Summer, 1996):
"Inside Gang Society: How Gang Members Imitate Legitimate Social Forms", by Alice P. Franklin Elder, Ph.D., pp. 1-12.
"Defiance and Gang Identity: Quantitative Tests of Qualitative Hypotheses", by Gary F. Jensen, pp. 13-29.
"Factors Associated With Gang Involvement Among Incarcerated Youths", by William Evans and Alex Mason, pp. 31-40.
"Research Note: The 1996 National Law Enforcement Gang Analysis Survey — A Special Report from the NGCRC", pp . 41-55.
"Gang Profile: The Black P. Stone Nation", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 57-74
Volume 4, Number 1(Fall, 1996):
"The Extent and Dynamics of Gang Activity in Juvenile Correctional Facilities", by Sandra S. Stone, Ph.D. and Jerry Wycoff, Ph.D., pp. 1-8.
"A Comparative Analysis of Female Gang and Non-Gang Members in Chicago", by Jean Chang, Ph.D., pp. 9-18.
"Joining the Gang: A Look at Youth Gang Recruitment", by Thomas A. Rees, Jr., pp. 19-25.
"Side by Side: An Ethnographic Study of a Miami Gang", by Wilson R. Palacios, pp. 27-38.
"Views from the Field: Not Just Removing Tattoos", by Brian M. Bochenek, pp. 39-42.
"Gang Profile: The Latin Kings", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 43-72.
Volume 4, Number 2 Winter, 1997):
"Black Youth Gangs", by Janice Joseph, Ph.D., pp. 1-12.
"Causes of Gang Participation and Strategies for Prevention in Gang Members' Own Words", by Suman K. Sirpal, pp. 13-22.
"Kindred Spirits: Sister Mimetic Societies and Social Responsibilities", by Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, pp. 23-36.
"The Social Reality of Street Gangs", by David E. Neely, pp. 37-46.
"Research Note: A Gang Classification System for Corrections — A Special Report of the NGCRC", pp. 47-57.
"Gang Profile: The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation of New York", by G.V. Corbiscello, pp. 59-74.
Volume 4, Number 3 (Spring 1997):
"The Gang Snitch Profile", by John A. Laskey, pp. 1-16.
"Helping Schools Respond to Gang Violence", by Tom Batsis, pp. 17-22.
"A Regional Gang Incident Tracking System", by Bryan Vila and James W. Meeker, pp. 23-36.
"Views from the Field: A Street Gang in Fact", by Fernando Parra, pp. 37-38.
"Views from the Field: GD Peace Treaty Fails in Gary", by Curtis J. Robinson, pp. 39-40.
"Research Note: The Facts About Female Gang Members", pp. 41-59.
"Crips: A Gang Profile Analysis", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 61-75.
Volume 4, Number 4 (Summer 1997):
"Introducing Gang Evidence Against a Criminal Defendant at Trial", by James G. Guagliardo, J.D. and Sgt. Michael Langston, pp. 1-10.
"Correlates of Gang Membership: A Test of Strain, Social Learning, and Social Control Theories", by David Brownfield, Kevin M. Thompson, and Ann Marie Sorenson, pp. 11-22.
"Origins and Effects of Prison Drug Gangs in North Carolina", by Dennis J. Stevens, pp. 23-35.
"A Socioeconomic Comparison of Drug Sales by Mexican-American and Mexican Immigrant Male Gang Members", by Harold K. Becker, George T. Felkenes, Lisa Magana, and Jill Huntley, pp. 37-47.
"Special Report: The Gang Problem in Chicago's Public Housing", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 49-65
"The Gang Dictionary: A Guide to Gang Slang, Gang Vocabulary, and Gang Socio-linguistic Phrases", pp. 66-75.
Volume 5, Number 1 (Fall 1997):
"Prison Gang Research: Preliminary Findings in Eastern North Carolina", by Mary S. Jackson and Elizabeth Gail Sharpe, M.S.W., pp. 1-7.
"Ideology and Gang Policy: Beyond the False Dichotomy", by J. Mitchell Miller, William J. Ruefle, and Richard A. Wright, pp. 9-20.
"The 'Get Out of the Gang Thermometer': An Application to a Large National Sample of African-American Male Youths", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 21-43.
"California Juvenile Gang Members: An Analysis of Case Records", by Jennifer Santman, Julye Myner, Gordon G. Cappeletty, and Barry F. Perimutter, pp. 45-53.
Views from the Field: Gangs in Sight, by Conny Vercaigne, pp. 55-61.
An Update on the Chicago Latin Kings, by George W. Knox, pp. 63-76.
Volume 5, Number 2 (Winter 1998):
"Bullying Behavior in School: A Predictor of Later Gang Involvement", by Shirley R. Holmes, Ph.D. and Susan J. Brandenburg-Ayres, Ed.D., , pp. 1-6.
"Correlates of Gang Involvement Among Juvenile Probationers", by Jeffrey M. Jenson, Ph.D. and Matthew O. Howard, Ph.D., pp. 7-15.
"Common Characteristics of Gangs: Examining the Cultures of the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., pp. 19-33.
"The Rural Gang Problem: A Case Study in the Midwest", by Michael P. Coghlan, pp. 35-40.
"Research Note: A Comparison of Two Gangs - The Gangster Disciples and the Vice Lords", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 41-50.
"Special Report: White Racist Extremist Gang Members - A Behavioral Profile", pp. 51-60.
"Gang Profile: A Nation of Gods - The Five Percent Nation of Islam", by G.V. Corbiscello, pp. 61-73.
Volume 5, Number 3 (Spring 1998):
"At-Risk Behavior and Group Fighting: A Latent Structure Analysis, by Kevin M. Thompson, David Brownfield, and Ann Marie Sorenson, pp. 1-14.
"Social and Psychological Characteristics of Gang Members", by Marc Le Blanc and Nadine Lanctot, pp. 15-28.
"Nickname Usuage by Gang Members", by Barbara H. Zaitzow, pp. 29-40.
"Prison Gangs in South Africa: A Comparative Analysis", by James G. Houston and Johan Prinsloo, pp. 41-52.
Special Report: An Update of Asian Gang Affiliation, by Zheng Wang, Ph.D., pp. 53-59.
Abstracts: The Preliminary Program of the 19998 Second International Gang Specialiast Training Conference, pp. 60-73.
Volume 5, Number 4 (Summer 1998):
"Development of an Instrument for Predicting At-Risk Potential for Adolescent Street Gang Membership", by Todd D. Negola, M.A., pp. 1-14.
"From Boozies to Bloods: Early Gangs in Los Angeles", by John C. Quicker and Akil Batani-Khalfani, pp. 15-22.
“A Descriptive and Comparative Analysis of Female Gang Members”, by Arthur J. Lurigio, James A. Schwartz, and Jean Chang, pp. 23-33.
"The Death of Telemachus: Street Gangs and the Decline of Modern Rites of Passage", by Andrew V. Papachristos, pp. 35-44.
"Views from the Field: Guidelines for Operating an Effective Gang Unit", by Sgt. Michael Langston, pp. 45-70.
"Special Report: How to Gang Proof Your Child", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 71-76.
Volume 6, Number 1 (Fall 1998):
"A Special Report from the National Gang Crime Research Center: Excerpts from the Economics of Gang Life", pp. 1-34.
"Views from the Field of Law Enforcment: A Speech by Sgt. Ron Stallworth", pp. 35-55.
"Views from the Vield of Corrections: A Speech to Inmates by Major Raymond Rivera", pp. 57-60.
"Gang Profile: Association Neta", by Sgt. Raymond E. Hehnly, pp. 61-68.
Volume 6, Number 2 (Winter 1999):
"Risk Factors Associated with Gang Joining Among Youth", by Sandra S. Stone, Ph.D., pp. 1-18.
"The Promulgation of Gang-Banging Through the Mass Media", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 19-38.
"Views from the Field: Gang Homicide Investigation", by Det. James Fanscali, pp. 39-46.
"Research Note: Asian Gangs", by Thomas F. McCurrie, Ph.D., pp. 47-52.
"Special Report: A Comparison of Gang Members and Non-Gang Members from Project GANGFACT", pp. 53-76.
Volume 6, Number 3 (Spring 1999):
"Goal Displacement at Leadership and Operational Levels of the Gang Organizatin", by Alice P. Franklin Elder, Ph.D., pp. 1-7.
"Skinheads: Manifestations of the Warrior Culture of the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter Sr., pp. 9-21.
"Prison Gangs: The North Carolina Experience", by Barbara H. Zaitzow, Ph.D. and James G. Houston, Ph.D., pp. 23-32.
"Risk Behaviors for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Gangs in Dallas, Texas", by Bertis B. Little, Ph.D.; Jose Gonzalez, M.S.S.W., Laura Snell, M.P.H., and Christian Molidor, Ph.D., pp. 33-47.
Research Note: "Juvenile Gang Members: A Public Health Perspective", by George W. Knox, Ph.D. and Edward D. Tromanhauser, Ph.D., pp. 49-60.
Gang Profile: The Brotherwoods - The Rise and Fall of a White-Supremacist Gang Inside a Kansas Prison, by Roger H. Bonner, pp. 61-76.
Volume 6, Number 4 (Summer 1999):
"A Comparison of Cults and Gangs: Dimensions of Coercive Power and Malevolent Authority", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., pp. 1-39.
"Jamaican Posses and Transnational Crimes", by Janice Joseph, Ph.D., pp. 41-47.
"The Affirmation of Hanging Out: The U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Gang Busting Laws and Their Consequences", by Lewis Yablonsky, Ph.D., pp. 49-55.
"Trying to Live Gang-Free in Cicero, Illinois", by George W. Knox and Curtis J. Robinson., pp. 57-70.
"Views from the Field: The Impact of Gangs on Private Security in the Workplace", by Melvyn May, Ph.D., pp. 71-74.
Volume 7, Number 1: Fall, 1999
"Gang Prevention and Intervention in a Rural T own in California", by Karen Stum and Mayling Maria Chu, pp. 1 - 12.
"Gang Membership: Gang Formations and Gang Joining", by Steven R. Cureton, Ph.D., pp. 13-21.
"A New Breed of Warrior: The Emergence of American Indian Youth Gangs", by Julie A. Hailer and Cynthia Baroody Hart, pp. 23 - 33.
"Profiling the Satanic/Occult Dabblers in the Correctional Offender Population", by Curtis J. Robinson, pp. 35-66.
"Views from the Field: By Gordon McLean", pp. 72-75.
Volume 7, Number 2: Winter, 2000
"The Impact of the Federal Prosecution of the Gangster Disciples", by George W. Knox, pp. 1 - 64.
"Views from the Field: A Look Into the Michigan Department of Corrections STG/Gang Program", by Robert Mulvaney, STG Coordinator, pp. 65-66.
"Legal Note: Additional Civil Suits Against Gangs in Illinois", pp. 67-73.
"Views From the Field: A.D., After the Disciples: The Neighborhood Impact of a Federal Prosecution", by Andrew V. Papachristos, pp. 74-76.
Volume 7, Number 3: Spring, 2000
"A National Assessment of Gangs and Securty Threat Groups (STGs) in Adult Correctional Institutions: Results of the 1999 Adult Corrections Survey", by George W. Knox, pp. 1 - 45.
"The Preliminary Program for Gang College 2000: Confirmed Trainers and Presenters With Session Length and Abstracts/Bios", pp. 47 - 71.
"Information About Gang College 2000", pp. 72-76.
Volume 7, Number 4: Summer, 2000
"Overcoming Problems Associated with Gang Research: A Standardized and Systemic Methodology", by Douglas L. Yearwood and Richard Hayes, pp. 1 - 8.
"The Gangbangers of East Los Angeles: Sociopsycho-analytic Considerations", by Gene N. Levine and Fernando Parra, pp. 9 - 12.
"A Corporation-Based Gang Prevention Approach: Possible? Preliminary Report of A Corporate Survey", by John Z. Wang, Ph.D., pp. 13-28.
"Homicide in School: A Preliminary Discussion", by Shirley R. Holmes, Ph.D., pp. 29-36.
"Special Report of the NGCRC: Findings from Project GANGMILL", pp. 37-76.
Volume 8, Number 1: Fall, 2000
"Frederic M. Thrasher (1892-1962) And The Gang (1927)", by Gilbert Geis and Mary Dodge, pp. 1-49.
"Asian Gangs: New Challenges in the 21st Century", by John Z. Wang, pp. 51-62.
"Street Gangs and Apartment Housing in America: A Qualitative Assessment", by Michael J. Witkowski, CPP, pp. 63-70.
Volume 8, Number 2: Winter, 2001
"Vietnamese Gangs, Cliques, and Delinquents", by Yoko Baba, pp. 1-20..
"Adolescents Leaving Gangs: An Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors, Resilency and Desistance in A Developmental Context", by Laura Caldwell and David M. Altschuler, pp. 21-34.
"Ecological Assessment: Establishing Ecological Validity in Gang Intervention Strategies - A Call for Ecologically Sensitive Assessment of Gang Affected Youth", by Thomas Boerman, pp. 35-48.
"Totemism and Symbolism in the White Supremacist Movements: Images of an Urban Warrior Culture", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., Ed.D., pp. 49-75.
Volume 8, Number 3: Spring, 2001
“The Relationship between Gang and Other Group Involvement and the Use of Illicit Drugs: Findings From Maryland’s Offender Population Urinalysis Screening (OPUS) Program”, by George S. Yacoubian, Jr.,; Delcie G. Rico; Elisabeth Fost; Blake J. Urbach; and Eric D. Wish, pp. 1 - 11.
"Program Information on the 4th International Gang Specialist Training Program: Chicago, IL, Aug. 15-17, 2001: Confirmed Trainers and Presenters With Session Length and Abstracts/Bios", pp. 13-31
"Abstract Information for the Summer, 2001 Training Conference", pp. 33 - 76.
Volume 8, Number 4: Summer, 2001
"A Statewide Assessment of Gangs in Public Schools: Origins, Membership and Criminal Activities", by Douglas L. Yearwood and Richard Hayes, pp. 1-12.
"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Veterano Chicano Gang Members and the (Dys)Functional Aspects of the Role", by Fernando Parra, pp. 13-18.
"A Gang By Any Other Name is Just a Gang: Towards an Expanded Definition of Gangs", by James F. Anderson, Nancie J. Mangels, and Laronistine Dyson, pp. 19-34.
"Legal, Ethical and Clinical Implications of Doing Field Work with Young Gang Members Who Engage in Serious Violence", by Mark Totten, pp. 35-56.
Gang Profile: "The Satan's Disciples", by George W. Knox, pp. 57-76.
Volume 9, Number 1: Fall, 2001
"Bomb and Arson Crimes Among American Gang Members: A Behavioral Science Profile --- A Special Report by the National Gang Crime Research Center", pp. 1-38.
"Methamphetamine Use and Sales Among Gang Members: The Cross-Over Effect", by Curtis J. Robinson, pp. 39-52.
"Gang Profile Update: The Black P. Stone Nation", by George W. Knox, pp. 53-76.
Volume 9, Number 2: Winter, 2002
"Distinguishing the Effects of Peer Delinquency and Gang Membership on Self-Reported Delinquency", by David Brownfield and Kevin Thompson, pp. 1-10.
"Familial Crimnality, Familial Drug Use, and Gang Membership: Youth Criminality, Drug Use, and Gang Membership - What are the Connnections?", by Suman Kakar, pp. 11-22.
"Differentiating Factors in Gang and Drug Homicide", by Gerri-Ann Brandt and Brenda Russell, pp. 23-40.
"Applying Self-Control Theory to Gang Membership in a Non-Urban Setting", by Trina L. Hope and Kelly R. Damphouse, pp. 41-61.
NGCRC Special Report: "Responding to Gangs in the 21st Century: A Research and Policy View", by George W. Knox, pp. 63-74.
Book Review: Hope Fulfilled for At-Risk and Violent Youth , reviewed by Shirley R. Holmes, pp. 75-76.
Volume 9, Number 3: Spring, 2002
Special Report: "The Melanics - A Gang Profile Analysis", by George W. Knox, pp. 1-76.
Volume 9, Number 4: Summer, 2002
"A Preliminary Profile of Laotian/Hmong Gangs: A California Perspective", by John Z. Wang, pp. 1-14.
"The Perceived Effects of Religion on White Supremacist Culture", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter Sr., pp. 15-24.
"From Religious Cult to Criminal Gang: The Evolution of Chinese Triads (Part 1)", by Hua-Lun Huang and John Z. Wang, pp. 25-32.
"Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs: A Facet of Organized Crime in the Mid Atlantic Region", by Richard C. Smith, Sr.
"The Drivers License: A Suggested Gang Suppression Strategy", by James O. Henkel and Philip L. Reichel, pp. 45-56.
Abstracts of the Preliminary Program for the 2002 Fifth International Gang Specialist Training Conference, August 14-16, 2002, Chicago, IL, pp. 57-75.
Volume 10, Number 1: Fall, 2002
"Work, Workplace Deviance, and Criminal Offenders: An Analysis of Project GANGMILL", by Michael J. Witkowski, Robert J. Homant, aned Erick Barnes, pp. 1-10.
"Predictors of Gang Involvement Among American Indian Adolescents", by Les B. Whitbeck, Dan R. Hoyt, Xiaojin Chen, and Jerry D. Stubben, pp. 11-26.
"Promising (And Not-So-Promising) Gang Prevention and Intervention Strategies: A Compehensive Literature Review", by Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, pp. 27-46.
"The "New" Female Gang Member: Anomaly or Evolution?", by James F. Anderson, Willie Brooks, Jr., Adam Langsam, and Laronistine Dyson, pp. 47-65.
Gang Profile Analysis: "Black Gods in Red Bank: The Five Percent Nation in Central New Jersey", by David J. Dodd and Damon Pearson, pp. 66-74.
Volume 10, Number 2: Winter, 2003
"Security Threat Groups: The Threat Posed by White Supremacist Organizations", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., pp. 1-24.
"White Supremacy Music - What Does it Mean to Our Youth", by Andrew M. Grascia, pp. 25-31.
"Confronting Transnational Gangs in the Americas", by Joseph Rogers, pp. 33-44.
"Native-American Youths and Gangs", by Janice Joseph and Dorothy Taylor, pp. 45-54.
"Chicano Music and Latino Rap and its Influence on Gang Violence and Culture", by Gabe Morales, pp. 55-63.
"Prison Deviance as a Predictor of General Deviance: Some Correlational Evidence from Project GANGMILL", by Robert J. Homant and Michael J. Witkowski, pp. 65-75.
Volume 10, Number 3: Spring, 2003
"A Modus Operandi Analysis of Bank Robberies by An Asian Gang: Implications for Law Enforcement", by John Z. Wang, pp. 1-12.
"Strategic Planning for Law Enforcement Agencies: Management as a Gang Fighting Strategy", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., pp. 13-23.
"Street Gangs: Utilizing Their Roll Calls for Investigative and Research Purposes", by Ken Davis, pp. 25-36.
"Gang Violence in Rural Georgia: A Community's Fight", by Shirley R. Holmes and Joe Amerling, pp. 37-64.
Gang Threat Analysis: "The Chaldean Mafia: A Preliminary Gang Threat Analysis", by George Knox, pp. 65-76.
Volume 10, Number 4: Summer, 2003
“Female Gangs and Patterns of Female Delinquency in Texas”, by Alan C. Turley, pp. 1-12.
“How Do Youth Claiming Gang Membership Differ From Youth Who Claim Membership in Another Group, Such As A Crew, Clique, Posse, or Mob?”, by Julie M. Amato and Dewey G. Cornell, pp. 13-23.
“The Effect of Gang Membership on Parole Outcome”, by Marilyn D. McShane, Frank P. Williams III, and H. Michael Dolny, pp. 25-38.
“Connecting Students At-Risk to Schools: Social Program Interventions”, by Shirley R. Holmes, Susan J. Brandenburg-Ayres, and Daria T. Cronic, pp. 39-46.
Volume 11, Number 1: Fall, 2003
“Differential Association and Gang Membership”, by David Brownfield, pp. 1-12.
“Do Gangs Exist in Rural Areas and Small Cities: Perceptions of Law Enforcement Agencies”, by Satasha L. Green, pp. 13-31.
“Girls in Gangs: Biographies and Culture of Female Gang Associates in New Zealand”, BY Greg Newbold and Glennis Dennehy, pp. 33-53.
“Gangster Rap - The Real Words Behind the Songs”, by Andrew M. Grascia, pp. 55-63.
“Why Do Children Join Gangs?”, pp. 65-75.
Volume 11, Number 2: Winter 2004
“An Assessment of Gang Presence and Related Activity at the County Level: Another Deniability Refutation”, by J. Mitchell Miller, et al, pp. 1-22.
“Mara Salvatrucha (MS 13) in Montgomery County Maryland”, by Jeffrey T. Wennar, pp. 23-28.
“Gang Violence: Mara Salvatrucha - Forever Salvador”, by Andrew M. Grascia, pp. 29-36.
“Exporting American Organized Crime - Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs”, by Tom Barker, pp. 37-50.
“Skinheads: A Three Nation Comparison”, by Wendy L. Hicks, pp. 51-74.
Volume 11, Number 3: Spring 2004
“Females and Gangs: Sexual Violence, Prostitution, and Exploitation”, by George W. Knox, pp. 1-15.
Special Report: The Preliminary Program of the 2004 NGCRC 7 th International Gang Specialist Training Program, Chicago, IL”, pp. 16-76.
Volume 11, Number 4: Summer 2004
“The Truth about Outlaw Bikers & What You Can Expect If They Come To Your Town”, by Andrew M. Grascia, pp. 1-16.
“Gang Unit Journal, Part I: ‘There’s Always a But...’”, by Karen de Olivares, pp. 17-24.
“Prison Gang Leadership: Traits Identified by Prison Gangsters”, by Sandra Fortune, pp. 25-46.
“Let Senior Brothers/Sisters Meet Junior Brothers/Sisters: The Categorical Linkages between Traditional Chinese Secret Associations and Modern Organized Chinese Underground Groups”, by Hua-Lun Huang, pp. 47-68.
Volume 12, Number 1: Fall, 2004
Special Issue - “The Problem of Gangs and Security Threat Groups (STG’s) in American Prisons Today: A Special NGCRC Report”, pp. 1-76.
Volume 12, Number 2: Winter, 2005
“Working With Youth Street Gangs and Their Families: Utilizing a Nurturing Model for Social Work Practice”, by Mary S. Jackson, Lessie Bass, and Elizabeth G. Sharpe, pp. 1-17.
“Youth Gangs of Rural Texas: College Students Speak Out”, by Satasha L. Green, pp. 19-40.
“Gang Behavior and Movies: Do Hollywood Gang Films Influence Violent Gang Behavior?”, by Chris J. Przemieniecki, pp. 41-71.
Volume 12, Number 3: Spring, 2005:
“The Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution”, by LT. Gregg W. Etter Sr., Ed.D., David H. McElreath, Ph.D., and Chester L. Quarles, Ph.D., pp. 1-16
Abstracts for the 2005 Gang Specialist Training Program, pp. 17-76
Volume 12, Number 4: Summer, 2005:
“ Correlates of Hispanic Female Gang Membership”, by Dorothy D. Sule, pp. 1-23.
“The Impact of Gang Membership on Mental Health Symptoms, Behavior Problems and Antisocial Criminality of Incarcerated Young Men”, by Kevin Corcoran, Alex Washington, and Nancy Meyers, pp. 25-35.
“Beyond the Lenses of the ‘Model’ Minority Myth: A Descriptive Portrait of Asian Gang Members”, by Glenn T. Tsunokai, pp. 37-58.
“Golden Parachutes and Gangbanging: Taiwanese Gangs in Suburban Southern California”, by Kay Kei-ho Pih and KuoRay Mao, pp. 59-72.
“Views from the Field: Memorandum in Support of Gang Expert Testimony”, by Jeffrey T. Wenner, pp. 73-76.
Vol. 13, No. 1: Fall, 2005:
“Gangs in the Law: A Content Analysis of Statutory Definitions for the Term Gang”, by D. Lee Gilbertson and Seth J. Malinski, pp. 1-16.
“The Linkages Between Street Gangs and Organized Crime: The Canadian Experience”, by Katharine Kelly and Tullio Caputo, pp. 17-31.
“Drug Use Among East African and Middle Eastern Immigrants: The Khat is out of the Bag”, by LT Gregg W. Etter, Sr., Ed.D., and Mohamed A. Ali, pp. 33-40.
“Gang Membership, Delinquent Friends and Criminal Family Members: Determining the Connections”, by Suman Kakar, pp. 41-52.
Vol. 13, No. 2: Winter, 2006:
“El remolque y el vacil: HIV Risk Among Street Gangs in El Salvador”, by Julia Dickson-Gomez, Gloria Bodnar, Aradenia Guevara, Karla Rodriguez, and Mauricio Gaborit, pp. 1-26.
“Motorcycle Gangs: The New Face of Organized Crime”, by Edward J. McDermott, pp. 27-36.
“Girls, Gangs and Crime: Profile of the Young Female Offender”, by Lianne Archer and Andrew M. Grascia, pp. 37-49.
Vol. 13, No. 3: Spring, 2006:
“The Use of Social Network Analysis (SNA) in the Examination of an Outlaw Motorcycle Gang”, by Donnay McNally and Jonathan Alston, pp. 1-25.
Official Proceedings: Session Abstracts for the 2006 NGCRC 9 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference, Chicago, Illinois, pp. 27-74.
Vol. 13, No. 4: Summer, 2006:
“An Assessment of Hispanic/Latino Gangs in North Carolina: Findings from a General Law Enforcement Survey”, by Alison Rhyne and Douglas L. Yearwood, pp. 1-14.
“Asian Gang Homicides and Weapons: Criminalistics and Criminology”, by D.A. Lopez, pp. 15-29.
“A Defiance Theory of Sanctions and Gang Membership”, by David Brownfield, pp. 31-43.
Views from the Field: “Opportunities Missed: Montgomery County Gang Prevention Task Force”, by Jeffrey T. Wennar, pp. 45-50.
Vol. 14, No. 1: Fall, 2006:
Special Report from the NGCRC: “Findings from the K-12 Survey Project: A Special Report of the NGCRC on Gang Problems in American Public Schools”, by George W. Knox, pp. 1-52.
Vol. 14, No. 2: Winter 2007:
“Hispanic/Latino Gangs: A Comparative Analysis of Nationally Affiliated and Local Gangs”, by Douglas L. Yearwood and Alison Rhyne, pp. 1-18.
“Gangs and Terrorists in the Americas: An Unlikely Nexus”, by Joseph Rogers, pp. 19-30.
“Gangster ‘Blood’ over College Aspirations: The Implications of Gang Membership for One Black Male College Student”, by Steven Cureton and Rochelle Bellamy, pp. 31-49.
Vol. 14, No. 3: Spring, 2007:
“The Gang’s All Here: The Globalization of Gang Activity”, by Jodi Vittori, pp. 1-34.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2007 NGCRC Training Conference, Course Abstracts”, pp. 35-76.
Volume 14, No. 4, Summer: 2007:
“Third Generation Gang Studies: An Introduction”, by John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, pp. 1-10.
“Theoretical Foundations for Gang Membership”, by Michael Klemp-North, pp. 11-26.
“Street gangs in Indian Country: A Clash of Cultures”, by Christopher M. Grant and Steve Feimer, pp. 27-66.
“A Call for an Assessment-Based Approach to Gang Intervention”, by Thomas Boerman, pp. 67-73.
Volume 15, No. 1, Fall, 2007:
“The Organizational Structure of Street Gangs in Newark, New Jersey: A Network Analysis Methodology”,. By Jean Marie McGloin, pp. 1-34.
“Central American Gangs: An Overview of the Phenomenon in Laltin America and the U.S.”, by Thomas Boerman, pp. 35-52.
Volume 15, No. 2, Winter, 2008:
“Graffiti Formats: Are they Gangs or Graffiti Crews?”, by Kenneth A. Davis, pp. 1-18.
“A Comprehensive Literature Review of Rural Youth Gangs”, by Karen L. Wilson, pp. 19-32.
“Border Crossings: A Look at the Very Real Threat of Cross Border Gangs to the U.S.”, by G.V. Corbiscello, pp. 33-52.
Volume 15, No. 3, Spring , 2008:
“Exploring the Experiences of Asian Youth in the Criminal Justice System in Canada”, by Siu-ming Kwok, pp. 1-17.
“The Preliminary Program Listing of the 2008 NGCRC 11 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference: Session Abstracts”, pp. 18-68.
Volume 15, No. 4, Summer, 2008.
“Understanding Gang Theories: Social Process Theories, Part One”, by Mario L. Hesse, pp. 1-14.
“Antecedents to Gang Membership: Attachments, Beliefs, and Street Encounters with the Police”, by Arthur L. Lurigio, Jamie L. Flexon, and Richard G.Greenleaf, pp. 15-33.
“Female Gang Members and Desistance: Pregnancy as a Possible Exit Strategy”, by Jennifer A. Varriale, pp. 35-64.
“Gang Affiliation and Negative Perceptions About Authority, Law Enforcement, and Laws: Is Gang Affiliation a Precursor to Becoming a Threat to Homeland Security and Terrorism?”, by Suman Kakar, pp. 65-76.
Volume 16, No. 1, Fall, 2008:
“Examining the Demographics of Street Gangs in Wichita, Kansas”, by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., and Warren G. Swymeler, pp. 1-12.
“Relationship of Latino Gang Membership to Anger Expression, Bullying, Ethnic Identity and Self-Esteem”, by Ede L.Lemus and Fred A. Johnson, pp. 13-32.
“Gangs and Gang Violence in School”, by Janice Joseph, pp. 33-50.
Volume 16, No. 2, Winter, 2009:
“Are Gangs a Social Problem”, by D. Lee Gilbertson, pp. 1-25.
“Healing Connections: Rising Above the Gang”, by Tania Lafontaine, Sharon Acoose, and Bernard Schissel, pp. 26-55.
“In Their Own Words: A Study of Gang Members Through Their Own Perspective”, by Aleljandro del Carmen, John J. Rodriguez, Rhonda Dobbs, Richard Smith, Randall R. Butler, and Robert Sarver III, pp. 57-76.
Volume 16, No. 3, Spring, 2009:
“Explaining Gang Involvement and Delinquency among Asian Americans: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory”, by Glenn T. Tsunokai and Augustine J. Kposowa, pp. 1-33.
“The Preliminary Program Listing of the 2009 NGCRC 12 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 12-14, 2009 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios, pp. 34-76.
Volume 16, No. 4, Summer, 2009:
“MS-13: A Gang Profile”, by Jennifer J. Adams and Jesenia M. Pizarro, pp. 1-14.
“Weapon Related Violence among Students in Philadelphia and Toronto: The Gang Connection”, by Jennifer E. Butters, Lana Harrison, Edward Adlaf, and Patricia G. Erickson, pp. 15-34.
“The Psychological Effect of Exposure to Gang Violence on Youth: A Pilot Study”, by Sarah Kelly, Debra Anderson, and Ann Peden, pp. 35-52.
Volume 17, No. 1, Fall, 2009:
“How Street Gangs Recruit and Socialize Members”, by Stanley S. Taylor, pp. 1-27.
“Lessons Learned from the National Evaluation of the Gang-free Schools and Community Program”, by Jennifer Scherer, Dana Thompson Dorsey, and Daniel Catzva, pp. 29-44.
“By Working Together We Can Support Youth: Observations from a Preliminary Evaluation of the Community solution to Gang Violence”, by Jana Grekul, Pattie LaBoucane-Benson, and Karen Erickson, pp. 45-67.
“Statistical Evaluation Results from the 2009 NGCRC Training Conference”, pp. 68-72.
Volume 17, No. 2, Winter, 2010:
“Mara Salvatrucha 13: A Transnational Threat”, by Gregg W. Etter Sr., pp. 1-17.
“Recent Gang Activity in Jamaican High Schools”, by Lorna Grant, Camille Gibson, and Edward Mason, pp. 19-35.
“Gangs in North Carolina: Responding to a Legislative Study Mandate”, by Douglas L. Yearwood and Richard Hayes, pp. 36-52.
Volume 17, No. 3, Spring, 2010:
“The Presence of Serious Gang Involvement in Elementary Schools”, by Mahfuzul I. Khondaker, Kennon Rice, and Brenda Russell, pp. 1-9.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2010 NGCRC 13 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 16-18, 2010 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios”, pp. 10-76.
Volume 17, No. 4, Summer, 2010:
“Social Control, Self-Control, and Gang Membership”, by David Brownfield, pp. 1-12.
“Gangs Go to College: A Preliminary Report”, by Tom W. Cadwallader, pp. 13-20.
“The Perceived Effects of Precursor Laws on Domestic Methamphetamine Production”, by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., and Cclarinda W. Garrett, pp. 21-37.
“Charismatic Role Theory: Towards a Theory of Gang Dissipation”, by Christian Bolden, pp. 39-70.
Volume 18, No. 1, Fall, 2010:
“Recent Patterns in Gang Prevalence: A Two State Comparison”, by Jeff Rojek, Matthew Petrocelli, and Trish Oberweis, pp. 1-17.
“The Fourty-Two Gang: The Unpublished Landesco Manuscripts”, by Robert M. Lombardo, pp. 19-38.
“Lost Souls of Society Become Hypnotized by Gangsterism”, by Steven R. Cureton, pp. 39-52.
Volume 18, No. 2, Winter, 2011:
“Players, Social Bandits, Would-Be Radical Revolutionaries: Examining Hip-Hop, Narcocorrido, and neo-Nazi Hate Rock”, by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., pp. 1-22.
“Building Collective Efficacy and Sustainability Into a Community Collaborative: Community Solution to Gang Violence”, by Jana Grekul, pp. 23-45.
“Special Report: Little Hope in 2011 for Federal Anti-Gang Legislation”, by George W. Knox, pp. 46-52.
Volume 18, No. 3, Spring, 2011:
“Alabama Prison Gang Survey”, by Richard H. Martin, Jeffrey L. Gwynne, Robert Parillo, Bar Younker, Jr., and Reginald Carter, pp. 1-19.
“Preliminary Program for the 2011 NGCRC 14 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 8-10, 2011): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios”, pp. 20-76.
Volume 18, No. 4, Summer, 2011:
"Documenting the Pilot: The Military Gang Perception Questionnaire (MGPQ)", by Carter F. Smith, pp. 1-17.
"Drug Wars: It is Not All Quiet on the Mexican Front", by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., pp. 19-45.
"Views From the Field: The Early Days of Military Gang Investigating", by Carter F. Smith, pp. 46-52.
Volume 19, No. 1, Fall, 2011:
"Adolescent Males' Perceptions of Gangs and Gang Violence", by Sarah Kelly, Debra Anderson, Lynne Hall, Ann Peden, and Julie Cerel, pp. 1-8.
"A Comprehensive Literature Review of Military-Trained Gang Members", by Carter F. Smith, pp. 9-20.
"Psychological and Cultural Aspects of Outlaw Motorcycle Gangs Members", by Brandon Prenger and Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., 21-36.
"Use of the Teardrop Tattoo by Young Street Gang Members in Canada", by Mark Totten, pp. 37-52.
Volume 19, No. 2, Winter, 2012:
"Gays in the Gang", by Mark Totten, pp. 1-24.
"Gender and Gang Membership: Testing Theories to Account for Different Rates of Participation", by David Brownfield, pp. 25-32.
"Globalization and Gang Growth: The Four Phenomena Affect", by M. Michaux Parker, pp. 33-49.
Volume 19, No. 3, Spring, 2012:
"Predicting Fear of Gangs among High School Students in Chicago", by Arthur J. Lurigio, Jamie L. Flexon, and Richard G. Greenleaf, pp. 1-12.
"The Preliminary Program for the 2012 NGCRC 15th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (July 23-25, 2012 - Chicgo): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios, pp. 13-76.
Volume 19, No. 4, Summer, 2012:
"A Crucible of Conflict: Third Generation Gang Studies Revisited", by John P. Sullivan and Robert J. Bunker, pp. 1-20.
"Gangs in the Village: Re-conceptualizing Gangs as a Social Work Phenomenon", by M. Michaux Parker, Jennifer J. McRant, and Shereuka L. Coleman, pp. 21-36.
"The Gang Officer's Perception: Measuring Intervention Propensity Among Gang Investigators", by Blake Lafond, Shruti Mehta, and Richard Hayes, pp. 37-51.
Volume 20, No. 1, Fall, 2012:
"The Industrial Organization of Street Gangs", by David Skarbek and Russell Sobel, pp. 1-17.
"Are You Down? Power Relations and Gender Reconstruction Among Latina Gang Members in Los Angeles", by Abigail Kolb and Ted Palys, pp. 19-32.
"Views from the Field: Flashgangs and Flashgangbanging: How can local police prepare?", by Carter F. Smith, Jeffrey P. Rush, Daniel Robinson, and Megan Karmiller, pp. 33-50.
"Special NGCRC Report: The Problem of Gang and Security Threat Groups (STG's) in American Prisons and Jails Today", by George W. Knox, pp. 51-76.
Volume 20, No. 2, Winter, 2013:
“Teaching About Hate Crimes to University Students”, by Jeffery Johson, Gregg W. Etter, Sr.,, and Lynn W. Varner, pp. 1-8.
“Interactive Visualization of New Jersey Gang Data”, by Manfred Minimair, pp. 9-25.
“Gang Membership and Gender: Does Being a Female Gang Affect the Type, Frequency and Intensity of Crimes Committed?”, by Suman Kakar, pp. 27-40.
“Gangster Undergrads: Perceptions Regarding Gang Members in Colleges and Universities”, by Carter F. Smith, pp. 41-52.
Volume 20, No. 3, Spring, 2013:
“Youth Gangs in Contemporary China”, by Lening Zhang, pp. 1-18.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2013 NGCRC’s 16 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 5-7, 2013 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios”, pp. 19-76.
Volume 20, No. 4, Summer, 2013:
“The Mexican Drug Wars: Organized Crime, Narco-Terrorism, Insurgency or Asymmetric Warfare?”, by Dr. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., and Erica L. Lehmuth, pp. 1-34
“Gang Formation Revisited: A Human Development Framework to Inform Balanced Anti-Gang Strategies”, by Gilberto Q. Conchas and James Diego Vigil, pp. 35-52
Volume 21, No. 1, Fall, 2013:
“Making Sense Out of the Census: Identifying Relationships Between Census Data, Validated Gang Levels, and Index Crime Levels”, by Blake Lafond and Shruti Mehta, pp 1-16
“Street Gangs and Violence in Trinadad and Tobago”,by Randy Seepersad, pp. 17-42
“An Overview of a Gang Diversion Collaboration Operation by the Carson Sheriff’s Station in Los Angeles”, by Bill Sanders, pp. 43-52.
Volume 21, No. 2, Winter, 2014:
“Does Religion Matter? A Study of the Impact of Religion on Female Incarcerated Gang Members in a Bible Belt State”, by Nick Genty, A. Christon Adedoyin, Mary S. Jackson, and Mark Jones, pp. 1-16
“Understanding and Meeting the Needs of Formerly Gang-Affiliated Youth Through Tattoo-Removal Services”, by Sonia Jain, Adriana Mercedes Alvarado, Alison K. Cohen, and Quamrun Eldridge, pp. 17-31
“Barriers to Effective Gang-Member Reentry: An Examination of Street Gang-Affiliated Probation Revocation in a Southwestern State”, by Adam K. Matz, Kelli D. Stevens Martin, and Matthew T. DeMichele, pp. 32-51
Volume 21, No. 3, Spring, 2014:
“Transnationalism: Law Enforcement Perceptions of Gang Activity on the Texas/Mexico Border”, by John J. Rodriguez, Raymond A. Eve, Alejandro Del Carmen, and Seokjin Jeong, pp. 1-15.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2014 NGCRC 17 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 11-13, 2014 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios”, pp. 16-76.
Volume 21, No. 4, Summer, 2014:
“Testing a Subcultural Theory of Crime and Delinquency in a Gang Context”, by David Brownfield, pp. 1-9.
“Hate Crimes Against American Indians and Alaskan Natives”, by Hillary D. McNeel, pp. 11-21.
“The Transformation of Playgroups to Street Gangs”, by Tim Delaney, pp. 23-43.
“Cumulative Index to Articles Published in the Journal of Gang Research”, pp. 44-52.
Volume 22, No. 1, Fall, 2014:
“Anomie Theory and Gang Delinquency”, by David Brownfield, pp. 1-12.
“An Empirical Evaluation of the Project B.U.I.L.D. Gang Intervention Program”, by M. Michaux Parker, George Wilson, and Chalita Thomas, pp. 13-24.
“A Comparison of Gang and Non-gang Involved Adult Probationers in California’s Agricultural Heartland”, by James Eric Sutton and Jessica Erin Sutton, pp. 25-42.
“Views from the Field: Are We Color Blind to the Violence Behind Graffiti?”, by Kenneth A. Davis, pp. 43-50.
Volume 22, No. 2, Winter, 2015:
“Recent Literature on Approaches and Programs for Dealing with the Gang Phenomenon: Between Tradition and Innovation”, by Sylvie Hamel, Marc Alain, and Karine Messier-Newman, pp. 1-22.
“Military-Trained Gang Members – Two Different Perspectives”, by Carter F. Smith, pp. 23-38.
“Females and Emotional/Behavioral Disorders and Delinquency”, by Mickie Wong-Lo, Ph.D., pp. 39-51.
Volume 22, No. 3, Spring, 2015:
“Understanding Transnational Gangs and Criminal Networks: A Contribution to Community Resilience – A Social Network Analysis of the San Diego/Tijuana Border Region”, by Ami C. Carpenter and Stacey Cooper, p. 1-24.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2015 NGCRC’s 18 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 10-12, 2015 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios”, pp. 25-76.
Volume 22, No. 4, Summer, 2015:
“A Media Analysis of Gang-related Homicides in British Columbia from 2003 to 2013", by Samuel Jingfors, Gloria Lazzano, and Keiron McConnell, pp. 1-17.
“The Spearhead: Assessing Gangs and Community Vulnerability to Gang Infiltration”, by M. Michaux Park and Stephanie Whitehead, pp. 19-35.
“Community Level Factors and Concerns Over Youth Gangs in First Nation Communities”, by Tullio Caputo and Katharine Kelly, pp. 37-52.
Volume 23, No. 1, Fall, 2015:
“What is the Nexus Between Organized Crime and Gangs?”, by Stephen L. Mallory, Michael P. Wigginton Jr., Gregg W. Etter Sr, Jeffery M. Johnson, and Sara Thomas, pp. 1-21.
“St. Louis Gang Violence and the Code of the Street”, by Grant Shostak, pp. 23-30.
“The Latent Catalyst: Clarifying the Impact of Gang Behavior on Juvenile Mental Illness Within a Multivariate Context”, by George Wilson, M. Michael Parker, and Charlita Thomas, pp. 31-43.
“A Synopsis of the NGCRC’s 2016 Gang Training Conference”, pp. 45-52.
Volume 23, No. 2, Winter, 2016:
“A Community-Based Soccer Program for At-Risk Youth in Ventanilla, Peru: An Examination of the Long Term Effectiveness of Club Deportivo Dan”, by Michael E. Antonio and Susan R. Shutt, pp. 1-18.
“Disproportionate Gang Crime and Violence in the West Zone of Greenville (Pitt County) North Carolina”, by James F. Anderson, Kelly Reinsmith-Jones, Laronistine Dyson, and Adam H. Langsam, pp. 19-40.
“When is a Prison Gang Not a Prison Gang: A Focused Review of Prison Gang Literature”, by Carter F. Smith, pp. 41-52.
Volume 23, No. 3, Spring, 2016:
“Disproportionate Minority Contact: Impact of Race and Risk Factors of First-Time Juvenile Offenders on Recidivism”, by Shelby Brisky, Yoshiko Takahashi, and Vanessa Hernandez, pp. 1-11.
“The Preliminary Program for the 2016 NGCRC’s 19 th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 8-10, 2016 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts and Bios”, pp. 12-76.
Volume 23, No. 4, Summer, 2016:
“The Russian Mayfia: Examining the Thieves World From Thieves-In Law to Thieves in Authority”, by Gregg W. Etter Sr., and Stacia Pottorff, pp. 1-27.
“Nothing Works or Something Works? Gang-Crimes and Interventions in the Print Media”, by Xiaochen Hu and Layne Ditttman, pp. 29-50.
“Two Book Reviews” by Dr. Vicky Ganieany, pp. 51-52.
Volume 24, No. 1, Fall, 2016:
“Gang Membership and Suicidality in Adolescents”, by Shao-Chiu Juan and David Memenway, pp. 1-15.
“Outlaw Motorcycle Clubs as Complex Organizations”, by J. Randal Montgomery, pp. 17-36.
“Volunteer Stress: Examining Job-related Stress and Effects for Gang Officers in Tennessee”, by Tae Choo and Carter F. Smith, pp. 37-52.
“The Insane Spanish Cobras: A Gang Threat Analysis”, by Fred Moreno, pp. 53-76.
Volume 24, No. 2, Winter, 2017:
“I’m Just a Juggalo! Will the Gangs Go on Without Me?”, by Gregg W. Etter, Sr., Ed.D. and Hillary D. McNeel, M.S., pp. 1-14.
“The Non-Gang: A Retrospective Essay on Los Paisanos de L.A. in the 1960s”, by Fernando Parra, Frank Malgesini, and Anna Cecilia Villareal Ballesteros, pp. 15-22.
“Exploring Post-Traumatic Stress Syndrome among African-American Adolescent Gang Members in Rural Areas: Suggestions for Therapeutic Interventions”, by Johnathan Brunson, Mary S. Jackson, A. Christon Adodeoyin, Monte Miller, Archie Pender, and Sturdivant David, pp. 23-34.
“Voices from a gang - A study of gang member and stories as told by themselves about upbringing, school and gang life - Gang research in a Danish context”, by Kirsten Elisa Petersen, pp. 35-52.
Volume 24, No. 3, Spring, 2017:
" Revisiting the Comprehensive Gang Intervention Model: Implementation, Data, and Program Impact in a Chronic Gang Site", by Mike Tapia and Carlos E. Posadas, pp. 1 - 16.
“ The Preliminary Program for the 2017 NGCRC's 20th International Gang Specialist Training Conference (Aug. 7-9, 2017 - Chicago): The Course Titles, Abstracts, and Bios, pp. 17 - 76"
Volume 24, No. 4, Summer, 2017:
"Italian Organized Crime: Will the Real Mafia Please Stand Up", by Dr. Gregg W. Etter Sr., Ed.D., pp.1 - 38.
" Comparing Gang Crime Patterns of Two Different Land Uses with Intensity Value Analysis in Winston-Salem, NC ", by Pedro M. Hernandez, pp. 39 - 44.
" Correctional Management of Security Risk Groups: A Case Study ", by Divya Sharma, Ph.D. and Kim Marino, Ph.D., pp. 45 - 65.
Volume 25, No. 1, Fall, 2017:
“Chiraq: Oppression, Homicide, Concentrated Misery, and Gangsterism in Chicago”, by Steven R. Cureton, pp. 1-18.
“When It Gets Gangsta: An Examination of Gang-related K-12 School Violence Perpetrators”, by Gordon A. Crews, pp. 19-33.
“Using Anomie Theory to Examine Gang Fighting”, by Angela M. Collins and Scott Menard, pp. 35-49.
Volume 25, No. 2, Winter, 2018:
ALPHABETICAL AUTHOR INDEX
Acoose, Sharon; V16N2 (e.g, V16N2 = Volume 16, Number 2)
Adams, Jennifer J.; V16N4
Adedeoyin, A. Christon; V21N2; V24N2
Adlaf, Edward; V16N4
Aiken, Carol; V1N2 (e.g., V1N2 = Volume 1, Number 2)
Alain, Marc; V22N2
Ali, Mohamed A.; V13N1
Alston, Jonathan; V13N3
Altschuler, David M.; V8N2
Alvarado, Adriana Mercedes; V21N2
Amato, Julie M.; V10N4
Amerling, Joe; V10N3
Anderson, Debra; V16N4; V19N1
Anderson, James F.; V1N2; V3N2; V8N4; V10N1; V23N2
Antonio, Michael E; V23N2
Archer, Lianne; V13N2
Armor, Jerry C.; V2N3
Baba, Yoko; V8N2
Ballesteros, Anna Cecilia Villareal; V24N2
Barker, Tom; V11N2
Barnes, Erick; V10N1
Bass, Lessie; V12N2
Batani-Khalfani, Akil; V5N4
Batsis, Tom; V4N3
Becker, Harold K.; V2N4; V4N4
Bedard, Laura; V2N3
Bellamy, Rochelle; V14N2
Bessant, Judith; V1N1; V2N1
Bochenek, Brian M.; V4N1
Bodnar, Gloria; V13N2
Boerman, Thomas; V8N2; V14N4; V15N1
Bonner, Roger H.; V6N3
Brandenburg-Ayres, Susan J.; V5N2; V10N4
Brandt, Gerri-Ann; V9N2
Brisky, Shelby; V23N3
Brooks, Willie, Jr.; V10N1
Brownfield, David; V3N3; V4N4; V5N3; V9N2; V11N1; V13N4; V19N2; V21N4; V22N1
Brunson, Johnathan; V24N2
Buentello, Salvador; V2N4
Bunker, Robert J.; V14N4; V19N4
Butler, Randall R.; V16N2
Butters, Jennifer E.; V16N4
Caldwell, Laura; V8N2
Cappeletty, Gordon G.; V5N1
Caputo, Tullio; V13N1; V22N4
Carpenter, Ami C.; V22N3
Catzva, Daniel; V17N1
Cerel, Julie; V19N1
Chang, Jean; V4N1
Chen, Xiaojin; V10N1
Chin, Ko-Lin; V1N2
Choo, Tae; V24N1
Chu, Mayling Maria; V7N1
Coghlin, Michael P.; V5N2
Cohen, Alison K.; V21N2
Coleman, Shereuka L.; V19N4
Collins, Angela; V25N1
Collins, Jesse; V1N3
Conchas, Gilberto Q.; V20N4
Conners, Edward F.; V3N1
Cooper, Stacey; V22N3
Corbiscello, G.V.; V4N2; V5N2; V15N2
Corcoran, Kevin; V12N4
Cornell, Dewey G.; V10N4
Crews, Gordon A.; V25N1
Cronic, Daria T.; V10N4
Cureton, Steven R.; V7N1; V14N2; V25N1
Damphouse, Kelly R.; V9N2
Dart, Robert; V1N1
David, Sturdivant; V24N2
Davis, Kenneth A.; V10N3; V15N2; V22N1
Delaney, Tim; V21N4
Del Carmen, Alejandro; V16N2
Dembrink, John; V1N1
DeMichele, Matthew T.; V21N2
Dennehy, Glennis; V11N1
DeZolt, Ernest M.; V3N3
Dittman, Layne; V23N4
Dobbs, Rhonda; V16N2
Dodd, David J.; V10N1
Dodge, Mary; V8N1
Dolny, H. Michael; V10N4
Dorsey, Dana Thompson; V17N1
Downs, Bill; V1N3; V2N2: V2N3
Dyson, Laronistine; V3N2; V8N4; V10N1; V23N2
Elder, Alice P. Franklin; V3N4; V6N3
Eldridge, Quamrun; V21N2
Erickson, Karen; V17N1
Erickson, Patricia G.; V16N4
Eskay, Robert; V1N4
Etter, Gregg W.; V3N1; V5N2; V6N3; V8N2; V9N4; V10N2; V10N3; V12N3; V13N1; V16N1; V17N2; V18N4; V19N1; V20N2; V20N4; V23N1; V23N4 ; V24N2; V24N4 ;
Evans, William; V3N4
Fagan, Jeffrey A.; V1N2
Fanscali, James; V6N2
Feimer, Steve; V14N4
Felkenes, George T.; V2N4: V4N4
Flexon, Jamie L.; V15N4; V19N3
Fong, Robert S.; V2N2; V2N4
Fortune, Sandra; V11N4
Gaborit, Mauricio; V13N2
Ganieany, Vicky; V23N4
Geis, Gilbert; V1N1; V8N1
Genty, Nick; V21N2
Gertz, Marc; V2N3
Gibson, Camiolle; V17N2
Gilbertson, D. Lee; V13N1; V16N2
Gilcher, Donna C.; V3N3
Gonzalez; Jose; V6N3
Gomez, Julia Dickson-; V13N2
Grant, Christopher M.; V14N4
Grant, Lorna; V17N2
Grascia, Andrew M.; V10N2; V11N1; V11N2; V11N4; V13N2
Green, Satasha; V11N1; V12N2
Greenleaf, Richard G.; V15N4; V19N3
Grekul, Jana; V17N1
Guagliardo, James G.; V4N4
Guevara, Aradenia; V13N2
Hailer, Julie A.; V7N1
Hall, Lynn; V19N1
Hallet, Michael; V1N4
Hamel, Sylvie; V22N2
Hansen, Joy; V1N1
Harrison, Lana; V16N4
Hart, Cynthia Baroody; V7N1
Hayes, Richard; V7N4; V8N4; V17N2; V19N4
Henkel, James O.; V9N4
Henley, Raymond E.; V6N1
Hernandez, Pedro M.; V24N4
Hernandez, Vanessa; V23N3
Hesse, Mario L.; V15N4
Hicks, Wendy L.; V11N2
Holmes, Shirley R.; V2N4; V5N2; V7N4; V9N2; V10N3; V10N4
Homant, Robert J.; V10N1; V10N2
Hope, Trina L.; V9N2
Houston, James G.; V1N2; V1N3; V2N1; V3N3; V5N3; V6N3
Howard, Matthew O.; V5N2
Hoyt, Dan R.; V10N1
Hu, Xiaochen; V23N4
Huang, Hua-Lun; V9N4; V11N4
Huntley, Jill; V4N4
Hurysz, Lynn M.; V3N1
Jackson, Jerome: V1N4
Jackson, Mary S.; V5N1; V12N2; V21N2; V24N2
Jackson, Pamela Irving; V1N3
Jackson, Vincent Keith; V2N3
Jain, Sonya; V21N2
Jan, Lee-jan; V1N4
Jensen, Eric L.; V2N2
Jensen, Gary F.; V3N4
Jenson, Jeffrey M.; V5N2
Jingfors, Samuel; V22N4
Joe, Karen; V1N2; V1N4; V3N1
Johnson, Claire M.; V3N1
Johnson, Fred A.; V16N1
Johnson, Jeffery; V20N2; V23N1
Jones, Mark; V21N2
Joseph, Janice; V4N2; V6N4; V10N2; V16N1
Juan, Shao-Chiu; V24N1
Kakar, Suman; V9N2; V13N1; V15N4; V20N2
Karmiller, Megan; V20N1
Kelley, Robert J.; V1N2
Kelly, Katharine; V13N1; V22N4
Kelly, Sarah; V16N4; V19N1
Khondaker, Mahfuzul I; V17N3
Kirk-Duggan, Cheryl A.; V4N2
Klein, Malcolm W.; V3N1
Klemp-North, Michael; V14N4
Knox, George W.; V1N3; V2N3; V3N1; V3N2; V3N3; V3N4; V4N1; V4N3;V4N4; V5N1; V5N2; V5N4; V6N2; V6N3; V6N4; V8N3; V8N4; V9N1; V9N2; V9N3; V10N3; V11N3, V14N1; V20N1
Koch, Paul; V1N3
Kolb, Abigail; V20N1
Kposowa, Augustine J.; V16N3
Kwok, Siu-ming; V15N3
LaBoucane-Benson, Pattie; V17N1
Lafond, Blake; V19N4; V20N1 ;
Lafontaine, Tania; V16N2
Lanctot, Nadine; V5N3
Langsam, Adam; V10N1; V23N2
Langston, Michael; V4N4; V5N4
Laskey, John A.; V3N2; V4N2
Lauderback, David; V1N1
Lazzano, Gloria; V22N4
Le Blanc, Marc; V5N3
Lehmuth, Erica L.; V20N4
Lemus, Eder L.; V16N1
Levine, Gene M.; V7N4
Little, Bertis B.; V6N3
Lopez, D.A.; V13N4
Lurigio, Arthur J.; V15N4; V19N3
Magana, Lisa; V4N4
Malgesini, Frank; V24N2
Malinski, Seth J.; V13N1
Mallory, Stephen L.; V23N1
Mangels, Nancie J; V8N4
Mao, KuoRay; V12N4
Marino, Kim; V24N4
Martin, Kelli D. Stevens; V21N2
Mason, Alex; V3N4
Mason, Edward; V17N2
Matz, Adam K.; V21N2
Maxson, Cheryl L.; V1N2; V3N1
May, Melvyn; V6N4
McConnell, Elizabeth H.; V2N1
McConnell, Keiron; V22N4
McCurrie, Thomas F.; V5N2; V6N2
McDermott, Edward J.; V13N2
McGloin, Jean Marie; V15N1
McLean, Gordon; V7N1
McNally, Donnay; V13N3
McNeel, Hillary; V21N4; V24N2
McRant, Jennifer J.; V19N4
McShane, Marilyn D.; V10N4
Meeker, James W.; V4N3
Mehta, Shruti; V19N4; V20N1
Memenway, David; V24N1
Menard, Scott; V25N1
Messier-Newman, Karine; V22N2
Meyers, Nancy; V12N4
Miller, J. Mitchell; V5N1; V11N2
Miller, Monte; V24N2
Minimair, Manfred; V20N2
Minor, Julye; V5N1
Molidor, Christian; V6N3
Montgomery, J. Randal; V24N1
Morales, Gabe; V10N2
Moreno, Fred; V24N1
Neely, David E.; V4N2
Negola, Todd D.; V5N4
Newbold, Greg; V11N1
Nicklas, Darek; V1N3
Olivares, Karen de; V11N4
Orlandella, Angelo Ralph; V2N2
Palacious, Wilson R.; V4N1
Palumbo, Dennis; V1N4
Palys, Ted; V20N1
Papachristos, Andrew V.; V5N4
Parker, M. Michaux; V19N2; V19N4; V22N1; V22N4; V23N1
Parra, Fernando; V4N3; V7N4; V8N4; V24N2
Pearson, Damon; V10N1
Peden, Ann; V16N4; V19N1
Pender, Archie; V24N2
Perimutter, Barry F.; V5N1
Persons, Will; V2N3
Peterson, Kirsten Elisa; V24N2
Pih, Kay Kei-ho; V12N4
Pizzaro, Jesenia M.; V16N4
Posados, Carlos E.; V24N3
Pottorff, Stacia; V23N4
Prenger, Brandon; V19N1
Prinsloo, Johan; V5N3
Przemieniecki, Chris J.; V12N2
Quicker, John C.; V5N4
Quinn, James F; V1N3; V2N2; V2N3
Rees, Thomas A., Jr.; V4N1
Regulus, Thomas A.; V2N1
Reichel, Philip L.; V9N4
Reinsmith-Jones, Kelley; V23N2
Rhyne, Alison, V13N4; V14N2
Rice, Kennon; V17N3
Rivera, Raymond; V6N1
Robinson, Curtis J.; V6N4; V7N1; V9N1
Robinson, Daniel; V20N1
Rodriguez, Fernando; V2N4
Rodriguez, John; V16N2
Rodriquez, Karla; V13N2
Rogers, Joseph; V10N2, V14N2
Rosenbaum, Jill Leslie; V3N3
Ruefle, William J.; V5N1
Rush, Jeffrey P.; V1N2; V1N3; V20N1
Russell, Brenda; V9N2; V17N3
Saenz, Diana J.; V3N1
Sanders, William B.; V2N4; V20N1
Santman, Jennifer; V5N1
Sarver, Robert III; V16N2
Scherer, Jennifer; V17N1
Schissel, Bernard; V16N2
Schmidt, Linda M.; V3N3
Seepersad, Randy; V20N1
Sharma, Divya; V24N4
Sharpe, Elizabeth Gail; V5N1; V12N2
Shelden, Randall G.; V1N1
Shostak, Grant J.; V23N1
Shutt, Susan R.; V23N2
Silverstein, Martin E.; V2N4
Sirpal, Suman K.; V4N2
Skarbek, David; V20N1
Smith, Carter F.; V18N4; V19N1; V20N1; V20N2; V22N2; V23N2; V24N1
Smith, Richard; V16N2
Smith, Richard C, Sr.; V9N4
Snell, Laura; V6N3
Snodgrass, Ted; V1N1
Snodgrass, Pam; V1N1
Sobel, Russell; V20N1
Song, John Huey-Long; V1N1; V3N1
Sorenson, Ann Marie; V3N3; V4N4; V5N3
Sorrentino, Anthony; V2N3
Stallworth, Ron; V6N1
Stevens, Dennis J.; V4N4
Stinchcomb, Jeanne B.; V10N1
Stone, Sandra S.; V4N1; V5N2
Stubben, Jerry D.; V10N1
Stum, Karen; V7N1
Sule, Dorothy D., V12N4
Sullivan, John P.; V2N4; V14N4; V19N4
Sun, Key; V1N3
Sutton, James Eric; V22N1
Sutton, Jessica Erin; V22N1
Sutton, James R.; V1N3
Swymeler, Warren G.; V16N1
Takahashi, Yoshiko; V23N3
Takata, Susan R.; V2N2
Tapia, Mike; V24N3
Taylor, Dorothy; V10N2
Taylor, Stanley S.; V17N1
Thomas, Chalita; V22N1; V23N1
Thomas, Sara; V23N1
Thompson, Kevin M.; V3N3; V4N4; V5N3; V9N2
Tobolowski, Peggy M.; V2N2
Totten, Mark; V8N4; V19N1; V19N2
Toy, Calvin; V1N1
Tromanhauser, Edward; V1N3; V6N3
Tsunokai, Glenn T; V12N4; V16N3
Turley, Alan C., V10N4
Tyler, Charles; V2N2
Varner, Lynn; V20N2
Varriale, Jennifer A.; V15N4
Vercaigne, Conny; V5N1
Vigil, James Diego; V20N4
Vila, Bryan; V4N3
Vittori, Jodi; V14N3
Vogel, Ronald E.; V2N2; V2N4
Waldorf, Dan; V1N1; V1N4
Walker, Jeffery T.; V2N2
Wang, John Z.; V2N3; V5N3; V7N4; V8N1; V9N4; V10N3
Watts, Rob; V1N1
Washington, Alex; V12N4
Webster, Barbara A.; V3N1
Wennar, Jeffrey T.; V11N2; V12N4; V13N4
Whitbeck, Les B.; V10N1
White, E. Ashley; V2N2
White, Judge Bill; V2N2
Whitehead, Stephanie; V22N4
Wigginton, Michael P. Jr.; V23N1
Williams, Frank P., III; V10N4
Wilson, George; V22N1; V23N1
Wilson, Karen L.; V15N2
Witkowski, Michael J.; V8N1; V10N1; V10N2
Wong-Lo, Mickie; V22N2
Wright, Richard A.; V5N1
Wycoff, Jerry; V1N2; V4N1
Yablonsky, Lewis; V6N4
Yearwood, Douglas; V7N4; V8N4, V13N4, V14N2; V17N2
Zaitzow, Barbara H.; V5N3; V6N3
Zhang, Lening; V20N3
CLASSIFICATION OF JOURNAL ARTICLES BY SUBJECT AREA:
The following list provides a useful guide to the articles published in the Journal by the "subject area".
HISTORICAL ISSUES:
"Being Bad is Good: Explorations of the Bodgie Gang Culture in South East Australia, 1984-1956", by Judith Bessant and Rob Watts, V1N1.
"An Interview with Lewis Yablonsky: The Violent Gang and Beyond", by James G. Houston, V1N2.
"An Interview With Richard Cloward", by Jeffrey Paul Rush, V1N3.
"The Legacy of Street Corner Society and Gang Research in the 1990s: An Interview with William F. Whyte", by Karen A. Joe, V1N4.
"An Interview with James F. Short, Jr.", by Eric L. Jensen, V2N2.
"Delinquency in Chicago During the Roaring Twenties: Assembling Reality in Ethnography", by Karen A. Joe, V3N1.
"From Boozies to Bloods: Early Gangs in Los Angeles", by John C. Quicker and Akil Batani-Khalfani, V5N4.
"Frederic M. Thrasher (1892-1962) And The Gang (1927)", by Gilbert Geis and Mary Dodge, V8N1.
"From Religious Cult to Criminal Gang: The Evolution of Chinese Triads (Part 1)", by Hua-Lun Huang and John Z. Wang, V9N4.
JUVENILE CRIME THEORY:
"The American 'Juvenile Underclass' and the Cultural Colonisation of Young Australians Under Conditions of Modernity", by Judith Bessant, V2N1.
"Correlates of Gang Membership: A Test of Strain, Social Learning, and Social Control Theories", by David Brownfield, Kevin M. Thompson, and Ann Marie Sorenson, V4N4.
"Distinguishing the Effects of Peer Delinquency and Gang Membership on Self-Reported Delinquency", by David Brownfield and Kevin Thompson, V9N2.
"Applying Self-Control Theory to Gang Membership in a Non-Urban Setting", by Trina L. Hope and Kelly R. Damphouse, V9N2, pp. 41-61.
“Explaining Gang Involvement and Delinquency among Asian Americans: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory”, by Glenn T. Tsunokai and Augustine J. Kposowa, V16N3, pp. 1-33.
GANG MEMBER COMPARISONS WITH NON-GANG MEMBER CHARACTERISTICS:
"Comparing Gang and Non-Gang Offenders: Some Tentative Findings", by Randall G. Shelden, Ted Snodgrass, and Pam Snodgrass, V1N1.
"Specialization Patterns of Gang and Nongang Offending: A Latent Structure Analysis", by Kevin M. Thompson, David Brownfield, and Ann Marie Sorenson, V3N3.
"Correlates of Gang Involvement Among Juvenile Probationers", by Jeffrey M. Jenson, Ph.D. and Matthew O. Howard, Ph.D., V5N2.
"Special Report: A Comparison of Gang Members and Non-Gang Members from Project GANGFACT", by the NGCRC, V6N2.
"Special Report of the NGCRC: Findings from Project GANGMILL", V7N4.
"Work, Workplace Deviance, and Criminal Offenders: An Analysis of Project GANGMILL", by Michael J. Witkowski, Robert J. Homant, and Erick Barnes, V10N1.
GANG PROFILE ANALYSIS:
"Gang Profile: The Gangster Disciples", by George W. Knox and L.L. Fuller, V3N1.
"Gang Profile: The Black Gangsters, AKA 'New Breed'", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V3N2.
"Gang Profile: The Black Disciples", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V3N3.
"Gang Profile: The Black P. Stone Nation", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V3N4.
"Gang Profile: The Latin Kings", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V4N1.
"Gang Profile: The Almighty Latin King and Queen Nation of New York", by G.V. Corbiscello, V4N2.
"Crips: A Gang Profile Analysis", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V4N3.
"An Update on the Chicago Latin Kings", by George W. Knox, V5N1.
"Research Note: A Comparison of Two Gangs - The Gangster Disciples and the Vice Lords", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V5N2.
"Gang Profile: A Nation of Gods - The Five Percent Nation of Islam", by G.V. Corbiscello, V5N2.
"Gang Profile: Association Neta", by Sgt. Raymond E. Hehnly, V6N1.
"Gang Profile: The Brotherwoods - The Rise and Fall of a White-Supremacist Gang Inside a Kansas Prison", by Roger H. Bonner, V6N3.
"Jamaican Posses and Transnational Crimes", by Janice Joseph, Ph.D., V6N4.
"The Satan's Disciples", by George W. Knox, V8N4, pp. 57-76.
"Gang Profile Update: The Black P. Stone Nation", by George W. Knox, V9N1.
"The Melanics - A Gang Profile Analysis", by George W. Knox, V9N3, pp. 1-76.
"A Preliminary Profile of Laotian/Hmong Gangs: A California Perspective", by John Z. Wang, V9N4.
"Black Gods in Red Bank: The Five Percent Nation in Central New Jersey", by David J. Dodd and Damon Pearson,
"The Chaldean Mafia: A Preliminary Gang Threat Analysis", by George Knox, V10N3, pp. 65-76.
“MS-13: A Gang Profile”, by Jennifer J. Adams and Jesenia M. Pizarro, V16N4, pp. 1-14.
GANG STRUCTURE/ORGANIZATION ANALYSIS:
"Investigating Gang Structures", by Cheryl L. Maxson and Malcolm W. Klein, V3N1.
"Inside Gang Society: How Gang Members Imitate Legitimate Social Forms", by Alice P. Franklin Elder, Ph.D., V3N4.
"Goal Displacement at Leadership and Operational Levels of the Gang Organization", by Alice P. Franklin Elder, Ph.D., V6N3.
ETHNOMETHDOLOGY/FIELD WORK WITH GANGS:
"Issues in Accessing and Studying Ethnic Youth Gangs", by Karen A. Joe, V1N2.
"Review Essay: A Methodological Critique of Islands in the Street ", by James F. Anderson, V1N2.
"Side by Side: An Ethnographic Study of a Miami Gang", by Wilson R. Palacios, V4N1.
"Views From the Field: A.D., After the Disciples: The Neighborhood Impact of a Federal Prosecution", by Andrew V. Papachristos, V7N2.
"Legal, Ethical and Clinical Implications of Doing Field Work with Young Gang Members Who Engage in Serious Violence", by Mark Totten, V8N4, pp. 35-56.
GANG MIGRATION:
"Investigating Gang Migration: Contextual Issues for Intervention", by Cheryl L. Maxson, V1N2.
"When the Crips Invaded San Francisco - Gang Migration", by Dan Waldorf, V1N4.
"Gang Migration: The Familial Gang Transplant Phenomenon", by John A. Laskey, V3N2.
"Confronting Transnational Gangs in the Americas", by Joseph Rogers, V10N2, pp. 33-44.
PSYCHOLOGICAL ISSUES AND GANG MEMBERS:
"The Implications of Social Psychological Theories of Group Dynamics for Gang Research", by Key Sun.
"Social and Psychological Characteristics of Gang Members", by Marc Le Blanc and Nadine Lanctot, V5N3.
"Development of an Instrument for Predicting At-Risk Potential for Adolescent Street Gang Membership", by Todd D. Negola, V5N4.
"The Gangbangers of East Los Angeles: Sociopsycho-analytic Considerations", by Gene N. Levine and Fernando Parra, V7N4.
IDENTITY AND RIGHTS OF PASSAGE:
"Defiance and Gang Identity: Quantitative Tests of Qualitative Hypotheses", by Gary F. Jensen, V3N4.
"Nickname Usuage by Gang Members", by Barbara H. Zaitzow, V5N3.
"The Death of Telemachus: Street Gangs and the Decline of Modern Rites of Passage", by Andrew V. Papachristos, V5N4.
GETTING INTO THE GANG: GANG JOINING BEHAVIOR
"Joining the Gang: A Look at Youth Gang Recruitment", by Thomas A. Rees, Jr., V4N1.
"Risk Factors Associated with Gang Joining Among Youth", by Sandra S. Stone, Ph.D., V6N2.
"Gang Membership: Gang Formations and Gang Joining", by Steven R. Cureton, Ph.D., V7N1.
GETTING OUT OF THE GANG:
"Joe: The Story of an Ex-Gang Member", by Jessie Collins, V1N3.
"The 'Get Out of the Gang Thermometer': An Application to a Large National Sample of African-American Male Youths", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V5N1.
"Adolescents Leaving Gangs: An Analysis of Risk and Protective Factors, Resilency and Desistance in A Developmental Context", by Laura Caldwell and David M. Altschuler, V8N2.
GANG PREVENTION/INTERVENTION:
"Do Gang Prevention Strategies Actually Reduce Crime?", by Dennis Palumbo, Robert Eskay, and Michael Hallett, V1N4.
"Youth Gang Intervention and Prevention in Texas: Evaluating Community Mobilization Training", by Elizabeth H. McConnell, V2N1.
"A Community-University Based Approach to Gang Intervention and Delinquency Prevention: Racine's Innovative Model for Small Cities", by Susan R. Takata and Charles Tyler, V2N2.
"A More Effective Strategy for Dealing With Inner City Street Corner Gangs", by Angelo Ralph Orlandella, V2N2.
"Implications of the Shaw-McKay Studies and the Problems of Intervention in Gang Work", by Anthony Sorrentino, V2N3.
"Community Strategies to Neutralize Gang Proliferation", by James F. Anderson and Laronistine Dyson, V3N2.
"What Works: The Search for Excellence in Gang Intervention Programs", by James G. Houston, V3N3.
"The 'Tabula Rasa' Intervention Project for Delinquent Gang-Involved Females", by Ernest M. DeZolt, Linda M. Schmidt, and Donna C. Gilcher, V3N3.
"Views from the Field: Not Just Removing Tattoos", by Brian M. Bochenek, V4N1.
"Causes of Gang Participation and Strategies for Prevention in Gang Members' Own Words", by Suman K. Sirpal, V4N2.
"Views from the Field: GD Peace Treaty Fails in Gary", by Curtis J. Robinson, V4N3.
"The Rural Gang Problem: A Case Study in the Midwest", by Michael P. Coghlan, V5N2.
"Special Report: How to Gang Proof Your Child", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V5N4.
"Gang Prevention and Intervention in a Rural Town in California", by Karen Stum and Mayling Maria Chu, V7N1.
"Views from the Field: By Gordon McLean", V7N1.
"A Corporation-Based Gang Prevention Approach: Possible? Preliminary Report of A Corporate Survey", by John Z. Wang, Ph.D., V7N4.
"Ecological Assessment: Establishing Ecological Validity in Gang Intervention Strategies - A Call for Ecologically Sensitive Assessment of Gang Affected Youth", by Thomas Boerman, V8N2.
"Promising (And Not-So-Promising) Gang Prevention and Intervention Strategies: A Compehensive Literature Review", by Jeanne B. Stinchcomb, V10N1.
GANG PROBLEMS IN SCHOOL:
"The Effects of Gangs on Student Performance and Delinquency in Public Schools", by Thomas A. Regulus, V2N1.
"Potential Research Areas for Addressing Gang Violence", by Shirley R. Holmes, V2N4.
"Helping Schools Respond to Gang Violence", by Tom Batsis, V4N3.
"Bullying Behavior in School: A Predictor of Later Gang Involvement", by Shirley R. Holmes, Ph.D. and Susan J. Brandenburg-Ayres, Ed.D., V5N2.
"Homicide in School: A Preliminary Discussion", by Shirley R. Holmes, Ph.D., V7N4.
"A Statewide Assessment of Gangs in the Public Schools: Origins, Membership an Criminal Activities", by Douglas L. Yearwood and Richard Hayes, V8N4, pp. 1-12.
ASIAN GANGS:
"Lost in the Melting Pot: Asian Youth Gangs in the United States", by John Huey-Long Song, John Dembrink, and Gilbert Geis, V1N1.
"Coming Out to Play: Reasons to Join and Participate in Asian Gangs", by Calvin Toy, V1N1.
"Methodological Issues in Studying Chinese Gang Extortion", by Ko-lin Chin, Robert J. Kelly, and Jeffrey A. Fagan, V1N2.
"Asian Gang Problems and Social Policy Solutions: A Discussion and Review", by Lee-jan Jan, V1N4.
"Gang Affiliation Among Asian-American High School Students: A Path Analysis of Social Development Model 1", by Zheng Wang, V2N3.
"Victimization Patterns of Asian Gangs in the United States", by John Huey-Long Song and Lynn M. Hurysz, V3N1.
"Special Report: An Update of Asian Gang Affiliation", by Zheng Wang, Ph.D., V5N3.
"Research Note: Asian Gangs", by Thomas F. McCurrie, Ph.D., V6N2.
"Asian Gangs: New Challenges in the 21st Century", by John Z. Wang, V8N1.
"Vietnamese Gangs, Cliques, and Delinquents", by Yoko Baba, V8N2.
"From Religious Cult to Criminal Gang: The Evolution of Chinese Triads (Part 1)", by Hua Lun-Huang and John Z. Wang, V9N4.
"A Modus Operandi Analysis of Bank Robberies by An Asian Gang: Implications for Law Enforcement", by John Z. Wang, V10N3.
BLACK GANGS:
"Black Youth Gangs", by Janice Joseph, Ph.D., V4N2.
"The Social Reality of Street Gangs", by David E. Neely, V4N2.
HISPANIC GANGS:
"Hispanic Perceptions of Youth Gangs: A Descriptive Exploration", by Marc Gertz, Laura Bedard, and Will Persons, V2N3.
"Patterns of Gang Activity in a Border Community", by William B. Sanders and S. Fernando Rodriguez, V2N4.
"Views from the Field: A Street Gang in Fact", by Fernando Parra, V4N3.
"A Socioeconomic Comparison of Drug Sales by Mexican-American and Mexican Immigrant Male Gang Members", by Harold K. Becker, George T. Felkenes, Lisa Magana, and Jill Huntley, V4N4.
"Chicano Music and Latino Rap and its Influence on Gang Violence and Culture", by Gabe Morales, V10N2, pp. 55-63.
"The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: Veterano Chicano Gang Members and the (Dys)Functional Aspects of the Role", by Fernando Parra, V8N4, pp. 13-18.
NATIVE AMERICAN INDIAN GANGS:
"A New Breed of Warrior: The Emergence of American Indian Youth Gangs", by Julie A. Hailer and Cynthia Baroody Hart, V7N1.
"Predictors of Gang Involvement Among American Indian Adolescents", by Les B. Whitbeck, Dan R. Hoyt, Xiaojin Chen, and Jerry D. Stubben, V10N1.
"Native-American Youths and Gangs", by Janice Joseph and Dorothy Taylor, V10N2, pp. 45-54.
FEMALE GANG MEMBERS:
"Sisters Are Doin' It For Themselves: A Black Female Gang in San Francisco", by David Lauderback, Joy Hansen, and Dan Waldorf, V1N1.
"Findings on African-American Female Gang Members Using A Matched Pair Design", by George W. Knox, V2N3.
"Female Gang Members: A Growing Issue for Policy Makers", by George T. Felkenes and Harold K. Becker, V2N4.
"A Violent Few: Gang Girls in the California Youth Authority", by Jill Leslie Rosenbaum, V3N3.
"A Comparative Analysis of Female Gang and Non-Gang Members in Chicago", by Jean Chang, Ph.D., V4N1.
"Kindred Spirits: Sister Mimetic Societies and Social Responsibilities", by Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, V4N2.
"Research Note: The Facts About Female Gang Members", V4N3.
"The New Female Gang Member: Anomaly or Evolution?", by James F. Anderson, Willie Brooks, Jr., Adam Langsam, and Laronistine Dyson, V10N1.
GANGS AND TRIBALISM:
"Tattoos and the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, V3N1.
"Common Characteristics of Gangs: Examining the Cultures of the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., V5N2.
HEALTH RISK FACTORS AND GANG INVOLVEMENT:
"Risk Behaviors for Sexually Transmitted Diseases Among Gangs in Dallas, Texas", by Bertis B. Little, Ph.D.; Jose Gonzalez, M.S.S.W., Laura Snell, M.P.H., and Christian Molidor, Ph.D., V6N3.
Research Note: "Juvenile Gang Members: A Public Health Perspective", by George W. Knox, Ph.D. and Edward D. Tromanhauser, Ph.D., V6N3.
HATE GROUPS/SKINHEADS/WHITE RACIST EXTREMIST GANGS:
"Special Report: White Racist Extremist Gang Members - A Behavioral Profile", by Thomas F. McCurrie, V5N2.
"Skinheads: Manifestations of the Warrior Culture of the New Urban Tribes", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter Sr., V6N3.
"Totemism and Symbolism in the White Supremacist Movements: Images of an Urban Warrior Culture", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., Ed.D., V8N2.
"Methamphetamine Use and Sales Among Gang Members: The Cross-Over Effect", by Curtis J. Robinson, V9N1, Fall, 2001, pp. 39-52.
"The Perceived Effects of Religion on White Supremacist Culture", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., V9N4, pp. 15-24.
"Security Threat Groups: The Threat Posed by White Supremacist Organizations", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., V10N2, pp. 1-24.
"White Supremacy Music - What Does it Mean To Our Youth", by Andrew M. Grascia, V10N2, pp. 25-31.
“The Ku Klux Klan: Evolution Towards Revolution”, by Lt. Gregg W. Etter Sr.; David H. McElreath; and Chester L. Quarles.
CULTS/SATANISM AND GANGS:
"A Comparison of Cults and Gangs: Dimensions of Coercive Power and Malevolent Authority", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V6N4.
"Profiling the Satanic/Occult Dabblers in the Correctional Offender Population", by Curtis J. Robinson, V7N1.
LAW ENFORCEMENT AND GANGS:
"Views from the Field: The Future is Here Today: Street Gang Trends", by Robert W. Dart, V1N1.
"A Preliminary Inquiry into Alabama Youth Gang Membership", by Carol Aiken, Jeffrey P. Rush, and Jerry Wycoff, V1N2.
"Predictors of the Severity of the Gang Problem at the Local Level: An Analysis of Police Perceptions", by James F. Quinn and Bill Downs, V1N3.
"Preliminary Findings from the 1992 Law Enforcement Mail Questionnaire Project", by George W. Knox, Edward D. Tromanhauser, Pamela Irving Jackson, Darek Niklas, James G. Houston, Paul Koch, and James R. Sutton, V1N3.
"The Gang Problem in Large and Small Cities: An Analysis of Police Perceptions in Nine States", by James F. Quinn, Peggy M. Tobolowsky, and William T. Downs, V2N2.
"Juvenile Gang Activity in Alabama", by Jerry C. Armor and Vincent Keith Jackson, V2N3.
"The Disaster Within Us: Urban Conflict and Street Gang Violence in Los Angeles", by John P. Sullivan and Martin E. Silverstein, V2N4.
"Gang Enforcement Problems and Strategies: National Survey Findings", by Claire M. Johnson, Barbara A. Webster, Edward F. Connors, and Diana J. Saenz, V3N1.
"Research Note: The 1996 National Law Enforcement Gang Analysis Survey", V3N4.
"A Regional Gang Incident Tracking System", by Bryan Vila and James W. Meeker, V4N3.
"Views from the Field: Guidelines for Operating an Effective Gang Unit", by Sgt. Michael Langston, V5N4.
"Views from the Field: Gang Homicide Investigation", by Det. James Fanscali, V6N2.
"Responding to Gangs in the 21st Century: A Research and Policy View", by George W. Knox, V9N2, pp. 63-74.
"Strategic Planning for Law Enforcement Agencies: Management as a Gang Fighting Strategy", by Lt. Gregg W. Etter, Sr., V10N3, pp. 13-23.
"Street Gangs: Utilizing Their Roll Calls for Investigative and Research Purposes", by Ken Davis, V10N3, pp. 25-36.
GANG PROSECUTION:
"Preliminary Results of the 1995 National Prosecutor's Survey", a report of the National Gang Crime Research Center, V2N4.
"The Gang Snitch Profile", by John A. Laskey, V4N3.
"Introducing Gang Evidence Against a Criminal Defendant at Trial", by James G. Guagliardo, J.D. and Sgt. Michael Langston, V4N4.
"The Impact of the Federal Prosecution of the Gangster Disciples", by George W. Knox, V7N2.
GANGS: NEW MUNCIPAL LAWS AND CIVIL REMEDIES
"The Affirmation of Hanging Out: The U.S. Supreme Court Ruling on Gang Busting Laws and Their Consequences", by Lewis Yablonsky, Ph.D., V6N4.
"Trying to Live Gang-Free in Cicero, Illinois", by George W. Knox and Curtis J. Robinson, V6N4.
"Legal Note: Additional Civil Suits Against Gangs in Illinois", V7N2.
GANGS IN ADULT CORRECTIONS/STGs:
"A Comparative Analysis of Prison Gang Members, Security Threat Group Inmates and General Population Prisoners in the Texas Department of Corrections", by Robert S. Fong and Ronald E. Vogel, V2N2.
"Blood-in, Blood-out: The Rationale Behind Defecting From Prison Gangs", by Robert S. Fong, Ronald E. Vogel, and Salvador Buentello, V2N4.
"Preliminary Results of the 1995 Adult Corrections Survey: A Special Report of the National Gang Crime Research Center", V3N2.
"Research Note: A Gang Classification System for Corrections", V4N2.
"Origins and Effects of Prison Drug Gangs in North Carolina", by Dennis J. Stevens, V4N4.
"Prison Gang Research: Preliminary Findings in Eastern North Carolina", by Mary S. Jackson and Elizabeth Gail Sharpe, M.S.W., V5N1.
"Prison Gangs in South Africa: A Comparative Analysis", by James G. Houston and Johan Prinsloo, V5N3.
"Views from the Vield of Corrections: A Speech to Inmates by Major Raymond Rivera", V6N1.
"Prison Gangs: The North Carolina Experience", by Barbara H. Zaitzow, Ph.D. and James G. Houston, Ph.D., V6N3.
"Views from the Field: A Look Into the Michigan Department of Corrections STG/Gang Program", by Robert Mulvaney, STG Coordinator. V7N2.
"A National Assessment of Gangs and Securty Threat Groups (STGs) in Adult Correctional Institutions: Results of the 1999 Adult Corrections Survey", by George W. Knox, V7N3.
"Prison Deviance as a Predictor of General Deviance: Some Correlational Evidence from Project GANGMILL", by Robert J. Homant and Michael J. Witkowski, V10N2, pp. 65-75.
“The Problem of Gangs and Security Threat Groups (STG’s) in American Prisons Today: A Special NGCRC Report”, by George W. Knox, V12N1, pp. 1-76.
GANGS IN JUVENILE CORRECTIONAL INSTITUTIONS:
"Factors Associated With Gang Involvement Among Incarcerated Youths", by William Evans and Alex Mason, V3N4.
"The Extent and Dynamics of Gang Activity in Juvenile Correctional Facilities", by Sandra S. Stone, Ph.D. and Jerry Wycoff, Ph.D., V4N1.
"California Juvenile Gang Members: An Analysis of Case Records", by Jennifer Santman, Julye Myner, Gordon G. Cappeletty, and Barry F. Perimutter, V5N1.
GANG POLICY ANALYSIS:
"National Policy Neglect and Its Impact on Gang Suppression", by James G. Houston, V2N1.
"Ideology and Gang Policy: Beyond the False Dichotomy", by J. Mitchell Miller, William J. Ruefle, and Richard A. Wright, V5N1.
"The Drivers License: A Suggested Gang Suppression Strategy", by James O. Henkel and Philip L. Reichel, V9N4, pp. 45-56.
HOUSING ISSUES:
"Special Report: The Gang Problem in Chicago's Public Housing", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V4N4.
"Street Gangs and Apartment Housing in America: A Qualitative Assessment", by Michael J. Witkowski, V8N1.
GANG VIOLENCE:
"Predictors of Gang Violence: The Impact of Drugs and Guns on Police Perceptions in Nine States", by James F. Quinn and Bill Downs, V2N3.
"At-Risk Behavior and Group Fighting: A Latent Structure Analysis, by Kevin M. Thompson, David Brownfield, and Ann Marie Sorenson, V5N3.
"Bomb and Arson Crimes Among American Gang Members: A Behavioral Science Profile --- A Special Report by the National Gang Crime Research Center", V9N1, Fall, 2001, pp. 1-38.
"Differentiating Factors in Gang and Drug Related Homicide", by Gerri-Ann Brandt and Brenda Russell, V9N2, pp. 23-40.
"Gang Violence in Rural Georgia: A Community's Fight", by Shirley R. Holmes and Joe Amerling, V10N3, pp. 37-64.
ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF GANGS:
"Fraud Masters: Studying an Illusory, Non-Violent Gang Specializing in Credit Card Crimes", by Jerome E. Jackson, V1N4.
"A Special Report from the National Gang Crime Research Center: Excerpts from the Economics of Gang Life", V6N1.
"Views from the Field: The Impact of Gangs on Private Security in the Workplace", by Melvyn May, Ph.D, V6N4.
MASS MEDIA AND GANGS:
Views from the Field: Gangs in Sight, by Conny Vercaigne, V5N1.
"The Promulgation of Gang-Banging Through the Mass Media", by George W. Knox, Ph.D., V6N2.
GANGS AND DRUGS:
"Familial Criminality, Familial Drug Use, and Gang Membership: Youth Criminality, Drug Use, and Gang Membership - What are the Connections?", by Suman Kakar, V9N2, pp. 11-22.
"The Evolution of Gang Formation: Potentially Delinquent Activity and Gang Involvement", by Jeffery T. Walker, Judge Bill White, and E. Ashley White, V2N2.
"The Gang Dictionary: A Guide to Gang Slang, Gang Vocabulary, and Gang Socio-linguistic Phrases", by the NGCRC, V4N4.
"Overcoming Problems Associated with Gang Research: A Standardized and Systemic Methodology", by Douglas L. Yearwood and Richard Hayes, V7N4.
"Dangerous Motorcycle Gangs: A Facet of Organized Crime in the Mid Atlantic Region", by Richard C. Smith, Sr., V9N4, pp. 33-44.
"A Gang By Any Other Name Is Just A Gang: Towards An Expanded Definition of Gangs", by James F. Anderson, Nancie J. Mangels, and Laronistine Dyson, V8N4, pp. 19-34.
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The NGC maintains an extensive listing of research‐based publications; federal, national, and state reports; statistical analyses; and synthesized information to assist students, educators, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking knowledge about gang‐related issues.
Explore the recommended featured items below to enhance your knowledge and awareness of gang‐related research literature. For more resources, visit the What Works and Library sections of this site
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Matt Williams , The Conversation
Rosario Aguilar , Newcastle University
Amalendu Misra , Lancaster University
Emma Soye , Queen's University Belfast
Samantha Holmes , University of York
Marie-Christine Doran , L’Université d’Ottawa/University of Ottawa
Andrew Nickson , University of Birmingham
Dariusz Dziewanski , University of Cape Town and Bobby (Robert) Henry , University of Saskatchewan
Kenneth L. Shropshire , University of Pennsylvania
Robert Hesketh , Liverpool John Moores University
A.D. Carson , University of Virginia
Vinita Srivastava , The Conversation and Ibrahim Daair , The Conversation
G. Nokukhanya Ndhlovu , University of Fort Hare and Pius Tanga , University of Fort Hare
Shauna N Gillooly , University of California, Irvine
Austin Kocher , Syracuse University
Dariusz Dziewanski , SOAS, University of London
Deanna Wilkinson , The Ohio State University
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Since the mid-20th century, gang violence in this country has become widespread—all 50 states and the District of Columbia report gang problems, and reports have increased for 5 of the past 7 years. Despite the steady growth in the number and size of gangs across the United States and the criminal behavior and violence they spawn, little is known about the dynamics that drive gangs and how to best combat their growth. For instance, no consensus exists on how gangs form, and few gang prevention programs have been rigorously evaluated. The recent Juvenile Justice bulletin (PDF, 24 Pages), published by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs (OJJDP), presents a compilation of current research on gangs, including data on the state of gang problems in the United States today, why youth join gangs, the risk factors and attractions that increase youth’s propensity to join gangs, and how gangs form. The author examines how community members can begin to assess their gang problems and provide necessary enhancements to prevention and intervention activities. The bulletin also describes a number of effective and promising programs that may help prevent youth delinquency and gang violence.
The following are some key findings:
No programs have been developed specifically to prevent gangs from emerging. In the meantime, to prevent youth from joining gangs, communities must employ multiple strategies and services, including:
A balance of prevention, intervention, and suppression strategies is important for success in any community. Prevention programs target youth at risk of gang involvement and help reduce the number of youth who join gangs. Intervention programs and strategies provide sanctions and services for younger youth who are actively involved in gangs to push them away from gangs. Law enforcement suppression strategies and intensive services target and rehabilitate the most violent gangs and older, criminally active gang members.
For more information about why youths join gangs and gang prevention strategies, the bulletin is available in full (PDF, 24 Pages).
Guides for assessing community gang problems and implementing intervention and prevention strategies, part of the Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention’s Comprehensive Gang Model, are available on the National Gang Center Web site .
Learn about six communities and their innovative strategies to address youth violence.
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Gang members engage in a higher level of serious and violent crime than their non-gang-involved peers. Research about gangs is often intertwined with research about gun violence and drug crime. It is clear that gangs, guns, drugs and violence are interconnected. [1]
When communities assess their gun violence problem, they often uncover a gang violence problem. Communities that recognize the unique challenges associated with reducing gangs and related crime problems, such as gun violence, become safer and healthier, and may be more resilient to future crime threats.
NIJ-funded research and initiatives focus on building knowledge about promising practices in preventing gang membership and gang violence. [2]
Programs and other efforts to prevent and reduce gang violence build on what we have learned from past evaluations of similar programs; evaluations can guide the development of better programs for the future.
Evaluations of gang prevention programs have identified key factors in designing and implementing positive interventions. These factors include:
Interagency collaboration, especially at the local level and across several levels of government, gives civic leaders a multidisciplinary perspective on issues related to preventing gang joining and gang-related crime.
[note 1] National Gang Intelligence Center and National Drug Intelligence Center, National Gang Threat Assessment , Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Gang Intelligence Center and National Drug Intelligence Center, 2009. Retrieved December 2, 2010. Thornberry, T.P., "Membership in Youth Gangs and Involvement in Serious and Violent Offending," in R. Loeber and D. P. Farrington (eds.), Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders: Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications, 1998. Note that Thornberry's analysis of self-reported data speaks to violent crime, while NGIC's analysis of law enforcement reports speaks to crime generally.
[note 2] For past research, see Responding to Gangs: Evaluation and Research, published by NIJ in 2002 . This book provides a comprehensive historical overview of a "decade of gang research" at NIJ, as well as chapters on individual programs and topics.
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By: Cody Zoschak and Kevin D. Reyes
‘Targeted individuals’ (TIs) are self-identified individuals who believe they are victims of constant group stalking, monitoring, and harassment (i.e. “gangstalking”) by shadowy adversaries, most commonly government agents. TIs generally believe that these adversaries use physical surveillance as well as fantastic forms of electronic surveillance such as microwave technology.
TIs have committed at least four mass shootings or acts of violence in the United States since 2013. While a number of TIs have harassed family members or other acquaintances, the delusions held by TIs have led them to target strangers on several occasions, most notably the 2013 Navy Yard shooting which killed 12 people.
The link between mental illness and violence is not unique to TIs, but they are distinguished by the degree to which they congregate and organize on online platforms. These communities are insular and serve to reinforce their delusions. This also creates the risk that social media groups affiliated with TIs could be exploited by extremist groups for their own agendas.
The basic belief of TIs is that they are being harassed by some entity for an unknown reason. This alleged harassment most often takes the form of ‘gangstalking’ or mass surveillance. TIs will often describe bizarre, highly improbable, and science fiction-like situations . According to social media posts from self-identified TIs, these situations include:
The alleged perpetrators of gangstalking – often referred to by TIs as “perps” – are typically believed to be government, military, or law enforcement agencies; medical practitioners (e.g. doctors, psychiatrists); financial institutions; private businesses (e.g. insurance and pharmaceutical companies); media and the press; family, friends, and neighbors; and strangers. As one study noted, TIs “are unable to identify a single person responsible for their persecution and experience it as a widely distributed and coordinated effort.”
There is significant evidence that TIs are suffering from mental illness, but there has been insufficient study to provide further definition. Of the small sample of peer-reviewed literature on the subject, for example, a study published in the Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology (2015) examined a sample of 128 individuals who claimed to be the subject of gangstalking. The authors determined that all 128 cases of self-reported gangstalking in the study were “highly likely to have been delusional,” as defined by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), an industry standard in mental health. However, when they are labeled as mentally ill on the internet or receive clinical diagnoses of psychiatric illness, TIs tend to reject this by arguing that their appearance of mental illness is merely a goal of their gangstalkers.
Despite being driven to desperation by their alleged tormentors, the vast majority of TIs do not take violent action or express violent rhetoric. In addition to their inability to name a single person responsible for their torment, TIs are also rarely able to articulate a reason why they are being targeted. Despite their belief that the government or military is targeting them and destroying their lives, there is surprisingly little anti-government rhetoric in TI communities and little to no overlap with anti-government extremist groups.
Washington, DC (2013): In one of the most prominent shootings by a TI, Aaron Alexis killed 12 and injured three others at the Washington Navy Yard in September 2013. Alexis, a Navy veteran who had been working as a contractor at the Navy Yard, had been suffering from documented issues consistent with those of a TI for at least several months before the shooting.
In August 2013, he filed a police report in Rhode Island claiming that he was under surveillance. In a separate incident, he disassembled a hotel bed because he believed somebody was hiding underneath it. Later that month, he was treated for insomnia by two Department of Veterans Affairs doctors. During treatment, he was described as lucid and stated that he had no desire to harm others. Other reports indicated that he believed a chip had been implanted in his head. Most notably, Alexis used a shotgun on which he had etched “my ELF [see ‘What do Targeted Individuals believe?’, above],” “end to the torment,” “not what y’all say,” and “better off this way.” The director of People Against Covert Torture & Surveillance International (PACTS International), a support group for self-identified TIs, also claimed that he had exchanged emails with Alexis.
Figure 1: Photo of shotgun used by Alexis during Navy Yard shooting. Etched into the stock are the phrases “better off this way” and “my ELF Weapon”.
St. Joseph, Louisiana (2013): Fuaed Abdo Ahmed held a number of bank customers in St. Joseph, Louisiana, hostage with the demand that authorities remove what he claimed was a listening device they had implanted in his head. Ahmed was shot and killed after shooting at officers. According to law enforcement reporting, Ahmed was taking medication to treat schizophrenia. His family claimed that he had experimented with bath salts and other “hard drugs” while enrolled at Louisiana State University.
Ahmed left behind a Facebook page and a variety of handwritten notes, none of which appear to have referenced or were linked to TI groups. It cannot be confirmed that Ahmed considered himself a TI despite his statements during the attack. Given the robust presence of TI pages on Facebook, it would be unusual for a TI with an active Facebook profile to not interact with any such pages.
Tallahassee, Florida (2014): Myron May, a self-identified TI, shot three people at a Florida State University (FSU) library before being killed by police in 2014. May was a graduate of FSU who abandoned a successful legal career after he began suspecting that he was the target of a large-scale coordinated surveillance campaign. For several years, he lived a transient lifestyle and began posting on social media about his experiences as a TI. It is unclear why May chose to carry out a shooting or the significance of the target; a series of letters he wrote to friends and relatives before the attack indicate that the attack was premeditated and that he did not intend to survive.
His personal papers included a letter titled “My Experiences as a Targeted Individual” documenting alleged harassment. The five-page document includes roughly a year of increasingly extreme accusations including local police that refuse to take a report, a ten-car surveillance team, forced eviction and the co-opting of an old friend to participate in the harassment. May also listed several tactics he claimed are used against TIs.
Figure 2: Excerpt from May’s personal papers.
Baton Rouge, Louisiana (2016): In July 2016, Gavin Eugene Long targeted six police officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, killing four before being shot and killed himself. Long’s digital footprint included a melange of ideological influences including Black nationalism, sovereign citizen ideology and anti-government beliefs. These influences received the most attention at the time. The attack was deemed part of a string of incidents in the summer of 2016 motivated by Black nationalism or anti-police sentiment after police shot several unarmed Black men in the US. However, reporting and Long’s social media provides evidence that he also identified as a TI.
On Facebook and other social media platforms, Long expressed his belief that he was being stalked. On his blog, he accused the police of being responsible for this harassment, stating that “99% of gang-stalking is carried out by police.” As with Aaron Alexis, Long also interacted with PACTS International, adding himself to their buddy list in 2015 before deactivating his account a month later. Long left a suicide note in which he railed against corrupt police officers and their targeting of Black Americans.
Rochester Hills, Michigan (2024): Michael William Nash shot and injured nine people at the Brooklands Plaza Splash Pad in Rochester Hills, Michigan, in June 2024. He was later found dead from an apparently self-inflicted gunshot wound at his residence in Shelby Township, Michigan. According to Oakland County Sheriff Michael Bouchard, Nash “ believed the government was tracking him.” Other reporting stated that “Nash’s mother informed law enforcement after the shooting that Nash had been suffering with paranoia that the government was watching him.”
Nash did not leave a social media footprint or other writings that explicitly identified him as a TI, but the reporting from law enforcement and his relatives indicate that he exhibited many of the characteristics of one. Nash’s motivation for the attack remains unknown and it is unclear whether his likely status as a TI influenced his decisions.
TIs have formed large communities on a variety of social media sites and forums [i]. Though some estimate that there are “ conservatively ” more than 10,000 self-described TIs, it is difficult to validate this number through social media analysis as TIs often congregate in small groups and use multiple accounts across mainstream and alt-tech platforms.
A review by ISD of TI and gangstalking on Reddit found numerous related subreddits – one of which has over 60,000 members. Data from Reddit shows that users who post on TI/gangstalking subreddits commonly post on subreddits related to conspiracy theories (e.g. Illuminati, New World Order , reptilians) and mental health issues (e.g. bipolar disorder, schizophrenia). ISD also found at least ten TI/gangstalking Facebook pages with more than 25,000 members.
Some TIs have also created their own web pages or group organizations that seek to encourage awareness of the phenomenon, disseminate theories on surveillance, and organize lawsuits against those they believe are harassing them. One website, for example, was found by ISD to have nearly 50,000 monthly visits in mid-2024. Dozens of self-published books are also available on Amazon to help self-identified TIs understand and deal with their perceived torment.
A popular form of TI content involves TIs filming their gangstalking and uploading their encounters on video-sharing platforms. Searches for key terms on YouTube and TikTok, for example, show thousands of videos by TIs, many with tens of thousands of views and likes. These videos usually show the TI capturing “ incontrovertible evidence ” of their gangstalkers (i.e. perps), which includes strangers in public doing ordinary things such as walking and driving.
While these online communities may serve as a way for TIs to support each other, they may also reinforce their beliefs and pull them into other conspiracy theories (as highlighted by our Reddit analysis mentioned above). Additionally, not all the activity on these forums and pages consists of an echo chamber. Some users on the forums, for example, post to offer countervailing evidence and challenge TIs’ beliefs. These users, some of whom are former TIs, are rarely confrontational, but rather sympathetic. TI communities online are often quite insular, with little effort to advertise or find new members. Due to this, non-TIs do not often stumble into TI fora, reinforcing the echo chamber and reducing the level of harassment or debate that is often observed in online spaces. Conspiracy theorists are a notable exception, however their proclivity to accept controversial and outlandish ideas rarely creates confrontation.
[i] ISD has chosen not to link to any of these sites or forums.
Further Reading:
Joe Pierre, “Gang Stalking: Real-Life Harassment or Textbook Paranoia?” Psychology Today , October 20, 2020, https://www.psychologytoday.com/intl/blog/psych-unseen/202010/gang-stalking-real-life-harassment-or-textbook-paranoia
Chrstine M. Sarteschi, “Mass Murder, Targeted Individuals, and Gang-Stalking: Exploring the Connection,” Violence and Gender , vol. 5, no. 1 (March 2018), https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/10.1089/vio.2017.0022
Lorraine P. Sheridan and David V. James, “Complaints of Group-Stalking (‘Gang-Stalking’): An Exploratory Study of Their Nature and Impact on Complainants,” Journal of Forensic Psychiatry and Psychology , vol. 26, no. 5 (2015), https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14789949.2015.1054857
Lorraine Sheridan, David V. James, and Jayden Roth, “The Phenomenology of Group Stalking (‘Gang-Stalking’): A Content Analysis of Subjective Experiences,” International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , vol. 17, no. 7 (April 2020), https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/17/7/2506
Andrew Lustig et al., “Linguistic Analysis of Online Communication About a Novel Persecutory Belief System (Gangstalking): Mixed Methods Study,” Journal of Medical Internet Research , vol. 23, no. 3 (March 2021), https://www.jmir.org/2021/3/e25722/
Andrew Lustig et al., “Social Semiotics of Gangstalking Evidence Videos on YouTube: Multimodal Discourse Analysis of a Novel Persecutory Belief System,” JMIR Mental Health , vol. 8, no. 10 (October 2021), https://mental.jmir.org/2021/10/e30311/
Vice, “Meet the Targeted Individual Community,” YouTube video, uploaded May 24, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=62s3FinAoC0
Vice, “The Nightmare World of Gangstalking,” YouTube video, uploaded November 7, 2017, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5LPS7E-0tuA
This Explainer was uploaded on 28 August 2024.
This Explainer covers the EU's Digital Services Act, focusing on its impact on ISD's efforts against election risks, terrorism, extremism & tech accountability.
'Antifa' groups operate in a mostly decentralized way but share a belief that they're resisting fascist ideology, primarily through protests and counterdemonstrations against far-right extremism, utilizing tactics such as doxxing, and at times criminal activity.
'Neo-Confederate' refers to individuals or groups echoing US Confederate beliefs, emphasizing states' rights & heritage preservation, with some overlap with white supremacist ideologies.
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There is no conspiracy to cover up activity of tren de aragua in colorado.
Of course not.
The conservative and liberal mayors of Aurora and Denver have even come together to dispel the sensationalized reports of rampant gun violence.
There also is no vast conspiracy to cover up the gang activity of Tren de Aragua , an international criminal organization that is run by Venezuelan nationals across South America and is likely behind the criminal organization of recent arrivals in America who likely arrived illegally or using the asylum system.
The Denver Post and other mainstream news outlets have covered the emergence of this gang in America, but also have maintained perspective on the size, threat and activities of the gang, unlike some who are using incidents in Aurora and Denver to fuel fear of other Venezuelans and asylum seekers. Others, like the owners of an apartment beset with crime in Aurora, are using the gang as a scapegoat for the unsanitary, unsafe and unhealthy conditions of their apartments that were condemned by the city this month.
Aurora is an extremely diverse city of about 400,000 people. It has always had some gang activity – same with Denver, Commerce City, Arvada, Westminster, and Lakewood. The addition of the Tren de Aragua gang to the mix is a dangerous complication, but not a cause for panic, fleeing the city, or calling 911 without cause.
The videos of men armed with semi-automatic long guns and pistols – in the hallway of an apartment complex and during a violent armed burglary at a Denver jewelry store — are unnerving. But they’d be unnerving regardless of the race or nationality or immigrant status of the wielders.
We understand the frustration of Aurora City Councilwoman Danielle Jurinsky. It is completely unacceptable to have apartment complexes where residents are unsafe because of rampant gang activity. She is right to call attention to the issue, just as we have done for years with gangs in Aurora and youth violence in general.
Now is the time for elected officials and law enforcement to come together and eliminate organized crime that often preys upon the most vulnerable people in our communities including small-business owners, immigrants, and low-income families.
Last year, Aurora launched the Standing Against Violence Every Day , or SAVE, program in an effort to keep young people – between the ages of 14 and 25 – from committing crimes, especially acts of violence. It’s estimated 1% of the population in Aurora was involved in 34% of the city’s homicides during a 15-month span.
Four men were arrested and charged with crimes related to the violent robbery of Joyeria El Ruby in Denver in June. At least one of those men was believed to be a member of Tren de Aragua, and was captured in Texas, a sign federal officials and local law enforcement are working hand in hand to shut down this gang.
Homeland Security Investigations regional spokeswoman Alethea Smock, told The Denver Post this month that the gang was an emerging threat in Denver.
But as Aurora’s Republican Mayor Mike Coffman and Denver’s Democratic Mayor Mike Johnston told 9News Thursday night in a joint interview, their cities are still safe.
The danger of blowing things out of proportion, however, is very real.
The vast majority of Venezuelan refugees and migrants from other South American countries have come to America for a chance at freedom and to escape the violence in their home countries. We cannot demonize them because a small proportion of the thousands of recent arrivals have banded together to commit crimes.
Let’s catch the criminals, deport them, and secure our southern border so we can ensure bad eggs aren’t getting in with the good people seeking work permits, liberty and a better life for their children.
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Homeless handyman found dead days after sharing his story.
By Bennito L. Kelty
By Catie Cheshire
Racist signs popping up in denver connected to controversial street artist.
By Thomas Mitchell
Armed crew storms colorado apartment building overrun by venezuelan gang spilling out from sanctuary city: wild video.
A shocking video shows a crew of gun-wielding men storm through a Colorado apartment building overrun by the violent Venezuelan prison gang Tren de Aragua, which has overtaken multiple housing complexes in the area.
In the clip, obtained by Fox Denver , a group of heavily armed men — including three with handguns and one with a rifle — can be seen in surveillance video entering another troubled apartment complex in the Denver suburb of Aurora and breaking into a unit.
The Aurora Police Department acknowledged it is “aware that components of [Tren de Aragua] are operating in Aurora,” saying that the police force “has been increasingly collecting evidence to show the gang is connected to crimes in the area.”
Local cops declined to provide additional details — citing ongoing investigations.
The video emerged after The Post identified Venezuelan prison gang “shot-caller” Jhonardy Jose Pacheco-Chirino, who had taken part in an assault and then a shooting at the Fitzsimons Place apartment complex in Aurora, which was recently shut down over code violations , which the owners said they couldn’t fix due to a takeover of the building by the gang, according to court documents obtained by The Post.
The apartment investor said they’ve “lost control” of several apartments in the area to the gang, which has been renting out units to migrants under “threat.”
“They were first hanging out around the property and creating a bad element that’s constantly there. And then they started taking over, quite a few months ago, they started taking over vacant units.”
The latest footage was captured earlier this month, shortly before a shootout at the The Edge at Lowry apartment complex severely injured one person and damaged multiple cars, according to the local news station.
A separate clip taken at a different time shows two men bashing the lock of a unit with a tire iron inside the same housing complex, where migrants have moved in.
Recent crime at the building has left residents of The Edge on edge.
“It’s been a nightmare and I can’t wait to get out of here,” Cindy Romero told KDVR as she moved out of the building with her husband, Edward.
The couple said the violence began when a large number of migrants moved into the building.
They used five locks on their apartment door from top to bottom as well as a door security bar jammer.
“Every day when we come home, we have to do this every time we go outside to take out the garbage,” Cindy said, turning each lock. “Every time we go to bed at night. We have to keep like this so that nobody can kick in the door.”
Their car was one of the vehicles riddled with bullets after the shootout.
The Romeros had been trying to move somewhere safer but said they couldn’t get the help needed to do so.
“We couldn’t get any help. We tried reaching out to resources, but they told us since it was not a condemned building, we would have to wait ’til that was the issue, but we didn’t want to wait for that,” Edward Romero told the local station.
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They finally were able to pack up their stuff and leave with the help of Aurora City Council member Danielle Jurinsky, who has been outspoken about the influx of alleged members of the Venezuelan prison gang Tren de Aragua in the suburb of 390,000.
“The city nonprofits have lined up to help the migrants that have come here but nobody is helping the Americans that are trapped in these apartment complexes,” Jurinsky told the news station. “[And] this isn’t just Americans. Other Venezuelans are being extorted by this gang.”
The council member spoke to The Post earlier Wednesday about her community suffering from the spillover of Denver’s new migrant population — and resulting Tren de Aragua gang members.
“To our governor and to the mayor of Denver, I refuse to be silenced. I refuse to play the game of politics with you regarding this migrant crisis. And I will continue to speak up and speak out and help as many people as I can,” she said.
Denver, a sanctuary city, has received the largest number of migrants per capita across the nation, with more than 40,000 new arrivals since December 2022.
Directly east of Denver, Aurora has seen a flood of migrants itself — and crimes attributed to Tren de Aragua, a prison gang originating in the Aragua region of Venezuela.
The gang has infiltrated multiple states and other big cities like New York and Chicago after crossing into the US from the southern border.
Multiple high-profile crimes including the murder of Georgia nursing student Laken Riley and the Big Apple shooting of two NYPD officers in June have been linked to members of the violent gang.
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Haitian forces have teamed up with police sent from Kenya to oust criminal gangs from one of the roughest neighborhoods of Haiti’s capital. The operation was announced by Haiti’s Prime Minister Garry Conille on Wednesday at a hospital in Port-au-Prince, where three Haitian policemen were recuperating after being injured in a shootout in the impoverished and gang-controlled neighborhood of Bel Air. (AP Video/Pierre Richard Luxama)
Haitian Prime Minister Garry Conille, center left, speaks with Police Chief Normil Rameau at Bernard Mevs Hospital where he visited injured police officers in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2024. (AP Photo/Odelyn Joseph)
A vendor pushes a wheelbarrow loaded with sacks of charcoal in Port-au-Prince, Haiti, Wednesday, Aug. 28, 2024. (AP Photo/Odelyn Joseph)
PORT-AU-PRINCE, Haiti (AP) — Haitian forces working with police sent from Kenya have launched a joint operation to oust criminal gangs from one of the roughest neighborhoods of Haiti’s capital, Prime Minister Garry Conille said Wednesday.
Conille spoke at a hospital in Port-au-Prince where three Haitian policemen were recuperating after being injured in a shootout Tuesday during the joint operation in the impoverished and gang-controlled neighborhood of Bel Air.
“I am tired of seeing police officers beings shot. I am tired of going to police officers’ funerals. We must solve this insecurity problem,” Conille said.
Conille did not provide further details of the operation and did not take questions during his brief news conference, but he called on Haitians to cooperate with police and share information to help reduce crime.
More than 3,200 killings have been reported in Haiti from January to May. Gangs that control 80% of Port-au-Prince have left more than half a million people homeless in recent years as they fight to control more territory.
“It’s not going to be quick,” Conille said. “We must be patient.”
Earlier in the day, a police union reported that a female officer was killed while going to work on Wednesday, with more than a dozen bullet holes found in her windshield. Michelle Nathanielle Megine is one of roughly two dozen officers killed so far this year.
A U.N.-backed mission led by Kenya has sent some 400 police officers to Haiti so far to help quell gang violence. Police and soldiers from countries including Benin, Chad and Jamaica also are expected to arrive in coming months for a total of 2,500 foreign personnel.
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https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/08/us-ai-safety-institute-signs-agreements-regarding-ai-safety-research
These first-of-their-kind agreements between the u.s. government and industry will help advance safe and trustworthy ai innovation for all..
GAITHERSBURG, Md. — Today, the U.S. Artificial Intelligence Safety Institute at the U.S. Department of Commerce’s National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) announced agreements that enable formal collaboration on AI safety research, testing and evaluation with both Anthropic and OpenAI.
Each company’s Memorandum of Understanding establishes the framework for the U.S. AI Safety Institute to receive access to major new models from each company prior to and following their public release. The agreements will enable collaborative research on how to evaluate capabilities and safety risks, as well as methods to mitigate those risks.
“Safety is essential to fueling breakthrough technological innovation. With these agreements in place, we look forward to beginning our technical collaborations with Anthropic and OpenAI to advance the science of AI safety,” said Elizabeth Kelly, director of the U.S. AI Safety Institute. “These agreements are just the start, but they are an important milestone as we work to help responsibly steward the future of AI.”
Additionally, the U.S. AI Safety Institute plans to provide feedback to Anthropic and OpenAI on potential safety improvements to their models, in close collaboration with its partners at the U.K. AI Safety Institute.
The U.S. AI Safety Institute builds on NIST’s more than 120-year legacy of advancing measurement science, technology, standards and related tools. Evaluations under these agreements will further NIST’s work on AI by facilitating deep collaboration and exploratory research on advanced AI systems across a range of risk areas.
Evaluations conducted pursuant to these agreements will help advance the safe, secure and trustworthy development and use of AI by building on the Biden-Harris administration’s Executive Order on AI and the voluntary commitments made to the administration by leading AI model developers.
About the U.S. AI Safety Institute
The U.S. AI Safety Institute , located within the Department of Commerce at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), was established following the Biden-Harris administration’s 2023 Executive Order on the Safe, Secure, and Trustworthy Development and Use of Artificial Intelligence to advance the science of AI safety and address the risks posed by advanced AI systems. It is tasked with developing the testing, evaluations and guidelines that will help accelerate safe AI innovation here in the United States and around the world.
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His research enabled the discovery that protons and neutrons are made of smaller particles, contributing to a fuller picture of the subatomic universe.
By Katrina Miller
Katrina Miller earned a Ph.D. in particle physics from the University of Chicago in 2023.
James Bjorken, a theoretical physicist who played a key role in establishing the existence of the subatomic particles called quarks, died on Aug. 6 in Redwood City, Calif. He was 90.
His death, in an assisted living facility near his home in Sky Londa, Calif., was caused by metastatic melanoma, his daughter Johanna Bjorken said.
Dr. Bjorken, who was known as B.J., was a professor at Stanford University and the SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory in Menlo Park, Calif., in the late 1960s when he invented what would come to be known as “ Bjorken scaling ,” which the laboratory described as “his most famous scientific achievement.”
At the time, physicists at SLAC were firing electrons at nucleons — protons and neutrons — to study their nature. The electrons functioned somewhat like magnifying glasses: When fired at high enough energies, they allowed physicists to “see” the nucleon’s inner structure.
Two quantities helped characterize these collisions: the energy at which the strike occurred and the energy of the outgoing electron. Dr. Bjorken proposed that the behavior of the collisions depended not on these two quantities separately, but on a particular combination of them.
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IMAGES
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COMMENTS
David C. Pyrooz is an Associate Professor of Sociology at the University of Colorado Boulder. He studies gangs and violence, incarceration and reentry, and criminal justice policy and practice. His recent book with Scott Decker, Competing for Control: Gangs of the Social Order of Prisons (Cambridge University Press), was the 2021 recipient of the Outstanding Book Award from the Academy of ...
Gangs tend to be located in inner-city areas and are associated with high rates of violence (Fowler et al. 2009). A government report on gang violence in 2011 showed that in London, 50% of shootings and 22% of acts of serious violence were committed by gang members ("Ending gang and youth violence: cross-government report" 2011).
For nearly a century, gang scholarship has remained foundational to criminological theory and method. Twenty-first-century scholarship continues to refine and, in some cases, supplant long-held axioms about gang formation, organization, and behavior. Recent advances can be traced to shifts in the empirical social reality and conditions within which gangs exist and act. We draw out this ...
Her research interests include youth violence, victimization, gangs and delinquent peer groups. Her recent publications have appeared in Criminal Justice Review, Journal of Crime & Justice , and Justice Quarterly .
The precise frequency of intra-gang violence is unknown, but research suggests intra-gang violence is a fairly common experience among gang members (Papachristos 2009), and one study even found gang members are more likely to be murdered by members of their own faction than by members of rival gangs (Decker and Curry 2002).
Indeed, many scholars have focused their attention on criminal activities in an attempt to expose a relationship between gangs' use of social media and violence and find that gang members are using social platforms to sell drugs, threaten and harass individuals, post violent videos and download illegal music (Moule et al., 2014; Patton et al., 2013, 2014; Pyrooz et al., 2015).
Gangs have been described as an episodic phenomenon comparable across diverse geographical sites, with the US gang stereotype often acting as the archetype. Mirroring this trend, academic researchers have increasingly sought to survey the global topography of gangs through positivist methodologies that seek out universal characteristics of gangs in different cultural contexts. So, research ...
Research on violence participation by gang members has demonstrated that gang violence can have both symbolic and instrumental purposes, and that this violence helps the gang build a collective identity and makes violence more normative. Despite some continued misconceptions about the role of female gang members and their presence in gangs ...
definition, youth street gangs can be defined as "any durable, street oriented youth group whose. involvement in illegal activity is part of its group identity" (Klein & Maxson, 2006, p. 4 ...
Sociology Department, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA. Interests: the socio-spatial dynamics of gang behavior; effective strategies aimed at reducing neighborhood violence and discouraging gang activity. Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals. Dr. Shannon E. Reid.
These included: (a) Ovid PsychINFO and Criminal Justice Abstracts; (b) Juvenile Justice Bulletin (not peer reviewed); and (c) Juvenile justice and gang research websites (e.g., The Eurogang Project, the National Gang Crime Research Center, the Office of Juvenile Justice in the U.S.), and (d) a Google search for unpublished articles available ...
The Journal of Gang Research is now in its 22nd year as a professional interdisciplinary quarterly and is the official publication of the National Gang Crime Research Center. The Journal of Gang Research is interdisciplinary. It is widely abstracted (Sociological Abstracts, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Psychological Abstracts, etc).
Research in high-income countries demonstrates that the factors associated with gang involvement cut across all five domains, that youth with multiple risk factors have a proportionately higher risk of gang involvement, and that those youth with risk factors in multiple domains have further increased likelihood of gang involvement (Decker et al ...
Research. The NGC maintains an extensive listing of research‐based publications; federal, national, and state reports; statistical analyses; and synthesized information to assist students, educators, researchers, journalists, and anyone else seeking knowledge about gang‐related issues.
Articles on Gang violence. Displaying 1 - 20 of 46 articles. The future is (probably) female. ... Honorary research affiliate, Centre of Criminology, University of Cape Town
This article introduces the special issue on UK gangs and youth violence. Written to coincide with the launch of the National Centre for Gang Research at the University of West London, this collection adds the voices of academics who have spent years researching serious violence to a conversation dominated by policymakers and media commentators.
Philosophies in Community Supervision of Gang-Involved Youth and Adults. Multidisciplinary Teams, Street Outreach, and Gang Intervention: Mixed Methods Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial in Denver. View related publications. On this page, find links to articles, awards, events, publications, and multimedia related to gangs and gang crime.
The recent Juvenile Justice bulletin (PDF, 24 Pages), published by the U.S. Dept. of Justice, Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Programs (OJJDP), presents a compilation of current research on gangs, including data on the state of gang problems in the United States today, why youth join gangs, the risk factors and attractions that ...
A model of the development of two types of violent gangs is presented. Data on the scope and seriousness of the gang problem in Chicago, community characteristics associated with the issue, and the integrative and segmentive nature of violent gangs are provided. A community intervention model within a larger social policy or social development ...
Date Published: October 27, 2011. Gang members engage in a higher level of serious and violent crime than their non-gang-involved peers. Research about gangs is often intertwined with research about gun violence and drug crime. It is clear that gangs, guns, drugs and violence are interconnected. [1]
Overviews of issues, trends, narratives, platforms and actors. Baton Rouge, Louisiana (2016): In July 2016, Gavin Eugene Long targeted six police officers in Baton Rouge, Louisiana, killing four before being shot and killed himself. Long's digital footprint included a melange of ideological influences including Black nationalism, sovereign citizen ideology and anti-government beliefs.
The military is expected to work with Haiti's police and a U.N.-backed mission led by Kenya, which has sent some 400 police officers to Haiti so far to help quell gang violence. Police and soldiers from countries including Benin, Chad and Jamaica also are expected to arrive in upcoming months for a total of 2,500 foreign personnel.
Now is the time for elected officials and law enforcement to come together and eliminate organized crime that often preys upon the most vulnerable people in our communities including small ...
Aurora continues to wrestle with claims that Venezuelan gangs have taken over apartment complexes, or even the city as a whole. On August 28, Fox 31 journalist Vicente Arenas posted a video on X ...
In the process, gang research has become disengaged with the broader current of sociological theory, resulting in a narrowing in the representation and analysis of diverse street-based groups. In this article, we argue that new theoretical and methodological tools are required to understand the global gang phenomenon from the bottom-up. In ...
A shocking video shows a crew of gun-wielding men storm through a Colorado apartment building reportedly overrun by a dangerous Venezuelan prison gang.. The group of heavily armed men ...
Haitian forces have teamed up with police sent from Kenya to oust criminal gangs from one of the roughest neighborhoods of Haiti's capital. The operation was announced by Haiti's Prime Minister Garry Conille on Wednesday at a hospital in Port-au-Prince, where three Haitian policemen were recuperating after being injured in a shootout in the impoverished and gang-controlled neighborhood of ...
The U.S. AI Safety Institute builds on NIST's more than 120-year legacy of advancing measurement science, technology, standards and related tools. Evaluations under these agreements will further NIST's work on AI by facilitating deep collaboration and exploratory research on advanced AI systems across a range of risk areas.
Research article. First published online May 13, 2021. Mapping and making gangland: A legacy of redlining and enjoining gang neighbourhoods in Los Angeles ... Papachristos AV, Hureau DM, Braga AA (2013) The corner and the crew: The influence of geography and social networks on gang violence. American Sociological Review 78(3): 417-447 ...
His research enabled the discovery that protons and neutrons are made of smaller particles, contributing to a fuller picture of the subatomic universe. Listen to this article · 6:20 min Learn more.