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Have you ever watched fireworks and wondered how all the different colors are made? With this chemistry experiment, you will use a simple flame test to explore different chemical compounds and create your own rainbow fire.

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Ideal for Grades 6+

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Item ships to the United States only.

This ultraviolet LED "black light" flash light is ideal for using GloGerm products or to investigate fluorescence around your house.

Use this hands-on Spectroscope Flame Test Analysis Kit to observe the color of light produced from different elements. Discover how flame color can uncover the elements in your neighborhood street lights and more!

Explore the good, the bad, and the ugly impacts of electromagnetic radiation. Engage in memorable physics activities using UV color changing beads!

Launch (8th-12th grade)

Investigate light’s role in energy transfer and sight, and find out how pigments connect science, art, and society! Students will learn about the darkest coating in the world, paint super-black objects, and so much more!

Accelerate (3rd-7th grade)

Get up close to the action with UpClose G2 binoculars. Pack these binoculars along for vacations, hikes, or outdoor adventures to observe birds and wildlife. The UpClose G2 10x50 will be your binocular of choice.

Snap Circuits Light shows you another side of music! Connect it to your iPhone, iPod, or MP3 player (not included) & watch as the lights change to the beat! Includes over 175 hands-on projects for hours of exploration & fun.

This small magnifying glass has a 2" optical glass magnifying lens and a sturdy plastic handle, making it an excellent handheld magnifier for kids of all ages.

See light refract into miniature rainbows with this equilateral glass prism.

Introduce your young kids to physical science in a fun way.

Learn about and experiment with light and optics.

This attractive red laser pointer is perfect for presentations, briefings, and lectures! It includes two AAA batteries.

Study optics with this complete kit.

This item ships to the United States only.

This high-quality seven-piece acrylic lens and prism set is useful for teaching a wide variety of optical principles. You get three lenses and four prisms.

This full month of hands-on learning kit engages your student in electrical circuits. They'll learn about the conductivity of materials, compare designs of circuits and switches, and design a model home circuit.

Night-lights can be found in many homes, even yours! Build your own night-light or lantern with this fun engineering project. The circuit you build using this kit is just like what you'd find in a night-light at the store.

Ideal for Grades 2+

In this a-MAZE-ing exploration kit, students will investigate the world of light and discover what happens when it hits different objects. A do-it-yourself periscope and mirror maze provides hours of interactive learning.

Wonder (K-2nd grade)

All our lenses and circular mirrors are 38 mm in diameter. The focal length (f/l) is noted for each.

Clear pony beads that change color when exposed to UV light! 6x9 mm in size with a 3 mm hole in the center.

This linear diffraction grating contains 1,000 lines per mm and is mounted in a 2" x2" cardboard frame.

Use this longwave ultraviolet "black light" flashlight to test minerals for fluorescence and investigate fluorescence around your house.

A quality optical glass 1/2"-diameter doublet lens mounted in a chromed steel folding case.

A large, double lens, 5x - 10x magnifier that you can take with you wherever you go! This handheld magnifier is perfect for getting an up-close look at the details of insects, plants, rocks, household objects & so much more.

This 12-pack contains molded acrylic magnifiers that are 1.5" (38 mm) in diameter with 3X magnification.

The flame test is an analytical technique often used for the identification of certain elements, primarily metal ions. This kit contains enough materials for 5 groups.

Lint-free paper for cleaning microscope lenses and slides. Booklet of 50 sheets.

This deluxe handheld spectroscope allows you to see a very clear, bright spectra.

Particularly perfect for introducing young learners to the refraction of light, this acrylic prism is 75 mm long with 25 mm sides. It provides a safe way for little hands to refract light into miniature rainbows!

Explore the physics of refraction using a laser pointer and an acrylic prism.

Ideal for Grades 9+

Out of Stock, Expected to Ship: 06/20/2024

This basic diffuse type red LED (light emitting diode) is 5 mm in diameter and can be used instead of a mini light bulb in experiments.

Use this spectroscope to observe the light spectra produced by different types of lighting.

This basic yellow LED (light emitting diode) is 5 mm in diameter and can be used instead of a mini light bulb in experiments.

This is a quality 25mm optical glass 10X lens mounted in a sturdy plastic tripod for steady focusing.

This clear glass rectangular block is useful for a variety of refraction and reflection studies. It is 115 mm long, 65 mm wide and 20 mm thick. None of the edges are frosted.

Light and Optics Experiment Kits

Light and optics experiment kits, equipment and materials to teach light & optics..

Illuminate light and optics studies with hands-on activities for pre-K and older students. Make a kaleidoscope, learn all about light, and more.

What is light? Answer this question and more with a light experiment kit and optical products for kids! Light is a type of energy called electromagnetic radiation. This form of energy is also used in x-ray machines, microwaves, and radios. But the electromagnetic radiation that we can see is called visible light. Optics manipulate light by reflecting or bending it so we can see in different ways. Telescopes, microscopes, and kaleidoscopes all use lenses and mirrors as optics. With the engaging optics experiment kits above, you can teach elementary, middle school, and high school students about the incredible science of light! Explore the variety of optics kits and products (some of which are bestsellers) above to begin your investigation of light and optical components. Get an optic bench kit and experiment with a concave lens and convex lens; use inexpensive binoculars for terrestrial and lunar viewing; learn about the functionality of a spectroscope and how it uses diffraction grating to break the light down into its color components; and so much more! Shop a selection of educational light and optics supplies. Find magnifying glasses, laser items, a radiometer "solar engine," a light spectra analysis kit, and more! Look for bulk discount pricing on science supplies in quantities of 10 or more.

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Laboratory Educational Kits

Newport offers a variety of pre-designed photonics experimental kits for educational purposes. These experiments can be used for undergraduate physics lab or any other entry level optics lab.

Projects in Optics

• Ten hands-on projects cover the fundamental principles of optics
• Informative workbook include complete and concise study guide
• Simple, structured, modular format covers the full range of optical phenomena progressively

	Compare	Description		Avail.	Price	Qty.
	Educational Kit, Projects in Optics, Includes Laser, Metric		€9,804	Quote	Educational Kit, Projects in Optics, Includes Laser, Metric €9,804 Quote
	Educational Kit, Projects in Optics, No Laser, Metric		€7,890	Quote	Educational Kit, Projects in Optics, No Laser, Metric €7,890 Quote

Laboratory Educational Kit Components

• Spare parts for Newport educational kits
• Extra project workbooks
• Replacement consumables

	Compare	Description		Avail.	Price	Qty.
	Storage Case 1, FKP-STD		€520	Quote	Storage Case 1, FKP-STD €520 Quote
	Storage Case 2, FKP-STD		€520	Quote	Storage Case 2, FKP-STD €520 Quote
	Project Workbook, OEK-STD		€113	Quote	Project Workbook, OEK-STD €113 Quote
	Ball Driver, Long Shaft, 3/16 in.		€13.10	Quote	Ball Driver, Long Shaft, 3/16 in. €13.10 Quote
	Fiber Bundle, Bifurcated, FKP-STD Projects in Fiber Optics Kit (RoHS Pending)		€248	Quote	Fiber Bundle, Bifurcated, FKP-STD Projects in Fiber Optics Kit (RoHS Pending) €248 Quote

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Lab Equipment for Teaching Physics

• Electromagnetism

Optics Education Kits

• Lasers & Photonics
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• LEOK-1 Optics Experiment-Basic
• LEOK-2 Holography & Interferometry
• LEOK-3A Optics Experiment - Advanced
• LEOK-4 Geometrical Optics Experiment
• LEOK-5 Lens Aberration Experiment
• LEOK-6 Optics Experiment-Extended
• LEOK-7 Laser Optical Demonstrator
• LEOK-8 Interference/Diffraction-Basic
• LEOK-9 Interference/Diffraction-Enhanced
• LEOK-10 Holography Experiment-Basic
• LEOK-11 Holography Experiment-Complete
• LEOK-15 Diffraction Demonstrator
• LEOK-30 Newton's Ring-Complete
• LEOK-31 Newton's Ring-Enhanced
• LEOK-40 Modern Optics Experiment
• LEOK-42 Fourier Optics Experiment
• LEOK-43 Information Optics Experiment
• LEOK-64 Room Light Holography
• LEOK-70 Balmer Series & Rydberg Const
• LEOI-18 Fabry-Perot Interferometer
• LEOI-20 Michelson Interferometer
• LEOI-21 Michelson & FP Interferometer
• LEOI-22 Precision Interferometer
• LEOI-24 Measure Light Speed
• LEOI-30 Diffraction Intensity-Complete
• LEOI-30A Diffraction Intensity-Enhanced
• LEOI-31 Single-Wire/Single-Slit Diffraction
• LEOI-40 Optical Polarization-Complete
• LEOI-41 Optical Activity Experiment
• LEOI-42 Optical Polarization-Enhanced
• LEOI-44 Experimental Ellipsometer
• LEOI-63 Blackbody Radiation Experiment

Demonstrating quantum erasing

Studying on Fresnel zone plate

Recording & reconstructing holograms

Abbe imaging & spatial filtering

Verifying Lambert's cosine law

Results of verifying Lambert's cosine law

Results of verifying inverse square law

Biprism interference using a camera

Newton's ring using a VGA camera

LEOK-3A Optics Experiment Kit - Advanced Model

Note: stainless steel optical table or breadboard not provided

32 fundamental and modern optics experiments

Cost effective solution

Detailed instructional manual

Easy alignment

Best seller among optics kits

Introduction

The LEOK-3A Optics Experiment Kit is developed for general physics education at universities and colleges. It is a value pack that provides a complete set of optics and opto-mechanics as well as light sources and photo meter. Almost all optics experiments required in general physics education (e.g. geometrical, physical, and informational optics) can be constructed in sequence using these components. Through selecting and assembling corresponding components into various setups, students can enhance their experimental skills and problem solving ability. The instructional manual contains comprehensive materials including experimental setups, principles, procedures and required parts with photos. LEOK-3A covers a total of 32 experimental examples which are grouped in seven categories: : Understand and verify lens equation and optical ray transfer. : Understand the principle and operation of common optical instruments. : Understand interference theory, observe various interference patterns generated by different sources, and learn one precise measurement method based on optical interference.   : Understand diffraction effects, observe diffraction patterns by various apertures.   : Understand polarization, polarization generation and verify types of polarized light. : Understand principles of advanced optics and their applications. : Analogize quantum erasing.   The list of the 32 experimental examples is as follows:

1. 2. Measure lens focal length using displacement method 3. Measure focal length of an eyepiece 4. Measure focal length of a negative lens 5.  6. Build a slide projector 7. Build a Kepler telescope and determine magnification power 8. Build an erect imaging telescope 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. Study on interference of Newton's ring 17. 18.  19. 20. Study on Fraunhofer diffraction of a single slit 21. Study on Fraunhofer diffraction of a circular aperture 22. Study on Fresnel diffraction of a single slit and a single circular aperture 23. Study on Fresnel diffraction of a sharp edge 24. 25. Study on diffraction of a grating and dispersion of a prism 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Make a holographic grating 31. 32.

* Our LLD-1 VGA Camera can be adopted to fulfill the function of the direct measurement microscope for length measurement directly through corsshairs  on the display. Furthermore, the acquired video can be projected onto a large screen for group watch. 

List of Parts

Description	Part No.	Qty
Three-Axis Stage on Magnetic Base	SZ-01	1
Two-Axis Stage on Magnetic Base	SZ-02	2
One-Axis Stage on Magnetic Base	SZ-03	2
Magnetic Base with Post Holder	SZ-04	5
Rotary Lens Holder	SZ-06A	2
Kinematic Mirror Holder	SZ-07	2
Lens Holder	SZ-08	2
Adapter Piece	SZ-09	1
Grating/Prism Stage	SZ-10	1
Plate Holder	SZ-12	2
White Screen	SZ-13	1
Object Screen	SZ-14	1
Sample Loading Table	SZ-20	1
Single-Side Adjustable Slit	SZ-27B	2
Lens Group Holder	SZ-28	1
Erecting Prism	SZ-30	1
Stand Ruler	SZ-33	1
Holder of Direct Measurement Microscope	SZ-36	1
Biprism Holder	SZ-41	1
Laser Holder	SZ-42	1
Optical Goniometer	SZ-47	1
Iceland Crystal	SZ-48	1
Ground Glass Screen	SZ-49	1
Paper Clip	SZ-50	1
Air Chamber & Pump with Gauge		1
Manual Counter		1
Magnetic Flexible Ruler (1000 mm x 15 mm)		1
Silver Salt Holographic Plates (12 Plates of 90 mm x 240 mm per Plate)		1 Box
Polarimeter Tube (length 200 mm)		1
Optical Components (See for List of Optical Components)		1 Box
Mercury Lamp, Housing, and Power Supply	LLE-1	1 Set
Sodium Lamp with Housing	LLE-2	1 Set
He-Ne Laser with Power Supply (>2.0 mW)	LLL-2	1 Set
White Light Source with Power Supply	LLC-3	1 Set
Light Meter		1 Set
Tripod		1
Direct Reading Microscope (DMM)		1
Power Cord		3

Note: a stainless steel optical table or breadboard (1200 mm x 600 mm) is recommended for use with this kit.

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SciTechathon: Experiment With Student Life

SciTechathon is an exclusive prospective student event that offers high school seniors who are interested in physics a taste of campus life. Join us for a weekend of invaluable access to faculty, current students, laboratories and more.  

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Help answer science’s great questions by assisting one of our physics faculty. Their active research programs allow you to conduct ongoing scientific investigation. Learn more about the intriguing experiments and research you can be part of.  

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JUNIOR SCIENTIST Optics & Mirror Physics Experiment kit. with Various Lens, Mirrors and Prism. 25 Experiments- Multi Color

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7 days replacement.

Replacement Reason	Replacement Period	Replacement Policy
Physical Damage, Defective, Wrong and Missing Item	7 days from delivery	Replacement

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Brand	JUNIOR SCIENTIST
Theme	Science
Age Range (Description)	Adult
Item dimensions L x W x H	18 x 13 x 7 Centimeters
Item Weight	450 Grams

About this item

• Kit helps you perform over 25 experiments using prism, lenses, glass slab, 3 types of mirror, optical ray box
• Useful for VIII to XII standards. It helps students to learn basic about Reflection, Refraction, Refractive Index, Dispersion, Interference, Diffraction, Intensity etc.
• Measure focal length of lenses, see convergence-divergence, measure angle of incidence and reflection etc.
• Let us be frank that finishing of plastic of this kit might not be having the best finishing. But real values is in well though and documented experiment and activities that can be performed using it. Real source of knowledge is "Experience". Hands-on study helps students cultivate interest in academics.

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Technical details.

Educational Objective(s)	‎Color Recognition
Assembly Required	‎Yes
Batteries Required	‎No
Batteries Included	‎No
Material Type(s)	‎GLASS, PLASTIC AND OTHER
Colour	‎multi color
Product Dimensions	‎18 x 13 x 7 cm; 450 g
Manufacturer recommended age	‎6 years and up
Manufacturer	‎JUNIOR SCIENTIST
Country of Origin	‎India
Item Weight	‎450 g

Additional Information

ASIN	B07FMRSJ4J
Customer Reviews	3.7 out of 5 stars
Best Sellers Rank	#46,275 in Toys & Games ( ) #1,063 in
Date First Available	16 July 2018
Manufacturer	JUNIOR SCIENTIST, +91-9925019895
Item Dimensions LxWxH	18 x 13 x 7 Centimeters

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Product description

You may refer product and instructions/manual images for more details. This product will be shipped along manual has details of how to perform various activities using this kit, theoretical concepts covered by them. This product provide Joyful and Meaningful Learning Experience. Such activities instill wonder and fascination towards science among young students. It help in igniting interest in subject and inculcate a scientific attitude.

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Price	-10% ₹449.00₹449.00 M.R.P: ₹500.00	-47% ₹3,699.00₹3,699.00 M.R.P: ₹6,999.00	-28% ₹1,799.00₹1,799.00 M.R.P: ₹2,499.00	-60% ₹799.00₹799.00 M.R.P: ₹1,999.00	-17% ₹490.00₹490.00 M.R.P: ₹590.00	-65% ₹350.00₹350.00 M.R.P: ₹999.00
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Customers say

Customers like the application of the science fundamentals kit. They mention that it's useful for school students and children to perform experiments. However, some customers have mixed opinions on quality.

AI-generated from the text of customer reviews

Customers find the science fundamentals kit useful for school students and children to perform experiments.

" Useful in science projects " Read more

" Good for children to perform experiment " Read more

" Good product to teach students " Read more

" Really good for school students ...." Read more

Customers are mixed about the quality of the science fundamentals kit. Some mention that the products are good enough, while others say that they are poor quality. The quality of mirrors is cheap, and the packaging could have been better. Some customers also received one lens broken into pieces.

"All the things were packed neatly. It is worth buying . Satisfied with my purchase." Read more

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Physics lab station: optics.

Labs that can be done using the Physics Lab Station Optics bundle.

Grade Level: Advanced Placement • High School

Subject: Physics

01) Spherical Mirror Reflection

Students use an optics light source, optics track, and half screen to measure the image and object distances associated with the real image formed by a concave spherical mirror and then use principles of reflection and the spherical mirror equation to determine the mirror’s radius of curvature.

02) Snell's Law

Students use an optics ray table to measure the incident and refraction angles of a light ray traveling from air into a material with unknown index of refraction, and then, using the principles of refraction and Snell's law, they determine the material’s index of refraction.

03) Focal Length of a Converging Lens

Students use an optics light source, optics track, and viewing screen to measure the image and object distances associated with the real image formed by a converging lens, and then determine the focal length of the lens.

04) Virtual Images

In this experiment, you will study virtual images formed by a diverging lens.

05) Telescope

In this experiment, you will construct a telescope and determine its magnification.

06) Microscope

In this experiment, you will construct a microscope and determine its magnification.

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• > Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers
• > Notes on How to Design and Build Optical Setups in the Lab

Book contents

• Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers
• Copyright page
• Acknowledgments
• 1 Introduction
• 2 Introduction to Common Optical Components
• 3 Spectroscopy: So Many Squiggly Lines!
• 4 Optical Imaging: What Are the Pretty Pictures Actually Showing Me?
• 5 Notes on How to Design and Build Optical Setups in the Lab

5 - Notes on How to Design and Build Optical Setups in the Lab

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 April 2018

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• Notes on How to Design and Build Optical Setups in the Lab
• Arthur McClelland , Harvard University, Massachusetts , Max Mankin , Harvard University, Massachusetts
• Book: Optical Measurements for Scientists and Engineers
• Online publication: 21 April 2018
• Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316779613.006

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Optical Experiments

Optical experiments on semiconductors, 1. absorption.

One method of determining the properties of a given sample, especially a semiconductor's bandgap, is to look at its photon absorption at varying energies of light. In a basic absorption experiment, light is incident on one side of the sample with a detector on the opposite side to measure the intensity of the light exiting the sample in comparison to the incident beam (see Figure 2.1). Absorption does not occur until the light is of a sufficient energy to allow the electron to jump the energy gap between the valence and conduction bands. Nonradiative transitions between energy levels are also possible if the energy is carried away by phonons (vibrations in the material's lattice). For an absorption vs. energy graph for GaAs, see Figure 2.2. The sharp rise in the graph near 1.51 eV for the 21 K data is indicative of the energy gap in GaAs. Only light that can cause transitions into excited states will be absorbed.

2. Reflection

Similar to absorption measurements are reflection experiments. Light is again incident on the sample, but the detector is situated on the same side as the light source and positioned at the same angle with respect to the surface (see Figure 2.3). The energy of the photons is then varied while the reflected light intensity is monitored. See Figure 2.4 for a reflectance vs. energy graph for GaAs. Analysis of a reflectance graph is useful in determining the band structure of the semiconductor. Changes to the band structure (and transitions) due to various doping levels can be understood by comparing reflectance graphs for each concentration of doping.

3. Photoluminescence

Photoluminescence is a useful experiment for the study of semiconductors as it may be used to determine its band gap. Light of a fixed wavelength is absorbed by electrons in the sample. The energy is radiated in all directions as the electrons drop to a lower energy state. Part of the emitted light is focused by a lens and fed into a spectrometer (see Figure 2.5). The relative intensity of the emitted light is measured as the wavelength analyzed by the spectrometer is varied. P.L. differs from absorption and reflection since it measures the light that is reradiated by the sample at various energies instead of catching the main reflected beam. A typical graph of emitted light intensity as a function of incident light wavelength is shown for GaAs in Figure 2.6.

4. Photoluminescence Excitation (P.L.E.)

PLE uses the same experimental set-up as photoluminescence (see Figure 2.7), except the wavelength of the spectrometer is set to measure a fixed wavelength (usually the one corresponding to the energy gap) while the energy of the incident light is varied. In Figure 2.2 the first "bump" in the intensity is due to the formation of excitons, which form at a lower energy than that required for an electron to jump to the conduction band.

5. Kerr Rotation

For this experiment, linearly polarized light is incident on a magnetized material. The magnetization must have a component that is parallel to the direction of propagation of the light for the effect to be observed. The plane of polarization of the reflected light is different from that of the incident light after interacting with the sample as measured by a balanced detector. It differs from the Faraday effect since it measures the reflected light rather than the transmitted light (see Figure 2.8). Kerr rotation is useful for the detection of the coherence of electron spin since the changing spin will cause changes in the polarization of the incident light that can be measured over any time interval (see Figure 2.9).

6. Spin Lifetimes

The spin dynamics of a system are often described using one of three common lifetimes, labeled T1 , T2 , and T2* . T1  is the "longitudinal" or "spin flip" time, describing how fast spins flip their direction parallel or anti-parallel to an applied magnetic field. The energy level splitting is: Δ E  = g μ BB , where μ B  is the Bohr magneton and g  is the electron g-factor for the particular material. Changing the direction of a spin in the presence of a magnetic field requires addition or subtraction of some energy; consequently  T1  is typically the longest of the three times for a given material.

T2 is the "spin coherence" or "spin dephasing" time, which describes the coherence of an ensemble of spins. The decoherence described by T2  sets the time scale for potential quantum computing—many calculations will need to be done within the T2  time of the quantum computing material. T2  is also called the transverse  relaxation time and is typically the most difficult of the three times to quantify. Because there is no energy difference in the transverse direction, T2  is typically shorter than T1 .

T2* is the "inhomogeneous dephasing" time. It describes the apparent dephasing produced by inhomogeneous effects in the material. If the spins behave slightly differently in different places in a material (e.g. have slightly different g-factors), they get out of phase with each other. This is independent of, and cumulative with, the effects which produce T2 -type decoherence; thus this is the shortest spin lifetime. Inhomogeneous effects can be compensated for through special techniques such as the spin echo, but if no such techniques are employed, T2*  will be measured instead of T2 .  T2*  provides a lower bound for T2 .

For more information, please see this discussion of semiconductor spin lifetimes and decoherence by Michael Flatté at the University of Iowa.

7. Optical Study of Spin

In most III-V semiconductors, the spin states are connected to optical transitions via selection rules. This allows one to study the spins in these materials via optics: optically exciting the spins into desired states and/or detecting the state of the spins by measuring optical properties. In the important material GaAs, for example, spin coherence properties have been studied through the following optical methods (not an exhaustive list):

(a) The Hanle effect. This is a method of finding the T2*  spin lifetime by measuring the depolarization of luminescence in a transverse magnetic field. In this technique the spins are oriented using circularly polarized light and their states are monitored via the polarization of the emitted light. As the field is increased from zero, the spins precess away from their initial direction, which causes the emitted light's polarization to change. The T2*  lifetime is deduced from the width of the depolarization vs. field curve.

(b) Time-resolved Faraday or Kerr rotation. This is also a measurement of spin precession, typically done at higher fields, which like the Hanle effect can yield T2*  spin lifetimes. In this technique, the sample is typically excited with a short pump beam of circularly polarized light, after which the spin states are monitored via the Faraday or Kerr effects acting on a linearly polarized probe beam. The Faraday (for transmitted light) and Kerr (for reflected light) effects cause the probe beam's angle of polarization to change in response to the overall spin polarization of the electrons in the sample. The precession of spins due to a transverse external field can be seen directly as oscillations in the Faraday rotation as one varies the time delay between pump and probe beams.

(c) Time-resolved decay of polarization. This is a measurement of spin decay that yields T1 . In this technique, spins are first injected parallel  to an external magnetic field through an optical pump pulse. The state of the spins some time later is measured by an optical probe pulse. The change in spin states between the two pulses is due to spin flip events, and the spin polarization decays according to the spin flip time.

When applied to n -type bulk GaAs samples, these optical techniques have resulted in experimental measurements ranging from 5-200 ns for T2* , and 0.04-20 μs for T1 , depending on details such as sample doping level, temperature, and magnitude of external magnetic field. Overall these values agree fairly well with spin properties measured through other methods and those predicted theoretically.

8. Combined Optical/Microwave Techniques

Traditional microwave experiments detect the absorbed microwave power; these experiments are not feasible in nanostructures because there are not enough spins in the material to produce a measureable effect. However, microwave resonance can be combined with optical detection to dramatically increase the sensitivity of spin resonance experiments. This technique, called "optically detected magnetic resonance" (ODMR) has been successfully applied to semiconductors for many years. Under the proper conditions, optical detection schemes can even allow one to detect the state of individual spins, as has been done with the NV-center defect in diamond.

The Unique Burial of a Child of Early Scythian Time at the Cemetery of Saryg-Bulun (Tuva)

<< Previous page

Pages:  379-406

In 1988, the Tuvan Archaeological Expedition (led by M. E. Kilunovskaya and V. A. Semenov) discovered a unique burial of the early Iron Age at Saryg-Bulun in Central Tuva. There are two burial mounds of the Aldy-Bel culture dated by 7th century BC. Within the barrows, which adjoined one another, forming a figure-of-eight, there were discovered 7 burials, from which a representative collection of artifacts was recovered. Burial 5 was the most unique, it was found in a coffin made of a larch trunk, with a tightly closed lid. Due to the preservative properties of larch and lack of air access, the coffin contained a well-preserved mummy of a child with an accompanying set of grave goods. The interred individual retained the skin on his face and had a leather headdress painted with red pigment and a coat, sewn from jerboa fur. The coat was belted with a leather belt with bronze ornaments and buckles. Besides that, a leather quiver with arrows with the shafts decorated with painted ornaments, fully preserved battle pick and a bow were buried in the coffin. Unexpectedly, the full-genomic analysis, showed that the individual was female. This fact opens a new aspect in the study of the social history of the Scythian society and perhaps brings us back to the myth of the Amazons, discussed by Herodotus. Of course, this discovery is unique in its preservation for the Scythian culture of Tuva and requires careful study and conservation.

Keywords: Tuva, Early Iron Age, early Scythian period, Aldy-Bel culture, barrow, burial in the coffin, mummy, full genome sequencing, aDNA

Information about authors: Marina Kilunovskaya (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Vladimir Semenov (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Candidate of Historical Sciences. Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail: [email protected] Varvara Busova  (Moscow, Russian Federation).  (Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation). Institute for the History of Material Culture of the Russian Academy of Sciences.  Dvortsovaya Emb., 18, Saint Petersburg, 191186, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Kharis Mustafin  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Technical Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Irina Alborova  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Candidate of Biological Sciences. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected] Alina Matzvai  (Moscow, Russian Federation). Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.  Institutsky Lane, 9, Dolgoprudny, 141701, Moscow Oblast, Russian Federation E-mail:  [email protected]

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Out of the Centre

Savvino-storozhevsky monastery and museum.

Zvenigorod's most famous sight is the Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, which was founded in 1398 by the monk Savva from the Troitse-Sergieva Lavra, at the invitation and with the support of Prince Yury Dmitrievich of Zvenigorod. Savva was later canonised as St Sabbas (Savva) of Storozhev. The monastery late flourished under the reign of Tsar Alexis, who chose the monastery as his family church and often went on pilgrimage there and made lots of donations to it. Most of the monastery’s buildings date from this time. The monastery is heavily fortified with thick walls and six towers, the most impressive of which is the Krasny Tower which also serves as the eastern entrance. The monastery was closed in 1918 and only reopened in 1995. In 1998 Patriarch Alexius II took part in a service to return the relics of St Sabbas to the monastery. Today the monastery has the status of a stauropegic monastery, which is second in status to a lavra. In addition to being a working monastery, it also holds the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum.

Belfry and Neighbouring Churches

Located near the main entrance is the monastery's belfry which is perhaps the calling card of the monastery due to its uniqueness. It was built in the 1650s and the St Sergius of Radonezh’s Church was opened on the middle tier in the mid-17th century, although it was originally dedicated to the Trinity. The belfry's 35-tonne Great Bladgovestny Bell fell in 1941 and was only restored and returned in 2003. Attached to the belfry is a large refectory and the Transfiguration Church, both of which were built on the orders of Tsar Alexis in the 1650s.  

To the left of the belfry is another, smaller, refectory which is attached to the Trinity Gate-Church, which was also constructed in the 1650s on the orders of Tsar Alexis who made it his own family church. The church is elaborately decorated with colourful trims and underneath the archway is a beautiful 19th century fresco.

Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is the oldest building in the monastery and among the oldest buildings in the Moscow Region. It was built between 1404 and 1405 during the lifetime of St Sabbas and using the funds of Prince Yury of Zvenigorod. The white-stone cathedral is a standard four-pillar design with a single golden dome. After the death of St Sabbas he was interred in the cathedral and a new altar dedicated to him was added.

Under the reign of Tsar Alexis the cathedral was decorated with frescoes by Stepan Ryazanets, some of which remain today. Tsar Alexis also presented the cathedral with a five-tier iconostasis, the top row of icons have been preserved.

Tsaritsa's Chambers

The Nativity of Virgin Mary Cathedral is located between the Tsaritsa's Chambers of the left and the Palace of Tsar Alexis on the right. The Tsaritsa's Chambers were built in the mid-17th century for the wife of Tsar Alexey - Tsaritsa Maria Ilinichna Miloskavskaya. The design of the building is influenced by the ancient Russian architectural style. Is prettier than the Tsar's chambers opposite, being red in colour with elaborately decorated window frames and entrance.

At present the Tsaritsa's Chambers houses the Zvenigorod Historical, Architectural and Art Museum. Among its displays is an accurate recreation of the interior of a noble lady's chambers including furniture, decorations and a decorated tiled oven, and an exhibition on the history of Zvenigorod and the monastery.

Palace of Tsar Alexis

The Palace of Tsar Alexis was built in the 1650s and is now one of the best surviving examples of non-religious architecture of that era. It was built especially for Tsar Alexis who often visited the monastery on religious pilgrimages. Its most striking feature is its pretty row of nine chimney spouts which resemble towers.

Location	approximately 2km west of the city centre
Website	Monastery - http://savvastor.ru Museum - http://zvenmuseum.ru/

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