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Learn C practically and Get Certified .

17 C Language Projects For Beginners with Source Code

Sairam Uppugundla
March 23, 2024

C programming is a machine-independent language that helps learners step into the World of creating operating systems like Windows, Oracle, Python interpreter, etc. It may not be the most used programming language in 2024, but it still ranks among the top 10 languages .

c langauge is in top 10 most popular programming language

With 5+ years of experience training 30,000+ students globally, Codegnan believes hands-on training is essential to learning a programming language. We have seen students excel in top companies with practical skills that improve their understanding of core topics in C.

This guide will share a few projects for beginners to final-year students that all can try.

👉 Enroll in our FREE online C programming language which includes 15+ practical tests that will help you in completing your final year C language projects.

Also, if you want one-on-one classroom training, check out classroom C language training in Vijayawada trained by top experts and ex-IIT mentors.

C programming projects for beginners

1. building calculator using c programming.

Difficulty level : Easy

This project aims to build a calculator that can perform simple arithmetic operations and display the results to users.

Learning outcomes :

Understanding of variables, data types, and operators in C
Use of multiple library functions and work with user input
Implementation of control flow statements like if-else statements or switch statements
Performing basic arithmetic operations

What it takes to execute this C programming project :

Include the stdio.h library for input-output operations in C.
Define the main() function where our code execution begins. Inside the main function, declare three variables: a, b, and choice
Ask the user to enter two integer numbers and store them in variables a and b using the scanf() function.
Provide the user with choices for different calculator operations and store their choice in the ‘choice’ variable.
Using a switch statement, check the user’s choice. For example, if the choice is 1, we perform addition (a + b); for choice 2, we perform subtraction, and so on, and display the result.
In the case of division, we check if the divisor b is not zero before performing the division to avoid a division-by-zero error
If the user enters a choice that is not in the provided list, the default case is executed, and an error message is printed.

Real-world application :

Educational purpose : Kids can use the tool for simple mathematical calculations in their exams.
Calculating interests : You can use such a tool to calculate interests and other essential calculations to avoid manual errors.
Real estate and e-commerce platforms : Several online platforms implement these tools for website visitors for various calculations.

👉 Find the source code for this project

2. Building a Calendar using C

This project aims to create a calendar program in C that will display the days, months, and years. You can add some advanced features to the project that allows you to set reminders and schedule meetings.

Breaking down complex tasks into smaller, reusable functions
Knowledge of looping statements in C (for loop)
Use of arrays to store data
Work with conditional statements in C (if statements)
Setting Up :
Install a C compiler like GCC. There are many free options available online.
Choose a text editor or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) to write your code. Popular options include Visual Studio Code or Code::Blocks.
Start by defining arrays to hold month names and the number of days in each month.
Check for leap years.
Determine the day of the week for the first day of the month.
Print the calendar layout with appropriate spacing for days.
Use loops to iterate through days and weeks, conditionally displaying dates based on calculations.
Compile and run your program, testing it with different months and years.
Refine your code to handle edge cases and improve readability.
Keep track of days and weeks : This tool can be similar to a paper print calendar that helps you keep track of days and weeks digitally.
Set reminders for important events : Some tools with advanced features can allow you to set reminders for important events like graduation day, birthdays, anniversaries, etc
Schedule meetings : You can set meeting time on calendars ahead of time with these tools

C programming projects for intermediate

3. banking management system.

Difficulty level : Medium

This project aims to create a virtual banking management system where you can see and manage all your transactions as you do in a bank, verify details of existing accounts, and browse bank details.

Solid understanding of core C programming concepts like structure and arrays
Implementation of multiple functions in C
Knowledge of file-handling techniques
Use of conditional statements to control program flow
Set Up : Install a C compiler like GCC.
Planning : Decide what functionalities you want to include (create an account, deposit, withdraw, etc.).
Coding : Develop the C program using structures, functions, and user input/output.
Testing : Thoroughly test your program with various scenarios (deposits, withdrawals, potential errors).
Mobile money transaction : Mobile banking services can implement such systems for money transfers within the country or internationally.
Banking services : When a bank implements such systems for its customers, you can use them to access banking services like opening a fixed deposit or recurring deposits, applying for personal loans, etc.
Online KYC verification : Sometimes, banks use these systems for their customer verification process which saves time in handling huge queues affecting other essential banking activities.
Customer support : Banks often use such tools to automate their customer service processes. This project at an advanced level uses bots that reply to common customer queries before forwarding calls to customer service representatives.

4. Student record management system

This student record management system tool is a project for intermediate learners who can add numerous features to record and manage students’ details, update information, and delete records.

Working with Structure in C to store student information
Use of different C in-built functions
Knowledge of Arrays and Linked lists
Learn file-handling techniques

What it takes to execute this C programming project:

Plan the Data Structure : Decide what information you want to store for each student (name, roll number, etc.) and define a structure to hold this data.
Develop Core Functions : Create functions for adding new students, searching by roll number or name (optional), updating existing records, and potentially deleting students (be cautious with deleting!).
Implement User Interface : Use printf() and scanf() functions to create a menu-driven interface for users to interact with the program.
Test and Improve : Thoroughly test your program with various scenarios and add error handling where necessary
Educational institution : Every kind of institution can use this tool to record their students’ data on the system and manage them efficiently.
Attendance tracking : Such a tool can be used in schools and colleges to mark students’ attendance, track absences, and generate automatic attendance reports.

5. Unit converter C project

This unit converter project aims at creating a tool that helps users to convert units of measurement like temperature (Celsius to Fahrenheit), currency (Dollar to Rupees), length (meter to centimetre), etc.

Solid understanding of core C programming
Use of conditional statements to determine appropriate conversion formula
Apply unit conversion formulas within the C code
Use of in-built functions in C
Set up your development environment : Install a C compiler (like GCC) and a text editor (like Visual Studio Code) where you’ll write your code.
Plan your conversions : Decide which units you want your program to handle initially (e.g., length, temperature, volume).
Research conversion formulas: Find the mathematical formulas for converting between the chosen units.
Write your C code : Break down the functionalities into smaller steps and write code for each step using C functions and control flow statements.
Test and refine : Run your program with different input values to ensure accurate conversions. Fix any errors and improve the user experience.
Personal use: You can use such a tool for personal uses like converting your height from feet to meters, your weight from kgs to lbs, etc.
Banks : Banks can implement such tools on their website to allow users to convert currencies for international transactions like dollars to rupees
Real estate agencies : Such agencies can use these tools to convert land measurement units and calculate their value accordingly

6. Virtual workplace application

This project aims at building a virtual workplace application where teams can collaborate and work together. This virtual workplace will focus on core functionalities like user management, task creation, and developing basic communication features.

Practice using data structures in C
Use of file handling techniques to store and retrieve data from file
Use of well-defined functions in C to perform multiple tasks
Understanding of how to accept user input for different actions and display information
Planning : Decide on the functionalities you want to include. Start with a basic structure for users, tasks, and maybe a simple messaging system.
Define Data Structures : Create structures to hold user information (name, username, password), task details (title, description, due date), and potentially messages (sender, receiver, content).
Build Core Functions : Develop functions for user login, task creation, viewing tasks, and potentially sending messages.
Implement File I/O : Use file handling functions like fopen, fclose, fread, and fwrite to store and retrieve data from files. This ensures information is saved even when the program exits.
User Interface : Design a basic text-based interface for users to interact with the program. This might involve menus, prompts, and displaying information clearly.
Testing and Improvement : Test your program thoroughly, identify bugs, and make improvements.
Remote offices: Offices that don’t have a physical infrastructure can use this tool to allow communication among multiple team members and work together

7. Food order management system

Difficulty level : Medium

This project will help Learners to build a food order management system to manage food orders at a restaurants, hotels and food stalls. Users can browse a menu, add food items to a cart, order and view the final bill.

Learn designing C Structure
Knowledge of C functions
Understanding of how to get user input
Use of loops to handle repetitive tasks
Planning : Decide on the functionalities you want to include. Start with a basic system that allows users to browse the menu, add items, and view the total bill. You can later expand to features like removing items, applying discounts, or handling different payment methods.
Define Data Structures : Create structures to represent menu items and potentially user orders. Include details like item name, price, and potentially a unique identifier.
Develop Functions : Break down the functionalities into separate functions. This could include functions for displaying the menu, taking user input for choices and quantity, adding items to the cart, calculating the bill, and displaying the final order.
Implement User Interaction : Use printf() to display menu items, prompts, and the final bill. Use scanf() or getchar() to get user input for their choices and quantity.
Testing and Debugging : Test your code thoroughly with various scenarios. Add comments throughout your code to improve readability and maintainability.
Restaurants: Hotels and restaurants can implement this system to manage multiple food orders
Online food delivery platforms: Such platforms can use a food order management system to receive orders online, send them bills, and accept payments

C programming projects for final year students

8. mini voting system.

Difficulty level : Hard

This project aims at creating a virtual voting system that allows users to vote for an event or a person, and then display the results.

A clear understanding of C programming
Learn the use of different data structures, including arrays and linked lists
Hands-on training with control structures (loops and conditional statements) in C
Understanding of error handling mechanisms in C
Handling user inputs and managing data effectively
Planning : Start by defining the functionalities you want your voting system to have.
Design : Plan the structure of your program, including how you’ll store candidate information and handle user interactions.
Coding : Write the code for your voting system, focusing on implementing each functionality step by step.
Testing : Test your program thoroughly to ensure it works as expected and handles various scenarios, including incorrect user input.
Refining : Refactor your code if needed to improve its efficiency and readability.
College election : Colleges can use such a voting system to conduct elections for class representatives, student council elections, etc
Business decision-making : Businesses can use this tool to collect feedback on how their employees are reacting to specific decisions. For example, if you decide to increase daily working hours, this tool can be used to see how many members are in support of your decision and how many are against it.
Government feedback collection : Government can use this system to gather feedback from people across the country about their measures for country welfare.

9. Library management system

This project is about creating a library management system that allows users to add books, search books by title/author, display book information, and manage borrowing and returning functionalities.

Knowledge of using C Structure for storing information
Use of multiple functions within the code to make them look organised
Learn the use of files to store and retrieve data and different data handling techniques
Understanding of how to get user input and display information
Planning : Decide what functionalities you want your library system to have. Start with a basic version that allows adding and displaying books, then gradually add features like searching and (optionally) borrowing management.
Coding : Begin by defining a structure for your book data. Then, write functions for each desired functionality. Utilise loops, conditional statements (if/else), and string manipulation functions as needed.
Testing : Thoroughly test your program by adding different books and trying out all the functionalities. Fix any errors you encounter.
(Optional) File Handling : If you want to make book data persistent, explore using C’s file I/O functions (fopen, fclose, fscanf, etc.) to write book information to a file and read it back when needed.
Public Libraries : Any kind of library can use such tools to manage their whole process efficiently
Educational institutes : Schools and other institutes offering study materials, books, class notes, videos, etc., with students, and this system helps them manage the whole process of searching for books, borrowing, and returning back
Businesses : Businesses offering study resources to employees can use the system to allow them access to the required study materials, office files, etc.
Hospitals : Hospitals and medical centres can use this system to handle medical files of thousands of patients they deal with every month.

10. Bus reservation system

This project aims to create a bus reservation system that allows users to view available bus seats, book tickets, and cancel reservations.

Hands-on experience with arrays in C programming
Knowledge of using C functions with a code for different purposes
Use of conditional statements to control the program flow
Use of loops for validating user input
Choose a C compiler like GCC. Most computers have them pre-installed, or you can download one for free.
Pick a text editor (e.g., Notepad++) or a C development environment (e.g., Code::Blocks) for writing and running your code.
Developing the Program :
Start by defining variables and arrays to store bus details and passenger information.
Displaying a user menu with options like “Book Ticket,” “View Available Seats,” and “Exit.”
Checking seat availability for a chosen bus.
Booking a ticket (if a seat is available) by storing passenger details and updating seat availability.
(Optional) Cancelling a reservation (updating passenger and seat data).
Use conditional statements (if/else) to control program flow based on user choices and seat availability.
Use loops (for/while) to iterate through seat data, display menus, and potentially validate user input.
Testing and Debugging :
Test your program thoroughly with different scenarios (booking, checking availability, handling full buses).
Use a debugger (built-in with most compilers) to identify and fix errors in your code.
Bus service providers : Government bus providers can use the system for all passengers to book tickets, check seat availability, and cancel tickets.
Travel agencies : Such agencies can use this system for tour bus reservations

11. Hospital management system using C project

This project will create a system that will help hospitals manage patient information, appointments, and billing patients. It will focus on some core functionalities like creating patient records, scheduling appointments and basic hospital data management.

Knowledge of using Structure to represent patents, doctors, appointments and other facilities
Understanding of file handling techniques
Use of different functions in C
Hands-on practice on arrays and linked lists to manage data
Planning : Decide on the functionalities you want to include. Start with a basic structure for patients (name, ID, contact details), appointments (date, time, doctor), and potentially billing information (optional).
Define Data Structures : Create structures to hold patient information, appointment details, and potentially doctor information (if including doctors).
Build Core Functions : Develop functions for adding new patients, scheduling appointments, searching for patients or appointments, and displaying information.
Implement File I/O : Use file handling functions like fopen, fclose, fread, and fwrite to store and retrieve patient data and appointments from files.
User Interface : Design a basic text-based interface for users (hospital staff) to interact with the program. This might involve menus, prompts, and displaying information clearly.
Government and Private hospitals : All kinds of hospitals can use this system to record and manage their patient data efficiently
Hospital billing department : These departments can use a hospital management system that facilitates billing and invoicing functions.
Patient use : Patients can use this system to book potential doctors, set alerts for checkups, get critical test results, etc.

12. Build a Quiz Game

This project aims to build a quiz game using C programming that will ask questions, accept answers and display scores for each player based on a chosen topic.

Basic knowledge of C programming elements
Knowledge of input and output operations using in-built C functions
Use of conditional statements
Hands-on practice of looping in C to execute repetitive tasks
Understanding of basic data structures like arrays to store account data
Knowledge of string manipulation techniques
Set up your C development environment : You’ll need a C compiler and a text editor to write your code. Popular options include GCC compiler and editors like Visual Studio Code.
Design your quiz content : Prepare a list of questions and their corresponding answers (including potentially incorrect options).
Code the logic : Write C code to display questions, accept user input for answers, check them against the correct answer, and award points.
Test and refine : Run your program, play the quiz yourself, and identify any errors or areas for improvement.
Educational purposes : This tool can be used in schools and educational institutions for arranging Quiz competitions for students to test their knowledge in multiple subjects
Training camps : Such camps can use a quiz game to test the outcomes of their training in various fields
Hiring assessment tests : Companies or HRs can use these tools for assessing the quality of candidates applying for a job role

C Programming projects with source code

13. cricket scoreboard.

This project can be a great start for beginners where they can add a few features for tracking team names and scores, runs scored, wickets that have fallen, overs left, and simple commentary. It requires students to define structures with variables, implement loops, and display required data.

Cricket boards can implement this tool to display team names, runs scored, and all necessary cricket details to the audience

14. Typing Tutor

This project aims to create a tool that can help users measure and improve their typing speed. Building a typing tutor is a beginner-friendly project where you must understand the concepts of user-defined functions and file handling in C. Anyone who is willing to become a typist and looking for a tool to check how fast they can complete a paragraph or how many words they can type per minute can use this tool.

15. Employee Salary Slip Generation

This is, again, a beginner-friendly project that can be done with basic C programming skills. It aims at creating a tool that generates salary slips for all employees within an organisation, including their allowances and deductions with net salary. Here, you will learn different file-handling techniques for data storage and retrieval in C, data formatting, and the use of calculation algorithms.

Any business or organisation with multiple employees can use this employee salary slip generation tool to calculate each employee’s salary, pay them correctly, and keep records of their payments.

16. Contact management system

This project may not be suitable for beginners, but someone with a clear understanding of C programming, data structures, and file-handling operations can. A contact management system is an excellent modern-age tool that allows users to manage contacts, including adding them to a list and deleting or updating them whenever needed.

By completing this project, you will learn how to implement different data structures (like LinkedIn and arrays), handle data inputs, data validation in C, and file-handling operations for data storage. Such a system can be used for personal or professional purposes to organise contacts of employees, clients, suppliers, and others.

17. Railway reservation system

This project is also suitable for intermediate learners who already know how to do C programming projects. It aims at creating a system for users to reserve seats, retrieve passenger information, and assist in ticket generation.

While doing this project, learners will better understand how to use C codes and knowledge of data structure, file handling, and input validation.

Similar tools, like bus reservation systems, can be built with almost the same code. These are used today to save time for passengers travelling to railway stations and standing in large queues to collect tickets.

Other hands-on project ideas you might want to check:

React JS Projects for Beginners (with source code)
Python Projects for Beginners (Shared by Experts)

Execute C Programming projects with expert C Programming mentors at codegnan

At Codegnan , you can learn C programming skills under the mentorship of x-IITians and students of other top universities. These professionals have been teaching thousands of students for over 4+ years and have work experience in the domain as well. They can not only give you theoretical knowledge of C but also help you implement the knowledge into real-world projects.

Learners can join live interactive classes with these experts and clear all their doubts within the course period. After completion of the course, each learner needs to crack an examination with a mandatory percentage to get a course completion certificate. These are globally recognised certificates that can assist learners in landing a good job or proceeding with their career towards advanced levels.

Benefits of doing C Programming projects for students

👉 Find the complete C language course syllabus .

1. Solid understanding of core concepts

When students do projects, they can improve practical skills by implementing all the theoretical knowledge they have gained during the course.

This helps them have a better understanding of all the core C programming concepts and how their code executes in the real world.

2. Build career portfolio

You can add all these projects to your portfolio which showcases your knowledge and expertise in C programming.

Learners start with beginner friendly projects to gain in-depth knowledge of C and then move forward to intermediate level projects and then to advanced projects.

3. Enhance trust and credibility

By putting projects in your portfolio, you can showcase the complexity of projects you can handle. This builds trust and credibility among your customers for freelancers and attracts employers from top companies.

4. Land technical jobs

Having theoretical knowledge of C programming won’t help you land a high-paying technical job. However, with advanced practical knowledge and problem-solving skills, you can excel in this domain.

Doing C programming projects can help you gain experience and understand every small thing that you may encounter while writing and executing C codes.

Become a C Programming expert in the next 30 days with codegnan

You can enrol in the 30-day C Programming training course at Codegnan under the mentorship of top professionals in the domain. This course covers the fundamentals of C programming, along with hands-on training after each module. It ensures you can implement theoretical knowledge into real-world projects.

They offer online classes for students globally and have an offline training institute in Vijayawada . The course fee is ₹5,000 for both online and offline classes, available for a limited period. Eligible people can also get a 35% discount on the course fee and pay only ₹3500.

Codegnan also offers a 100-day Job Accelerator Program that promises students to offer jobs immediately after course completion. This can be a great start for your career. Plus, they will provide your support and job assistance throughout your career.

You can also join their internship program to get trained under skilled leaders and work on real-time enterprise projects. There is a set of internship opportunities for Codegnan learners that will give you experience working in the market and get a comprehensive internship certificate.

Sairam Uppugundla is the CEO and founder of Codegnan IT Solutions. With a strong background in Computer Science and over 10 years of experience, he is committed to bridging the gap between academia and industry.

Sairam Uppugundla’s expertise spans Python, Software Development, Data Analysis, AWS, Big Data, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing (NLP) and more.

He previously worked as a Board Of Studies Member at PB Siddhartha College of Arts and Science. With expertise in data science, he was involved in designing the Curriculum for the BSc data Science Branch. Also, he worked as a Data Science consultant for Andhra Pradesh State Skill Development Corporation (APSSDC).

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What is The C Programming Language? A Tutorial for Beginners

This tutorial will give you a broad overview of basic concepts of the C programming language.

We'll go over the history of the language, why and where it is used, the compilation process, and some very basic programming concepts that are common in most popular programming languages.

This is not a complete guide to the language, but will rather give you a high level understanding of important C concepts and ideas as an absolute beginner to coding.

Each language has its own syntax and specific ways of doing things, but the concepts covered here are common and applied to all programming languages.

Having an understanding of how things work and these universal concepts can take you a long way in your coding journey. It makes learning a new technology easier in the long run.

This tutorial takes heavy inspiration from the material covered in the first couple of weeks of the course CS50: Introduction To Computer Science which I highly recommend to anyone wanting to dive deeper into computer science and programming no matter their level of experience.

The History behind the origins of C - An Overview
Language Characteristics and why to consider learning C

Where Is C used?

Compilation process: Write-Compile-Run
Header files
Main program
Output or printing to the console
Declaring vs initialising a variable
A couple rules for naming a variable
The scope of a variable
Format codes
Arithmetic operators
Assignment operator
Logical operators
Comparison operators
Function arguments
Function outputs
Defining a method
Calling a function
Boolean Expressions
Conditional Statements
Loops 1. While loops 2. Do-While loops
Extra Reading

The History of the C Programming Language

The history of the C programming language is closely tied to the history of the development of the Unix Operating System.

If we look back to understand what led to the development of the operating system that changed the world of computing, we'll see the steps that led to the development of C.

Simply put, C was derived from the need to initially find and eventually create a language to apply on the Unix Operating system.

Project MAC and MULTICS

It all started in 1965 when the experimental project MAC was completed at MIT – the first system of its kind. This was the beginning of the MULTICS era. It used something called CTSS, or the Compatible Time Sharing System.

This was a key innovation at that time. Up to this point, we were in the early mainframe era, where massive, powerful, and extremely costly computers used to take up entire rooms.

To get tasks done, programmers would write code by hand. Then they'd punch a deck of paper tape cards that were encoded with the program written by hand.

They did this by handing the sheets of paper the program was written on to operators who used a key punch machine that would punch the card's holes and represent the data and instructions on the card.

Then they'd feed the punched cards to a punch card reader connected to the mainframe computer. It then converted the sequences in the cards holes to digital information. Simple tasks took a long time using this method and only one person could use each machine at a time.

The idea of time sharing changed everything. Instead of using cards, it attached multiple consoles (which at the time were mechanical terminals called teletypes) to a main computer. This allowed many people to use the same computer simultaneously.

Over 100 typewriter terminals spread around MIT's campus could be attached to one main big computer. This system supported up to 30 remote users at the same time, each using one of those terminals.

The operating system of the main computer multitasked and circled around the people who wanted to perform computing tasks from their connected terminals and gave a few seconds to each one.

It provided what seemed like a continuous service, appearing to be loading and running many programs simultaneously. But in reality it just went through each user's program very quickly. This gave the illusion that one person had the whole computer to themselves.

This system proved to be extremely efficient, effective, and productive, saving time and in the long run money, since those computers were extremely expensive.

Something that might have taken days to complete now took much less time. And this started enabling greater access to computing.

Following the success of the CTSS, MIT decided it was time to build upon this system and take the next step. This next step would be to create a more advanced time sharing system.

But they imagined a more ambitious endeavor than that: they wanted to build a system that would serve as a computing utility for programers that would be capable of supporting hundreds of users accessing the mainframe at the same time. And it would share of data and resources between them.

This would require more resources, so they joined forces with General Electric and Bell Labs.

This new project was named MULTICS, which stood for 'Multiplexed Information and Computing Service' and was implemented on one of General Electric's mainframes, the GE 635.

This team worked on MULTICS for a number of years. But in 1969 Bell Labs left the project because it was taking too long and was too expensive.

Bell Labs: The Innovation Hub

Bell Labs pulling out of the MULTICS project left some employees frustrated and looking for alternatives.

While working on MULTICS, the team created an unparalleled computing environment. They were used to working with time sharing systems and had seen their effectiveness. These programmers had a vast knowledge of operating systems, and the innovations from that project made them want to expand more.

A group led mainly by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie wanted to use communal computing and create a file system that they could share. It would have the innovative characteristics they liked from MULTICS but they'd implement it in a simple, smaller, and less expensive way.

They shared their ideas and started to iterate.

Bell Labs fostered an open and supportive environment that allowed creative expression and innovative ideas to bloom. It was research heavy, and they encouraged independent thinking problem solving to help them improve upon their initial solutions.

Through lots of discussion and experimentation they made the biggest breakthroughs and wrote history.

While still working on MULTICS, Ken Thompson had created a game called Space Travel. He initially wrote it on MULTICS, on the GE 635, but when Bell Labs pulled out he adapted the gamae to a Fortran program to run on the GECOS operating system that ran on the GE 635.

There were many problems with the game – it did not work as well on GECOS as it did on MULTICS and he needed a different and less expensive machine to run it on.

Ken Thompson faced rejection when asking for funding to create a different operating system, since Bell labs had pulled out from such a project already. But he did end up finding an old and little-used DEC PDP-7 minicomputer that he could try out – it was the only system available.

He started to write his game on that simple system but was limited by the software on the computer. So while he was working on it, he ended up implementing the bare bones of the file system his team had been envisioning.

He started with a hierarchical file system, a command line interpreter, and other utility programs. Within a month he had created an operating system with an assembler, editor, and shell. They were smaller and simpler features of MULTICS. This operating system was the first version of Unix.

The Early Days of Unix with Assembly language

At the beginning of the project, Ken Thompson could not program on the DEC PDP-7 computer. DEC PDP-7 programs had to be compiled and translated on the more powerful GE 635 mainframe and then the output was physically transferred to the PDP-7 by paper tape.

The DEC PDP-7 had very little memory, just 8KB. To deal with this restriction, the filesystem, the first version of the Unix kernel, and practically everything else in the project were coded in Assembly. Using Assembly allowed Thompson to directly manipulate and control each part of the memory on that computer.

Assembly language is a low level programming language which uses symbolic code and is close to the machine's native language, binary. The instructions in the code and each statement in the language closely corresponds to machine instructions specific to the computer's architecture.

It's machine dependent and machine specific, meaning one set of instructions has very different results from one machine to another. Programs written in Assembly language are written for a specific type of processor – so a program written in Assembly will not work on a variety of processors.

It was common to write operating systems using Assembly language back then. And when they first started working on Unix, they did not have portability in mind.

They didn't care if the operating system worked on different machine systems and architectures. That was a thought that came later. Their main priority was the efficiency of the software.

While working on MULTICS, they used high level programming languages, like PL/I in the beginning and later BCPL. Programmers had gotten used to using high level languages for writing operating system kind of software, utilities, and tools because of the advantages they offered (they were relatively easy to use and understand).

When using a higher level programming language, there is an abstraction between the computer's architecture and various obscure details. This means that it is above the level of the machine and there is no direct manipulation of the hardware's memory.

High level languages are easier to read, learn, understand, and maintain which makes them an easier choice when working on a team. Commands have an English like syntax, and terms and instructions look more familiar and human-friendly compared to the symbolic format of Assembly.

Using high level languages also means writing less code to achieve something, whereas assembly programs were extremely long.

Thompson wanted to use a higher level language for Unix from the very start, but was limited by the DEC PDP-7.

As the project progressed and as more people started working working on it, using Assembly was not ideal. Thompson decided that Unix needed a high level system programming language.

In 1970 they managed to get funding for the bigger and more powerful DEC PDP-11 that had substantially more memory.

With a fast, structured, and more efficient high level programming language that could replace Assembly, everyone could understand the code and compilers could be made available to different machines.

They started exploring different languages for writing system software that they could use to implement Unix.

From B to C: The Need for a New Language

The aim was to create utilities – programs that add functionality – to run on Unix. Thompson initially attempted to create a FORTRAN compiler but then turned to a language he used before, BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language).

BCPL was designed and developed in the late 1960's by Martin Richards. Its main purpose was for writing compilers and system software.

This language was slow and had many restrictions, so when Thompson started using it in 1970 for the Unix project on the DEC PDP-7, he made adjustments and modifications and ended up writing his own language, called B.

B had many of the features of BCPL but it was a smaller language, with a less verbose syntax and simpler style. It was still slow and not powerful enough to support Unix utilities, however, and couldn't take advantage of the powerful features of the PDP-11.

Dennis Ritchie decided to improve upon these two previous languages, BCPL and B. He took features and characteristics from each and added additional concepts. He created a more powerful language – C – just as powerful and efficient as Assembly. This new language overcame the limitations of its predecessors and could use the power of the machine in an effective way.

So in 1972 C was born, and the first C compiler was written and implemented for the first time on the DEC PDP-11 machine.

The C Programming Language

In 1973 Dennis Ritchie rewrote the Unix source code and most Unix programs and applications using the C programming language. This made it the standard implementation language of the operating system.

He reimplemented the Unix kernel in C, and almost all of the operating system (well over 90%) is written in this high level language. It mixes both high level readability features and the low level functionality, making it the perfect choice for writing an operating system.

Towards the late 1970's, C's popularity started to rise and the language started getting more widespread support and use. Up until that point, C was still only available for Unix systems and compilers were not available outside of Bell labs.

This increase in popularity came from not only the power C gave to the machine but also to the programmer. It also helped that the Unix operating system was gaining the same popularity at an even faster rate.

Unix stood out from what came before because of its portability and its ability to run on a variety of different machines, systems, and environments.

C made that portability possible and since it was the language of the Unix system, it gained more notariety – so more and more programmers wanted to try it out.

In 1978 Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie co-wrote and published the first edition of 'the C programming language' book, also known in the programming community as 'K&R'. For many years this text was the go-to for C language description, definition, and reference.

In the 1980's, C's popularity skyrocketed as different compilers were created and comercialized. Many groups and organisations that were not involved in C's design started making compilers for every operating system and computer architecture structure. C was now available on all platforms.

As these organisations created compilers of their own, they started to change characteristics of the language to adapt to each platform the compiler was being written for.

There were various versions of C that had slight differences between them. While writing the compilers, these groups came up with their own interpretations of some aspects of the language, which were based on the first edition of the book 'C programming language'.

With all the iterations and adjustments, though, this book no longer described the language as it was, and the changes to the language started to cause problems.

The world needed a common version of C, a standard for the language.

The C Standard

To make sure there was a standard, machine independent definition of the language, ANSI (the American National Standards Institute) formed a committee in 1983. This committee was named the X3J11 committee, and their mission was to provide a clear, comprehensive definition and standardization of C.

After a few years, in 1989, the committee's work was done and made official. They defined a commercial standard for the language. That version of the language is known as 'ANSI C' or C89.

C was used all around the world, so a year later in 1990 the standard was approved and adopted by ISO, the International Standards Organization. The first version, C90, was called ISO/IEC 9899:1990.

Since then, many revisions to the language have taken place.

The second version of the standard, C99, was published in 1999 called ISO/IEC 9899:1999 and introduced new language additional features. The third version, C11, was published in 2011. The most recent version is the forth, C17, and is called ISO/IEC 9899:2018.

The Continuation of C

C forged a path for the creation of many different programming languages. Many of the modern high level programming languages that we use and love today are based on C.

Many of the languages created after C wanted to solve problems that C couldn't, or overcome some of the issues that limit C. For example, the most popular child of C is its Object Oriented extension C++ – but Go, Java, and JavaScript were also inspired by C.

C Language Characteristics and Why You Should Consider Learning C

C is an old language, but it still remains popular to this day, even after all these years.

It owes its popularity to the rise and success of Unix, but nowadays it has gone far beyond just being the 'native' language of Unix. It now powers most, if not all, of the world's servers and systems.

Programming languages are tools we use to solve specific computing problems that affect us on a large scale.

You don't need to know C to create web pages and web applications. But it comes in handy when you want to write an operating system, a program that controls other programs, or a programming utility for kernel development, or when you want to program embedded devices or any systems application. C excells at all these tasks. So let's look at some reasons to learn C.

It helps you understand how your computer works

Despite the fact that C is a general purpose programming language, it is mainly used to interact with low level machine functions. Besides the practical reasons behind learning the language, knowing C can help you understand how the computer actually works, what is happening underneath the hood, and how programs actually run and execute on machines.

Since C is considered the base of other programming languages, if you can learn the concepts used in this language it will be easier to understand other languages too later on.

Writing C code lets us understand the hidden processes happening in our machines. It allows us to get closer to the underlying hardware of the computer without messing with Assembly language. It also lets us get a handle on a multitude of low level tasks while staying readable like high level languages.

C is fast and efficient

At the same time, we don't lose the functionality, efficiency, and low level control of how code executes that Assembly provides.

Rememeber that each processor in every device's hardware has its own Assembly code that is unique to that processor. It's not at all compatible with any other processor on any other device.

Using C gives us a faster, easier, and overall less cumbersome approach to interacting with the computer at its lowest level. In fact, it has a mixture of both high and low level features. And it helps us get the job done without the hassle and fuss of long incomprehensible Assembly code.

So, C is as close as you can get to the computer's underlying hardware and is a great replacement for Assembly (the old standard for writing operating systems) when you're working with and implementing system software.

C is powerful and flexible

This close proximity to the hardware means that C code is written explicitly and precisely. It gives you a clear picture and mental model of how your code is interacting with the computer.

C does not hide the complexity with which a machine operates. It gives you a lot of power and flexibility, like the ability to manually allocate, manipulate, and write directly to memory.

The programmer does a lot of the heavy work and the language lets you manage and structure memory in an efficient way for the machine delivering high performance, optimisation, and speed. C lets the programmer do what needs to get done.

C is portable, performant, and machine-independent

C is also highly portabile and machine independent. Even though it is close to the machine and has access to its low level functions, it has enough abstraction from these parts to make code portability possible.

As Assembly instructions are machine specific, programs are not portable. One program written on one machine would have to be re-written to run on another. And that is hard to maintain for every computer architecture.

C is universal and programs written in it can be compiled and run across many platforms, architectures, and a variety of machines without losing any performance. This makes C a great choice for creating systems and programs where performance really matters.

C inspired the creation of many other programming languages

Many languages that are commonly used today, like Python, Ruby, PHP and Java, were inspired by C. These modern languages rely on C to work and be efficient. Also, their libraries, compilers, and interpreters are built in C.

These languages hide most of the details about how programs actually work underneath the hood. Using these languages, you don't have to deal with memory allocation and bits and bytes since there are more levels of abstraction. And you don't need this level of granular control with higher level applications where interaction with memory is error-prone.

But when you're implementing part of an operating system or embedded device, knowing those lower-level details and direct handling can help you write cleaner code.

C is a fairly compact language

Although C can be quite cryptic and hard to learn for beginners, it is actually a fairly small and compact language with a minimal set of keywords, syntax, and built-in functions. So you can expect to learn and use all of the features of the language when exploring how it works.

Even if you're not interested in learning how to program an operating system or a systems application, knowing C basics and how it interacts with the computer will give you a good foundation of computer science concepts and principals.

Also, understanding how memory works and is laid out is a fundamental programming concept. So understanding how the computer behaves on a deeper level and the processes that are happening can really help you learn and work with any other language.

There is a lot of C code in the devices, products, and tools that billions of us use in our everyday lives. This code powers everything from the world's supercomputers to the smallest gadgets.

C code makes embedded systems and smart devices of all kinds work. Some examples are household appliances like fridges, TVs, coffee makers, DVD players, and digital cameras.

Your fitness tracker and smart watch? Powered by C. The GPS tracking system in your car, and even traffic light controllers? You guessed it – C. And there are many examples of embedded systems used in the industrial, medical, robotics, and automobile industries that run on C code.

Another area where C is widely used is Operating Systems and kernel development. Besides Unix, for which the language was created, other major and popular Operating Systems are coded to some extent in C.

The Microsoft Windows kernel is scripted mostly in C, and so is the Linux kernel. Most supercomputers are powered by Linux, and so are most Internet servers. This means that C powers a large section of the Internet.

Linux also powers Android devices, so C code not only makes supercomputers and personal computers work, but smartphones too. Even OSX is coded to some extent in C, which makes Mac computers run on C, too.

C is also popular for developing desktop applications and GUIs (Graphical User Interfaces). Most Abode Applications we use for video and photo editing and graphic design (like Photoshop, Adobe illustrator, and Adobe Premiere) are coded with C or its successor, C++.

Compilers, interpreters, and assemblers for a variety of languages are designed and built with C – in fact these are some of the most common usages of the language.

Many browsers and their extensions are built with C, like Google Chromium and the Google file system. Developers also use C often in database design (MySql and Oracle are two of the most popular database systems built in C), and it powers advanced graphics in many computer games.

From this general overview, we can see that C and it's derivative C++ run a large part of the internet and the world at large. Many of the devices and technologies we use in our daily lives are written in or depend on C.

C Compilation Process: Write-Compile-Run

What is a program in c.

A computer program written in C is a human readable and ordered set of instructions that a computer executes. It aims to provide a solution to a specific computing problem and tell the computer to perform a certain task with a sequence of instructions that it needs to follow.

Essentially all programs are just plain text files stored on your computer’s hard drive that use a special syntax which is defined by the programming language you're using.

Each language has its own rules that dictate what you can write and what's considered valid, and what is not.

A program has keywords, which are specific words that are reserved and are part of the language. It also has literal pieces of data like strings and numbers. And it has words that follow the language’s rules, which we define and introduce to the language that don’t already exist (like variables or methods).

What is a compiler?

Programs are written by us and for us. They are meant to be understood by humans.

When we write programs in human readable form, we can understand them – but the computer may not be able to. Computers don’t directly understand programming languages, they only understand binary. So programs need to be translated into this other form so the computer can actually understand our program's instructions.

Programs in high level languages can be either compiled or interpreted. They use special pieces of software called compilers and interpreters, respectively.

What's the difference between an compiler and an interpreter?

Both compilers and interpreters are programs, but they're far more complex ones, and they act as translators. They take a program that's written in a human readable form and turn it into something that computers can make sense of. And they make it possible to run and execute programs on different computer systems.

Compiled programs are first converted into machine-readable form which means they are translated into machine code before they run. Machine code is a numerical language – binary instructions composed of sequences of 0s and 1s.

This compliation produces an executable program, that is a file containing the code in the machine language that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) will be able to read, understand, and execute directly.

After this, the program can run and the computer does what the program tells it to do. Compiled programs have a stronger correspondence with the underlying hardware and can more easily manipulate the computer's CPU and memory.

Interpreted programs, on the other hand, are not directly executed by the machine nor do they need to be translated into a machine language program. Instead, they use an interpreter that automatically and directly translates and executes each statement and instruction in the code line by line during run time.

C is a compiled programming language. This means that it uses a compiler to analyse the source code written in C and then turns it into a binary file that the computer's hardware can directly execute. This will be specific for each particular machine.

How to use the GCC Compiler with examples

Unix and Unix-like systems already have a C compiler built in and installed. This means that Linux and MacOS have a popular compiler built in, called the GCC Compiler (or GNU Compiler Collection).

In the rest of this section we'll see examples using this compiler and I've based these examples on a Unix or Unix-like system. So if you have a Windows system, make sure to enable the Windows Subsystem for Linux .

First, make sure you have the GCC compiler installed. You can check by opening your terminal and typing gcc --version in the prompt which is typically after the $ character.

If you're using MacOS and have not installed the command line developer tools, you will get a dialog box pop up asking you to install them – so if you see that, go ahead and do so.

Once you have those installed, open a new terminal session and re-type the gcc --version command. If you have already installed the command line tools, you should get the output below:

The term compiling alone is an abstraction and simplification, though, since in reality there are many steps happening behind the scenes. These are the finer lower level details that happen between us writing, compiling, and then running our C program. Most even happen automatically, without us even realising it.

How to write C source code

In order to develop C programs, we first need to have some type of text editor. A text editor is a program we can use to write our code (called our source code) in a text file.

For this you can use a command-line text editor like nano or Vim if you are comfortable with those.

You can also use an IDE (Integrated Development Environment), or text editor with IDE-like features (an integrated terminal, the ability to write, debug, run and execute our programs all in one place without leaving the editor, and much more).

One editor with these capabilities is Visual Studio Code, using the C/C++ extension . Throughout the rest of this tutorial we'll use VSCode.

Back in your terminal, go ahead and type the commands below to create a file where our C code will live.

So we have just created a plain text file, hello.c . This file will have code written in the C language meaning it will be a C program. This is indicated by the .c file extension which is a convention.

Inside it we can write any C program we like, starting from a very basic one like a program that outputs 'hello world' to the screen.

In order to see what our code does, we have to run the program we have just written. Before running it, though, we have to first compile it by typing some commands in the terminal.

We can continue using the command line on our computer or we can use the integrated terminal in VSCode (by holding the control ~ keys at the same time a new terminal window opens).

So far we can see on the left panel that there is only one file in our cprogram directory, hello.c , which contains our C code.

The term 'compiling our C code' doesn't just happen in one step. It also involves some smaller actions that occur automatically for us.

As a reminder, when we refer to compiling, we typically mean that the compiler takes our source code as input (the code we wrote in C which has English like syntax), and translates it to produce machine code statements as output.

This machine code corresponds directly to our source code instructions, but it's written in a way the CPU can understand so it can carry out the instructions and execute them.

How C source code gets transformed into binary code

This is the general idea – but there are 4 smaller steps involved that happen in between. When we compile our code we are actually preprocessing, compiling, assembling, and linking it.

These steps start happening when we type the command gcc hello.c in the terminal which is the name of the compiler and the source code file, respectively.

If we wanted, we could alternate and customise that command by typing a more specific one like gcc -o hello hello.c , where:

-o stands for 'output this file'
hello is the name we ourselves specify for the executable program file we want to output that will be created, and
hello.c is the file the gcc compiler will take as input (which is the file where our source code lives and we want to compile).

Preprocessing in C

Another program that is part of the compiler conducts this first step – the preprocessor. The preprocessor does many things – for example, it acts as a ‘find and replace tool’ as it scans through our source code looking for special statements and searches for lines starting with a # .

Lines starting with a # ,like #include , are called preprocessor directives. Any line starting with a # indicates to the preprocessor that it must do something. In particular, it tells that it should substitute that line with something else automatically. We don't see this process, but it's happening behind the scenes.

For example, when the preprocessor finds the line #include <stdio.h> in our hello world program from earlier, the #include literally tells the preprocessor to include, by copying and pasting, all the code from that header file (which is an external library, stdio.h ) in the place of that statement in our own source code. So it replaces the #include <stdio.h> line with the actual contents of the stdio.h file.

Inside the <stdio.h> library there are function prototypes and definitions or hints. This way all the functions are defined so the computer recognizes them during compilation time, and we can use them in our program.

For example, the function printf(); is defined as int printf(const char *format,…); inside <stdio.h> . The same steps happen for other header files, that is files with a .h extension.

During the preprocessing step, our comments in our code are also removed and macros are expanded and replaced with their values. A macro is a fragment of code which has been given a name.

At this stage if there are no errors in our code, there should be no output in the terminal, which is a good sign.

We see no output, but a new file has been created with a .i extension which is still C source code. This file includes the output from the preprocessing, so it is called preprocessed source code. In this case a new file, hello.i , is generated but it won't be visible in our editor.

If we run the command gcc -E hello.c :

We will be able to see all the contents of this file (which is a lot) and the ending looks something like this:

If there are any mistakes with the correctness of our code or we're not following the semantics of the language, we'll see some errors and the compilation will end. We would have to correct the mistakes and start the process from the beginning.

Compiling in C

After the preprocessing step which produces preprocessed C source code, next we have to compile the code. This involves taking the code that is still source code and changing it into another intermediate form. We use a compiler for this step.

To review, a compiler is a program which takes as input the source code and translates it into something closer to the native language of computers.

When we refer to compiling we can either mean the entire process of translating source code to object code (machine code) or just a specific step in the whole compilation process.

The step we're discussing now is when compiling converts every statement of the preprocessed C source code program to a more computer friendly language. This language is closer to binary which the computer can actually directly understand.

This intermediate language is assembly code, a low level programming language used to control the CPU and manipulate it to perform specific tasks and get close access to the computer's memory. Remember assembly code from the history section?

Every CPU – the brains of the computer – has its own set of instructions. Assembly code uses specific statements and commands that directly correlate to those instructions and low level operations that a CPU performs and carries out.

So in this step of the compilation process, each statement in the preprocessed C source code in the file hello.i is translated by the compiler to the equivalent statement in assembly language at a lower level.

The output of this action creates a file ending in .s (so hello.s behind the scenes) that contains instructions in assembly.

By typing the command gcc -S hello.c we can view the contents and the somewhat incomprehensible assembly commands of the hello.s file that the compiler created (but that was not visible to us when we typed gcc hello.c alone).

If we look closely we'll see a couple familiar keywords and statements used in our C source code like main and printf :

Assembling in C

Assembling means taking the hello.s file containing assembly code statements as input and, with the help of another program that is executed automatically in the compilation process, assembling it to machine code instructions. This means it will have as output actual 0s and 1s, or binary format statements.

This step also happens behind the scenes, and it results in the final language the instructions in our source code are translated to. And now the computer can finally understand those instructions.

Each of the commands we wrote in our C source code were transformed to assembly language statements and finally into the equivalent binary instructions. All this happened just with the command gcc . Whew!

The code we wrote is now called object code, which a specific computer's CPU can understand. The language is incomprehensible to us humans.

People used to code in machine language, but it was a very tedious process. Any symbols that are non-machine code symbols (that is, anything that's not 0s and 1s) are hard to make sense of. Coding in such a language directly is extremely error-prone.

At this stage, another file is created with a .o extension (for object) – so in our case it'll be hello.o .

We can see the actual contents of the object file containing the machine level instructions with the command gcc -c hello.c . If we do this, we'll see the not human readable contents of hello.o :

Linking in C

In the images above, you might have noticed an a.out file in our directory.

This is the default step and file that gets created when we type the compiler command and our filename, gcc hello.c in our case.

If we had used the command gcc -o hello hello.c mentioned earlier, we would have seen a custom named hello executable program in place of a.out .

The a.out stands for assembly output . If we type ls in the terminal to list the files in our directory, we see that a.out even looks different from the rest:

Linking is the final stage of the compilation process where the final binary file hello.o is linked with all the other object code in our project.

So if there are other files containing C source code (like files included in our program that implement C libraries which are already processed and compiled, or another file we have written named, for example, filename.c besides hello.c ), this is when the object file filename.o will be combined with hello.o and the other object codes, linking them all together.

This forms one big executable file with the combined machine code, a.out or hello , which represents our program.

Since we're finally done compiling, the program is in its final form. And now we can execute and run the file on our machine by typing ./a.out . This means 'run the a.out file that is in the current directory', since ./ represents the folder we are in. We then see the output of our program in the terminal:

Whenever we make changes to our source code file, we have to repeat the process of compiling from the beginning in order to see the changes when we run the code again.

How to Write Hello World in C

A hello world program is a very simple one, but it's a tradition that also acts as a test message when you're first starting to learn how to code in a new programming language.

If you execute your "Hello World" program successfully, this lets you know that your system is correctly configured.

A 'hello world' program contains the basic syntax for the language and we can break it down into smaller parts:

Header files in C

Header files are external libraries. This means they are a set of code already written by some developers for other developers to use.

They provide features that are not included at the core of the C language. By adding header files to our code, we in return get additional functionality that we can use in our programs.

Header files like include <stdio.h> end in the extension .h . In particular, a header file like stdio.h comes already built into the compiler.

The line include <stdio.h> is an instruction for the pre-written functions in the stdio.h library file which tells the computer to access and include them in our program.

stdio.h gives us the functionality standard input and standard output , which means we'll be able to get input and output from the user. We therefore get to use input/output functions like printf .

If you don't include the stdio.h file at the top of your code, the computer will not understand what the printf function is.

The main program in C

Here's the code:

This is the main starting function of a C program. The curly braces ( {} ) are the body which wraps all the code that should be in our program.

This line acts as a boilerplate and starting point for all C programs. It lets the computer know where to begin reading the code when it executes our programs.

Comments in C

Whatever we write after the // will not affect how our code runs and the computer will not take it into account during compilation and execution time.

Those two lines indicate that you're adding comments, which are notes to our future selves and to our coworkers. Comments can help us remember and remind others what a certain line of code does or why we wrote that code in the first place. It also reminds us what exactly is the purpose of that code when we come back to it the next day of even months later.

Output or printing to the console in C

printf("Hello world/n"); prints the phrase 'Hello world' to the console. We use printf when we want to say something and to see the output on the screen. The characters we want to output need to be surrounded by double quotes "" and parentheses () .

The /n is an escape character, which means that it creates a newline and tells the cursor to move to the next line when it sees it.

The ; indicates the end of of sentence and the end of that line of code.

Variables in C

Here's how we define a variable in C:

A data item that may take on more than one value during the runtime of a program.

In the simplest terms, you can think of variables as a named box. A box that acts as a storage place and location for holding different information that can vary in content.

Each box has a unique name which acts like a label put on the outside that is a unique identifier, and the information/content lives on the inside. The content is the variable's value.

Variables hold and point to a value, to some useful data. They act as a reference or abstraction to literal data. That data is stored in the computer's memory, and takes up an certain amount of space. It lives there so we can retrieve it later and use it in our programs when we need to.

As the name suggests, what variables point to can vary. They are able to take different values over time as information changes during the life of the program.

Variable Assignment in C

The process of naming a variable is called assignment. You set a specific value that is on the right, to a specific variable name that is on the left. You use the = or the assignment operator to do this.

As I mentioned, you can change a variable's value, so you can assign and reassign variables. When you reassign a value, the new value points to the variable name. So the value can be a new one, but the variable name stays the same.

How to declare vs initialise a variable in C

The C programming language is a strongly statically typed language, unlike many other modern programming languages.

In statically typed languages, you need to explicitly declare your variables to be of a certain data type. That way the compiler knows during compilation time if the variable is able to perform the actions it was set out and requested to do.

In dynamically typed languages, a variable can change between different data types without the need to explicitly define that data type.

So, when declaring a new variable in the C language, you need to define and specify what type it is, and what type of data its value holds.

A variable's type is the type of the value it holds. This lets the program and later the compiler know what kind of information it's storing.

To declare a variable, you specify the data type, and give a name to the variable . An optional step is to set an initial value. Do not forget the semicolon at the end, which ends the statement!

What is the difference between initialising and declaring a variable?

In summary:

int n; is declaring a variable. Declaring means we define a name for the variable and specify its type.

We don't necessarily need to specify a value for the variable just yet. This is enough, as declaring a variable tells the computer we want a variable to exist and we need to allocate some space in memory for it. The value can and will be stored at a later time.

When we do assign the variable a value later, there is no need to specify the data type again. We can also declare multiple variables at once.

If we declare a variable and assign it a value at once, this is called initialising the variable.

int n = 27; is initialising the variable. It refers to assigning an initial value which we can change later.

If the new value is the same data type, we don't need to include the data type, just the new value. If the data type is different, we will get an error.

Rules for naming variables in C

Variable names must begin either with a letter or an underscore, for example age and _age are valid.
A variable name can contain letters (uppercase or lowercase), numbers, or an underscore.
There can be no other special symbols besides an underscore.
Variable names are case sensitive , for example age is different from Age .

The scope of a variable in C

The scope of a variable refers to where the variable can be referenced and accessed from. It is essentially where the variable lives and is valid and how visible it is to the rest of the program.

Local scope

If a variable is declared within a set of culry braces, {} , like for example a specific function, that will be its scope and we can't access it and use it outside those braces in the rest of the program. The rest of the program won't know it exists.

Therefore it is not a good idea to declare variables that way since their scope and use is so limited which can lead to errors. This scope is called local scope.

Global scope

If variables are declared outside of functions, they have global scope. Having a global scope means they are visible within the whole program and can be accessed from anywhere.

But keep in mind that it can be difficult to keep track of them. Also, any changes we make to them along the way can get confusing since they can happen in any part and location of the program.

Data Types in C

Data types specify in what form we can represent and store information in our C programs. They let us know how that information will be used and what operations can be performed on it.

Data types also determine what type of data our variables can hold, as each variable in C needs to declare what data type it represents.

There are 6 data types built into the language. But you can convert between different types which makes it not as strongly typed.

Each of the data types requires a different allocation of memory and each data type can have different ranges up to which they can store values.

Adding keywords in front of a type name modifies and makes changes to the type. These keywords can be either unsigned or signed .

An unsigned keyword means that the type can only be positive and not negative, so the range of numbers start from 0. A signed keyword lets you make a number negative or positive.

Let's look at these data types in more detail.

The char data type in C

The most basic data type in C is char . You use it to store a single character such as letters of the ASCII chart like 'a', 'Z', or '!". (Notice how I used single quotation marks surrounding the single character – you can't use double quotes in this case.)

char also lets you store numbers ranging from [-128 to 127] and in both cases uses 1 byte of memory.

An unsigned char can take a range of numbers form [0-255]

The int data type in C

int is a an integer, a whole number, that can hold a positive or negative value or 0 but that has no decimal.

It is a value up to a certain number of bits. When you declare an int , it the computer allocates 4 bytes of memory for it. More specifically it uses at least 2 bytes but usually 4. 4 bytes of memory means it allocates 32 bits (since 1 byte = 8 bits). So an int has 2 32 possible values – more than 4 billion possible integers.

The range is of a -2 31 to 2 31 -1,specifically from [-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647].

An unsigned int has still the same size as an int (4 bytes) but that doesn't include the negative numbers in the range of possible values. So the range is from 0 to 2 32 -1, more specifically [0 to 4,294,969,295]
A short int has smaller values than an int and allocates 2 bytes of memory. It allows for numbers in a range of [-32,768 to 32,767]
An unsigned short int uses again 2 bytes of memory and has a range of numbers from [0 to 65,535]
A long int is for when we need to use a larger number. It uses at least 4 bytes of memory, but usually 8 bytes with values from [-2,147,483,648 to 2,147,483,647]
An unsigned long int has at least 4 bytes of memory with a range from [0 to 4,294,967,295]
A long long int is an integer with more bits that's able to count to higher and larger numbers compared to ints and long ints. They use 8 bytes instead of 4 and so use 64 bits. This allows for a range from -2 63 to 2 63 -1 ,so for numbers from [-9,223,372,036,854,775,808 to 9,223,372,036,854,775,807]
An unsigned long long uses 8 bytes and has a range of numbers from [0 to 18,446,744,073,709,551,615]

The float data type in C

Floats are a floating point value which is a number with a decimal (also called a real number), with single precision. It allocates 4 bytes of memory.

The double data type in C

A double is a floating point value which has bigger values than that of a float. It can hold more memory – 8 bytes – compared to a float, and is double precision.

A long double is the largest size compared to floats and doubles, holding at least 10 bytes of memory, but can even hold up to 12 or 16 bytes.

And lastly, the void type essentially means nothing or no value.

Format Codes in C

Format codes or format specifiers are used for input and output in C.

These are a way to tell the compiler what type of data it takes in as input with a variable, and what type of data it produces as output when using the printf() function. The f in printf() stands for formated .

They act as a format code placeholder and substitute for variables. They let the compiler know in advance what type they are when the value of the standard output (that is, what we want to print) is not already known.

The syntax we use is % format specifier for data type :

There are different format specifiers for each data type we discussed earlier. Here are some of them:

Format Specifier	Data type
	char
	unsigned char
or	int
	unsigned int
or	short int
	unsigned short int
or	long int
	unsigned long int
or	long long int
	unsigned long long int
	float
	double
	long double

Operators in C

Arithmetic operators in c.

Arithmetic operators are mathematical operators that perform mathematical functions on numbers. Operations can include addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.

The most commonly used operators are:

+ for addition
- for subtraction
* for multiplication
/ for division
% for modulo division (calculating the remainder of the division)

Assignment operator in C

The assignment operator, = , assigns a value to a variable. It 'puts' a value into a variable.

In other words, it sets whatever is on the right side of the = to be the value of the variable on the left side of the = .

There are specific assignment operators for updating a variable by modifying the value.

In C, there are various ways we can update the values of variables. For example, if we want to increment the variable by 1 there are three possible ways to do so.

It is worth mentioning first that incrementing means to take the existing value of a variable, whatever value is on the right, and add 1 to it. The new value is then stored back to the variable and automatically updated.

The simplest way to increment or update is to have a variable called x with an initial value of 5 , so:

To add 1 to the variable x , we do x = x + 1 which means x = 5 + 1 .

The new value of x is now 6 , x=6 .

There is a shorthand for this operation, using a special syntax that increments variables.

Instead of writing x = x +1 we can write x += 1 .

An even shorter way is to use the increment operator, which looks like variable_name ++ , so in our case x++ .

The same goes for decreasing, that is decrementing, a variable by 1.

The three ways to do so are:

x = x-1 , x -= 1 , x -- (using the decrement operator) respectively.

Those are the ways to increment and decrement a variable by 1 in C. We are able to update a variable by taking its value and adding, subtracting, multiplying, and dividing that value by any other number and setting the result of that operation as the new value. Those operations would be += , -= , *= , and /= respectively.

So x = x * 5 or the shorthand x *= 5 will take the value of the variable x and multiply it by 5 and store it back to x .

Logical Operators in C

We use logical operators to make decisions in C. The result of an operation can be either true or false.

There is the logical AND operator, && . Operands on both the left and right sides of && need to be true for the condition to be true.

There is also the logical OR operator, || . At least one or both of the operands on the right and left sides of || need to be true for the condition to be true.

Lastly, there is the logical NOT . This inverts the value of the operand. If an operand is true, then the NOT operator makes the condition false and vice versa.

Comparison operators in C

Comparison operators are:

Greater than >
Greater than or equal to >=
Less than <
Less than or equal to =<

There is also an equality comparisson operator, == . Don't confuse this with = , the assignment operator.

We use the == to compare two values and test to see if they are equal or not. This operator asks the question 'Are these two equal?', whereas = assigns a value to a variable.

When using the equality comparisson operator and asking the above question, there is always a return value that can either be true or false , otherwsie knokn as a Boolean value in the context of computer programming.

Lastly, there is the inequality operator, != , that we use to test whether two values are NOT equal.

Functions in C

Functions are verbs, that is, small actions. They do something. They perform a particular, specific task.

They encapsulate a piece of behaviour that is meant to be used again and again. The purpose of functions is to have that behaviour written out just once somewhere so you can reuse it whenever you need to, at different times and in different places throughout a program. This makes your code simpler and better organised.

Functions exist to perform one task, serve a particular purpose, and be reused. And they can take in inputs and produce outputs.

Function arguments in C

The inputs that functions take in are called arguments. A function can have one or more arguments.

A common function in the C programming language is printf(); . This prints something to the screen. It's a function used to say something.

The parentheses () are the inputs to the function, where the arguments go in – that is, what we actually want to say and print to the screen. What is between the parentheses gets printed out.

In printf("Hello world!"); , Hello world! is the input to the printf function. Here, we are calling a function called printf and we are giving it an argument that is a string. This says literally, print 'Hello world! 'to the screen.

Function outputs in C

There are two types of function output:

First, outputs can just be something visual, an immediate visual effect, something quickly printed to the screen.

You can't do anything more with that output after the effect. Like in the case of printf("Hello world!"); , the output is the string "Hello world!" printed to the screen, and that's it. You can't use that string in some other way, because printf has no return value.

These types of functions are known as side effects , meaning they have an immediate observable effect without returning a value.

Also, a function like printf is a function invocation and in the stdio library is defined as int printf(const char *format,...); .

Second, the output can be reusable, and has a return value. A return value is a value passed back to the programmer and stored in a variable for later use.

In such cases, there is no immediate effect – nothing gets printed to the screen. The output is instead return to us, stored as information and saved in a variable.

How to Define a Method in C

There are three things you need to have in the first line, the decelerating line, when defining a function.

The return type

This is the very first keyword used, and how a function starts indicates the return value.

For example in a function like: void say_something(void) , the first void means that the function has no return value.

In another example with a different function, int main(void) , we specify and define its return data type, in this case an int . The function's output will be an int data type and will be returned to where the function is called.

The function name

The name can be anything we want, although it is best practice to name the methods after what they intend to do.

None or one or more arguments

These are the function's inputs, and the data type of those inputs.

In void say_something(void) , the void inside the parentheses is a keyword for the argument and a placeholder for 'nothing'. It means it takes In no inputs. In cases like this, the argument is also called a parameter.

Parameters are essentially variables declared in the function, inside the parentheses like the void keyword. They act as a placeholder to access the function input data, the arguments.

Parameters refer to the value being passed in to the method. This means that when we later call the function, we pass the actual values to it, the arguments to the function.

How to Call a Function in C

We can call a function like:

By writing the function's name, followed by any arguments in parentheses and a semicolon like say_hi(); . The say_hi function takes in no inputs and has no return value. When called it just prints 'hello' to the screen.

Another function like:

is called in the same way as the previous example. In this case, the square function take in an input and has a return value (both are int s). The input it takes in is the parameter called n , that returns an int when the function is called.

The word return specifies that what will get returned, the input n multiplied by itself.

For example, when the function is called square(3); , n acts as a variable that points to the parameter that has been passed in to the function, like 3 . It is like we have set n = 3 . The value that gets returned is 9 .

Functions are meant to be reused, so we can use it anytime we wish to square a number:

How to Use Boolean Expressions in C

A boolean expression is an expression that evaluates to one of two values, true or false. They get their name after the mathematician, philosopher, and logician George Boole.

We use boolean expressions to compare two values and they are particularly helpful in control flow.

Every non-zero value is true and 0 is false .

We can combine boolean expressions with the use of the different logical operators, like && (and), || (or) and ! (not) mentioned earlier in the article.

Different combinations of values and operators lead to different output results, which can be expressed in a truth table , a mathematical table used to represent logical equations wich result to 1 or 0 or their equivalent true or false .

When comparing two boolean values using the && (and) operator, both values have to equate to true for the combined experssion to be true.

For example if someone asks us "Do you want a pizza and a salad?", the only way for the expression to be true is for us to want both a pizza and a salad (so our answer is yes to both). If the answer to one of them is not true then the whole expression is false.

Truth Table for &&

Value A	Value B	Result
true	false	false
false	true	false
false	false	false
true	true	true

Unlike && , the || operator lets us take action if one or both values are true. So this operator is not exclusive, either one of the comparissons has to be true for the experssion to evaluate to true or even both.

This is quite unique to computing, since in our example question used earlier, if instead of AND we changed it to OR, the statement 'Do you want pizza or a salad?' does not mean that you want both. You want one or the other, not necessarily both together.

Truth table for ||

Value A	Value B	Result
true	false	true
false	true	true
false	false	false
true	true	true

Lastly, the ! (not) operator is used for negation, meaning it turns true to false and false to true .

How to Use Conditional Statements in C

Conditional statements take a specific action based on the result of a comparisson that takes place. The act of doing one thing if a particular condition is true and possibly a different thing if that particular condition turns out to be false is called control flow .

Certain parts of the program may not run depending on the results or depending on certain user input. The user can go down different paths depending on the various forks in the road that come up during a program's life.

Programs with conditional statements use if blocks primaraly. The if blocks use boolean expressions that can only be true or false and they make decisions depending on those resulting values. We denote an if block statement by using curly braces, {} , and indendation of the code that follows.

An if statement on its own is not that helpful especially as the programs grow larger and larger. So in that case the if statement is accompanied by an else statement.

These mean that ' if this condition is true do the following, else do this instead'. The else keyword is the solution for when the if condition is false and therefore doesn't run.

If we wish to chose between more than just two options and want to have a greater variety in statement and actions, then we can introduce an else if condition.

This means that 'If this condition is true, do this. If it is not, do this thing instead. However, if none of the above is true, finally do this instead.'

How to Use Loops in C

A loop is an isolated behavior or a specific set of instructions that are repeated a certain number of times, over and over again, until a condition is met. It is the same action, the same code, being repeated again and again.

While loops in C

Before they run any code, while loops have to check a condition. If it is met, the code runs. If not, the code doesn't take any action. So, code is not guaranteed to run even at least one time if a condition is not met.

There are different types of while loops. One of them is an infinite loop.

The while keyword is used along with a required boolean expression, true in this case (which always stays true ).

After printing the line of code inside the curly braces, it continuously checks wether it should run the code again. As the answer is always yes (since the condition it needs to check is always true each and every time), it runs the code again and again and again.

In this example the only way to stop the program and escape from the endless loop is running Ctrl + C in the terminal.

If the condition was false , it would never run the code inside the curly braces.

Another loop, is a loop that repeats something a certain number of times.

Do-while loops

Compared to the while loop, the do- while loop is guaranteed to run at least once and execute the code inside the curly braces at least one time.

It first does something and then checks a condition. This is useful when we want to repeat something at least once but for an unknown number of times.

In our example, the code will run at least one time and the statement will be printed at least once. Next, the value is incremented. It then checks if the value is less than 20, and if so, it runs the code again. It will stop running the code once the value being incremented each time is no longer less than 20.

Resources to continue learning C

This marks the end of this intoduction to the C programming language! Nice work for making it through to the end.

I hope this gave you an insight into the 'whys' and the 'hows' of the language and the fundamentals you need to know to start writing basic programs in C.

If you want to go more in depth, build some projects, and problem solve using C, give CS50 Introduction To Computer Science a go.

If you enjoy learning by reading books, I recommend the ones below:

C programming absolute beginners guide
Programming in C

If you enjoy learning by watching videos and coding along,check out the C Programming Tutorial for Beginners video on freeCodeCamp's YouTube channel.

Thanks for reading and happy coding!

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Top 50 Mostly Asked C Interview Questions and Answers

02 Beginner

If Statement in C
Understanding do...while loop in C
Understanding for loop in C
if else if statements in C Programming
If...else statement in C Programming
Understanding realloc() function in C
Understanding While loop in C
Why C is called middle level language?
Beginner's Guide to C Programming
First C program and Its Syntax
Escape Sequences and Comments in C
Keywords in C: List of Keywords
Identifiers in C: Types of Identifiers
Data Types in C Programming - A Beginner Guide with examples
Variables in C Programming - Types of Variables in C ( With Examples )
10 Reasons Why You Should Learn C
Boolean and Static in C Programming With Examples ( Full Guide )
Operators in C: Types of Operators
Bitwise Operators in C: AND, OR, XOR, Shift & Complement
Expressions in C Programming - Types of Expressions in C ( With Examples )
Conditional Statements in C: if, if..else, Nested if
Switch Statement in C: Syntax and Examples
Ternary Operator in C: Ternary Operator vs. if...else Statement
Loop in C with Examples: For, While, Do..While Loops
Nested Loops in C - Types of Expressions in C ( With Examples )
Infinite Loops in C: Types of Infinite Loops
Jump Statements in C: break, continue, goto, return
Continue Statement in C: What is Break & Continue Statement in C with Example

03 Intermediate

Constants in C language
Getting Started with Data Structures in C
Functions in C Programming
Call by Value and Call by Reference in C
Recursion in C: Types, its Working and Examples
Storage Classes in C: Auto, Extern, Static, Register
Arrays in C Programming: Operations on Arrays
Strings in C with Examples: String Functions

04 Advanced

How to Dynamically Allocate Memory using calloc() in C?
How to Dynamically Allocate Memory using malloc() in C?
Pointers in C: Types of Pointers
Multidimensional Arrays in C: 2D and 3D Arrays
Dynamic Memory Allocation in C: Malloc(), Calloc(), Realloc(), Free()

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C Programming Assignment Operators

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What is an assignment operator in c.

Assignment Operators in C are used to assign values to the variables. They come under the category of binary operators as they require two operands to operate upon. The left side operand is called a variable and the right side operand is the value. The value on the right side of the "=" is assigned to the variable on the left side of "=". The value on the right side must be of the same data type as the variable on the left side. Hence, the associativity is from right to left.

In this C tutorial , we'll understand the types of C programming assignment operators with examples. To delve deeper you can enroll in our C Programming Course .

Before going in-depth about assignment operators you must know about operators in C. If you haven't visited the Operators in C tutorial, refer to Operators in C: Types of Operators .

Types of Assignment Operators in C

There are two types of assignment operators in C:


+=	addition assignment	It adds the right operand to the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
-=	subtraction assignment	It subtracts the right operand from the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
*=	multiplication assignment	It multiplies the right operand with the left operand and assigns the result to the left operand
/=	division assignment	It divides the left operand with the right operand and assigns the result to the left operand.
%=	modulo assignment	It takes modulus using two operands and assigns the result to the left operand.

Example of Augmented Arithmetic and Assignment Operators

There can be five combinations of bitwise operators with the assignment operator, "=". Let's look at them one by one.


&=	bitwise AND assignment	It performs the bitwise AND operation on the variable with the value on the right
\|=	bitwise OR assignment	It performs the bitwise OR operation on the variable with the value on the right
^=	bitwise XOR assignment	It performs the bitwise XOR operation on the variable with the value on the right
<<=	bitwise left shift assignment	Shifts the bits of the variable to the left by the value on the right
>>=	bitwise right shift assignment	Shifts the bits of the variable to the right by the value on the right

Example of Augmented Bitwise and Assignment Operators

Practice problems on assignment operators in c, 1. what will the value of "x" be after the execution of the following code.

The correct answer is 52. x starts at 50, increases by 5 to 55, then decreases by 3 to 52.

2. After executing the following code, what is the value of the number variable?

The correct answer is 144. After right-shifting 73 (binary 1001001) by one and then left-shifting the result by two, the value becomes 144 (binary 10010000).

Benefits of Using Assignment Operators

Simplifies Code: For example, x += 1 is shorter and clearer than x = x + 1.
Reduces Errors: They break complex expressions into simpler, more manageable parts thus reducing errors.
Improves Readability: They make the code easier to read and understand by succinctly expressing common operations.
Enhances Performance: They often operate in place, potentially reducing the need for additional memory or temporary variables.

Best Practices and Tips for Using the Assignment Operator

While performing arithmetic operations with the same variable, use compound assignment operators

Initialize Variables When Declaring int count = 0 ; // Initialization
Avoid Complex Expressions in Assignments a = (b + c) * (d - e); // Consider breaking it down: int temp = b + c; a = temp * (d - e);
Avoid Multiple Assignments in a Single Statement // Instead of this a = b = c = 0 ; // Do this a = 0 ; b = 0 ; c = 0 ;
Consistent Formatting int result = 0 ; result += 10 ;

When mixing assignments with other operations, use parentheses to ensure the correct order of evaluation.

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C Programming Structure Exercises and Solutions

C programming related to structures [9 exercises with solution].

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From Wikipedia -

A struct (Structures) in the C programming language (and many derivatives) is a composite data type (or record) declaration that defines a physically grouped list of variables under one name in a block of memory, allowing the different variables to be accessed via a single pointer or by the struct declared name which returns the same address. The struct data type can contain other data types so is used for mixed-data-type records such as a hard-drive directory entry (file length, name, extension, physical address, etc.), or other mixed-type records (name, address, telephone, balance, etc.).

1. Create a structure called "Student" with members name, age, and total marks. Write a C program to input data for two students, display their information, and find the average of total marks. Click me to see the solution

2. Define a structure named Time with members hours, minutes, and seconds. Write a C program to input two times, add them, and display the result in proper time format. Click me to see the solution

3. Create a structure named Book to store book details like title, author, and price. Write a C program to input details for three books, find the most expensive and the lowest priced books, and display their information. Click me to see the solution

4. Define a structure named Circle to represent a circle with a radius. Write a C program to calculate the area and perimeter of two circles and display the results. Click me to see the solution

5. Create a structure named "Employee" to store employee details such as employee ID, name, and salary. Write a program to input data for three employees, find the highest salary employee, and display their information. Click me to see the solution

6. Define a structure named "Date" with members day, month, and year. Write a C program to input two dates and find the difference in days between them. Click me to see the solution

7. Write a C program that implements a simple queue using a structure. The structure should contain an array representing the queue and front and rear indices. Include functions for enqueue and dequeue operations. Click me to see the solution

8. Create a structure named Complex to represent a complex number with real and imaginary parts. Write a C program to add and multiply two complex numbers. Click me to see the solution

9. Design a structure named "Car" to store details like car ID, model, and rental rate per day. Write a C program to input data for three cars, calculate the total rental cost for a specified number of days, and display the results.

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Basic Input and Output in C
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Formatted and Unformatted Input/Output functions in C with Examples
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Assignment Operators in C

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C Control Statements Decision-Making

Decision Making in C (if , if..else, Nested if, if-else-if )
C - if Statement
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For Versus While
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main Function in C
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C Library math.h Functions

C Arrays & Strings

Properties of Array in C
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How to pass a 2D array as a parameter in C?
What are the data types for which it is not possible to create an array?
How to pass an array by value in C ?
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What is the difference between single quoted and double quoted declaration of char array?
C String Functions
Pointer Arithmetics in C with Examples
C - Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer)
Function Pointer in C
How to declare a pointer to a function?
Pointer to an Array | Array Pointer
Difference between constant pointer, pointers to constant, and constant pointers to constants
Pointer vs Array in C
Dangling, Void , Null and Wild Pointers in C
Near, Far and Huge Pointers in C
restrict keyword in C

C User-Defined Data Types

C Structures
dot (.) Operator in C
Structure Member Alignment, Padding and Data Packing
Flexible Array Members in a structure in C
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Storage Classes in C
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Understanding "volatile" qualifier in C | Set 2 (Examples)
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Memory Layout of C Programs
Dynamic Memory Allocation in C using malloc(), calloc(), free() and realloc()
Difference Between malloc() and calloc() with Examples
What is Memory Leak? How can we avoid?
Dynamic Array in C
How to dynamically allocate a 2D array in C?
Dynamically Growing Array in C

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C Preprocessor Directives
How a Preprocessor works in C?
Header Files in C
What’s difference between header files "stdio.h" and "stdlib.h" ?
How to write your own header file in C?
Macros and its types in C
Interesting Facts about Macros and Preprocessors in C
# and ## Operators in C
How to print a variable name in C?
Multiline macros in C
Variable length arguments for Macros
Branch prediction macros in GCC
typedef versus #define in C
Difference between #define and const in C?
Basics of File Handling in C
C fopen() function with Examples
EOF, getc() and feof() in C
fgets() and gets() in C language
fseek() vs rewind() in C
What is return type of getchar(), fgetc() and getc() ?
Read/Write Structure From/to a File in C
C Program to print contents of file
C program to delete a file
C Program to merge contents of two files into a third file
What is the difference between printf, sprintf and fprintf?
Difference between getc(), getchar(), getch() and getche()

Miscellaneous

time.h header file in C with Examples
Input-output system calls in C | Create, Open, Close, Read, Write
Signals in C language
Program error signals
Socket Programming in C
_Generics Keyword in C
Multithreading in C
C Programming Interview Questions (2024)
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 1
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 2
Commonly Asked C Programming Interview Questions | Set 3

Assignment operators are used for assigning value to a variable. The left side operand of the assignment operator is a variable and right side operand of the assignment operator is a value. The value on the right side must be of the same data-type of the variable on the left side otherwise the compiler will raise an error.

Different types of assignment operators are shown below:

1. “=”: This is the simplest assignment operator. This operator is used to assign the value on the right to the variable on the left. Example:

2. “+=” : This operator is combination of ‘+’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first adds the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a += 6) = 11.

3. “-=” This operator is combination of ‘-‘ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first subtracts the value on the right from the current value of the variable on left and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 8. Then (a -= 6) = 2.

4. “*=” This operator is combination of ‘*’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first multiplies the current value of the variable on left to the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 5. Then (a *= 6) = 30.

5. “/=” This operator is combination of ‘/’ and ‘=’ operators. This operator first divides the current value of the variable on left by the value on the right and then assigns the result to the variable on the left. Example:

If initially value stored in a is 6. Then (a /= 2) = 3.

Below example illustrates the various Assignment Operators:

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C All Exercises & Assignments

Write a C program to check whether a number is even or odd

Description:

Write a C program to check whether a number is even or odd.

Note: Even number is divided by 2 and give the remainder 0 but odd number is not divisible by 2 for eg. 4 is divisible by 2 and 9 is not divisible by 2.

Conditions:

Create a variable with name of number.
Take value from user for number variable.

Enter the Number=9 Number is Odd.

Write a C program to swap value of two variables using the third variable.

You need to create a C program to swap values of two variables using the third variable.

You can use a temp variable as a blank variable to swap the value of x and y.

Take three variables for eg. x, y and temp.
Swap the value of x and y variable.

Write a C program to check whether a user is eligible to vote or not.

You need to create a C program to check whether a user is eligible to vote or not.

Minimum age required for voting is 18.
You can use decision making statement.

Enter your age=28 User is eligible to vote

Write a C program to check whether an alphabet is Vowel or Consonant

You need to create a C program to check whether an alphabet is Vowel or Consonant.

Create a character type variable with name of alphabet and take the value from the user.
You can use conditional statements.

Enter an alphabet: O O is a vowel.

Write a C program to find the maximum number between three numbers

You need to write a C program to find the maximum number between three numbers.

Create three variables in c with name of number1, number2 and number3
Find out the maximum number using the nested if-else statement

Enter three numbers: 10 20 30 Number3 is max with value of 30

Write a C program to check whether number is positive, negative or zero

You need to write a C program to check whether number is positive, negative or zero

Create variable with name of number and the value will taken by user or console
Create this c program code using else if ladder statement

Enter a number : 10 10 is positive

Write a C program to calculate Electricity bill.

You need to write a C program to calculate electricity bill using if-else statements.

For first 50 units – Rs. 3.50/unit
For next 100 units – Rs. 4.00/unit
For next 100 units – Rs. 5.20/unit
For units above 250 – Rs. 6.50/unit
You can use conditional statements.

Enter the units consumed=278.90 Electricity Bill=1282.84 Rupees

Write a C program to print 1 to 10 numbers using the while loop

You need to create a C program to print 1 to 10 numbers using the while loop

Create a variable for the loop iteration
Use increment operator in while loop

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

C Exercises Categories
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Introduction to Programming in C

What is an algorithmic solution to the problem?
How do we translate the algorithm into C code?
How efficient is the code?
How maintainable is the code?
Attempting algorithmic solutions to problems
Designing and coding moderate sized programs running to the order of a few hundred lines of code, and
Reading, understanding and modifying code written by others.

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28+ Best Free Assignment Cover Page Formats for MS Word

What is an assignment cover page, key elements for a comprehensive front page.

Institution Details: Begin by prominently featuring the name of your school, college, or institute. This establishes credibility and provides context for your assignment.
Personal Information: Include your own name to indicate authorship and ownership of the assignment. This adds a personal touch and facilitates easy identification.
Assignment Title: Clearly state the title of your assignment, conveying its purpose and focus. A concise and informative title sets the tone for your work.
Course Information: Specify the relevant course title or code to indicate the academic context in which your assignment was completed. This assists in proper categorization and organization.
Instructor’s Name: Acknowledge the teacher or professor who will be evaluating your assignment by including their name. This demonstrates respect and professionalism.
Due Date: Clearly indicate the deadline or due date for the assignment submission. This ensures timely assessment and helps you stay organized.

What are the basic tips?

Font style : It is always in the best interest to use bold, simple, and clear text instead of using fancy text fonts and styles. This helps the reader understand things in a better way. Moreover, the usage of pictures behind texts must be avoided as it creates poor visibility for the reader when reading the text printed on it.
Presentation: Presentation plays an important role in expressing what you need to convey to someone and how you need to communicate it. Presenting the title page in the most effective manner is essential as this leaves an impression on the teacher reading the assignment. It also acts as a decisive tool for the teacher whether or not he/ she interestingly goes through the whole document.
Spell Check: Before handing over the assignment, one should take a brief review of all the spelling and also look for any grammatical errors.
Avoid plagiarism: A student must always be honest in what he writes. He should avoid copying material or texts from anywhere.
Personal detail: One should never forget to mention his/her name. The font size used for writing the name must be bigger so that it makes the name visible to the teacher.

Advantages of an Impressive Assignment Cover Page

Showcasing Professionalism: By meticulously designing your cover page, you demonstrate a strong commitment to professionalism. This attention to detail reflects positively on your work ethic and sets you apart as a dedicated student.
Creating a Positive Impression: A well-crafted front page sets the tone for your assignment, capturing the attention of your teacher or professor. It establishes a positive first impression, arousing their interest and encouraging them to delve further into your work.
Enhancing Visual Appeal: A visually appealing cover page enhances the overall presentation of your assignment. With carefully chosen fonts, colors, and layouts, you create an engaging and aesthetically pleasing introduction that captivates the reader’s attention.
Communicating Pertinent Information: It provides a concise summary of essential details, such as the assignment title, your name, and the due date. This ensures clarity and facilitates seamless identification and organization of your work.
Reflecting a Professional Attitude: By dedicating time and effort to creating an impressive cover page, you exemplify a professional attitude towards your academic pursuits. This level of dedication and care leaves a lasting impression on your teacher or professor.

Download Free Cover Page Templates

#1 – best format.

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#2 – Assignment Cover Page for Case Study

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#3 – Best Design for Critical Review

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#4 – For Any Kind of Educational Assignment

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Video Tutorial

#5 – essay assignment.

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#6 – Syllabus Assignment

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#7 – Cover Page For University Assignments

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#14 – Cover Page for Business Assignment

#16 – Academic

#17 – Generic Cover Page for any Assignment

#18 – Biology Assignment

#19 – For Chemistry Projects

#20 – Cover Page for Computer Projects

#21 – For Engineering-Related Assignments

#22 – For English Assignment

#23 – For Geography Projects

#24 – Mathematics

#25 – Physics

#26 – Cover Page for School Assignments

#27 – Best for Science Projects

#28 – For Social Study Assignment

Versatile Designs and Layouts for Every Purpose

Assignment Types: Our templates are designed specifically for different types of assignments, such as case studies, critical reviews, essays, syllabi, and business projects. Each template is tailored to suit the requirements and objectives of its respective assignment type.
Academic Disciplines: Our collection includes templates suitable for various academic disciplines like biology, chemistry, computer science, engineering, English, geography, mathematics, physics, and social studies. Each template aligns with the themes and aesthetics of its corresponding discipline.
Purposes: Whether you are a student, educator, or professional, our templates serve multiple purposes. They can be used for university assignments, school projects, research papers, or any academic or professional endeavor that requires a polished cover page.
Designs, Layouts, and Styles: Our templates offer a diverse range of designs, from minimalistic and clean to visually captivating and sophisticated. You can choose from different layouts that creatively arrange text, images, and graphics. Our templates cater to a variety of styles, ensuring there is something for everyone’s preferences.

User-Friendly Customization: Make It Your Own

Easy Modifications: We believe in keeping things simple. With just a few clicks, you can effortlessly modify our templates to suit your specific requirements. Change colors, fonts, and layouts with ease, and watch your cover page transform before your eyes.
Colors and Themes: Infuse it with the perfect color scheme and themes that truly represent your assignment. Our templates offer a wide range of options, so you can find the ideal palette and theme that resonate with your content.
Font Selection: The right font can make all the difference. Choose from our diverse selection of fonts to enhance the visual appeal and readability. From elegant and professional to modern and bold, we have fonts to suit every style.
Layout Flexibility: It should reflect your unique presentation style. With our templates, you have the freedom to experiment with different layouts, arranging titles, subtitles, images, and text blocks in a way that best suits your assignment.

Benefits of Using Professionally Designed Templates: Make an Impact with Ease

Time and Effort Saving: Our professionally designed templates eliminate the need to start from scratch. With pre-designed layouts, styles, and graphics, you can save valuable time and effort in creating visually appealing front pages. Simply customize the template to suit your assignment’s requirements, and you’re ready to impress.
Consistency and Professionalism: Using our templates ensures consistency in your assignment submissions. The standardized design elements and formatting guidelines help maintain a professional appearance throughout your work. Presenting your assignments with a polished title page enhances the overall quality and credibility of your content.
Visual Appeal: A visually appealing title page grabs attention and sets the tone for your assignment. Our templates are thoughtfully crafted by design professionals, incorporating aesthetically pleasing elements, color schemes, and typography. By leveraging these designs, you can effortlessly create eye-catching cover pages that captivate your professors or readers.
Positive Impression: First impressions matter, and a well-designed cover page leaves a positive impact on professors and readers alike. Showcasing your assignment in a professional and visually appealing manner demonstrates your dedication and attention to detail. It sets the stage for an engaging reading experience, encouraging your audience to delve deeper into your work.
User-Friendly Customization: Our templates are designed to be easily customizable, allowing you to add your personal touch without technical expertise. You can modify text, colors, images, and other elements to align with your assignment’s theme and requirements. This flexibility ensures that your cover page reflects your unique style while maintaining a professional look.

Tips for Maximizing the Impact: Make Your Cover Page Stand Out

Choose Colors Wisely: Select colors that complement your assignment’s theme and evoke the desired emotions. Vibrant colors can grab attention, while muted tones create a sense of elegance. Maintain consistency with your assignment’s overall design and avoid using too many colors that may distract from the main message.
Opt for Legible Fonts: Use clear and readable fonts to enhance the accessibility and professionalism of your cover page. Avoid overly decorative or complex fonts that may hinder readability. Opt for fonts that align with your assignment’s tone and maintain consistency throughout the document.
Incorporate Relevant Graphics: Graphics can enhance the visual appeal of your cover page and reinforce the assignment’s subject matter. Choose images or icons that are directly related to the topic or convey the assignment’s main concept. Ensure that the graphics are high-quality and appropriately sized to maintain clarity.
Organize Information Effectively: Arrange the information in a logical and visually appealing manner. Use headings, subheadings, and bullet points to break down content and make it easier to read. Highlight key details such as the assignment title, your name, course information, and submission date.
Maintain Simplicity: While it’s important to make it visually appealing, avoid cluttering it with excessive elements. Keep the design clean and uncluttered, allowing the key information to stand out. Remember, simplicity often has a greater impact than complexity.
Preview and Proofread: Before finalizing, preview it to ensure that all elements are properly aligned and visually balanced. Proofread the content to eliminate any spelling or grammatical errors. A polished and error-free cover demonstrates your attention to detail and professionalism.

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Free Front Page Design

Free Front Page Designs For Assignments And Projects [Download MS Word Templates]

A good front page design is important in a project because it makes a strong first impression. A well-designed cover page or front page can create a positive initial impression on the reader and set the tone for the rest of the project. It Conveys professionalism. A professional looking cover page demonstrates to the reader that the project has been completed with care and attention to detail.

The cover page should clearly communicate the title, author(s), and date of the project, as well as any other important information that the reader needs to know.

A well-designed cover page should reflect the content and tone of the project, helping to build a connection between the reader and the project’s contents.

In short, the cover page is a crucial component of a project and can have a significant impact on how the project is perceived and received by the reader.

Front Page Design Template Samples

Benefits of using a good front page design on your project

Establish a visual identity: A consistent and recognizable design on the cover page can help to establish a visual identity for the project and make it easier for the reader to identify it in the future.
Differentiate the project: A unique and eye-catching cover page design can help to distinguish the project from others and make it stand out.
Create a sense of unity: A well-designed cover page can provide a sense of unity to the entire project and reinforce the idea that all of the elements of the project are part of a cohesive whole.
Provide context: The cover page design can provide context and information about the purpose, audience, and goals of the project, helping the reader to better understand and engage with the content.
Improving organization: A well-designed cover page can help to organize the contents of the project and make it easier for the reader to navigate.
Facilitating access: A clear and well-designed cover page can make it easier for the reader to access the contents of the project, and quickly find the information they are looking for.
Enhancing accessibility: For projects that are shared electronically, a well-designed cover page can enhance accessibility for users with disabilities, such as those using screen readers.

Overall, a good cover page design is not just a cosmetic detail, but an important aspect of the project that can influence the reader’s perception and understanding of the content.

A well-designed front page can set the tone for the entire project and make it stand out from the rest. In this blog, we’ll take a look at some sample front page designs, best practices and tips to help you create a stunning front page design for your next project.

Front Page Designs Of Assignment

Front page designs for assignments [free ms word template download].

Creative Front Page Design For Assignment [Free MS Word Template Download]

MORE ASSIGNMENT TEMPLATES

Tips for Stunning Front Page Design Of Assignment

While it’s important to keep the front page design simple, that doesn’t mean it can’t be creative. You can still add a touch of personality to your design while making sure it’s organized and professional.

Here are a few ideas to get you started:

Use a unique font or color scheme
Incorporate illustrations or graphics related to your project topic
Experiment with different layout options

Science Project Front Page Design [Free MS Word Template Download]

When it comes to designing the front page for a science project, the design should reflect the topic and make the project stand out. You can include images or graphics related to the topic, and use a font that is easy to read.

Front Page Design For Physics Project

Front Page Design For Chemistry Project

Front Page Design Tips For Chemistry Project

To design a cover page for a Chemistry project, you could try the following design concept:

Use a light blue or green gradient to represent the chemical elements in a test tube.
Use a bold sans-serif font, such as Arial or Verdana, to write the title of the project in white or yellow. Make the title the focal point of the page.
Use a smaller sans-serif font, also in white or yellow, to write a brief description of the project, such as “An investigation into the properties of chemical reactions.”
Use a smaller sans-serif font in black to write your name, class, and date of submission, positioned in the bottom right or left corner of the page.
Add the logo of your school or university in the top right or left corner of the page.
Include a relevant image or illustration of a chemical reaction, periodic table, or other scientific concept to reinforce the subject of Chemistry.
Consider adding a simple white border around the entire page to give it structure and definition.
This design concept incorporates elements of the subject of Chemistry, while also keeping it simple, clean, and professional.

Front Page Design For Biology Project

Front Page Design Tips For Biology Project

For a biology project cover page, you can consider incorporating the following elements:

Title: A descriptive and concise title that accurately reflects the content of the project.
Author(s): The name(s) of the person(s) who completed the project, usually in a prominent position on the page.
Date: The date the project was completed, which is typically included in the header or footer of the page.
School or organization: The name of the school, institution, or organization that the project was completed for, if applicable.
Relevant images or graphics: Images or graphics related to the biology topic being studied, such as diagrams, charts, or photos of specimens.
Project description: A brief summary or description of the project, including the purpose, methodology, and key findings.
Aesthetics: A clean and professional design with a color palette that reflects the biology topic being studied. For example, green and blue might be appropriate for an aquatic biology project, while warm oranges and yellows might be appropriate for a botany project.

It’s important to note that the specific requirements for a biology project cover page can vary based on the guidelines provided by the teacher or institution. However, these elements can serve as a starting point for creating a visually appealing and effective design for a biology project cover page.

Border Front Page Design For Project [Free MS Word Template Download]

Adding a border to your front page design can help make it look more polished and professional. You can choose a border that reflects the topic of your project, or use a simple border in a neutral color.

Front Page Design For English Project [Free MS Word Template Download]

Front Page Design Tips For English Project

To design a cover page for an English project, you can consider the following steps:

Choose a theme that aligns with the project topic and make it visually appealing.
Add a title that clearly represents the project, it should be big and legible.
Add your name, class, and date in a clear and concise manner.
If required, include the name of your instructor and school/university.
Add any relevant graphics, images, or logos that reinforce the theme of your project.
Make sure to use a font that is easy to read and aesthetically pleasing.
Consider adding a border or design element that ties everything together.

Note: The design should be professional and align with any guidelines provided by the instructor.

School Project Front Page Design

Floral Front Page Design For School Project

Whether or not it’s a good idea to use a floral front page design for a school project depends on the context of the project and the guidelines provided by the teacher or instructor. If the project is related to a subject such as art, design, or gardening, then a floral design may be appropriate. However, if the project is focused on a more technical or scientific subject, a more straightforward design may be more suitable. It’s important to consider the purpose and audience of the project and to ensure that the design effectively communicates the information you want to convey.

Cute Front Page Design For Project

Simple Front Page Designs For Project

Front Page Designs For Math Project

Front Page Designs For Music Project

Handmade Front Page Design For Project

Tips to make your handmade front page designs more appealing .

A handmade cover page design can add a personal touch to your assignment and make it stand out. Here are some elements you could consider incorporating into your design:

Hand-drawn illustrations or graphics: Use hand-drawn illustrations or graphics that are relevant to the subject matter of the assignment.
Handwritten typography: Incorporate hand-written typography into your design to add a personal touch. Consider using a calligraphy pen or brush to create unique, hand-lettered text.
Collage: Create a collage using different materials, such as paper, fabric, or photographs, to create a unique and visually interesting cover page design.
Watercolor: Use watercolor to create a painted cover page design. Consider using colors that are consistent with the subject matter of the assignment.

By incorporating these elements, you can create a handmade cover page design that is both personal and professional. Keep in mind that a handmade design may take longer to create than a digital design, so be sure to allow enough time to complete it.

What are the best tools to create a beautiful Front Page Design for a project ?

There are many tools you can use to create a beautiful front page design for a project, including:

Course Status :	Completed
Course Type :	Elective
Duration :	8 weeks
Category :
Credit Points :	2
Undergraduate/Postgraduate
Start Date :	14 Sep 2020
End Date :	06 Nov 2020
Enrollment Ends :	25 Sep 2020
Exam Date :	18 Dec 2020 IST

	It is a widely used word processing software developed by Microsoft. It provides users with tools to create and edit documents, including text, images, tables, and more.
	A professional-level desktop publishing software that is perfect for creating complex designs with multiple pages.
:	An easy-to-use graphic design tool with a variety of templates and design elements for creating a front page design.
	A desktop publishing software that comes as part of the Microsoft Office suite and is suitable for creating basic designs.
:	A free and open-source image editing software that can be used for creating and editing graphics and images.
:	A cloud-based interface design tool that is suitable for creating front page designs and offers collaboration features for teams.
	A vector graphics editor that is commonly used for designing user interfaces and user experiences.
	A vector graphics editor that is similar to Adobe Illustrator and provides a wide range of tools for creating graphics and designs.

Here’s How You Can Create a Beautiful Front Page Design in MS Word:

Choose a page size and orientation that suits your design. Go to Page Layout > Page Setup.
Select a theme or color scheme. Go to Design > Colors.
Add a header or footer for branding. Go to Insert > Header & Footer.
Insert a title text box and customize its font, size, and color. Go to Insert > Text Box.
Add an image to the background. Go to Insert > Picture.
Add other design elements such as shapes, lines, or text boxes to create visual interest. Go to Insert > Shapes.
Align and arrange elements as desired. Go to Home > Align.
Apply styles to text, such as bold or italic, to make the page look more polished. Go to Home > Styles.
Preview the page to check its appearance. Go to View > Print Layout.
Save the document as a template to use as a starting point for future projects. Go to File > Save As > Word Template.

A good looking front page design for a school or assignment project or a science project is important because it reflects the attention and effort put into the project, and can impact the grade or evaluation received. A well-designed front page can also effectively convey the topic and purpose of the project, making it easier for the teacher or evaluator to understand and appreciate the content. A visually appealing and organized design can also make the project stand out, showing initiative and creativity, and can help the student effectively communicate their ideas and findings. In science projects, a clear and effective front page design can also help emphasize the significance and potential impact of the research. Ultimately, a good looking front page design can enhance the overall presentation and impact of the project.

What is the downloaded file format?

.doc (MS Word file extension)

How to edit the downloaded template?

Open it in MS Word and make changes according to your need.

What is the size of the template?

It is A4 size template.

MS Word Cover Page Templates

Download, personalize & print, computer assignment cover pages.

Posted By: admin 22/10/2018

Every student gets an assignment during his study life. Making assignments has great significance in the life of a student. In almost every institute, abilities and knowledge are assessed through assignments, apart from exams. Computer students also get assignments to make. There is a lot of competition in the class since everyone struggles to get maximum marks on the assignment.

Every student desires to make his assignment stand out so that it can compel the teacher to give good marks. Many students make their assignments more catchy and worth reading by adding a cover page.

Students often prepare a cover page for their assignment before submitting it. The use of a cover page puts a positive impression on the mind of the teacher, and he or she is likely to give good marks if the cover page is designed for an assignment.

What is an assignment cover page?

The cover page of an assignment that tells the reader about the content included in the assignment, the name of the student, and many other details is known as the assignment cover page. This is considered beneficial for the reader since it gives a clear idea of what he is going to read. A student of the computer can create a computer assignment cover page to know what has been covered by the assignment.

What are the elements of an assignment cover page?

Generally, an assignment cover page includes:

Details about students, such as name, class, section, and roll number
Subject-related information such as subject name, code, chapter number, name, and topic name
Due date of submitting the assignment
The date on which the assignment is being submitted.
If the extension applies to the assignment submission, mention the details regarding it
The total length of words.

Although it is not compulsory, a student may add a statement regarding intellectual property. In this statement, a student claims that the assignment’s content is his work and that he has not committed plagiarism.

He can confirm that he has checked the assignment for plagiarism, and he also allows the institute to check the plagiarism through any electronic means. The student should also write in this section that he read the policies of the institute before assignment submission.

What are the benefits of a computer assignment cover page?

The key benefits of the assignment cover page are:

An assignment cover page lets the reader know about the content of the assignment
The cover page includes the name of the student and subject, that tells right away to whom this assignment belongs.
An attractive cover page makes a good impression on the reader, compels the reader to read the assignment and shows appreciation for the student for putting serious effort and investing time in creating a cover page along with the assignment
An assignment cover letter not only reflects the assignment but is also a representative of the student who creates it. A decent and attractive assignment will surely reflect the decency of the student.

See the following list and download the design that you like. Cheers!!

This computer assignment cover page is simple yet elegant, enclosing the details of the assignment in a dotted-line border. A lighter-tone background and bold heading are enough to appeal to the reader towards the assignment title and its subject. The name of the submitting student can be easily mentioned beneath the assignment name, while the details of the subject title are provided at the bottom. The stroke of blue color puts grace on the cover page and adds value to the assignment.

Cover page format: MS Word 2007 | 2010 | 2013 File Size: 5 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

Here is another cover page that is bold and bright. The color red grabs attention while providing all the assignment details in mid-center alignment. This alignment highlights the specifics of the assignment evenly, that is, giving details of the assignment heading, its subject, the name of the student, and the date of submission. The graphical lines on the left margin are an important feature of the cover page, hence distinguishing the text and enhancing the look of the cover page itself.

This is a very unique cover page that is eye-catching yet has a professional look. Black being the bold color makes this cover page stand out of the ordinary. The major headline of the computer assignment covers the top portion of the cover page, provided with a black stroke underneath, giving a clear distinction between the rest of the assignment details. Overall, this cover page is well-balanced, giving a strong outlook and hence a strong impression of the work assignment.

Here we go with the fourth cover page. This is all stylish and trendy, providing a blue and yellow color combination on a white background. This cover page goes according to the mood of the youth. As these cover pages are for computer assignments, they provide a different look and a different perception. It has enclosed the details of the subject, the writer of the assignment, and further important points of the assignment in graphical boxes. This helps the reader to get an exact idea of what the assignment is all about.

Cover page sample for computer assignment

Here goes the fifth and last cover page of computer assignments. This is an easy-to-go, simple, yet graceful cover page. The block-line border frames the attention of the reader toward the details of the assignment, mentioning the assignment heading at the top while the subject of the assignment is at the bottom. The background picture, being related to computers, gives it an edge, while the brown color makes it look mature and firm.

Computer subject assignment cover page template

Cover page format: MS Word 2007 | 2010 | 2013 File Size: 4 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

File Size: 4 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

File Size: 5 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

File Size: 8 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

File Size: 6 MB License: [ Only for personal use ]

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C/C++ program
Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster)

C/C++ program to Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster).

Ravi Rathod

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C/C++ program examples Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster) with output

Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster) C/C++ program concept and basic tutorial. .This program help learn lab program for student. Complete ready made projects developed in C/C++ with source code download. You can find top downloaded C/C++ project source codes .

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C/C++ program tutorial on Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster)




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You have any error or you don't understand project follow or any other problem.You can ask question. you know any answer or solution then give a answer and help other student.Complete they project perfectly.

Download Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster) source code at free of cost. Download link provide below.

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Download Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster) Document PDF link below

Click Here For Project Document PDF Format.

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Features of the Cover Page Of Project Using Graphics (Like Poster) program

Software requirement to run this program, tools and technologies to be used in this program, how to import and run the project.

No important step, This is .cpp file so need to run on c++ platform.

How to import database?

How to create diagram, cover page of project using graphics (like poster) program output screen.

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All Coursera Quiz Answers

Programming Assignment: Styling a page Solution

In this article i am gone to share Coursera Course: Introduction to Front-End Development Week 2 | Programming Assignment: Styling a page Solution with you..

Enroll Link: Introduction to Front-End Development

Also visit: Programming Assignment: Creating an HTML Document Solution

Instructions

Please click on the blue “Work in Browser” button above. When the VSCode User Interface (UI) opens, open the README.md file in Preview mode and follow the instructions. To view the README.md file in Preview mode, right click on the README.md file and choose “Open Preview” as shown below:

To complete this assessment:

Save your file through File -> Save
Select “Submit Assignment” in your Lab toolbar.

To your view the rendered HTML in a Web Page follow the step by step instructions below:

Step 1: Save the file.

Step 2: Click on ‘Go live’ at the bottom right of your editor.

Click on Go Live
Once the server is up and running you’ll see the exposed port.
Exposed port

Step 3: Click on browser preview.

Click on browser preview

Step 4: Enter the url as http://localhost:<exposed port>

Enter the URL

Step 5: Check that the web page displays.

After completing your lab, don’t forget to close the server. You can close the server by clicking on the exposed Port number (e.g. 5500) after completing the lab.

Exposed port You should see a notification like this which confirms the server has been stopped. Notification that the server is now offline

You only Need to edit a CSS file | Copy & Paste this code on it and Save and Run it