case study of industrial ecology

Yale Environment Review (YER) is a student-run review that provides weekly updates on environmental research findings.

From refining sugar to growing tomatoes: a case study of industrial symbiosis.

While British Sugar's primary business is producing sugar, the company in recent years has expanded its operations to include the production of animal feed, electricity, tomatoes, and bioethanol. A recent study illustrates how the company is a case study of a fundamental principle of industrial ecology — industrial symbiosis.

By Luciana Maia Villalba • July 16, 2015

Original Paper: Samuel W. Short, Nancy M.P. Bocken, Claire Y. Barlow, and Marian R. Chertow. 2014. From Refining Sugar to Growing Tomatoes - Industrial Ecology and Business Model Evolution. Journal of Industrial Ecology 18, no. 5. : 603-618. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jiec.1217

A recent study examines how one British Company found new business opportunities by turning waste streams and emissions from existing production processes into the inputs for new product lines. Writing in the Journal of Industrial Ecology (JIE), researchers describe how British Sugar was able to create synergies between their primary business — sugar production — and the production of animal feed, electricity, tomatoes, and bioethanol.

You might like these articles that share the same topics

The Great Lakes – our largest global reserve of freshwater – are under attack from invasive species, and a new study provides an estimate of what this will cost us.

Scientists explore how and what kind of methane makes it into natural gas wells.

A new study calculates the total water usage for shale-gas production in Texas. While the total water usage doesn't overwhelm state resources currently, the variability in local conditions over time will call for more careful consideration of water resources in the future.

People appreciate farmland for more than what it can grow, but values vary.

Search Menu

Sign in through your institution

Browse content in Arts and Humanities
Browse content in Archaeology
Anglo-Saxon and Medieval Archaeology
Archaeological Methodology and Techniques
Archaeology by Region
Archaeology of Religion
Archaeology of Trade and Exchange
Biblical Archaeology
Contemporary and Public Archaeology
Environmental Archaeology
Historical Archaeology
History and Theory of Archaeology
Industrial Archaeology
Landscape Archaeology
Mortuary Archaeology
Prehistoric Archaeology
Underwater Archaeology
Urban Archaeology
Zooarchaeology
Browse content in Architecture
Architectural Structure and Design
History of Architecture
Residential and Domestic Buildings
Theory of Architecture
Browse content in Art
Art Subjects and Themes
History of Art
Industrial and Commercial Art
Theory of Art
Biographical Studies
Byzantine Studies
Browse content in Classical Studies
Classical Literature
Classical Reception
Classical History
Classical Philosophy
Classical Mythology
Classical Art and Architecture
Classical Oratory and Rhetoric
Greek and Roman Papyrology
Greek and Roman Archaeology
Greek and Roman Epigraphy
Greek and Roman Law
Late Antiquity
Religion in the Ancient World
Digital Humanities
Browse content in History
Colonialism and Imperialism
Diplomatic History
Environmental History
Genealogy, Heraldry, Names, and Honours
Genocide and Ethnic Cleansing
Historical Geography
History by Period
History of Emotions
History of Agriculture
History of Education
History of Gender and Sexuality
Industrial History
Intellectual History
International History
Labour History
Legal and Constitutional History
Local and Family History
Maritime History
Military History
National Liberation and Post-Colonialism
Oral History
Political History
Public History
Regional and National History
Revolutions and Rebellions
Slavery and Abolition of Slavery
Social and Cultural History
Theory, Methods, and Historiography
Urban History
World History
Browse content in Language Teaching and Learning
Language Learning (Specific Skills)
Language Teaching Theory and Methods
Browse content in Linguistics
Applied Linguistics
Cognitive Linguistics
Computational Linguistics
Forensic Linguistics
Grammar, Syntax and Morphology
Historical and Diachronic Linguistics
History of English
Language Evolution
Language Reference
Language Variation
Language Families
Language Acquisition
Lexicography
Linguistic Anthropology
Linguistic Theories
Linguistic Typology
Phonetics and Phonology
Psycholinguistics
Sociolinguistics
Translation and Interpretation
Writing Systems
Browse content in Literature
Bibliography
Children's Literature Studies
Literary Studies (Romanticism)
Literary Studies (American)
Literary Studies (Modernism)
Literary Studies (Asian)
Literary Studies (European)
Literary Studies (Eco-criticism)
Literary Studies - World
Literary Studies (1500 to 1800)
Literary Studies (19th Century)
Literary Studies (20th Century onwards)
Literary Studies (African American Literature)
Literary Studies (British and Irish)
Literary Studies (Early and Medieval)
Literary Studies (Fiction, Novelists, and Prose Writers)
Literary Studies (Gender Studies)
Literary Studies (Graphic Novels)
Literary Studies (History of the Book)
Literary Studies (Plays and Playwrights)
Literary Studies (Poetry and Poets)
Literary Studies (Postcolonial Literature)
Literary Studies (Queer Studies)
Literary Studies (Science Fiction)
Literary Studies (Travel Literature)
Literary Studies (War Literature)
Literary Studies (Women's Writing)
Literary Theory and Cultural Studies
Mythology and Folklore
Shakespeare Studies and Criticism
Browse content in Media Studies
Browse content in Music
Applied Music
Dance and Music
Ethics in Music
Ethnomusicology
Gender and Sexuality in Music
Medicine and Music
Music Cultures
Music and Media
Music and Culture
Music and Religion
Music Education and Pedagogy
Music Theory and Analysis
Musical Scores, Lyrics, and Libretti
Musical Structures, Styles, and Techniques
Musicology and Music History
Performance Practice and Studies
Race and Ethnicity in Music
Sound Studies
Browse content in Performing Arts
Browse content in Philosophy
Aesthetics and Philosophy of Art
Epistemology
Feminist Philosophy
History of Western Philosophy
Metaphysics
Moral Philosophy
Non-Western Philosophy
Philosophy of Language
Philosophy of Mind
Philosophy of Perception
Philosophy of Action
Philosophy of Law
Philosophy of Religion
Philosophy of Science
Philosophy of Mathematics and Logic
Practical Ethics
Social and Political Philosophy
Browse content in Religion
Biblical Studies
Christianity
East Asian Religions
History of Religion
Judaism and Jewish Studies
Qumran Studies
Religion and Education
Religion and Health
Religion and Politics
Religion and Science
Religion and Law
Religion and Art, Literature, and Music
Religious Studies
Browse content in Society and Culture
Cookery, Food, and Drink
Cultural Studies
Customs and Traditions
Ethical Issues and Debates
Hobbies, Games, Arts and Crafts
Natural world, Country Life, and Pets
Popular Beliefs and Controversial Knowledge
Sports and Outdoor Recreation
Technology and Society
Travel and Holiday
Visual Culture
Browse content in Law
Arbitration
Browse content in Company and Commercial Law
Commercial Law
Company Law
Browse content in Comparative Law
Systems of Law
Competition Law
Browse content in Constitutional and Administrative Law
Government Powers
Judicial Review
Local Government Law
Military and Defence Law
Parliamentary and Legislative Practice
Construction Law
Contract Law
Browse content in Criminal Law
Criminal Procedure
Criminal Evidence Law
Sentencing and Punishment
Employment and Labour Law
Environment and Energy Law
Browse content in Financial Law
Banking Law
Insolvency Law
History of Law
Human Rights and Immigration
Intellectual Property Law
Browse content in International Law
Private International Law and Conflict of Laws
Public International Law
IT and Communications Law
Jurisprudence and Philosophy of Law
Law and Society
Law and Politics
Browse content in Legal System and Practice
Courts and Procedure
Legal Skills and Practice
Primary Sources of Law
Regulation of Legal Profession
Medical and Healthcare Law
Browse content in Policing
Criminal Investigation and Detection
Police and Security Services
Police Procedure and Law
Police Regional Planning
Browse content in Property Law
Personal Property Law
Study and Revision
Terrorism and National Security Law
Browse content in Trusts Law
Wills and Probate or Succession
Browse content in Medicine and Health
Browse content in Allied Health Professions
Arts Therapies
Clinical Science
Dietetics and Nutrition
Occupational Therapy
Operating Department Practice
Physiotherapy
Radiography
Speech and Language Therapy
Browse content in Anaesthetics
General Anaesthesia
Neuroanaesthesia
Clinical Neuroscience
Browse content in Clinical Medicine
Acute Medicine
Cardiovascular Medicine
Clinical Genetics
Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics
Dermatology
Endocrinology and Diabetes
Gastroenterology
Genito-urinary Medicine
Geriatric Medicine
Infectious Diseases
Medical Toxicology
Medical Oncology
Pain Medicine
Palliative Medicine
Rehabilitation Medicine
Respiratory Medicine and Pulmonology
Rheumatology
Sleep Medicine
Sports and Exercise Medicine
Community Medical Services
Critical Care
Emergency Medicine
Forensic Medicine
Haematology
History of Medicine
Browse content in Medical Skills
Clinical Skills
Communication Skills
Nursing Skills
Surgical Skills
Medical Ethics
Browse content in Medical Dentistry
Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Paediatric Dentistry
Restorative Dentistry and Orthodontics
Surgical Dentistry
Medical Statistics and Methodology
Browse content in Neurology
Clinical Neurophysiology
Neuropathology
Nursing Studies
Browse content in Obstetrics and Gynaecology
Gynaecology
Occupational Medicine
Ophthalmology
Otolaryngology (ENT)
Browse content in Paediatrics
Neonatology
Browse content in Pathology
Chemical Pathology
Clinical Cytogenetics and Molecular Genetics
Histopathology
Medical Microbiology and Virology
Patient Education and Information
Browse content in Pharmacology
Psychopharmacology
Browse content in Popular Health
Caring for Others
Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Self-help and Personal Development
Browse content in Preclinical Medicine
Cell Biology
Molecular Biology and Genetics
Reproduction, Growth and Development
Primary Care
Professional Development in Medicine
Browse content in Psychiatry
Addiction Medicine
Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
Forensic Psychiatry
Learning Disabilities
Old Age Psychiatry
Psychotherapy
Browse content in Public Health and Epidemiology
Epidemiology
Public Health
Browse content in Radiology
Clinical Radiology
Interventional Radiology
Nuclear Medicine
Radiation Oncology
Reproductive Medicine
Browse content in Surgery
Cardiothoracic Surgery
Gastro-intestinal and Colorectal Surgery
General Surgery
Neurosurgery
Paediatric Surgery
Peri-operative Care
Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
Surgical Oncology
Transplant Surgery
Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery
Vascular Surgery
Browse content in Science and Mathematics
Browse content in Biological Sciences
Aquatic Biology
Biochemistry
Bioinformatics and Computational Biology
Developmental Biology
Ecology and Conservation
Evolutionary Biology
Genetics and Genomics
Microbiology
Molecular and Cell Biology
Natural History
Plant Sciences and Forestry
Research Methods in Life Sciences
Structural Biology
Systems Biology
Zoology and Animal Sciences
Browse content in Chemistry
Analytical Chemistry
Computational Chemistry
Crystallography
Environmental Chemistry
Industrial Chemistry
Inorganic Chemistry
Materials Chemistry
Medicinal Chemistry
Mineralogy and Gems
Organic Chemistry
Physical Chemistry
Polymer Chemistry
Study and Communication Skills in Chemistry
Theoretical Chemistry
Browse content in Computer Science
Artificial Intelligence
Computer Architecture and Logic Design
Game Studies
Human-Computer Interaction
Mathematical Theory of Computation
Programming Languages
Software Engineering
Systems Analysis and Design
Virtual Reality
Browse content in Computing
Business Applications
Computer Games
Computer Security
Computer Networking and Communications
Digital Lifestyle
Graphical and Digital Media Applications
Operating Systems
Browse content in Earth Sciences and Geography
Atmospheric Sciences
Environmental Geography
Geology and the Lithosphere
Maps and Map-making
Meteorology and Climatology
Oceanography and Hydrology
Palaeontology
Physical Geography and Topography
Regional Geography
Soil Science
Urban Geography
Browse content in Engineering and Technology
Agriculture and Farming
Biological Engineering
Civil Engineering, Surveying, and Building
Electronics and Communications Engineering
Energy Technology
Engineering (General)
Environmental Science, Engineering, and Technology
History of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Engineering and Materials
Technology of Industrial Chemistry
Transport Technology and Trades
Browse content in Environmental Science
Applied Ecology (Environmental Science)
Conservation of the Environment (Environmental Science)
Environmental Sustainability
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Environmental Science)
Management of Land and Natural Resources (Environmental Science)
Natural Disasters (Environmental Science)
Nuclear Issues (Environmental Science)
Pollution and Threats to the Environment (Environmental Science)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Environmental Science)
History of Science and Technology
Browse content in Materials Science
Ceramics and Glasses
Composite Materials
Metals, Alloying, and Corrosion
Nanotechnology
Browse content in Mathematics
Applied Mathematics
Biomathematics and Statistics
History of Mathematics
Mathematical Education
Mathematical Finance
Mathematical Analysis
Numerical and Computational Mathematics
Probability and Statistics
Pure Mathematics
Browse content in Neuroscience
Cognition and Behavioural Neuroscience
Development of the Nervous System
Disorders of the Nervous System
History of Neuroscience
Invertebrate Neurobiology
Molecular and Cellular Systems
Neuroendocrinology and Autonomic Nervous System
Neuroscientific Techniques
Sensory and Motor Systems
Browse content in Physics
Astronomy and Astrophysics
Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
Biological and Medical Physics
Classical Mechanics
Computational Physics
Condensed Matter Physics
Electromagnetism, Optics, and Acoustics
History of Physics
Mathematical and Statistical Physics
Measurement Science
Nuclear Physics
Particles and Fields
Plasma Physics
Quantum Physics
Relativity and Gravitation
Semiconductor and Mesoscopic Physics
Browse content in Psychology
Affective Sciences
Clinical Psychology
Cognitive Psychology
Cognitive Neuroscience
Criminal and Forensic Psychology
Developmental Psychology
Educational Psychology
Evolutionary Psychology
Health Psychology
History and Systems in Psychology
Music Psychology
Neuropsychology
Organizational Psychology
Psychological Assessment and Testing
Psychology of Human-Technology Interaction
Psychology Professional Development and Training
Research Methods in Psychology
Social Psychology
Browse content in Social Sciences
Browse content in Anthropology
Anthropology of Religion
Human Evolution
Medical Anthropology
Physical Anthropology
Regional Anthropology
Social and Cultural Anthropology
Theory and Practice of Anthropology
Browse content in Business and Management
Business Ethics
Business History
Business Strategy
Business and Technology
Business and Government
Business and the Environment
Comparative Management
Corporate Governance
Corporate Social Responsibility
Entrepreneurship
Health Management
Human Resource Management
Industrial and Employment Relations
Industry Studies
Information and Communication Technologies
International Business
Knowledge Management
Management and Management Techniques
Operations Management
Organizational Theory and Behaviour
Pensions and Pension Management
Public and Nonprofit Management
Strategic Management
Supply Chain Management
Browse content in Criminology and Criminal Justice
Criminal Justice
Criminology
Forms of Crime
International and Comparative Criminology
Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice
Development Studies
Browse content in Economics
Agricultural, Environmental, and Natural Resource Economics
Asian Economics
Behavioural Finance
Behavioural Economics and Neuroeconomics
Econometrics and Mathematical Economics
Economic History
Economic Methodology
Economic Systems
Economic Development and Growth
Financial Markets
Financial Institutions and Services
General Economics and Teaching
Health, Education, and Welfare
History of Economic Thought
International Economics
Labour and Demographic Economics
Law and Economics
Macroeconomics and Monetary Economics
Microeconomics
Public Economics
Urban, Rural, and Regional Economics
Welfare Economics
Browse content in Education
Adult Education and Continuous Learning
Care and Counselling of Students
Early Childhood and Elementary Education
Educational Equipment and Technology
Educational Strategies and Policy
Higher and Further Education
Organization and Management of Education
Philosophy and Theory of Education
Schools Studies
Secondary Education
Teaching of a Specific Subject
Teaching of Specific Groups and Special Educational Needs
Teaching Skills and Techniques
Browse content in Environment
Applied Ecology (Social Science)
Climate Change
Conservation of the Environment (Social Science)
Environmentalist Thought and Ideology (Social Science)
Natural Disasters (Environment)
Social Impact of Environmental Issues (Social Science)
Browse content in Human Geography
Cultural Geography
Economic Geography
Political Geography
Browse content in Interdisciplinary Studies
Communication Studies
Museums, Libraries, and Information Sciences
Browse content in Politics
African Politics
Asian Politics
Chinese Politics
Comparative Politics
Conflict Politics
Elections and Electoral Studies
Environmental Politics
Ethnic Politics
European Union
Foreign Policy
Gender and Politics
Human Rights and Politics
Indian Politics
International Relations
International Organization (Politics)
International Political Economy
Irish Politics
Latin American Politics
Middle Eastern Politics
Political Behaviour
Political Economy
Political Institutions
Political Theory
Political Methodology
Political Communication
Political Philosophy
Political Sociology
Politics and Law
Politics of Development
Public Policy
Public Administration
Quantitative Political Methodology
Regional Political Studies
Russian Politics
Security Studies
State and Local Government
UK Politics
US Politics
Browse content in Regional and Area Studies
African Studies
Asian Studies
East Asian Studies
Japanese Studies
Latin American Studies
Middle Eastern Studies
Native American Studies
Scottish Studies
Browse content in Research and Information
Research Methods
Browse content in Social Work
Addictions and Substance Misuse
Adoption and Fostering
Care of the Elderly
Child and Adolescent Social Work
Couple and Family Social Work
Direct Practice and Clinical Social Work
Emergency Services
Human Behaviour and the Social Environment
International and Global Issues in Social Work
Mental and Behavioural Health
Social Justice and Human Rights
Social Policy and Advocacy
Social Work and Crime and Justice
Social Work Macro Practice
Social Work Practice Settings
Social Work Research and Evidence-based Practice
Welfare and Benefit Systems
Browse content in Sociology
Childhood Studies
Community Development
Comparative and Historical Sociology
Economic Sociology
Gender and Sexuality
Gerontology and Ageing
Health, Illness, and Medicine
Marriage and the Family
Migration Studies
Occupations, Professions, and Work
Organizations
Population and Demography
Race and Ethnicity
Social Theory
Social Movements and Social Change
Social Research and Statistics
Social Stratification, Inequality, and Mobility
Sociology of Religion
Sociology of Education
Sport and Leisure
Urban and Rural Studies
Browse content in Warfare and Defence
Defence Strategy, Planning, and Research
Land Forces and Warfare
Military Administration
Military Life and Institutions
Naval Forces and Warfare
Other Warfare and Defence Issues
Peace Studies and Conflict Resolution
Weapons and Equipment

Science, Technology, and Innovation for Sustainable Development Goals: Insights from Agriculture, Health, Environment, and Energy

< Previous chapter
Next chapter >

8 The Systems Science of Industrial Ecology: Tools and Strategies Toward Meeting the Sustainable Development Goals

Published: August 2020
Cite Icon Cite
Permissions Icon Permissions

This chapter explores how the interdisciplinary field of industrial ecology, a blend of environmental science, social science, engineering, and management, can help deliver sustainable development goals (SDGs). As a systems science, industrial ecology provides a source of knowledge that can guide sustainable manufacturing, waste and pollution reduction, and offer a framework for extending the life of physical goods in a circular economy. The chapter focuses on four industrial ecology approaches: material stock and flow analysis, life-cycle assessment, input-output analysis, and industrial symbiosis, offering descriptions and case examples that relate to specific SDGs and targets. Although these approaches are relevant to a broad range of SDG targets, the authors focus on those pertaining to responsible and efficient use of water and energy (SDG6 and target 7.3), economic growth (SDG8), reducing inequalities (SDG10), transportation (target 11.2), production and consumption systems (SDG12 and targets 2.4 and 9.4), and climate action (SDG13). Industrial ecology approaches are also beneficial to rapidly industrializing countries, where improvements in economic performance and the environment must be carefully balanced. Finally, by tracking flows of material and energy, industrial ecology promotes resource efficiency and provides a strong basis for making sustainable production and consumption decisions.

Personal account

Sign in with email/username & password
Get email alerts
Save searches
Purchase content
Activate your purchase/trial code
Add your ORCID iD

Institutional access

Sign in with username/password
Recommend to your librarian
Institutional account management
Get help with access

Access to content on Oxford Academic is often provided through institutional subscriptions and purchases. If you are a member of an institution with an active account, you may be able to access content in one of the following ways:

IP based access

Typically, access is provided across an institutional network to a range of IP addresses. This authentication occurs automatically, and it is not possible to sign out of an IP authenticated account.

Choose this option to get remote access when outside your institution. Shibboleth/Open Athens technology is used to provide single sign-on between your institutionâ€™s website and Oxford Academic.

Click Sign in through your institution.
Select your institution from the list provided, which will take you to your institution's website to sign in.
When on the institution site, please use the credentials provided by your institution. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.
Following successful sign in, you will be returned to Oxford Academic.

If your institution is not listed or you cannot sign in to your institutionâ€™s website, please contact your librarian or administrator.

Enter your library card number to sign in. If you cannot sign in, please contact your librarian.

Society Members

Society member access to a journal is achieved in one of the following ways:

Sign in through society site

Many societies offer single sign-on between the society website and Oxford Academic. If you see â€˜Sign in through society siteâ€™ in the sign in pane within a journal:

Click Sign in through society site.
When on the society site, please use the credentials provided by that society. Do not use an Oxford Academic personal account.

If you do not have a society account or have forgotten your username or password, please contact your society.

Sign in using a personal account

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members. See below.

A personal account can be used to get email alerts, save searches, purchase content, and activate subscriptions.

Some societies use Oxford Academic personal accounts to provide access to their members.

Viewing your signed in accounts

Click the account icon in the top right to:

View your signed in personal account and access account management features.
View the institutional accounts that are providing access.

Signed in but can't access content

Oxford Academic is home to a wide variety of products. The institutional subscription may not cover the content that you are trying to access. If you believe you should have access to that content, please contact your librarian.

For librarians and administrators, your personal account also provides access to institutional account management. Here you will find options to view and activate subscriptions, manage institutional settings and access options, access usage statistics, and more.

Our books are available by subscription or purchase to libraries and institutions.

Month:	Total Views:
October 2022	1
November 2022	4
December 2022	1
January 2023	3
February 2023	18
March 2023	2
April 2023	4
May 2023	5
June 2023	5
July 2023	2
August 2023	4
September 2023	9
October 2023	5
November 2023	11
December 2023	25
February 2024	2
April 2024	3
May 2024	7

About Oxford Academic
Publish journals with us
University press partners
What we publish
New features
Open access
Rights and permissions
Accessibility
Advertising
Media enquiries
Oxford University Press
Oxford Languages
University of Oxford

Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide

Copyright © 2024 Oxford University Press
Cookie settings
Cookie policy
Privacy policy
Legal notice

This Feature Is Available To Subscribers Only

This PDF is available to Subscribers Only

For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription.

Programs submenu

Regions submenu, topics submenu, unpacking the european parliament election results, u.s.-india clean energy partnership for 450 gw, nuclear weapons and foreign policy: a conversation with hpsci chairman mike turner, biotech innovation and bayh-dole: a fireside chat with gillian m. fenton.

Abshire-Inamori Leadership Academy
Aerospace Security Project
Africa Program
Americas Program
Arleigh A. Burke Chair in Strategy
Asia Maritime Transparency Initiative
Asia Program
Australia Chair
Brzezinski Chair in Global Security and Geostrategy
Brzezinski Institute on Geostrategy
Chair in U.S.-India Policy Studies
China Power Project
Chinese Business and Economics
Defending Democratic Institutions
Defense-Industrial Initiatives Group
Defense 360
Defense Budget Analysis
Diversity and Leadership in International Affairs Project
Economics Program
Emeritus Chair in Strategy
Energy Security and Climate Change Program
Europe, Russia, and Eurasia Program
Freeman Chair in China Studies
Futures Lab
Geoeconomic Council of Advisers
Global Food and Water Security Program
Global Health Policy Center
Hess Center for New Frontiers
Human Rights Initiative
Humanitarian Agenda
Intelligence, National Security, and Technology Program
International Security Program
Japan Chair
Kissinger Chair
Korea Chair
Langone Chair in American Leadership
Middle East Program
Missile Defense Project
Project on Critical Minerals Security
Project on Fragility and Mobility
Project on Nuclear Issues
Project on Prosperity and Development
Project on Trade and Technology
Renewing American Innovation Project
Scholl Chair in International Business
Smart Women, Smart Power
Southeast Asia Program
Stephenson Ocean Security Project
Strategic Technologies Program
Wadhwani Center for AI and Advanced Technologies
Warfare, Irregular Threats, and Terrorism Program
All Regions
Australia, New Zealand & Pacific
Middle East
Russia and Eurasia
American Innovation
Civic Education
Climate Change
Cybersecurity
Defense Budget and Acquisition
Defense and Security
Energy and Sustainability
Food Security
Gender and International Security
Geopolitics
Global Health
Human Rights
Humanitarian Assistance
Intelligence
International Development
Maritime Issues and Oceans
Missile Defense
Nuclear Issues
Transnational Threats
Water Security

Industrial Ecology: Closing a Loop in Circularity

Photo: TOSHIFUMI KITAMURA/AFP/Getty Images

Critical Questions by Emily Benson , Aidan Arasasingham, and Lexie Judd

Published November 2, 2021

With global temperatures rising, consumers and companies alike are recognizing the unsustainable nature of contemporary manufacturing. Market forces continue to incentivize individual firms to maximize production and profit without sufficient regard for negative environmental and social externalities, such as waste and pollution. However, an emerging focus on broader industrial ecosystems that consider lessons from nature offers potential solutions to firms and sectors looking to enhance sustainability.

Q1: What is industrial ecology?

A1: Industrial ecology (IE), known as “ the science of sustainability ,” is the study of industrial systems, product design, and manufacturing processes, which works to identify and implement strategies to limit the environmental impact of production. Rooted in the notion that industrial organization should be approached the same way as a biological ecosystem for sustainability, IE examines the flow of materials and energy in production and works to mimic natural ecosystems in industrial activity, creating a system where waste is an input in the next production cycle. This movement of materials and energy has been coined “ industrial metabolism. ” The multifaceted relationships between firms, products, and processes often mimic the complex relationships of energy flows between organisms in an ecosystem.

No natural ecosystem is without human impact, and no industrial ecosystem is free from biological influence. IE aims to remove the divide between the two. Under an IE system, production is viewed as an extension of the natural environment around it. A key component in “closing the loop” in pursuit of a circular economy, IE perceives firms as agents of sustainability and environmental improvements, while regarding waste as a resource for future production.

The key principles of IE include reducing the amount of raw materials used, improving overall energy efficiency, using renewable sources of energy where possible, and aligning policy with IE tenets locally, nationally, and internationally. Given its interdisciplinary nature, IE has applicability in a wide array of fields, from engineering and public health to environmental sustainability and food systems.

Q2: What are some successful examples of industrial ecology?

A2: The Kalundbord Symbiosis , an eco-industrial park in Denmark, is a successful example of an IE project between different industries. Created in 1972 as a public-private partnership among several industrial facilities, firms within the park symbiotically share water, steam, electricity, and waste products that ultimately become inputs in other processes. For example, heat from the Asnæs coal power station is used to heat 3,500 nearby homes and fish farms. Excess power is also provided to the nearby Statoil refinery and Novo Nordisk plant, where resulting sludge from these firms is then sold as agricultural fertilizer. Overall, there are over 30 material exchanges among actors within the IE system. Planning and refining of the Kalundbord Symbiosis was done primarily at the local level: city and firm actors worked together as partners to determine the right resource-sharing arrangements for this specific system. This underscores the highly specialized nature of IE design. While overarching principles may guide the ecosystem, specific resource-sharing activities must make sense for the given industries within the system.

India has also emerged as a center for IE in the developing world, largely due to a historical industrial culture that values resource sharing. The Nanjangud Industrial Area on the outskirts of Mysuru, Karnataka, is a prime example. In a study of over 50 companies within the system, 99.5 percent of 900,000 tons of potential waste was reused within the system by industrial actors. In one resource chain , a coffee maker’s residue was used by an oil extractor to create a new input for a boiler fuel company. What remains unique about Nanjangud is that its IE symbiosis emerged not through a regulatory framework but instead through organic market forces and social interaction. This highlights the strength of IE design, whether intentional or unintentional, in producing efficient industrial and environmental outcomes for firms within the system.

Internationally, the UN Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO) has launched an eco-industrial park initiative with the World Bank and the German Agency for International Cooperation (GIZ) to invest in developing national IE projects. Overall, UNIDO supports 33 eco-industrial parks in 12 countries. Sectors included in these IE projects include food and beverage, aluminum and steel, logistics, mechanics, and electronics.

Q3: What are some successful examples of industrial ecology in the apparel industry?

A3: IE has been widely studied as a tool to reduce the environmental effects of fashion overconsumption and production, which, according to the United Nations , is the second most polluting industry in the world, responsible for approximately 10 percent of carbon emissions among the most heavily polluting industries in the world. Outdoor company Patagonia is a leader in closed-loop production across company processes. From its robust Common Threads clothing recycling initiative to measuring the environmental impact of select pieces of clothing, Patagonia is hailed as an industry leader in environmentally conscious fashion production compatible with IE principles. Patagonia reuses its own waste and that of other industries, recycling its worn products, scrap materials, and even making polyester from plastic water bottles. It also works to reduce its resource consumption through a solution dying process that adds the pigments to plastic before making fibers. This process has led to a 90 percent water use reduction and 96 percent CO 2 -equivalent savings in Patagonia’s production processes, compared to traditional, resource-intensive batch dying techniques common in apparel production.

Other brands have implemented IE in limited practices, but not companywide. Resource intensity in the fashion process, especially with water usage, has become increasingly scrutinized and led some companies to adjust certain production standards. To mitigate water waste in its denim production, Gap Inc. provides an example of partnerships to achieve IE goals through its factory in Ahmedabad, India. The production there uses the city’s reclaimed wastewater in the manufacturing process, saving an estimated two billion liters of fresh water each year, while reducing the prevalence of wastewater in the local community. Levi Strauss & Co. has also leaned into water reduction in its Water<Less program and the usage of recycled water in some aspects of the production of jeans and denim.

Companies have also worked to reduce the water intensity of their dying processes which is a step in the direction of IE. Adidas has optimized its dying to use less fresh water, alongside Nike who uses CO 2 -based dying, which requires less water than traditional processes. The CO 2 dying process is considered a nearly closed loop as 95 percent of the CO 2 used can be reused in the next cycle and the system uses 50 percent less energy versus traditional methods.

Q4: What are the benefits to businesses utilizing industrial ecology?

A4: In addition to environmental protection and conservation benefits, IE offers firms financial benefits . Firms can save costs through limiting their waste, purchasing less materials, and avoiding waste disposal fees by sharing it with other industries to use in their production processes, as demonstrated in the Kalundbord Symbiosis example. As companies race to avoid accusations of “greenwashing,” where companies put sustainability labels on products without following through on actual environmental commitments, IE offers companies concrete ways to minimize waste and enhance credibility as the economy transitions more deeply into decarbonization.

Q5: How can industrial ecology incentivize a regenerative climate and economy?

A5: Industrial sector emissions make up 21 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions, and ecological approaches to industrial policy could help drive down emissions in this large sector. IE design can help move manufacturing into the circular economy , allowing for longer-term sustainability and waste reduction among both small and large firms operating domestically and internationally. However, the climate gains of IE can only be achieved if ecological design impacts industrial policy on a large scale.

The International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) cites six persistent perceived barriers facing successful implementation of IE projects: insufficient financial returns, lack of regulation, limited technology, lack of awareness, organizational complexity, and limited customer demand. While IE projects can be highly efficient and commercially successful, they can require high start-up costs. For example, facilities required to recycle wastewater within an industrial ecosystem require large capital investment and ongoing maintenance. Incremental refinements to decrease carbon intensity also require strong human capital expertise, a capacity that can be difficult to build instantly in developing countries. As a result, programs like UNIDO’s eco-industrial park initiative are often initially costly to build the long-term capacity needed to produce sustained business and climate benefits.

As the world pursues deeper decarbonization, IE can help firms and countries alike streamline resources, reduce waste, and encourage sectors to engage in regenerative circularity. Complemented with other public and private sector initiatives, such as government ratification of the Basel Convention or voluntary safe disposal of unusable waste, IE is a necessary enhancement to existing markets that better aligns smart business decisions with climate efficiency goals. Thus far, IE has largely occurred voluntarily. However, governments can—and should—play a role in encouraging more firms and sectors to adopt IE methods. Governments can encourage the intentional adoption of IE through financial support and incentives, targeted regulatory framework, and ongoing engagement with the private sector. In the case of IE, the best business environment can be cultivated by taking a page from the natural ecosystem playbook.

Emily Benson is an associate fellow with the Scholl Chair in International Business at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, D.C. Aidan Arasasingham is an intern with the CSIS Scholl Chair. Lexie Judd is an intern with the CSIS Scholl Chair.

Critical Questions is produced by the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS), a private, tax-exempt institution focusing on international public policy issues. Its research is nonpartisan and nonproprietary. CSIS does not take specific policy positions. Accordingly, all views, positions, and conclusions expressed in this publication should be understood to be solely those of the author(s).

Emily Benson

Aidan Arasasingham

Programs & projects.

Subject List
Take a Tour
For Authors
Subscriber Services
Publications
African American Studies
African Studies
American Literature
Anthropology
Architecture Planning and Preservation
Art History
Atlantic History
Biblical Studies
British and Irish Literature
Childhood Studies
Chinese Studies
Cinema and Media Studies
Communication
Criminology
Environmental Science
Evolutionary Biology
International Law
International Relations
Islamic Studies
Jewish Studies
Latin American Studies
Latino Studies
Linguistics
Literary and Critical Theory
Medieval Studies
Military History
Political Science
Public Health
Renaissance and Reformation
Social Work
Urban Studies
Victorian Literature
Browse All Subjects

How to Subscribe

Free Trials

In This Article Expand or collapse the "in this article" section Industrial Ecology

Introduction, general overviews.

Foundations
Databases and Tools
Industrial Symbiosis and Eco-industrial Development
Socioeconomic Metabolism and Material Flow Analysis
Life-Cycle Assessment
Environmental Input-Output Analysis and Footprinting
Resource Productivity and the Circular Economy
Urban Metabolism and Infrastructure
Links to Other Fields

Other Subject Areas

Forthcoming articles expand or collapse the "forthcoming articles" section.

Abundance Biomass Comparison Method
Modeling and Data Analysis in Movement Ecology
Sclerochronology
Find more forthcoming articles...
Export Citations
Share This Facebook LinkedIn Twitter

Industrial Ecology by Marian Chertow , Reid Lifset , Tom Yang LAST REVIEWED: 28 March 2018 LAST MODIFIED: 28 March 2018 DOI: 10.1093/obo/9780199830060-0200

Industrial ecology (IE) tracks physical resource flows of industrial and consumer systems at a variety of spatial scales, drawing on environmental and social science, engineering, management, and policy analysis. Prescriptively, IE seeks to reduce environmental impacts and the pressure on natural resources while maintaining function for human well-being, by stressing the importance of production choices to extend the life of embedded materials and energy, emphasizing circular rather than linear flows, and decoupling economic growth from resource use. IE has been described as a “post-modern science” that synthesizes multiple perspectives in theory and problem solving, often simultaneously, as a multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary field. The unusual name “industrial ecology” derives from a metaphor with the biological ecosystem and borrows on several fronts, such as its focus on resource cycling, multi-scalar systems, material and energy stocks and flows, and food webs. Over time concepts from other sciences have also been weaved into industrial ecology. The intellectual roots of industrial ecology date back to the 19th century, and some seminal methods were published in the 1960s and 1970s. It took until the early 1990s, however, before a scientific field began to take shape. Since its early days, industrial ecology has become more robust through database development, deeper mathematical modeling, collaboration among natural, physical, and social scientists, and extension of theory on its own and in dialogue with other allied fields. At the same time, industrial ecology increasingly contributes insights to environmental management and policy, on issues ranging from climate change, to biodiversity loss, water, and more. Despite its youth, breadth, and intersection with other disciplines, industrial ecology can lay claim to several subfields as being within its ambit: industrial symbiosis, which studies the exchange of byproducts and sharing of resources among industrial actors; socioeconomic metabolism and material flows analysis, focusing on the stocks and flows of various materials through society; life-cycle assessment, examining the environmental impact of a material, product, or system across its entire life cycle; environmental input-output analysis, broadly focused on the environmental impact of entire sectors of the economy; sustainable urban systems, with focus on metabolism of resources at the urban scale; and resource productivity and circular economy, addressing the effectiveness of resource use while decreasing its impact. In addition to these core subfields, other topics are more loosely linked with industrial ecology, including green chemistry, life-cycle engineering, social ecology, design for environment, and ecological economics.

Ayres and Ayres 2002 captures the advancements made in the first decade of the field in an extensive handbook. Lu 2010 presents a thorough overview of industrial ecology in Mandarin, illustrating the great interest in and growth of the field in China. The latest compendium on the state of the field is Clift and Druckman 2016 , which takes stock of three decades of industrial ecology in both research and application. With respect to overviews of specific subfields, Brunner and Rechberger 2017 is the latest handbook on material flow analysis; Matthews, et al. 2015 is a recent online only textbook about life-cycle assessment; and Suh 2010 is a handbook that provides an overview of input-output analysis in general, incorporating energy and environmental input-output analysis. Allwood, et al. 2012 provides very clear logic for approaching materials choice, use, and recovery with an eye to the impact on greenhouse gas emissions. From an applied perspective, the report on mitigation of climate change by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ( Edenhofer, et al. 2014 ) utilizes multiple industrial ecology methods and findings as they apply to climate change, and a report of the United Nations Environment Program International Resource Panel ( Ekins, et al. 2017 ) thoroughly explores the contributions that industrial ecology-inspired practices can have on the global economy, society, and environment.

Allwood, J. M., J. M. Cullen, and M. A. Carruth. 2012. Sustainable materials: With both eyes open . Cambridge, UK: UIT.

This book lays out an achievable vision for reducing global carbon emissions by half by 2050 while demand for materials doubles, with focus on the energy, steel, mining, construction, and manufacturing industries. It targets the general public as well as policymakers and industry specialists.

Ayres, L., and R. U. Ayres, eds. 2002. A handbook of industrial ecology . Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar.

This extensive volume covers in six parts and forty-six chapters the history, methods, applications, and connections of industrial ecology. Describes the field’s connection with economics, the material cycles of various nations and industries, and avenues for implementation in policy and industry.

Brunner, P. H., and H. Rechberger. 2017. Handbook of material flow analysis: For environmental, resource, and waste engineers . 2d ed. New York: CRC Press.

This reference handbook provides a thorough introduction to material flow analysis and guides more experienced users in the latest advancements in the methodology. The new edition updates the collection of case studies as well as guidance on using the STAN software.

Clift, R., and A. Druckman, eds. 2016. Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology . Cham, Switzerland: Springer International.

This edited collection contains commissioned chapters that review and assess key components of the field of industrial ecology including life-cycle sustainability analysis, urban metabolism, socioeconomic metabolism, carbon in trade flows, household consumption, and waste management as well as offering a series of case studies of the application of industrial ecology.

Edenhofer, O., R. Pichs-Madruga, Y. Sokona, et al., eds. 2014. Climate change 2014: Mitigation of climate change . Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK, and New York: Cambridge Univ. Press.

The Working Group III on the mitigation of climate change of the Fifth Assessment report of the IPCCC made use of methodologies central to industrial ecology including material flow analysis, input-output analysis, and life-cycle assessment. They are used in chapters 1, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 11, and 12.

Ekins, P., N. Hughes, S. Brigenzu, et al. 2017. Resource efficiency: Potential and economic implications . Paris: Report of the International Resource Panel, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP).

Launched by the United Nations Environment Program in 2007, the International Resource Panel (IRP) is a group of experts that develops and shares scientific knowledge on improved use of resources. This report by Ekins and colleague addresses resource productivity and decoupling of economic and environmental activity. Industrial ecologists have made significant contributions to the whole IRP series of reports on topics including cities, trade, metals, water, food, and deforestation.

Lu, Z. 2010. Gong ye sheng tai xue ji chu . Foundations of Industrial Ecology. Beijing: Ke xue chu ban she.

This textbook in Chinese introduces the reader to the field of industrial ecology and why sustainable development is necessary, especially in the case of China. It offers descriptions and case studies of the major industrial ecology topics: material flow analysis, footprinting, design for environment, circular economy, eco-industrial parks, and more.

Matthews, H. M., C. T. Hendrickson, and D. H. Matthews. 2015. Life cycle assessment: Quantitative approaches for decisions that matter .

This e-book is a freely available textbook on life-cycle assessment (LCA) intended for classroom use. It takes a big picture view of how lifecycle thinking has evolved from studying products to broader issues and bringing in more advanced methods including uncertainty and variability analysis.

Suh, S., ed. 2010. Handbook on input-output economics for industrial ecology . Dordrecht: Springer.

This handbook presents a thorough review of the principles, methods, and data sets used in both input-output economics and industrial ecology, allowing members of the respective fields to learn the tools and skill sets of the other.

Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on this page. Please subscribe or login .

Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. For more information or to contact an Oxford Sales Representative click here .

About Ecology »
Meet the Editorial Board »
Adaptive Radiation
Agroecology
Allelopathy
Allocation of Reproductive Resources in Plants
Animals, Functional Morphology of
Animals, Reproductive Allocation in
Animals, Thermoregulation in
Antarctic Environments and Ecology
Anthropocentrism
Approaches and Issues in Historical Ecology
Aquatic Conservation
Aquatic Nutrient Cycling
Archaea, Ecology of
Assembly Models
Bacterial Diversity in Freshwater
Benthic Ecology
Biodiversity and Ecosystem Functioning
Biodiversity, Dimensionality of
Biodiversity, Marine
Biodiversity Patterns in Agricultural Systms
Biogeochemistry
Biological Chaos and Complex Dynamics
Biological Rhythms
Biome, Alpine
Biome, Boreal
Biome, Desert
Biome, Grassland
Biome, Savanna
Biome, Tundra
Biomes, African
Biomes, East Asian
Biomes, Mountain
Biomes, North American
Biomes, South Asian
Braun, E. Lucy
Bryophyte Ecology
Butterfly Ecology
Carson, Rachel
Chemical Ecology
Classification Analysis
Coastal Dune Habitats
Coevolution
Communicating Ecology
Communities and Ecosystems, Indirect Effects in
Communities, Top-Down and Bottom-Up Regulation of
Community Concept, The
Community Ecology
Community Genetics
Community Phenology
Competition and Coexistence in Animal Communities
Competition in Plant Communities
Complexity Theory
Conservation Biology
Conservation Genetics
Coral Reefs
Darwin, Charles
Dead Wood in Forest Ecosystems
Decomposition
De-Glaciation, Ecology of
Dendroecology
Disease Ecology
Drought as a Disturbance in Forests
Early Explorers, The
Earth’s Climate, The
Eco-Evolutionary Dynamics
Ecological Dynamics in Fragmented Landscapes
Ecological Education
Ecological Engineering
Ecological Forecasting
Ecological Informatics
Ecological Relevance of Speciation
Ecology, Introductory Sources in
Ecology, Microbial (Community)
Ecology of Emerging Zoonotic Viruses
Ecology of the Atlantic Forest
Ecology, Stochastic Processes in
Ecosystem Ecology
Ecosystem Engineers
Ecosystem Services
Ecosystem Services, Conservation of
Elton, Charles
Endophytes, Fungal
Energy Flow
Environmental Anthropology
Environmental Justice
Environments, Extreme
Ethics, Ecological
European Natural History Tradition
Evolutionarily Stable Strategies
Facilitation and the Organization of Communities
Fern and Lycophyte Ecology
Fire Ecology
Fishes, Climate Change Effects on
Flood Ecology
Foraging Behavior, Implications of
Foraging, Optimal
Forests, Temperate Coniferous
Forests, Temperate Deciduous
Freshwater Invertebrate Ecology
Genetic Considerations in Plant Ecological Restoration
Genomics, Ecological
Geographic Range
Gleason, Henry
Grazer Ecology
Greig-Smith, Peter
Gymnosperm Ecology
Habitat Selection
Harper, John L.
Harvesting Alternative Water Resources (US West)
Heavy Metal Tolerance
Heterogeneity
Himalaya, Ecology of the
Host-Parasitoid Interactions
Human Ecology
Human Ecology of the Andes
Human-Wildlife Conflict and Coexistence
Hutchinson, G. Evelyn
Indigenous Ecologies
Industrial Ecology
Insect Ecology, Terrestrial
Invasive Species
Island Biogeography Theory
Island Biology
Keystone Species
Kin Selection
Landscape Dynamics
Landscape Ecology
Laws, Ecological
Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis, The
Leopold, Aldo
Lichen Ecology
Life History
Literature, Ecology and
MacArthur, Robert H.
Mangrove Zone Ecology
Marine Fisheries Management
Marine Subsidies
Mass Effects
Mathematical Ecology
Mating Systems
Maximum Sustainable Yield
Metabolic Scaling Theory
Metacommunity Dynamics
Metapopulations and Spatial Population Processes
Microclimate Ecology
Multiple Stable States and Catastrophic Shifts in Ecosyste...
Mutualisms and Symbioses
Mycorrhizal Ecology
Natural History Tradition, The
Networks, Ecological
Niche Versus Neutral Models of Community Organization
Nutrient Foraging in Plants
Ocean Sprawl
Oceanography, Microbial
Odum, Eugene and Howard
Ordination Analysis
Organic Agriculture, Ecology of
Paleoecology
Paleolimnology
Parental Care, Evolution of
Pastures and Pastoralism
Patch Dynamics
Patrick, Ruth
Phenotypic Plasticity
Phenotypic Selection
Philosophy, Ecological
Phylogenetics and Comparative Methods
Physics, Ecology and
Physiological Ecology of Nutrient Acquisition in Animals
Physiological Ecology of Photosynthesis
Physiological Ecology of Water Balance in Terrestrial Anim...
Physiological Ecology of Water Balance in Terrestrial Plan...
Plant Blindness
Plant Disease Epidemiology
Plant Ecological Responses to Extreme Climatic Events
Plant-Insect Interactions
Polar Regions
Pollination Ecology
Population Dynamics, Density-Dependence and Single-Species
Population Dynamics, Methods in
Population Ecology, Animal
Population Ecology, Plant
Population Fluctuations and Cycles
Population Genetics
Population Viability Analysis
Populations and Communities, Dynamics of Age- and Stage-St...
Predation and Community Organization
Predation, Sublethal
Predator-Prey Interactions
Reductionism Versus Holism
Religion and Ecology
Remote Sensing
Restoration Ecology
Ricketts, Edward Flanders Robb
Secondary Production
Seed Ecology
Serpentine Soils
Shelford, Victor
Simulation Modeling
Socioecology
Soil Biogeochemistry
Soil Ecology
Spatial Pattern Analysis
Spatial Patterns of Species Biodiversity in Terrestrial En...
Spatial Scale and Biodiversity
Species Distribution Modeling
Species Extinctions
Species Responses to Climate Change
Species-Area Relationships
Stability and Ecosystem Resilience, A Below-Ground Perspec...
Stoichiometry, Ecological
Stream Ecology
Sustainable Development
Systematic Conservation Planning
Systems Ecology
Tansley, Sir Arthur
Terrestrial Nitrogen Cycle
Terrestrial Resource Limitation
Territoriality
Theory and Practice of Biological Control
Thermal Ecology of Animals
Tragedy of the Commons
Transient Dynamics
Trophic Levels
Tropical Humid Forest Biome
Vegetation Classification
Vegetation Mapping
Vicariance Biogeography
Weed Ecology
Wetland Ecology
Whittaker, Robert H.
Wildlife Ecology
Privacy Policy
Cookie Policy
Legal Notice
Accessibility

[81.177.180.204]
81.177.180.204

Challenges for Applying Industrial Ecology and Future Development of Industrial Ecology

First Online: 02 December 2017

Cite this chapter

Xiaohong Li 2

1342 Accesses

1 Citations

This chapter explores four challenges for Industrial Ecology (IE) applications: a paradigm shift from linear to closed-loop thinking, restriction lift in legislation and regulations on waste, establishment of knowledge webs, and development of symbiotic and recycling networks. Future development of IE is reflected in each of its study areas. In the area of ‘industrial ecosystem’, features and limitations of different types of industrial ecosystems require further exploration and extended system thinking. For IS, development of knowledge webs, symbiotic networks and infrastructure of end-life-waste collection process are further research agendas. For IM, quantification methods of resource flows in industrial ecosystems require further development. For environmental legislation and regulations, alignment with policy-makers needs to be explored in order to support IE applications on a much larger scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Available as PDF
Read on any device
Instant download
Own it forever
Available as EPUB and PDF
Durable hardcover edition
Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Bansal, P., & McKnight, B. (2009). Looking forward, pushing back and peering sideways: Analyzing the sustainability of industrial symbiosis. Journal of Supply Chain Management, 45, 26–37.

Article Google Scholar

Branson, R. (2016). Re-structuring Kalundborg: The reality of bilateral symbiosis and other insights. Journal of Cleaner Production, 112, 4344–4352.

Corder, G. D., Golev, A., Fyfe, J., & King, S. (2014). The status of industrial ecology in Australia: Barriers and enablers. Resources, 3, 340–361.

Despeisse, M., Ball, P. D., Evans, S., & Levers, A. (2012). Industrial ecology at factory level—A conceptual model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 31, 30–39.

Google Scholar

Ehrenfeld, J. (1997). Industrial ecology: A framework for product and process design. Journal of Cleaner Production, 5, 87–95.

Ehrenfeld, J. (2004). Industrial ecology: A new field or only a metaphor? Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 825–831.

Ehrenfeld, J., & Gertler. (1997). Industrial ecology in practice: The evolution of interdependence at Kalundborg. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 1, 67–79.

Frosch, R. A., & Gallopoulos, N. E. (1989). Strategies for manufacturing. Scientific American, 261 (September), 144–152.

Geng, Y., & Côte, R. (2004). Applying industrial ecology in rapidly industrialised Asian countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development and World Ecology, 11, 69–85.

Gibbs, D., & Deutz, P. (2005). Implementing industrial ecology? Planning for eco-industrial parks in the USA. Geoforum, 36, 452–464.

Gibbs, D., & Deutz, P. (2007). Reflections on implementing industrial ecology through eco-industrial park development. Journal of Cleaner Production, 15 (17), 1683–1695.

Golev, A., Corder, G. D., & Giurco, d. P. (2014). Barriers to Industrial Symbiosis: Insights from the use of a maturity grid. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19, 141–153.

Goodland, R. (1995). The concept of environmental sustainability. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 26, 1–24.

Goodland, R., & Daly, H. (1996). Environmental sustainability: Universal and non-negotiable. Ecological Applications, 6, 1002–1017.

Gui, L., Atasu, A., Ergun, O., & Toktay, L. B. (2016). Efficient implementation of collective extended producer responsibility legislation. Management Science, 62, 1098–1123.

Guinée, J. B., Heijungs, R., Huppes, G., Zamagni, A., Masoni, P., Buonamici, R., et al. (2011). Life cycle assessment: Past, present, and future. Environmental Science and Technology, 45, 90–96.

Heeres, R. R., Vermulen, W. J. V., & de Walle, F. B. (2004). Eco-industrial park initiatives in the USA and the Netherlands: First lessons. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 985–995.

Jackson, S. A., Gopalakrishna-Remani, V., Mishra, R., & Napier, R. (2016). Examining the impact of design for environment and the mediating effect of quality management innovation on firm performance. International Journal of Production Economics, 173, 142–152.

Jensen, P. D., Basson, L., Hellawell, E., Bailey, M. R., & Leach, M. (2011). Quantifying ‘geographic proximity’: Experiences from United Kingdom’s National Industrial Symbiosis Programme, Resources. Conservation and Recycling, 55, 703–712.

Leigh, M., & Li, X. (2015). Industrial ecology, industrial symbiosis and supply chain environmental sustainability: A case study of a large UK distributor. Journal of Cleaner Production, 106, 632–643.

Lewis, H. (2005). Defining product stewardship and sustainability in the Australian packaging industry. Environmental Science & Policy, 8, 45–55.

Lifset, R., Atalay, A., & Naoko, T. (2013). Extended producer responsibility. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 17, 162–166.

Lu, Y., Chen, B., Feng, K., & Hubacek, K. (2015). Ecological network analysis for carbon metabolism of eco-industrial parks: A case study of a typical eco-industrial park in Beijing. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 7254–7264.

Malcolm, R., & Clift, R. (2002). Barriers to Industrial Ecology, The strange case of “The Tombesi Bypass”. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 6, 4–7.

Mirata, M. (2004). Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: Determinants and coordination challenges. Journal of Cleaner Production, 12, 967–983.

Paquin, R. L., Tilleman, S. G., & Howard-Grenville, J. (2014). Is there cash in that trash? Journal of Industrial Ecology, 8, 268–279.

Park, J. M., Park, J. Y., & Park, H.-S. (2016). A review of the eco-industrial park development program in Korea: Progress and achievement in the first phase, 2005-2010. Journal of Cleaner Production, 114, 33–44.

Rogers, D. S., Rogers, Z. S., & Lembke, R. (2010). Creating value through product stewardship and take back. Sustainability Accounting, Management and Policy Journal, 1, 133–160.

Silvestre, J. D., de Brito, J., & Pinheiro, M. D. (2014). Environmental impacts and benefits of the end-of-life of building materials—Calculation rules, results and contribution to a “cradle to cradle” life cycle. Journal of Cleaner Production, 66, 37–45.

Tian, J., Shi, H., Chen, Y., & Chen, L. (2012). Assessment of industrial metabolisms of sulfur in a Chinese fine chemical industrial park. Journal of Cleaner Production, 32, 262–272.

Watkins, G., Husgafvel, R., Pajunen, N., Dhl, O., & Heiskanen, K. (2013). Overcoming institutional barriers in the development of novel process industry residue based symbiosis products—Case study at the EU level. Minerals Engineering, 41, 31–40.

Xiang, W., & Ming, C. (2011). Implementing extended producer responsibility: Vehicle remanufacturing in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 19, 680–686.

Yu, C., Dijkema, G. P. J., & Jong, M. D. (2015). What Makes Eco-Transformation of Industrial Parks Take Off in China? Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19 (3), 441–456.

Download references

Author information

Authors and affiliations.

Sheffield, UK

Xiaohong Li

You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Xiaohong Li .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

About this chapter

Li, X. (2018). Challenges for Applying Industrial Ecology and Future Development of Industrial Ecology. In: Industrial Ecology and Industry Symbiosis for Environmental Sustainability . Palgrave Pivot, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67501-5_6

Download citation

DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67501-5_6

Published : 02 December 2017

Publisher Name : Palgrave Pivot, Cham

Print ISBN : 978-3-319-67500-8

Online ISBN : 978-3-319-67501-5

eBook Packages : Business and Management Business and Management (R0)

Share this chapter

Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:

Sorry, a shareable link is not currently available for this article.

Provided by the Springer Nature SharedIt content-sharing initiative

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Find a journal
Track your research

Breadcrumbs Section. Click here to navigate to respective pages.

Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology

DOI link for Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology

Get Citation

Holistic in approach and rooted in the real world Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology presents a new way of looking at environmental policy; exploring the relationship between ecological economics and industrial ecology.Concentrating on the conceptual background of ecological economics and industrial ecology, this book:provides a selection

Chapter 1 | 10 pages, introduction, chapter 2 | 37 pages, the integrated product policy (ipp), chapter 3 | 40 pages, ecological economics, chapter 4 | 40 pages, industrial ecology, chapter 5 | 35 pages, life-cycle assessment (lca) and eco-design, chapter 6 | 34 pages, input–output analysis, chapter 7 | 46 pages, policy analysis illustrated with case studies, chapter 8 | 13 pages, conclusions.

Privacy Policy
Terms & Conditions
Cookie Policy
Taylor & Francis Online
Taylor & Francis Group
Students/Researchers
Librarians/Institutions

Connect with us

Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.

To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser .

Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.

We're Hiring!
Help Center

Implementing industrial ecology in port cities: international overview of case studies and cross-case analysis

2014, Journal of Cleaner Production

ABSTRACT The aim of Industrial ecology (IE) is to optimize resource management by densifying interactions between stakeholders occupying a common geographic area. This article considers ports, understood as platforms of circulation and transformation of material and energy flows. It addresses the role and capacity of ports to foster the implementation of IE in port cities and to contribute to the optimization of resource management in coastal areas. This article presents the result of a research project (2011–2012) consisting of an international inventory of innovative resource management initiatives in port areas. 18 port-based industrial complexes were visited, enabling the analysis of 23 port IE initiatives. Cross-case analysis was carried out following a 3 step methodology: 1/ definition of the research boundaries; 2/ qualitative data collection by means of interviews and a literature review; 3/ data analysis in order to build a typology of port contribution to the implementation of IE in port-city areas. The case studies analyzed can be classified into 9 patterns based on temporal and spatial characteristics of P-IE initiatives. They provide insights on the ports&#39; influence on local IE dynamics: as areas of testing and implementation of industrial symbiosis, ports can constitute exemplary self-sufficient areas, likely to boost the development of other local eco-parks; as drivers of local economic development, ports act as levers for the implementation of sustainable policies at a regional scale; as nodes in a global port network, ports can develop inter-port by-product exchanges and utility sharing. Ports question the relevance of geographical proximity in IE.

Related Papers

RSM Discovery - Management Knowledge

Henk Volberda

Reza Karimpuor

Jill Slinger

This paper describes an integrated, ecosystem-based research project exploring what it means to be a sustainable port in a developing country context. Africa is one of the few areas in the world where greenfield port development is still occurring in addition to brownfield development. This means there are many challenges and opportunities to design for sustainability and to nudge existing ports towards more sustainable activities. A stepwise, case study oriented approach to tackling these issues is explicated in an effort to understand the advantages for port developers and their financiers to move in this direction.

Annelies Boerema

This article aims to contribute to the positive sustainability outcomes of port development projects by means of enhancing port activities (Prosperity) and benefiting the broader society (People) and the ecosystem (Planet). Many marine infrastructure works are taking place in environmentally sensitive areas. A more objective evaluation of the benefits and potential negative effects of port development for our prosperity, people and planet would assist with assessing the sustainability of a port development project. The concept of ecosystem services has become increasingly important as a tool for integral evaluation of project effects (whether benefits or impacts) and achieving broad public support. Taking an ecosystem services perspective will not always give a conclusive answer whether a project is overall beneficial or not (in case there are both positive and negative effects), but has an important added value by identifying all effects and by putting them together in a single assessment.

Journal of environmental management

Marinez Scherer

The rapid exploitation of coastal and marine ecosystemic capital is on course to reach a critical point. The difficulty of implementing Integrated and ecosystem based management models, taking into the account the great complexity of the marine socio-ecological systems, has resulted in a significant gap between theory and practice. The majority of authors emphasize difficulties in engaging and convincing private stakeholders and a number of economic sectors involved in these processes. This reticence is traditionally more pronounced in the port sector, despite their important role in the transformation of coastal and marine areas. This paper seeks to establish bridges between the Environmental Management systems and Tools (EMT) of economic sectors and the Integrated and Ecosystem Based Management models (IEBM). To achieve this goal, an effort has been made to rethink concepts and principles traditionally used in EMT to bring them into line with those of IEBM. A DPSIR adapted framewo...

Sustainability Science

Borja Nogué-Algueró

Shipping carries virtually all internationally traded goods. Major commercial ports are fully integrated into transnational production and distribution systems, enabling the circulation of massive flows of energy and materials in the global economy. Port activity and development are usually associated with positive socioeconomic effects, such as increased GDP and employment, but the industry's continuous expansion produces adverse outcomes including air and water pollution, the destruction of marine and coastal environments, waterfront congestion, health risks, and labor issues. In its quest to marry economic growth and environmental sustainability in the maritime industries, proponents of the newly coined blue growth paradigm assume the negative impacts of ports and shipping to be fixable mostly through technological innovation. This paper questions the validity of the premise that the unlimited growth of the port and shipping industries is compatible with environmental sustainability and analyses the feasibility of technological improvements to offset the sector's associated negative impacts. Based on insights from ecological economics and political ecology, ports can be described as power-laden assemblages of spaces, flows, and actors, which produce unequally distributed socio-ecological benefits and burdens at multiple scales. Focusing on the case of the Port of Barcelona, this study argues that the continuous expansion of port activity increases seldom accounted-for negative socio-environmental impacts, acquiring an uneconomic character for port cities and regions. In contrast, de-growth is presented as a radical sustainability alternative to ocean-based growth paradigms. The paper concludes by discussing its prospective 'blue' articulation in the context of maritime transportation while offering some avenues for future research and policymaking.

Advanced Engineering Forum

Marcella De Martino

claudia casini

Sustainability

Elvira Haezendonck

Today, most large port hubs embrace the circular economy (CE) transformation challenge, and include this together with smart digitalization and the Internet of Things (IoT) in their strategic priorities [...]

Thomas Vanoutrive

European estuaries contain both nature values, protected by the European Birds and Habitats Directives, and large sea ports. As a consequence conflicts arise between European nature legislation and port development. This paper investigates the deliberation about the spatial claims of port and nature in and around the Antwerp port area. Processes about nature and port-development in and around the Antwerp Port Area can be distinguished on three scale-levels. On a macro-level, the level of the estuary, a Long Term Vision for the Western Scheldt is developed. On the meso-level there is the Strategic Planning Process for the Port Area and its surroundings and on the micro-level a network of ecological infrastructure in the port area is discussed. New concepts, like ‘temporary nature’ and ‘morphological estuary-management’, and the spatial translation of the different sectoral logics are a key to develop sustainable solutions for the nature-port conflict. In this way fragmentation of the...

Loading Preview

Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.

RELATED PAPERS

Michael Dooms

Marine Pollution Bulletin

Linda Astner

Journal of Marine Science and Engineering

Dražen Žgaljić

PANAGIOTA LEONARDOU

Flavia Nico Vasconcelos , Kristianne Hendricks , Peter Hall

Melinda Odum

Kazi Mohiuddin

Journal of Cleaner Production

Nicolas Mat

Science of The Total Environment

Sahar Azarkamand

Octavio Doerr

Christianna Liountri

Nivesh Chaudhary

International Journal of Transport Economics

Bart Kuipers

Journal of Shipping and Trade

Anas S Alamoush

Frontiers in Marine Science

Senelwa Igesa

Analele Universităţii "Dunărea de Jos" din Galaţi. Fascicula XI, Construcţii navale/ Annals of "Dunărea de Jos" of Galati, Fascicle XI, Shipbuilding

Andra Marcu

Toby Roberts

Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług

Dariusz Bernacki

Information

Author Services

Initiatives

You are accessing a machine-readable page. In order to be human-readable, please install an RSS reader.

All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess .

Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an outlook for future research directions and describes possible research applications.

Feature papers are submitted upon individual invitation or recommendation by the scientific editors and must receive positive feedback from the reviewers.

Editor’s Choice articles are based on recommendations by the scientific editors of MDPI journals from around the world. Editors select a small number of articles recently published in the journal that they believe will be particularly interesting to readers, or important in the respective research area. The aim is to provide a snapshot of some of the most exciting work published in the various research areas of the journal.

Original Submission Date Received: .

Active Journals
Find a Journal
Proceedings Series
For Authors
For Reviewers
For Editors
For Librarians
For Publishers
For Societies
For Conference Organizers
Open Access Policy
Institutional Open Access Program
Special Issues Guidelines
Editorial Process
Research and Publication Ethics
Article Processing Charges
Testimonials
Preprints.org
SciProfiles
Encyclopedia

Article Menu

Subscribe SciFeed
Recommended Articles
Google Scholar
on Google Scholar
Table of Contents

Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our website.

Please let us know what you think of our products and services.

Visit our dedicated information section to learn more about MDPI.

JSmol Viewer

The potential of industrial symbiosis: case analysis and main drivers and barriers to its implementation.

1. Introduction

2. materials and methods, 3. potential industrial symbiosis, 3.1. evolution of the number of published articles, 3.2. geographic distribution, 3.3. cases of potential industrial symbiosis, 3.3.1. level of implementation, 3.3.2. industries potentially involved in industrial symbiosis, 3.3.3. types of waste/by-product exchange, infrastructure sharing, and joint provision of services, 3.3.4. methods used in the analysis and assessment of potential industrial symbiosis, 3.3.5. potential environmental, economic, and social benefits, 3.4. cases of potential industrial symbiosis applied to new products and new uses of waste, 4. drivers and barriers to the realisation of potential industrial symbiosis and strategies to overcome these barriers, 4.1. drivers and enablers of the realisation of potential industrial symbiosis, 4.2. barriers to the realisation of potential industrial symbiosis, 4.3. strategies for overcoming the barriers to the realisation of potential industrial symbiosis, 5. conclusions, author contributions, conflicts of interest.

Country	Location/Region	NE	Activity	Waste/By-Products	Infrastructure Sharing/Joint Provision of Services	Method	Publication Year	Refs.

Italy	Murano, Venetian Lagoon		Glass-based industry	Oxygen	Water treatment	BATTER tool; direct measurements at single installations, mass flow estimations, total amount of air pollutants emitted, technical options score, and evaporation treatment costs for a single water treatment plant	2007	[ ]
Italy	Brancaccio, Carini, and Termini Imerese		Automotive sector and neighbouring companies	Plastic sub products and scraps		Questionnaire data survey to organizations and interviews, life cycle assessment	2010	[ ]
Italy	Val di Sangro Industrial Area, Abruzzo Region	19	Motorcycle industry		Collective management of scraps: pre-treatment centre and on-site management of the end-of-life of products manufactured by the industrial network	On-site data collection, performed by using semi-structured questionnaires, direct, and e-mail interviews of the leaders, site visits, and focus groups	2014	[ ]
Italy	Fucino upland, Abruzzo Region		Agri-food companies, paper mill, PVC sewer pipes producer company, pellets and plywood panels producer company	Paper and cardboard wastes, plastic wastes, and wood wastes	Common local recycling platform	On-site survey; face-to-face non-structured interviews with the head of the provincial Association of Agricultural Producers and semi-structured interviews with the technical staff by telephone or e-mail	2015	[ ]
Italy	Emilia-Romagna		Agrofood sector, industries with the technologies able to transform and enhance the by-products, and companies reusing by-products	Agro-food waste, mud, packaging, waste from construction and demolition, textile waste, waste from petroleum refining and natural gas purification, waste from wood processing, and digested		Interviews with private companies and public administrators, guided collective discussion, visits to laboratories, and conferences	2015	[ ]
Italy	Catania and Siracusa districts, Sicily		Agriculture, forestry and fishing, manufacturing, electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply, water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities, construction, wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, transportation and storage, information and communication, professional, scientific and technical activities, administrative and support service activities, education, human health and social work activities, and other service activities	Water, fuels, materials from agriculture, electrical and electronic compounds, municipal wastewater treatment sludge, industrial sludge, packaging, wood and wood products, metals and metal products, construction minerals, industrial minerals, mineral waste oils, plastics and plastic products, foodstuffs, inorganic chemicals, organic chemicals, products from livestock and fisheries, construction, demolition, excavation materials, paper and paperboard, sands from separation processes, glass and glass products	Energy, equipment, expertise, consultancy and services, logistics and transportation	Invitation emails and phone calls; meeting tables	2016	[ ]
Italy	Brescia	12	Multi-utility company, steelmakers, cement producer, waste treatment and biomass power station, woodchips producer, car fluff treatment, asphalt producer, caviar producer, the municipality and public service facilities	Black slag, car fluff, dust, mill scales, pallets and waste wood, sludge, and energy (electrical and thermal)		SWOT analysis	2017	[ ]
Italy	Brescia	2	Energy-intensive factory (with forging processes), and greenhouse horticulture installations	Carbon dioxide emissions		Economic model: increase of revenues due to the CO enrichment process, savings due to the reduction of CO emissions in the industrial installation, and savings due to avoided natural gas consumptions (used in traditional CO enrichment methods)	2018	[ ]
Italy	Province of Pescara, Abruzzo Region		Crop/vegetable production, cattle breeding, greenhouses, fish farming, industrial processing, production of pellets, urban furniture production, road works company, residential system, and waste and energy system (thermal treatment plant, composting, biofuels production, recovery and recycling activities, biomass/biogas energy plant, and wastewater treatment)	Vegetable wastes, plant waste, vegetable waste (dry fraction, e.g. from pruning, sawdust), differentiated residential waste (aluminium, steel, glass, paper, plastics), construction and demolition waste, heat waste, hot water or steam, wastewater, and industrial waste		Qualitative analysis of the scientific literature and secondary data and critical analysis	2017	[ ]
Italy	Marche Region	3	Waste electrical and electronic equipment treatment centre, material recycler and a compound producer	Plastics from electrical cables insulation		Web platform. Economic assessments. Life cycle assessment methodology	2018	[ ]
Sweden	Small town in southern Sweden		Sawmill, paper mill, paper processing industry, local energy service company, the municipality, ecocycle company, and local waste management company	Waste heat, sawdust, bark, woodchips, ashes, sewage sludge, organic waste materials, paper residues, and fibre residues		Conversational and open-ended interviews and group discussion, direct observation and participation at the sites, mass and heat balances over the system	2005	[ ]
Sweden		4	Chemical pulp mill, sawmill, biofuel upgrading plant, and district heating system			Method for analysis of industrial energy systems (MIND method), based on mixed integer linear programming	2008	[ ]
Sweden		4	Chemical pulp mill, sawmill, biofuel upgrading plant and district heating system	Bark, steam, heat, chips, and sawdust		Method for analysis of industrial energy systems (MIND method) based on mixed integer linear programming. Commercial optimization solver (CPLEX). Assessment of CO emissions from biofuel and electricity for different accounting models (marginal coal, marginal new technology and average Swedish production)	2008	[ ]
Sweden	Luleå, Borlänge, Finspång, Sandviken		Iron and steel industry (integrated steel plant and scrap-based steel plant), pulp and paper industries, district heating consumers, and district heating distributor	Excess heat and gasified biomass residues		System perspective evaluation	2011	[ ]
Sweden	All 290 municipalities		Agriculture, forestry, and fishing; mining and quarrying; manufacturing; electricity, gas, steam and air conditioning supply; water supply; sewerage, waste management and remediation activities; and construction			Looplocal method, life cycle inventory	2015	[ ]
Sweden	Västra Götaland		Waste incinerators, steel mill, cement industry, manufacture of concrete products industries, polymer industry, algae production, power stations, refineries, paper and pulp industry, municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plants, biogas upgrading plants, greenhouse operator, and methanol production unit	CO , fly ash, bottom ash, steel slag, municipal solid waste ash, wastewater, and hydrogen		Top-down approach with three consecutive steps: generic matrix of CO sources, generic matrix of CO receivers, and matching the sources with the receivers at regional level	2017	[ ]
France	Territoire de la Côte Ouest, Réunion Island		Agricultural activities, fertilizer production facility, market gardeners, and complementation and granulation factory	Livestock wastes (pig manure, droppings from broiler chickens, and laying hens) and shredded green waste		‘Follow the Technology’ method and Companion Modelling or Commod	2017	[ ]
France		7		Waste/unused energy		Mixed integer linear programming; single objective model to minimize the total cost, single objective model to minimize the total environmental impact and bi-objective model to minimize the total cost and total environmental impact; direct method to quantify the heat energy of firms; key process indicators: demand satisfaction, weighted demand satisfaction, supply utilization, and carbon tax reduction; uncertainty evaluation using sensitivity analysis; multi-objective model and Pareto front analysis; weighted sum method	2018	[ ]
France	Gravelines, Penly, Fessenheim, Tricastin, St Alban, Nogent sur Seine, Civaux, St Laurent des Eaux, Bugey, Chinon, Blayais, Chooz, Cattenom, Flamanville, Paluel, Golfech		Nuclear plants, agri-food industries (fruit and vegetables, dairy products, starch products, sugar refinery and malt production), wood, pulp and paper (wood panels, pulp and paper, card and paper and corrugated card), chemical and pharmaceutical industries (dyes and pigments, other basic organic chemicals and basic pharmaceutical products) and plastic, rubber and other elastomers (basic plastic materials and synthetic rubber)	Steam		Average energy intensity in a subsector, production value, average heat consumption of a factory in a subsector, and heat consumed by a factory in a subsector; spatial mapping methods and geographical information system; techno-economic model: energy consumption sub-model (maximum thermal power required), energy generation sub-model (infrastructure cost of a combined heat and power upgrade, required cost, and additional CO emissions to compensate for power generation losses), and energy distribution sub-model (pipe diameter, heat loss assessment, pumping cost, CO assessment, pipeline installation cost, and annual rental cost); linear programming problem	2018	[ ]
France	Salaise-sur-Sanne and Sablons		Chemical, recycling and raw material transformation, and urban areas	Industrial waste	Shared infrastructures (for energy supply, cogeneration, solid waste treatment, reclaimed water, etc.)	SWOT analysis	2018	[ ]
Finland	Oulu		Steel, pulp and paper industry, cement products manufacturer, soil amendment, soil fertilization, and pellets/ameliorants manufacturers	Granulated blast furnace slag, ashes, fibre clay, and alkaline residues		Literature review and study of a spectrum of residue-based product concepts for further research	2010	[ ]
Finland			Waste management, wastewater treatment, municipality, biogas producer, crop farm, and animal farm	Sewage sludge, manure, organic household waste, and digestate		Interviews with companies, collaborative research approach, replication approach	2015	[ ]
Finland			Horse industry, agriculture and pellet production industry	Horse manure		Survey sent to companies	2018	[ ]
Greece	Viotia		Aluminium casting company, and companies which have capacities to buy and use aluminium waste	Aluminium waste		Ontology engineering approach—eSymbiosis. Metrics for industrial symbiosis benefits: Economic: cost savings to business, and additional sales to business; Environmental: landfill diversion, CO reduction, virgin raw materials saved, hazardous waste eliminated, and water savings; Social: jobs created, and jobs saved	2015	[ ]
Greece	Pili		Power plant, furniture manufactures, sewage treatment plant, concrete industry, and food industries	Sawdust, ash, whey of cheese dairies, and salad residues	Utility sharing: autonomous water supply system	Methodology proposed and implemented to determine the most appropriate location and bioclimatic criteria	2017	[ ]
Greece	Achaia		Olive-oil production facility, biopolymers (PHAs) production facility, and plastics production facility	Olive mill wastewater and PHAs		Telephone interviews, visits, and face-to-face interviews	2017	[ ]
Germany	Rhine–Neckar				Network structure, waste management software, waste analyser software, and intranet platform	On-site surveys	2004	[ ]
Germany	Central Germany		(i) Lignocellulosic biorefinery plant, and chipping; (ii) lignocellulosic biorefinery plant, chipping, refinery plant and waste wood–fired CHP units; (iii) lignocellulosic biorefinery plant, waste wood–fired CHP units, refiner plant, chipping, bio-based resins and adhesives, wood panel production, composite manufacturing, and engineered wood products	(i) Beech wood chips from industrial residues; (ii) waste wood, bark residues, and sawmill by-products; (iii) residues from industrial wood		Communications and site visits, life cycle assessment and CML 2013 method, indicator assessment for the CML impact categories and relative advantage or disadvantage of the environmental impact	2018	[ ]
Scotland	Perth and Kinross		Sawmill, pellet mill, and combined heat and power plant	Milling wood residues, sawdust, and residual wood fibre		Questionnaires to estate owners, forestry consultants, wood processors and equipment suppliers, and five focus groups with 45 residents	2007	[ ]
Scotland	Perth and Kinross		Forest industry, sawmill, combined heat and power plant, and wood pellet mill	Woodchips and sawdust		Questionnaire survey of representatives from the wood fuel supply chain and an attitude survey of a sample of off-mains gas residents	2007	[ ]
Spain	Besaya	80	Commerce, repair of motor vehicles and motorcycles, manufacture of basic metals and of fabricated metal products, construction, manufacture of mechanical machinery and equipment, manufacture of paper and paper products, printing and reproduction of recorded media, manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products, other manufacture activities, manufacture of food products, beverages and tobacco products, transport and storage, manufacture of chemicals and chemical products, manufacture of wood and of products of wood and cork, manufacture of rubber and plastic products, and manufacture of transport equipment	Waste oil, used metal containers, used coolants, ink slag, waste sand, rubble and waste material from construction, solid wastes (plastic, discarded tires, wood cuttings and slag from varnishes and paint), waste products from oils and grease (food, machining, hydraulics, motor, separators), lime-based waste products (plasters and slag), waste products from plastic (plastic, shavings and burns), waste products from ferrous metals (ferrous metals, ferrous metal filings and shavings, scrap metal), waste products from glass, waste products from lead batteries, waste products from used tires and slag, waste products from catalysers, waste products from wood without hazardous substances, waste products from ceramic materials (roof tiles, ceramic materials, bricks), waste products from plaster, waste products from cellulose, and waste products from food	Joint waste management: central areas for communal waste storage, shared use of waste storage space, shared transport of waste to municipal management points, joint management of waste products for sale or exchange, joint management of waste by an external agent, and shared use of waste treatment and recovery installations	Questionnaires and visits to various companies	2015	[ ]
Spain	Cartes, Cantabria autonomous community	25	Automotive industry, metallurgy and manufacturing, building industry and other various manufacturing industries	Edible oil and fat, paper and cardboard packaging, etc.	Service or infrastructure: common transport and waste collection and waste treatment services	Relational database management system, georeferencing, geographic information systems, and application programming interface; SymbioSyS tool	2017	[ ]
Lithuania	Jonava		Nitrogen fertilizers and chemical products manufacturer company, cattle farms, slaughterhouses, municipal wastewater treatment plant, bio-fuel production and/or solid recovered fuel production in pellet form company, administration, and special purpose facilities	Waste heat energy, biodegradable waste (manure and slurry), and sewage sludge		Material flow analysis, material and energy balances of each processes, fuel and energy balances of energy production processes, evaluation of environmental indicators (relative environmental indicators, energy savings, loss of waste heat energy and volume of carbon dioxide emissions) and comparative analysis; feasibility analysis (technical, environmental and economic evaluation)	2016	[ ]
Lithuania			Nitrogen fertilizer production company, cattle farms and slaughterhouses	Biodegradable waste		Indicators: geostrategic supply risk and economic importance	2018	[ ]
United Kingdom			Bio-refineries, agricultural production, and forestry	Lignocellulose and municipal solid waste (organic food and packaging)			2008	[ ]
Norway	Mongstad	6	Refinery plant, coal gasification, combined heat and power plant, production of synthetic transportation fuels, carbon capture and utilization, and aquaculture	CO and waste heat		Mass and energy balance assessment, material and energy flow analysis, carbon and hydrogen flow analysis, CO emission evaluation, and sensitivity analysis; hierarchy analysis method	2008	[ ]
England	Thames estuary, Port of Bristol, east Birmingham, Mersey estuary, and Teesside				Utilities-sharing	Habitat Suitability Mapping: Habitat Suitability Index, Geographic Information System model, Symbiosis Suitability Index, Symbiosis Suitability Map, Symbiosis Suitability Index Variables and Variable Aggregation, and Multi-Criteria-Evaluation mapping. Sensitivity analysis	2012	[ ]
Finland and Sweden	Gulf of Bothnia	7	Carbon steel mills, stainless steel mill, zinc plant, and iron regeneration plant	Iron and zinc dusts and scales, jarosite, direct reduced iron, zinc oxide, and manganese dregs		Strengths and weaknesses assessment in national and European Union waste regulation and common pool resource management analysis	2012	[ ]
Latvia		2	Brewery and biogas plant	Brewer’s spent grain		Site visits. Cumulative intensity indicator of a considered factor (energy consumption and CO emission generation)	2015	[ ]
European country			Sugar-beet production, microalgae cultivations, and agro-energy sector	CO and water effluents		Concept analysis	2015	[ ]
Romania	Botosani and Neamt		Manufacture of profiles and fittings from steel, manufacture of ceramic sanitary fixtures, institutions and small businesses (tourist pensions, offices, kindergartens, etc.), construction of residential and non-residential buildings, supply of steam and air conditioning, manufacture of garments, manufacture of furniture, agriculture, collection, purification and distribution of water, and retail sale of audio/video equipment in specialized stores	Hot gas	Infrastructure for utilities and supply process optimization	Interviews with the board, or the manager, of each company	2017	[ ]

China	Handan		Heavy chemical industry, cement industry, coal chemical industry, iron and steel industries, building materials factory, power plant, agricultural production, aquaculture, and urban heating	Fly ash, grey water, coal gangue, PVC profile processing waste, waste water, waste heat, and steel slag			2009	[ ]
China	Shanghai City and Jiangsu Province		Cement and steel industries, urban areas and industrial sectors	Municipal wastes (plastics and organic wastes) and by-products from industries		Divisia analysis: total output and energy intensity of each sector and ‘‘Divisia’’ index approach; energy demand analysis and regression analysis: regression equations using the Vector Auto-regression model defined for forecasting gross regional product, population, energy consumption, and cement and steel production	2011	[ ]
China	Jinqiao		Central heat-supplying company, waste treatment company, enterprises, and wastewater treatment plant	Sewage sludge and used oil		Experiments in a laboratory, life cycle assessment (global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential and human toxicity air), total environmental impact potential	2011	[ ]
China	Yunfu	3	Sulphuric acid industry, chemical enterprise, and power plant	Sulphur acid, residue steam and heat		Production cost and sale revenue analysis	2011	[ ]
China	Shenyang		Equipment manufacturing industry and logistics industry			Coefficient of industrial agglomeration degree, Space Gini coefficient, and Hector Fanta coefficient of an industry; logistic model. Index of competitive analysis; expert evaluation method; relational degree taxis	2012	[ ]
China	Guiyang		Iron/steel industry, cement industry, coal chemical industry, phosphorus chemical industry, aluminium industry, power plants, and commercial and residential area	Steel slag, slag, red mud, waste steel, waste plastics, coal gangue, coal fly ash, and waste heat		Questionnaires. Material flow analysis, environmental benefit evaluation (avoided resource consumption or avoided waste emission due to the symbiotic activity) and CO emission reduction, effects of resource efficiency enhancement, cost reduction	2015	[ ]
China	Guiyang		Iron/steel industry, coal chemical industry, phosphorus chemical industry, aluminium industry, cement industry, power plants, and commercial and residential area	Steel slag, slag, red mud, coal gangue, coal fly ash, waste heat, waste steel, and waste plastics		Questionnaires, material/energy flow analysis. Process life cycle assessment, avoided consumptions and emissions for a company, CO emission reduction from the avoided resource or waste in a company, hybrid physical input and monetary output model hybrid life cycle assessment model integrating both process life cycle assessment and input–output model, life cycle emissions change. Scenario analysis.	2016	[ ]
China	Hangu, Tanggu, and Dagang Districts, Tianjin Municipality		Seawater desalination plant, sea salt production, mariculture, power plant cooling, Artemia culture, bromide extraction, and salt chemical industry	Clarified seawater, concentrated saline, and bittern		Satellite images analysis, geospatial data processing and analysis software, manual visual interpretation, and landscape type classification system	2015	[ ]
China	Liuzhou	5	Iron and steel making, power generation, ammonia, carbonate production, cement and construction material manufacturing companies, and communities	Waste plastics recycling, scrap tire recycling, coal flying ash recycling, biomass utilization, and carbon capture by slag carbonization		Questionnaires, collaboration with national and local governmental agencies, institutes, and industrial persons; onsite survey. Research meetings and expert reviews; urban level hybrid physical input and monetary output model; hybrid evaluation model integrating process-based life cycle assessment and input-output analysis; calculation of increased or avoided consumption, and emission in the industrial symbiosis process and each related sector; trade-off emission; scenarios design	2017	[ ]
China	Liuzhou		Iron and steel company, power plant, chemical company (ammonia production), hydrogen manufacturing, cement and construction material manufacturing companies, central heating for the residential sector, nearby plants and communities	Metallurgical gas, waste heat, waste plastics, scrap tires, and coal flying ash		Onsite survey, analytical approach integrating material flows analysis (includes material and energy flows analysis) and emergy evaluation model, avoided consumption and emissions for a company and CO emission reduction, emergy evaluation index and dilution emergy	2017	[ ]
China	280 proper cities and 357 county-level cities		Electric power plant, cement plants, steel plants, district energy, residential and commercial buildings, food/beverage, and other low temperature industries	High-grade, medium-grade and low-grade waste heat, fly ash, and steel slag		What-If scenario modelling approach. Cross-sectoral symbiosis modelling though energy cascading and material exchange. Energy cascade algorithms. Material-exchange algorithms. Estimating reductions in fuel use, CO and PM2.5 emissions at different scales, life-cycle analysis and national-economy-wide economic input output-based life-cycle analysis. PM2.5 Pollution and health benefit calculations and AERMOD atmospheric dispersion modeling system	2017	[ ]
China	Wuhan		Pulp and paper industry, city greening, agriculture, paper downstream industries including printing, publishing and other corresponding industries, wastepaper collection and disposal industry, and wastewater disposal industry	Wastewater, sludge and waste paper		Integrated life cycle management assessment method on the resource flows of industrial ecosystem including the eco-environmental assessment by the life cycle assessment and the sustainable use assessment by an indicator system	2019	[ ]
South Korea			Iron and steel industry: galvanized and aluminized steel sheets producer, electrolytic steel plates producer, and reinforced material producer for automobile tires	Wastewater		Mathematical optimization model. General algebraic modeling system software. Life cycle assessment and life cycle costing. Estimation of present value	2010	[ ]
South Korea			(i) magnesium plant and cement plant; (ii) magnesium plant and urban area	(i) waste slag; (ii) waste energy resources (waste wood, waste plastic and waste tire)		Interview with magnesium production-related specialists. Quantitative estimation of CO emissions: CO emissions from fuel combustion, CO emissions from transportation, CO emissions from electricity consumption and limestone calcination-related CO credits. Uncertainty analysis	2015	[ ]
South Korea	Ulsan		Industries, factories and companies and/or urban area (residential and non-residential buildings such as hypermarkets, department stores, office buildings and hospitals)	High and low-grade waste heat		Manager interviews. Scenarios analysis. Heat load analysis procedure (estimation of gross floor area of a building, calculation of heating and cooling area, connected heat load, and peak heat load, and estimation of heat demand quantity of the target region). CO emission reductions from the avoided fuel in the company. Fuel cost reduction from the avoided fuel in the company	2018	[ ]
Japan	Shinchi Town, Fukushima Prefecture		Coal-fired thermal power plants and plant factories	Waste heat		Technical and economic feasibility assessment, sensitivity analysis, cost-benefit assessment and spatial analysis. Energy generation model: influence on power generation efficiency, electricity loss for extracting heat energy, and required cost and additional CO emissions to compensate for power generation losses. Energy distribution model: heat loss evaluation, pumping cost and CO evaluation (energy consumption of the system, required cost, and additional CO emissions in the operation of a pumping system), and pipeline installation cost (pipeline installation cost and annual rental cost with a discount rate method). Energy consumption model: estimated energy consumption due to heating in a plant factory	2014	[ ]
Japan	Shinchi Town, Fukushima Prefecture		Natural gas power plant, coal-based thermal power plant, ceramic factory, chemical factory, urban area and greenhouse type plant factory	Waste heat		Model framework including energy system design, land use scenario, inventory survey and geographic analysis. District heating network design and simulation: hydraulic analysis, pipeline diameter, pressure drop, necessary pumping power and temperature drop. Cost-benefit assessment: economic costs (heat distribution cost, heat transport cost and management and maintenance cost), benefit of fuel cost reduction and CO reduction. Sensitivity analysis	2018	[ ]
Japan	Tanegashima		Combined heating and power plant, sugar mill, wood production industry, wood chip factory, wood pellet factory, and forestry industry	Waste heat, sugarcane bagasse, thinning residues, sawmill residues (sawdust and bark), and wood chipping residue (bark)		Interviews and discussions with the on-site experts and stakeholders. Scenario Analysis. Energy flow analysis. Greenhouse gas emissions based on life cycle analysis. Adjusted environmental load for a scenario	2016	[ ]
Malaysia		4	Palm oil mill, palm oil-based biorefinery, and combined heat and power plant	Empty fruit bunches, palm mesocarp fiber, palm kernel shell, wet short fiber and dry short fiber		Disjunctive fuzzy optimization approach. Overall degree of satisfaction, annual gross profit, net present value, and payback period of a processing plant	2014	[ ]
Malaysia			Various types of industries within the Halal Park		Cooperative safety management	Open-ended interview with seven industrial safety experts	2014	[ ]
Malaysia	Kedah		Fertilizer industry, rubber block processor, tire producer, glove manufacturer, electricity co-generation, biomass disintegration, cement concrete industry, polymer asphalt binder industry, wastewater integrated facilities and methane recovery unit	Ammonia nitrogen waste, rubber waste, waste water from cooling system, rejected glove pieces, rubber traps, sludge and rubber woods, rubber latex waste and waste water	Co-generation unit for electricity, wastewater integration unit, methane development unit, and central storage unit	Questionnaires. SWOT analysis. Materials Flow Analysis and the Input-Output data based on previous Life Cycle Analysis data	2017	[ ]
Turkey	Gaziantep		Manufacturing of textile products, food products, rubber and plastic products, leather products, chemicals and chemical products, other metallic and mineral products, ready-made clothing, furniture, fabricated metal products, paper and paper products, and wood and wood products, basic metal industry, production and distribution of electricity, gas, steam and aeration systems, and collection, disposal and recycling of wastes	Used carpets, PET wastes, animal hides, carpet and textile fibrous waste, waste polyurethane and ethylene-vinyl acetate, flax fiber residues, polyester and polyurethane based textile wastes, cotton and polypropylene fiber based textile wastes, dairy by-products, waste tyre rubber, granular and fibrous particles from a range of plastic, rubber and textile waste, wastewater treatment sludge, waste foundry sand, calcium carbonate wastes, polyvinyl chloride wastes, polyurethane foam wastes, waste polyvinyl alcohol, polypropylene-based plastic wastes, waste paint, waste glass, red mud, polypropylene-based carpet wastes, food processing wastes, dust, waste rubbers, black glass waste, acrylic butyl styrene, dried sludge, organic wastes (pistachio processing wastes, food processing wastes, etc.), synthetic shoe processing wastes, and waste heat		Industrial symbiosis match-making platform (ESOTA®, Industrial Symbiosis Opportunity Screening Tool). Assigning NACE and EWC codes to industries and wastes. Company and stakeholder visits, stakeholder analysis and workshops	2017	[ ]
Turkey	Ankara	10	Machining, metals and metal processing, rubber, painting and plating sectors	Waste heat		Tool for defining data about companies and process, cleaner production potential and costs and environmental impact graph of processes. Analysis of mass balance and all materials for process work flows	2018	[ ]
India	Puducherry		Sugar, paper, galvanizing, granite, and gypsum industries, etc.			Survey method with open-ended questions. Analytical methods: trend analysis, causal chain analysis, policy analysis, training needs assessment, technology needs assessment and barrier analysis. Content analysis. SWOT analysis	2015	[ ]
Bangladesh	Chittagong Export Processing Zone		Garments manufacturing company, textile mills, towel manufacturing company, shoe accessories company, power generation and distribution company, crown mills, incineration plant and purification plant	Waste heat, solid waste and wastewater		On-site energy audit and equipment/waste emission survey. Visits to companies. Input and output analysis. Feasibility analysis (techno-economics and environmental feasibilities assessment). Business model development	2015	[ ]
Philippines	Laguna					Questionnaires and survey with ten participants from different sectors of the industrial park. Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory	2016	[ ]

USA	Johnston, Chatham, Lee, Orange, Durham and Wake Counties, North Carolina	87	Pharmaceutical, computer, telecommunication equipment manufacturers, resin manufacturer, amino acids manufacturing, and tool manufacturing industries and municipal wastewater treatment plant	Acetone, carbon, desiccant, hydrochloric acid, methanol, packaging materials, plastic bags, sawdust, sodium hydroxide, wood ash, wood chips, wood fluff, absorbents, blasting media, coal ash, conveyor belts, copper, drums, electricity, ethanol, fiberglass, floppy disks, food waste, foundry sand, furniture fluff, glass vials, ink, paint, plastic, rubber blankets, steam, steel, sulfuric acid, unheated water, wire and wood		Telephone calls, in-plant interviews and site visits. Discussions with multiple potential suppliers and users and brainstorming sessions with local manufacturing experts. Geographic information system maps with an associated project database	2001	[ ]
USA	Texas		Recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms	Commercial, industrial and municipal waste		Questionnaire survey of a sample of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms. Modified total design method	2005	[ ]
USA	Pittsburgh		Roadway construction and/or repair, steel and iron industry	Coal ash, foundry sand, and slag		Geographic Information System data; highway density map, road density, and total highway density; optimization analysis; life cycle analysis (Pavement Life Cycle Assessment Tool for Environmental and Economic Effects program); transportation cost analysis	2008	[ ]
Canada	Ontario		Solar photovoltaic manufacturing plant, glass manufacturing plant, glass recycling facility, greenhouses, and grow rooms	Crushed cullet, waste heat, and CO		Inputs and outputs analysis	2009	[ ]

Brazil			Agricultural activities, livestock sector, and alcohol-chemical industry	Industrial by-products, animal waste, straw, ashes, and bagasse		Economic evaluation; indexes of economic efficiency: financing, liquid present value, internal return tax, contribution margin, economical revenue, return time, equilibrium point, and accumulated cash register flow; environmental and social analysis; emergy method; emergy indices: transformity, emergy yield ratio, emergy investment ratio, environmental loading ratio, renewability, and emergy sustainability index	2007	[ ]
Brazil	Norte Fluminense region	14	Sugarcane farm, sugar and ethanol production facilities, combined heat and power generation unit, biorefinery consisting of the Pre-treatment & Separation, Saccharification & Co-fermentation, and Concentration & Recovery units, soft drink production, distilled spirits production, animal feed production, industrial surfactants production, effluent treatment facility and biogas production unit, adhesives manufacturer, wax production, and lube oil re-refinery	Bagasse, straw, filter cake, vinasse, CO , fusel oil, used yeast, ash, lignin, pentose, mother liquor, flue gas and particulate matter, molasses, bio-SA off-specification, diluted salt effluent, off-gases (non-recycled portion), used lube oil, and other effluents		Interviews with stakeholders and coordinators and visit to the mill facilities; scenario analysis, mass balance, synergy matrix, and material flow analysis; environmental, social, and economic indicators: waste emission reduction, greenhouse gases savings, potential job creation, and feedstock remuneration premium from bio-SA production	2018	[ ]
Colombia	Bogotá, Tocancipá, Sopó, Soacha, El Rosal, Cajicá, Madrid, Mosquera, Cota, Chía, Bojacá, San Francisco, Funza, Nemocón, Saboyá	34	Food processing (coffee), engineering, construction, waste management, beverage (soft drinks), chemical (specialty, agriculture polyethylene films), packaging, container, gas supply, food (dairy, bakery and snacks), glass, agriculture (flower, poultry, mushroom), construction supplies, Styrofoam, construction and home supplies, furniture, flower, consulting, cosmetic, wood, and restaurant	Wood from stowage, plastic waste, polystyrene foam, cardboard boxes, coffee residues, paper, cardboard, glass, sludge/fertilizer, fruit syrup, food residues, wood waste, mycelium, sawdust, plastic waste/geomembrane, Styrofoam, and drainage water	Service sharing: sludge management and shared collection of hazardous waste	Workshops with companies, observations, surveys to the representatives with questions that require evaluations and open answers and semi-structured interviews	2018	[ ]

Liberia	Konia		Piggery, rabbit farm, fishponds, rice mill, anaerobic digester, garden, and guest house	Rice bran, manure, and biogas digestate	Fishponds	Interviews with a Liberia nongovernmental organization staff; optimization model: maximum number of people supported per year	2014	[ ]
Mauritius			Slaughterhouse, edible oil refinery, scrap metal recycling plant, cement manufacturer, wastewater treatment plant, construction products manufacturer, plants operating a boiler, biogas production plants, composting plant, animal feed manufacturer, and agro-industry	Scale, spent bleaching earth, sludge, slag, dust, and paunch manure		Desk analysis, interviews to recyclers, officers at the Ministry of Environment, Sustainable Development, Disaster, and Beach Management and environmental officers, and framework for adopting industrial symbiosis	2017	[ ]
Egypt	Borg El-Arab		Food industry, textile factories, wood factory, metal factories, factories for paper products, construction materials factory, chemicals and pharmaceuticals factories, plastic factories, electrical and engineering products factories, brick production factory, animal feed production and fish farms, and organic fertilizers and soil amendments factories	Suspended solid particles, alkaline industrial drainage, chemicals packs and barrels, food residues (organic wastes), gypsum, metal scrub, paper sacks and chips, PVC residues, sawdust, plastic flashes, and wooden pallets		Data from internal unpublished sources at the Ministry of the Environment of Egypt	2018	[ ]

Australia	New South Wales		Serpentinite mining industry, carbonation plant, power generation plants, iron and steel making, and cement and concrete production	CO , waste ash, slag, tailings, and fly ash		Aspen modelling	2012	[ ]
Australia	Kwinana	12	Titanium dioxide plant, fused materials company, refractory manufacturing industry, coal-fired plant, aluminum industry, chemical manufacturing, construction industry, water supply and treatment company, cement manufacturer, steel market mills, refinery, and fertilizers company	Petroleum coke, phosphate rock digestion off-gases, nitrogen oxides waste gases, and calcium chloride		Triple bottom-line perspective and preliminary sustainability assessment (social, economic, and environmental)	2013	[ ]

IPCC Climate Change 2014. Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change ; Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UK, 2014. [ Google Scholar ]
Dong, F.; Wang, Y.; Su, B.; Hua, Y.; Zhang, Y. The process of peak CO2 emissions in developed economies: A perspective of industrialization and urbanization. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 , 141 , 61–75. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Zheng, X.; Streimikiene, D.; Balezentis, T.; Mardani, A.; Cavallaro, F.; Liao, H. A review of greenhouse gas emission profiles, dynamics, and climate change mitigation efforts across the key climate change players. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 234 , 1113–1133. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Lowe, E.A.; Evans, L.K. Industrial ecology and industrial ecosystems. J. Clean. Prod. 1995 , 3 , 47–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Schwarz, E.J.; Steininger, K.W. Implementing nature’s lesson: The industrial recycling network enhancing regional development. J. Clean. Prod. 1997 , 5 , 47–56. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Chertow, M.R. Industrial symbiosis: Literature and taxonomy. Annu. Rev. Energy. Environ. 2000 , 25 , 313–337. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Chertow, M.R.; Ashton, W.S.; Espinosa, J.C. Industrial symbiosis in Puerto Rico: Environmentally related agglomeration economies. Reg. Stud. 2008 , 42 , 1299–1312. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Daddi, T.; Nucci, B.; Iraldo, F. Using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) to measure the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis in an industrial cluster of SMEs. J. Clean. Prod. 2017 , 147 , 157–164. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Dong, L.; Fujita, T.; Dai, M.; Geng, Y.; Ren, J.; Fujii, M.; Wang, Y.; Ohnishi, S. Towards preventative eco-industrial development: An industrial and urban symbiosis case in one typical industrial city in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 114 , 387–400. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Sun, L.; Li, H.; Dong, L.; Fang, K.; Ren, J.; Geng, Y.; Fujii, M.; Zhang, W.; Zhang, N.; Liu, Z. Eco-benefits assessment on urban industrial symbiosis based on material flows analysis and emergy evaluation approach: A case of Liuzhou city, China. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2017 , 119 , 78–88. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Simboli, A.; Taddeo, R.; Raggi, A. The multiple dimensions of urban contexts in an industrial ecology perspective: An integrative framework. Int. J. Life Cycle Assess. 2017 , 24 , 1285–1296. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Fang, K.; Dong, L.; Ren, J.; Zhang, Q.; Han, L.; Fu, H. Carbon footprints of urban transition: Tracking circular economy promotions in Guiyang, China. Ecol. Model. 2017 , 365 , 30–44. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Dou, Y.; Togawa, T.; Dong, L.; Fujii, M.; Ohnishi, S.; Tanikawa, H.; Fujita, T. Innovative planning and evaluation system for district heating using waste heat considering spatial configuration: A case in Fukushima, Japan. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2018 , 128 , 406–416. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Van Berkel, R.; Fujita, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Geng, Y. Industrial and urban symbiosis in Japan: Analysis of the Eco-Town program 1997–2006. J. Environ. Manag. 2009 , 90 , 1544–1556. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ]
Berkel, R.V.; Fujita, T.; Hashimoto, S.; Fujii, M. Quantitative assessment of urban and industrial symbiosis in Kawasaki, Japan. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2009 , 43 , 1271–1281. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ PubMed ] [ Green Version ]
Ness, D.A.; Xing, K. Toward a Resource-Efficient Built Environment: A Literature Review and Conceptual Model. J. Ind. Ecol. 2017 , 21 , 572–592. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Zhang, X.; Chai, L. Structural features and evolutionary mechanisms of industrial symbiosis networks: Comparable analyses of two different cases. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 213 , 528–539. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Domenech, T.; Bleischwitz, R.; Doranova, A.; Panayotopoulos, D.; Roman, L. Mapping industrial symbiosis development in Europe_ Typologies of networks, characteristics, performance and contribution to the circular economy. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 , 141 , 76–98. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Neves, A.; Godina, R.; Carvalho, H.; Azevedo, S.G.; Matias, J.C.O. Industrial symbiosis initiatives in United States of America and Canada: Current status and challenges. In Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Industrial Technology and Management (ICITM), Cambridge, UK, 2–4 March 2019; pp. 247–251. [ Google Scholar ]
De Abreu, M.C.S.; Ceglia, D. On the implementation of a circular economy: The role of institutional capacity-building through industrial symbiosis. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2018 , 138 , 99–109. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Pakarinen, S.; Mattila, T.; Melanen, M.; Nissinen, A.; Sokka, L. Sustainability and industrial symbiosis—The evolution of a Finnish forest industry complex. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2010 , 54 , 1393–1404. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Sokka, L.; Pakarinen, S.; Melanen, M. Industrial symbiosis contributing to more sustainable energy use—An example from the forest industry in Kymenlaakso, Finland. J. Clean. Prod. 2011 , 19 , 285–293. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mathews, J.A.; Tan, H. Progress toward a circular economy in China. J. Ind. Ecol. 2011 , 15 , 435–457. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Liu, Z.; Adams, M.; Cote, R.P.; Chen, Q.; Wu, R.; Wen, Z.; Liu, W.; Dong, L. How does circular economy respond to greenhouse gas emissions reduction: An analysis of Chinese plastic recycling industries. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2018 , 91 , 1162–1169. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Shi, H.; Chertow, M.; Song, Y. Developing country experience with eco-industrial parks: A case study of the Tianjin economic-technological development area in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2010 , 18 , 191–199. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ashton, W.S. The structure, function, and evolution of a regional industrial Ecosystem. J. Ind. Ecol. 2009 , 13 , 228–246. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ashton, W.S. Managing performance expectations of industrial symbiosis. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2011 , 20 , 297–309. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
MacLachlan, I. Kwinana Industrial Area: Agglomeration economies and industrial symbiosis on Western Australia’s Cockburn Sound. Aust. Geogr. 2013 , 44 , 383–400. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Golev, A.; Corder, G.D.; Giurco, D.P. Industrial symbiosis in Gladstone: A decade of progress and future development. J. Clean. Prod. 2014 , 84 , 421–429. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Freitas, L.; Magrini, A. Waste Management in Industrial Construction: Investigating Contributions from Industrial Ecology. Sustainability 2017 , 9 , 1251. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Cerceau, J.; Mat, N.; Junqua, G.; Lin, L.; Laforest, V.; Gonzalez, C. Implementing industrial ecology in port cities: International overview of case studies and cross-case analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2014 , 74 , 1–16. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Mortensen, L.; Kørnøv, L. Critical factors for industrial symbiosis emergence process. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 212 , 56–69. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Walls, J.L.; Paquin, R.L. Organizational perspectives of industrial symbiosis: A review and synthesis. Organ. Environ. 2015 , 28 , 32–53. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Park, J.; Duque-Hernández, J.; Díaz-Posada, N. Facilitating business collaborations for industrial symbiosis: The pilot experience of the sustainable industrial network program in Colombia. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 3637. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Marchi, B.; Zanoni, S.; Pasetti, M. Industrial symbiosis for greener horticulture practices: The CO 2 enrichment from energy intensive industrial processes. Procedia CIRP 2018 , 69 , 562–567. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Leurent, M.; Da Costa, P.; Sylvestre, S.; Berthélemy, M. Feasibility assessment of the use of steam sourced from nuclear plants for French factories considering spatial configuration. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 189 , 529–538. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Dong, L.; Liang, H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Z.; Gao, Z.; Hu, M. Highlighting regional eco-industrial development: Life cycle benefits of an urban industrial symbiosis and implications in China. Ecol. Model. 2017 , 361 , 164–176. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Marconi, M.; Gregori, F.; Germani, M.; Papetti, A.; Favi, C. An approach to favor industrial symbiosis: The case of waste electrical and electronic equipment. Procedia Manuf. 2018 , 21 , 502–509. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Li, H.; Dong, L.; Ren, J. Industrial symbiosis as a countermeasure for resource dependent city: A case study of Guiyang, China. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 107 , 252–266. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Liu, C.; Côté, R.P.; Zhang, K. Implementing a three-level approach in industrial symbiosis. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 87 , 318–327. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Patricio, J.; Axelsson, L.; Blomé, S.; Rosado, L. Enabling industrial symbiosis collaborations between SMEs from a regional perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 202 , 1120–1130. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Notarnicola, B.; Tassielli, G.; Renzulli, P.A. Industrial symbiosis in the Taranto industrial district: Current level, constraints and potential new synergies. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 122 , 133–143. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Illsley, B.; Jackson, T.; Lynch, B. Addressing Scottish rural fuel poverty through a regional industrial symbiosis strategy for the Scottish forest industries sector. Geoforum 2007 , 38 , 21–32. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Albu, A. Industrial symbiosis: An innovative tool for promoting green growth. In Sustainable Economic Development ; Leal Filho, W., Pociovalisteanu, D.-M., Al-Amin, A.Q., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2017; pp. 1–29. ISBN 978-3-319-45079-7. [ Google Scholar ]
Alfaro, J.; Miller, S. Applying industrial symbiosis to smallholder farms: Modeling a case study in Liberia, West Africa. J. Ind. Ecol. 2014 , 18 , 145–154. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Golev, A.; Corder, G.D.; Giurco, D.P. Barriers to industrial symbiosis: Insights from the use of a maturity grid. J. Ind. Ecol. 2015 , 19 , 141–153. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Fichtner, W.; Tietze-Stöckinger, I.; Frank, M.; Rentz, O. Barriers of interorganisational environmental management: Two case studies on industrial symbiosis. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2005 , 2 , 73–88. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kokoulina, L.; Ermolaeva, L.; Patala, S.; Ritala, P. Championing processes and the emergence of industrial symbiosis. Reg. Stud. 2019 , 53 , 528–539. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mirata, M. Experiences from early stages of a national industrial symbiosis programme in the UK: Determinants and coordination challenges. J. Clean. Prod. 2004 , 12 , 967–983. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Chertow, M.R. “Uncovering” industrial symbiosis. J. Ind. Ecol. 2007 , 11 , 11–30. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Yu, F.; Han, F.; Cui, Z. Evolution of industrial symbiosis in an eco-industrial park in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 87 , 339–347. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Fraccascia, L.; Giannoccaro, I.; Albino, V. Efficacy of landfill tax and subsidy policies for the emergence of industrial symbiosis networks: An agent-based simulation study. Sustainability 2017 , 9 , 521. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Iacondini, A.; Mencherini, U.; Passarini, F.; Vassura, I.; Fanelli, A.; Cibotti, P. Feasibility of industrial symbiosis in italy as an opportunity for economic development: Critical success factor analysis, impact and constrains of the specific Italian regulations. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2015 , 6 , 865–874. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Herczeg, G.; Akkerman, R.; Hauschild, M.Z. Supply chain collaboration in industrial symbiosis networks. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 171 , 1058–1067. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Zhu, J.; Ruth, M. The development of regional collaboration for resource efficiency: A network perspective on industrial symbiosis. Comput. Environ. Urban Syst. 2014 , 44 , 37–46. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Chertow, M.; Park, J. Chapter 14—Reusing nonhazardous industrial waste across business clusters. In Waste ; Letcher, T.M., Vallero, D.A., Eds.; Academic Press: Boston, MA, USA, 2011; pp. 197–206. ISBN 978-0-12-381475-3. [ Google Scholar ]
Chertow, M.; Ehrenfeld, J. Organizing self-organizing systems. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012 , 16 , 13–27. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Neves, A.; Godina, R.; Azevedo, S.G.; Matias, J.C.O. A comprehensive review of industrial symbiosis. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , in press. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Chertow, M.; Park, J. Scholarship and practice in industrial symbiosis: 1989–2014. In Taking Stock of Industrial Ecology ; Clift, R., Druckman, A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2016; pp. 87–116. ISBN 978-3-319-20571-7. [ Google Scholar ]
Kincaid, J.; Overcash, M. Industrial Ecosystem Development at the Metropolitan Level. J. Ind. Ecol. 2001 , 5 , 117–126. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
ElMassah, S. Industrial symbiosis within eco-industrial parks: Sustainable development for Borg El-Arab in Egypt. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2018 , 27 , 884–892. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
D’Amico, F.; Buleandra, M.M.; Velardi, M.; Tanase, I. Industrial ecology as “best available technique”: A case study of the Italian Industrial District of Murano. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2007 , 4 , 268–287. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ardente, F.; Cellura, M.; Lo Brano, V.; Mistretta, M. Life cycle assessment-driven selection of industrial ecology strategies. Integr. Environ. Assess. Manag. 2010 , 6 , 52–60. [ Google Scholar ]
Simboli, A.; Taddeo, R.; Morgante, A. Analysing the development of Industrial Symbiosis in a motorcycle local industrial network: The role of contextual factors. J. Clean. Prod. 2014 , 66 , 372–383. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Simboli, A.; Taddeo, R.; Morgante, A. The potential of Industrial Ecology in agri-food clusters (AFCs): A case study based on valorisation of auxiliary materials. Ecol. Econ. 2015 , 111 , 65–75. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Luciano, A.; Barberio, G.; Mancuso, E.; Sbaffoni, S.; La Monica, M.; Scagliarino, C.; Cutaia, L. Potential improvement of the methodology for industrial symbiosis implementation at regional scale. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2016 , 7 , 1007–1015. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Marchi, B.; Zanoni, S.; Zavanella, L.E. Symbiosis between industrial systems, utilities and public service facilities for boosting energy and resource efficiency. Energy Procedia 2017 , 128 , 544–550. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wolf, A.; Eklund, M.; Soderstrom, M. Towards cooperation in industrial symbiosis: Considering the importance of the human dimension. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2005 , 2 , 185–199. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Karlsson, M.; Wolf, A. Using an optimization model to evaluate the economic benefits of industrial symbiosis in the forest industry. J. Clean. Prod. 2008 , 16 , 1536–1544. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wolf, A.; Karlsson, M. Evaluating the environmental benefits of industrial symbiosis: Discussion and demonstration of a new approach. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2008 , 5 , 502–517. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Johansson, M.T.; Söderström, M. Options for the Swedish steel industry—Energy efficiency measures and fuel conversion. Energy 2011 , 36 , 191–198. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Aid, G.; Brandt, N.; Lysenkova, M.; Smedberg, N. Looplocal—A heuristic visualization tool to support the strategic facilitation of industrial symbiosis. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 98 , 328–335. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Patricio, J.; Angelis-Dimakis, A.; Castillo-Castillo, A.; Kalmykova, Y.; Rosado, L. Method to identify opportunities for CCU at regional level—Matching sources and receivers. J. CO2 Util. 2017 , 22 , 330–345. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wassenaar, T.; Paillat, J.-M.; Guerrin, F.; Lecomte, P.; Médoc, J.-M.; Parrot, L.; Queste, J.; Salgado, P.; Tillard, E.; Vayssières, J. Inter-supply chain recycling of residues. In Sustainable Development and Tropical Agri-Chains ; Biénabe, E., Rival, A., Loeillet, D., Eds.; Springer: Dordrecht, The Netherlands, 2017; pp. 201–217. ISBN 978-94-024-1016-7. [ Google Scholar ]
Afshari, H.; Farel, R.; Peng, Q. Challenges of value creation in Eco-Industrial Parks (EIPs): A stakeholder perspective for optimizing energy exchanges. Res. Conserv. Recycl. 2018 , 139 , 315–325. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ribeiro, P.; Fonseca, F.; Neiva, C.; Bardi, T.; Lourenço, J.M. An integrated approach towards transforming an industrial park into an eco-industrial park: The case of Salaise-Sablons. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2018 , 61 , 195–213. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Watkins, G.; Makela, M.; Dahl, O. Innovative use potential of industrial residues from the steel, paper and pulp industries—A preliminary study. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2010 , 7 , 185–204. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Tsvetkova, A.; Hellström, M.; Gustafsson, M.; Sjöblom, J. Replication of industrial ecosystems: The case of a sustainable biogas-for-traffic solution. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 98 , 123–132. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Nasiri, M.; Rantala, T.; Saunila, M.; Ukko, J.; Rantanen, H. Transition towards sustainable solutions: Product, service, technology, and business model. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 358. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Cecelja, F.; Raafat, T.; Trokanas, N.; Innes, S.; Smith, M.; Yang, A.; Zorgios, Y.; Korkofygas, A.; Kokossis, A. e-Symbiosis: Technology-enabled support for industrial symbiosis targeting small and medium enterprises and innovation. J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 98 , 336–352. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Ntasiou, M.; Andreou, E. The standard of industrial symbiosis. Environmental criteria and methodology on the establishment and operation of industrial and business parks. Procedia Environ. Sci. 2017 , 38 , 744–751. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mouzakitis, Y.; Aminalragia-Giamini, R.; Adamides, E.D. From the treatment of Olive Mills wastewater to its valorisation: Towards a bio-economic industrial symbiosis. In Proceedings of the Sustainable Design and Manufacturing 2017, Bologna, Italy, 26–28 April 2017; Campana, G., Howlett, R.J., Setchi, R., Cimatti, B., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Berlin, Germany, 2017; pp. 267–276. [ Google Scholar ]
Sterr, T.; Ott, T. The industrial region as a promising unit for eco-industrial development—Reflections, practical experience and establishment of innovative instruments to support industrial ecology. J. Clean. Prod. 2004 , 12 , 947–965. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Hildebrandt, J.; O’Keeffe, S.; Bezama, A.; Thrän, D. Revealing the environmental advantages of industrial symbiosis in wood-based bioeconomy networks: An assessment from a life cycle perspective. J. Ind. Ecol. 2018 . [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Illsley, B.; Jackson, T.; Lynch, B. Promoting environmental justice through industrial symbiosis: Developing pelletised wood fuel to tackle Scottish rural fuel poverty. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2007 , 4 , 219–232. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ruiz Puente, M.C.; Arozamena, E.R.; Evans, S. Industrial symbiosis opportunities for small and medium sized enterprises: Preliminary study in the Besaya region (Cantabria, Northern Spain). J. Clean. Prod. 2015 , 87 , 357–374. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Álvarez, R.; Ruiz-Puente, C. Development of the Tool SymbioSyS to support the transition towards a circular economy based on industrial symbiosis strategies. Waste Biomass Valoriz. 2017 , 8 , 1521–1530. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kliopova, I.; Baranauskaitė-Fedorova, I.; Malinauskienė, M.; Staniškis, J.K. Possibilities of increasing resource efficiency in nitrogen fertilizer production. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2016 , 18 , 901–914. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Malinauskienė, M.; Kliopova, I.; Hugi, C.; Staniškis, J.K. Geostrategic supply risk and economic importance as drivers for implementation of industrial ecology measures in a nitrogen fertilizer production company. J. Ind. Ecol. 2018 , 22 , 422–433. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Jackson, T. The role of industrial symbiosis in promoting bio-fuel feedstock uses for UK food and fibre production. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2008 , 5 , 349–360. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Zhang, X.; Strømman, A.H.; Solli, C.; Hertwich, E.G. Model-centered approach to early planning and design of an eco-industrial park around an oil refinery. Environ. Sci. Technol. 2008 , 42 , 4958–4963. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Jensen, P.D.; Basson, L.; Hellawell, E.E.; Leach, M. ‘Habitat’ suitability index mapping for industrial symbiosis planning. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012 , 16 , 38–50. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Salmi, O.; Hukkinen, J.; Heino, J.; Pajunen, N.; Wierink, M. Governing the Interplay between industrial ecosystems and environmental regulation: Heavy industries in the Gulf of Bothnia in Finland and Sweden. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012 , 16 , 119–128. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Beloborodko, A.; Rosa, M. The use of performance indicators for analysis of resource efficiency measures. Energy Procedia 2015 , 72 , 337–344. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Abate, S.; Lanzafame, P.; Perathoner, S.; Centi, G. New sustainable model of biorefineries: Biofactories and challenges of integrating bio- and solar refineries. ChemSusChem 2015 , 8 , 2854–2866. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Yuan, W.; Zhao, X.; Liu, W. Study on the circulation development pattern of Handan’s heavy chemical industry based on industrial symbiosis. In Proceedings of the International Conference on E-Learning, E-Business, Enterprise Information Systems, and E-Government, Las Vegas, NV, USA, 13–16 July 2009; pp. 196–199. [ Google Scholar ]
Hara, K.; Yabar, H.; Uwasu, M.; Zhang, H. Energy intensity trends and scenarios for China’s industrial sectors: A regional case study. Sustain. Sci. 2011 , 6 , 123–134. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Liu, Q.; Jiang, P.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, B.; Bian, H.; Qian, G. Life cycle assessment of an industrial symbiosis based on energy recovery from dried sludge and used oil. J. Clean. Prod. 2011 , 19 , 1700–1708. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Yang, S.; Yu, C.; Li, X.; Yu, Q. A case study of industrial symbiosis: YunFu Boli Co., Ltd. in China. In Proceedings of the Asia-Pacific Power and Energy Engineering Conference, Wuhan, China, 25–28 March 2011; pp. 1–3. [ Google Scholar ]
Zhou, X.; Zhang, H. Research on industrial symbiosis mode logistics industrial cluster in Shenyang Economic Zone. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Information Management, Innovation Management and Industrial Engineering, Sanya, China, 20–21 October 2012; pp. 489–492. [ Google Scholar ]
Wang, H.; Xu, X.; Zhu, G. Landscape changes and a salt production sustainable approach in the state of salt pan area decreasing on the Coast of Tianjin, China. Sustainability 2015 , 7 , 10078–10097. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ramaswami, A.; Tong, K.; Fang, A.; Lal, R.M.; Nagpure, A.S.; Li, Y.; Yu, H.; Jiang, D.; Russell, A.G.; Shi, L.; et al. Urban cross-sector actions for carbon mitigation with local health co-benefits in China. Nat. Clim. Chang. 2017 , 7 , 736–742. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Shi, X.; Li, X. A symbiosis-based life cycle management approach for sustainable resource flows of industrial ecosystem. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 226 , 324–335. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Lim, S.-R.; Park, J.M. Interfactory and intrafactory water network system to remodel a conventional industrial park to a green eco-industrial park. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 2010 , 49 , 1351–1358. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kwon, G.-R.; Woo, S.H.; Lim, S.-R. Industrial ecology-based strategies to reduce the embodied CO2 of magnesium metal. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2015 , 104 , 206–212. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kim, H.-W.; Dong, L.; Choi, A.E.S.; Fujii, M.; Fujita, T.; Park, H.-S. Co-benefit potential of industrial and urban symbiosis using waste heat from industrial park in Ulsan, Korea. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2018 , 135 , 225–234. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Togawa, T.; Fujita, T.; Dong, L.; Fujii, M.; Ooba, M. Feasibility assessment of the use of power plant-sourced waste heat for plant factory heating considering spatial configuration. J. Clean. Prod. 2014 , 81 , 60–69. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kikuchi, Y.; Kanematsu, Y.; Ugo, M.; Hamada, Y.; Okubo, T. Industrial symbiosis centered on a regional cogeneration power plant utilizing available local resources: A case study of Tanegashima. J. Ind. Ecol. 2016 , 20 , 276–288. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Ng, R.T.L.; Ng, D.K.S.; Tan, R.R.; El-Halwagi, M.M. Disjunctive fuzzy optimisation for planning and synthesis of bioenergy-based industrial symbiosis system. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2014 , 2 , 652–664. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ramli, A.; Mokhtar, M.; Aziz, B.A.; Ngah, N.A. The cooperative approach in managing safety issues for Halal industrial parks in Malaysia: Embracing opportunity. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2014 , 8 , 295–318. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Sharib, S.; Halog, A. Enhancing value chains by applying industrial symbiosis concept to the Rubber City in Kedah, Malaysia. J. Clean. Prod. 2017 , 141 , 1095–1108. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Uludag-Demirer, S.; Demirer, G.N. Determination of regional industrial symbiosis opportunities by using relationship mimicking with ESOTA®. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2017 , 11 , 343–360. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Çolak, L.; Akcengiz, P.Y. Transition from conventional to sustainable production: A case study in OSTIM organized industrial zone. In Proceedings of the International Sustainable Buildings Symposium, Dubai, UAE, 15–17 March 2017; Fırat, S., Kinuthia, J., Abu-Tair, A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2018; Volume 6, pp. 525–533, ISBN 978-3-319-63708-2. [ Google Scholar ]
Patnaik, R.; Poyyamoli, G. Developing an eco-industrial park in Puducherry region, India—A SWOT analysis. J. Environ. Plan. Manag. 2015 , 58 , 976–996. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Behera, S.K.; Chae, S.-H.; Yeo, H.-K.; Park, H.-S. Enhancement of eco-production capacity in Chittagong Export Processing Zone (CEPZ), Bangladesh, employing Korean EIP transition strategy. In Cities and Sustainability: Issues and Strategic Pathways ; Dev, S.M., Yedla, S., Eds.; Springer India: New Delhi, India, 2015; pp. 63–80. ISBN 978-81-322-2310-8. [ Google Scholar ]
Bacudio, L.R.; Benjamin, M.F.D.; Eusebio, R.C.P.; Holaysan, S.A.K.; Promentilla, M.A.B.; Yu, K.D.S.; Aviso, K.B. Analyzing barriers to implementing industrial symbiosis networks using DEMATEL. Sustain. Prod. Consum. 2016 , 7 , 57–65. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Lyons, D. Integrating waste, manufacturing and industrial symbiosis: An analysis of recycling, remanufacturing and waste treatment firms in Texas. Local Environ. 2005 , 10 , 71–86. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Carpenter, A.C.; Gardner, K.H. Use of industrial by-products in urban transportation infrastructure: Argument for increased industrial symbiosis. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Electronics and the Environment, San Francisco, CA, USA, 19–22 May 2008; pp. 1–7. [ Google Scholar ]
Nosrat, A.H.; Jeswiet, J.; Pearce, J.M. Cleaner production via industrial symbiosis in glass and largescale solar photovoltaic manufacturing. In Proceedings of the Toronto International Conference Science and Technology for Humanity (TIC-STH), Toronto, ON, Canada, 26–27 September 2009; pp. 967–970. [ Google Scholar ]
Ometto, A.R.; Ramos, P.A.R.; Lombardi, G. The benefits of a Brazilian agro-industrial symbiosis system and the strategies to make it happen. J. Clean. Prod. 2007 , 15 , 1253–1258. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Santos, V.E.N.; Magrini, A. Biorefining and industrial symbiosis: A proposal for regional development in Brazil. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 177 , 19–33. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mauthoor, S. Uncovering industrial symbiosis potentials in a small island developing state: The case study of Mauritius. J. Clean. Prod. 2017 , 147 , 506–513. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Brent, G.F.; Allen, D.J.; Eichler, B.R.; Petrie, J.G.; Mann, J.P.; Haynes, B.S. Mineral carbonation as the core of an industrial symbiosis for energy-intensive minerals conversion. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012 , 16 , 94–104. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mohammed, F.A.; Biswas, W.K.; Yao, H.M.; Tadé, M.O. Assessment of industrial by-product synergies from process engineering and sustainability principles. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2013 , 8 , 156–165. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ghisellini, P.; Cialani, C.; Ulgiati, S. A review on circular economy: The expected transition to a balanced interplay of environmental and economic systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 114 , 11–32. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Kirchherr, J.; Reike, D.; Hekkert, M. Conceptualizing the circular economy: An analysis of 114 definitions. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017 , 127 , 221–232. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Roberts, B.H. The application of industrial ecology principles and planning guidelines for the development of eco-industrial parks: An Australian case study. J. Clean. Prod. 2004 , 12 , 997–1010. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Merli, R.; Preziosi, M.; Acampora, A. How do scholars approach the circular economy? A systematic literature review. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 178 , 703–722. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Jensen, P.D. The role of geospatial industrial diversity in the facilitation of regional industrial symbiosis. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2016 , 107 , 92–103. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Guo, B.; Geng, Y.; Sterr, T.; Dong, L.; Liu, Y. Evaluation of promoting industrial symbiosis in a chemical industrial park: A case of Midong. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 135 , 995–1008. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Aid, G.; Eklund, M.; Anderberg, S.; Baas, L. Expanding roles for the Swedish waste management sector in inter-organizational resource management. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2017 , 124 , 85–97. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Deutz, P.; Baxter, H.; Gibbs, D.; Mayes, W.M.; Gomes, H.I. Resource recovery and remediation of highly alkaline residues: A political-industrial ecology approach to building a circular economy. Geoforum 2017 , 85 , 336–344. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Husgafvel, R.; Nordlund, H.; Heino, J.; Mäkelä, M.; Watkins, G.; Dahl, O.; Paavola, I.-L. Use of symbiosis products from integrated pulp and paper and carbon steel mills: Legal status and environmental burdens. J. Ind. Ecol. 2016 , 20 , 1187–1198. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Stegemann, J.A. The potential role of energy-from-waste air pollution control residues in the industrial ecology of cement. J. Sustain. Cem. Based Mater. 2014 , 3 , 111–127. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Husgafvel, R.; Karjalainen, E.; Linkosalmi, L.; Dahl, O. Recycling industrial residue streams into a potential new symbiosis product—The case of soil amelioration granules. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 135 , 90–96. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Manara, P.; Zabaniotou, A. Co-valorization of crude glycerol waste streams with conventional and/or renewable fuels for power generation and industrial symbiosis perspectives. Waste and Biomass Valoriz. 2016 , 7 , 135–150. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Charles, R.G.; Douglas, P.; Baker, J.A.; Carnie, M.J.; Douglas, J.O.; Penney, D.J.; Watson, T.M. Platinized counter-electrodes for dye-sensitised solar cells from waste thermocouples: A case study for resource efficiency, industrial symbiosis and circular economy. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 202 , 1167–1178. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Cusenza, M.A.; Guarino, F.; Longo, S.; Mistretta, M.; Cellura, M. Reuse of electric vehicle batteries in buildings: An integrated load match analysis and life cycle assessment approach. Energy Build. 2019 , 186 , 339–354. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mohammed, F.; Biswas, W.K.; Yao, H.; Tadé, M. Identification of an environmentally friendly symbiotic process for the reuse of industrial byproduct—An LCA perspective. J. Clean. Prod. 2016 , 112 , 3376–3387. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Mohammed, F.; Biswas, W.K.; Yao, H.; Tadé, M. Sustainability assessment of symbiotic processes for the reuse of phosphogypsum. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 188 , 497–507. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Mathur, N.; Deng, S.; Singh, S.; Yih, Y.; Sutherland, J.W. Evaluating the environmental benefits of implementing Industrial Symbiosis to used electric vehicle batteries. Procedia CIRP 2019 , 80 , 661–666. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ali, A.K.; Wang, Y.; Alvarado, J.L. Facilitating industrial symbiosis to achieve circular economy using value-added by design: A case study in transforming the automobile industry sheet metal waste-flow into Voronoi facade systems. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 234 , 1033–1044. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
De Freitas, S.M.A.C.; Sousa, L.N.; Diniz, P.; Martins, M.E.; Assis, P.S. Steel slag and iron ore tailings to produce solid brick. Clean Technol. Environ. Policy 2018 , 20 , 1087–1095. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Marwede, M.; Schischke, K.; Arranz, P.; Hickey, S.; Fitzpatrick, C.; Ospina, J.; Yang, M.; Nissen, N.F.; Lang, K. Methodology to identify design for recycling measures for high-tech sectors. In Proceedings of the 2012 Electronics Goes Green 2012+, Berlin, Germany, 9–12 September 2012; pp. 1–6. [ Google Scholar ]
Bustos, G.; Calvar, S.; Vecino, X.; Cruz, J.M.; Moldes, A.B. Industrial symbiosis between the winery and environmental industry through the utilization of grape Marc for water desalination containing copper(II). Water Air Soil Pollut. 2018 , 229 , 36. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Neves, A.; Azevedo, S.G.; Matias, J.C.O. Environmental, economic, and social impact of industrial symbiosis: Methods and indicators review. In Proceedings of the Industrial Engineering and Operations Management II, Lisbon, Portugal, 18–20 July 2018; Reis, J., Pinelas, S., Melão, N., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Berlin, Germany, 2019; pp. 157–165. [ Google Scholar ]
European Commission. Roadmap to a Resource Efficient Europe ; COM (2011) 571 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2011.
European Commission. Closing the Loop—An EU Action Plan for the Circular Economy ; COM(2015) 614 Final; European Commission: Brussels, Belgium, 2015.
European Parliament, Council of the European Union. Directive 2018/851 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2018 Amending Directive 2008/98/EC on Waste ; European Parliament, Council of the European Union: Brussels, Belgium, 2018; pp. 109–140.
Daddi, T.; Tessitore, S.; Testa, F. Industrial ecology and eco-industrial development: Case studies from Italy. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2015 , 9 , 217–233. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Wolf, A.; Petersson, K. Industrial symbiosis in the Swedish forest industry. Prog. Ind. Ecol. Int. J. 2007 , 4 , 348–362. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Taddeo, R.; Simboli, A.; Morgante, A.; Erkman, S. The development of industrial symbiosis in existing contexts. experiences from three Italian clusters. Ecol. Econ. 2017 , 139 , 55–67. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Liu, X.; Bae, J. Urbanization and industrialization impact of CO2 emissions in China. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 172 , 178–186. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Guan, Y.; Huang, G.; Liu, L.; Zhai, M.; Zheng, B. Dynamic analysis of industrial solid waste metabolism at aggregated and disaggregated levels. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 221 , 817–827. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Liu, Z.; Adams, M.; Cote, R.P.; Geng, Y.; Chen, Q.; Liu, W.; Sun, L.; Yu, X. Comprehensive development of industrial symbiosis for the response of greenhouse gases emission mitigation: Challenges and opportunities in China. Energy Policy 2017 , 102 , 88–95. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Dong, L.; Gu, F.; Fujita, T.; Hayashi, Y.; Gao, J. Uncovering opportunity of low-carbon city promotion with industrial system innovation: Case study on industrial symbiosis projects in China. Energy Policy 2014 , 65 , 388–397. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Guan, Y.; Huang, G.; Liu, L.; Huang, C.Z.; Zhai, M. Ecological network analysis for an industrial solid waste metabolism system. Environ. Pollut. 2019 , 244 , 279–287. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Liu, C.; Côté, R. A framework for integrating ecosystem services into China’s circular economy: The case of eco-industrial parks. Sustainability 2017 , 9 , 1510. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Huang, B.; Yong, G.; Zhao, J.; Domenech, T.; Liu, Z.; Chiu, S.F.; McDowall, W.; Bleischwitz, R.; Liu, J.; Yao, Y. Review of the development of China’s eco-industrial park standard system. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 , 140 , 137–144. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Zhu, X.; Zeng, A.; Zhong, M.; Huang, J.; Qu, H. Multiple impacts of environmental regulation on the steel industry in China: A recursive dynamic steel industry chain CGE analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 210 , 490–504. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Gao, T.; Shen, L.; Shen, M.; Liu, L.; Chen, F.; Gao, L. Evolution and projection of CO2 emissions for China’s cement industry from 1980 to 2020. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017 , 74 , 522–537. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Chertow, M.; Miyata, Y. Assessing collective firm behavior: Comparing industrial symbiosis with possible alternatives for individual companies in Oahu, HI. Bus. Strategy Environ. 2011 , 20 , 266–280. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Song, X.; Geng, Y.; Dong, H.; Chen, W. Social network analysis on industrial symbiosis: A case of Gujiao eco-industrial park. J. Clean. Prod. 2018 , 193 , 414–423. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Lehtoranta, S.; Nissinen, A.; Mattila, T.; Melanen, M. Industrial symbiosis and the policy instruments of sustainable consumption and production. J. Clean. Prod. 2011 , 19 , 1865–1875. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
van Beers, D.; Bossilkov, A.; Corder, G.; van Berkel, R. Industrial symbiosis in the Australian minerals industry: The cases of Kwinana and Gladstone. J. Ind. Ecol. 2007 , 11 , 55–72. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Susur, E.; Hidalgo, A.; Chiaroni, D. A strategic niche management perspective on transitions to eco-industrial park development: A systematic review of case studies. Resour. Conserv. Recycl. 2019 , 140 , 338–359. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Ashton, W.S.; Bain, A.C. Assessing the “Short Mental Distance” in eco-industrial networks. J. Ind. Ecol. 2012 , 16 , 70–82. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]
Salvia, A.L.; Leal Filho, W.; Brandli, L.L.; Griebeler, J.S. Assessing research trends related to sustainable development goals: Local and global issues. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 208 , 841–849. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Cui, H.; Liu, C.; Côté, R.; Liu, W. Understanding the Evolution of industrial symbiosis with a system dynamics model: A case study of Hai Hua industrial symbiosis, China. Sustainability 2018 , 10 , 3873. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Neves, A.; Godina, R.; Azevedo, S.G.; Matias, J.C.O. Current status, emerging challenges, and future prospects of industrial symbiosis in Portugal. Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 5497. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ] [ Green Version ]
Tajbakhsh, A.; Shamsi, A. Sustainability performance of countries matters: A non-parametric index. J. Clean. Prod. 2019 , 224 , 506–522. [ Google Scholar ] [ CrossRef ]

Click here to enlarge figure

Country	Location/Region	NE	Activity	Waste/By-Products	Infrastructure Sharing/Joint Provision of Services	Method	Publication Year	Refs.

Italy	Murano		Manufacturing	Chemicals	Water treatment	BATTER tool, direct measurements	2007	[ ]
	Brancaccio, Carini, and Termini Imerese		Manufacturing	Plastics and rubber		Questionnaire and interviews, life cycle assessment	2010	[ ]
	Val di Sangro Industrial Area	19	Manufacturing		Collective management of scraps	Questionnaires, interviews, site visits, and focus groups	2014	[ ]
	Fucino upland		Agriculture and manufacturing	Paper, plastics and rubber, and wood	Common local recycling platform	On-site survey and interviews.	2015	[ ]
	Emilia-Romagna		Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic, sludge, paper, non-metallic, wood, and others		Interviews, guided collective discussion, visits to laboratories, and conferences	2015	[ ]
	Catania and Siracusa districts		Agriculture, manufacturing, energy, water and waste, construction, sale and repair, transportation and storage, information and communication, professional and scientific activities, administrative and support service, education, human health and social work, and other service activities	Water and wastewater, organic, sludge, wood, metallic, waste oil, plastics and rubber, chemicals, non-metallic, and paper	Energy, equipment, expertise, and services	Invitation emails and phone calls, meeting tables	2016	[ ]
	Brescia	12	Manufacturing, energy, and public administration	Metallic, wood, sludge, and waste heat and steam		SWOT analysis	2017	[ ]
	Brescia	2	Agriculture and manufacturing	Chemicals		Economic model	2018	[ ]
	Province of Pescara		Agriculture, manufacturing, water and waste, and construction	Organic, metallic, non-metallic, paper, plastics and rubber, waste heat and steam, and water and wastewater		Qualitative analysis and critical analysis	2017	[ ]
	Marche Region	3	Manufacturing and water and waste	Plastics and rubber		Web platform, economic assessments, life cycle assessment	2018	[ ]
Sweden	Small town in southern Sweden		Manufacturing, energy, water and waste, and the municipality	Waste heat and steam, wood, organic, ash, sludge, and paper		Interviews and group discussion, direct observation and participation at the sites, mass and heat balances over the system	2005	[ ]
		4	Manufacturing and energy			MIND method	2008	[ ]
		4	Manufacturing and energy	Organic, waste heat and steam, and wood		MIND method. Commercial optimization solver, assessment of CO emissions	2008	[ ]
	Luleå, Borlänge, Finspång, Sandviken		Manufacturing and energy	Waste heat and steam and Chemicals		System perspective evaluation	2011	[ ]
	All 290 municipalities		Agriculture, mining, manufacturing, energy, water and waste, and construction			Looplocal method, life cycle inventory	2015	[ ]
	Västra Götaland		Agriculture, manufacturing, energy and water, and waste	Chemicals, ash, metallic, and water and wastewater		Top-down approach with three consecutive steps	2017	[ ]
France	Territoire de la Côte Ouest		Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic		‘Follow the Technology’ method and Companion Modelling or Commod	2017	[ ]
		7		Waste heat and steam		Mixed integer linear programming, direct method, key process indicators, sensitivity analysis, multi-objective model and Pareto front analysis, weighted sum method	2018	[ ]
	16 regions		Manufacturing and energy	Waste heat and steam		Average energy intensity, production value, and heat consumption; spatial mapping methods and geographical information system; techno-economic model; linear programming problem	2018	[ ]
	Salaise-sur-Sanne and Sablons		Manufacturing, water and waste, and urban areas	Industrial waste	Shared infrastructures	SWOT analysis	2018	[ ]
Finland	Oulu		Manufacturing	Metallic, ash, and others		Literature review	2010	[ ]
			Agriculture, manufacturing, water and waste, and municipality	Sludge and organic		Interviews, collaborative research approach, replication approach	2015	[ ]
			Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic		Survey	2018	[ ]
Greece	Viotia		Manufacturing	Metallic		Ontology engineering approach—eSymbiosis; metrics for industrial symbiosis benefits	2015	[ ]
	Pili		Manufacturing, energy, and water and waste	Wood, ash, and organic	Utility sharing	Methodology to determine the most appropriate location and bioclimatic criteria	2017	[ ]
	Achaia		Manufacturing	Water and wastewater and others		Interviews and visits	2017	[ ]
Germany	Rhine–Neckar				Network structure, waste software, and intranet platform	On-site surveys	2004	[ ]
Germany	Central Germany		(i) Manufacturing; (ii) manufacturing and energy; (iii) manufacturing and energy	(i) Wood; (ii) wood and organic; (iii) wood		Communications and site visits; life cycle assessment and CML 2013 method	2018	[ ]
Scotland	Perth and Kinross		Manufacturing and energy	Wood		Questionnaires and focus groups	2007	[ ]
Scotland	Perth and Kinross		Agriculture, manufacturing, and energy	Wood		Questionnaire survey and an attitude survey	2007	[ ]
Spain	Besaya	80	Manufacturing, construction, sale and repair, and transportation and storage	Waste oil, metallic, non-metallic, plastics and rubber, wood, waste oil, paper, organic, and others	Joint waste management	Questionnaires and visits	2015	[ ]
Spain	Cartes, Cantabria autonomous community	25	Manufacturing and construction	Organic, paper, etc.	Service or infrastructure	Georeferencing, geographic information systems, and application programming interface; SymbioSyS tool	2017	[ ]
Lithuania	Jonava		Agriculture, manufacturing, water and waste, and administrative and support service	Waste heat and steam, organic, and sludge		Material flow analysis; material, energy and fuel balances; evaluation of environmental indicators and comparative analysis. Feasibility analysis	2016	[ ]
Lithuania			Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic		Indicators	2018	[ ]
United Kingdom			Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic and others			2008	[ ]
Norway	Mongstad	6	Agriculture, manufacturing, and energy	Chemicals and waste heat and steam		Mass and energy balance assessment, material and energy flow analysis, carbon and hydrogen flow analysis, CO emission evaluation, and sensitivity analysis; hierarchy analysis method	2008	[ ]
England	Five areas				Utilities-sharing	Habitat suitability mapping, and multi-criteria-evaluation mapping; sensitivity analysis	2012	[ ]
Finland and Sweden	Gulf of Bothnia	7	Manufacturing	Metallic		Strengths and weaknesses assessment and common pool resource management analysis	2012	[ ]
Latvia		2	Manufacturing and energy	Organic		Site visits, cumulative intensity indicator of a considered factor	2015	[ ]
European country			Agriculture and Manufacturing	Chemicals and Water and wastewater		Concept analysis	2015	[ ]
Romania	Botosani and Neamt		Agriculture, manufacturing, energy, water and waste, construction, sale and repair, accommodation and food, and administrative and support service	Chemicals	Infrastructure for utilities and supply process optimization	Interviews	2017	[ ]

China	Handan		Agriculture, manufacturing, and energy	Ash, water and wastewater, plastics and rubber, waste heat and steam, metallic, and others			2009	[ ]
	Shanghai City and Jiangsu Province		Manufacturing and urban areas	Plastics and rubber, organic, and others		Divisia analysis, energy demand analysis, and regression analysis	2011	[ ]
	Jinqiao		Manufacturing, energy, and water and waste	Sludge and waste oil		Experiments in a laboratory, life cycle assessment, total environmental impact	2011	[ ]
	Yunfu	3	Manufacturing and energy	Chemicals and waste heat and steam		Production cost and sale revenue analysis	2011	[ ]
	Shenyang		Manufacturing and transportation and storage			Coefficient of industrial agglomeration degree, Space Gini coefficient and Hector Fanta coefficient, logistic model, index of competitive analysis, expert evaluation method relational degree taxis	2012	[ ]
	Guiyang		Manufacturing, energy, and commercial and residential area	Metallic, plastics and rubber, ash, waste heat and steam, and others		Questionnaires, material flow analysis, environmental benefit evaluation and CO emission reduction, cost reduction	2015	[ ]
	Guiyang		Manufacturing, energy, and commercial and residential area	Metallic, plastics and rubber, ash, waste heat and steam, and others		Questionnaires, material/energy flow analysis, process life cycle assessment, avoided consumptions and emissions, CO emission reduction, hybrid physical input and monetary output model, hybrid life cycle assessment model integrating both process life cycle assessment and input–output model, life cycle emissions change, scenario analysis	2016	[ ]
	Hangu, Tanggu, and Dagang Districts		Agriculture, manufacturing, and energy	Water and wastewater and others		Satellite images analysis, geospatial data processing and analysis software, manual visual interpretation and landscape type classification system	2015	[ ]
	Liuzhou	5	Manufacturing, energy, and communities	Plastics and rubber, ash, and others		Questionnaires, onsite survey, urban level hybrid physical input and monetary output model, hybrid evaluation model integrating process-based life cycle assessment and input-output analysis, calculation of increased or avoided consumption, trade-off emission, scenarios design	2017	[ ]
	Liuzhou		Manufacturing, energy, and communities	Chemicals, waste heat and steam, plastics and rubber, and ash		Onsite survey, analytical approach integrating material flows analysis, and emergy evaluation model, avoided consumption and emissions and CO emission reduction, emergy evaluation index and dilution emergy	2017	[ ]
	280 proper cities and 357 county-level cities		Manufacturing, energy, and residential and commercial buildings	Waste heat and steam, ash, and metallic		Cross-sectoral symbiosis modelling; energy cascade algorithms; material-exchange algorithms; estimating reductions in fuel use, CO and PM2.5 emissions, life-cycle analysis, and national-economy-wide economic input output-based life-cycle analysis; PM2.5 pollution and health benefit calculations and AERMOD atmospheric dispersion modelling system	2017	[ ]
	Wuhan		Agriculture, manufacturing, and water and waste	Water and wastewater, sludge, and paper		Integrated life cycle management assessment method on the resource flows of industrial ecosystem	2019	[ ]
South Korea			Manufacturing	Water and wastewater		Mathematical optimization model, general algebraic modelling system software, life cycle assessment and life cycle costing	2010	[ ]
			(i) Manufacturing; (ii) manufacturing and urban area	(i) Others; (ii) wood and plastics and rubber		Interview, quantitative estimation of CO emissions, uncertainty analysis	2015	[ ]
	Ulsan		Manufacturing and/or urban area	Waste heat and steam		Interviews, scenarios analysis, heat load analysis procedure, CO emission reductions, fuel cost reduction	2018	[ ]
Japan	Shinchi Town		Manufacturing and energy	Waste heat and steam		Technical and economic feasibility assessment, sensitivity analysis, cost-benefit assessment and spatial analysis; energy generation model; energy distribution model; energy consumption model	2014	[ ]
	Shinchi Town		Manufacturing, energy, and urban area	Waste heat and steam		Model framework including energy system design, land use scenario, inventory survey and geographic analysis; district heating network design and simulation; cost-benefit assessment; sensitivity analysis;	2018	[ ]
	Tanegashima		Agriculture, manufacturing, and energy	Waste heat and steam, organic, and wood		interviews; scenario analysis, energy flow analysis; greenhouse gas emissions based on life cycle analysis	2016	[ ]
Malaysia		4	Manufacturing and energy	Organic		Disjunctive fuzzy optimization approach; overall degree of satisfaction, annual gross profit, net present value, and payback period of a processing plant	2014	[ ]
			Manufacturing		Cooperative safety management	Interview	2014	[ ]
	Kedah		Manufacturing, energy, and water and waste	Chemicals, Plastics and rubber, Water and wastewater, and Sludge	Infrastructure sharing	Questionnaires. SWOT analysis. Materials Flow Analysis and the Input-Output data based on previous Life Cycle Analysis data	2017	[ ]
Turkey	Gaziantep		Manufacturing, Energy and Water and waste	Organic, Plastics and rubber, Sludge, Chemicals, Non-metallic, Waste heat and steam, and Others		Industrial symbiosis match-making platform (ESOTA®, Industrial Symbiosis Opportunity Screening Tool). Visits and workshops	2017	[ ]
Turkey	Ankara	10	Manufacturing	Waste heat and steam		Tool for defining data about companies and process, cleaner production potential and costs and environmental impact graph of processes. Analysis of mass balance and all materials	2018	[ ]
India	Puducherry		Manufacturing			Survey method; trend analysis, causal chain analysis, policy analysis, training needs assessment, technology needs assessment, and barrier analysis; content analysis; SWOT analysis	2015	[ ]
Bangladesh	Chittagong Export Processing Zone		Manufacturing, energy, and water and waste	Waste heat and steam, water and wastewater, and others		On-site energy audit and equipment/waste emission survey, visits, input and output analysis, feasibility analysis, business model development	2015	[ ]
Philippines	Laguna					questionnaires and survey, decision making trial and evaluation laboratory	2016	[ ]

USA	Six counties, North Carolina	87	Manufacturing and water and waste	Chemicals, plastics and rubber, wood, ash, metallic, non-metallic, organic, waste heat and steam, water and wastewater, and others		telephone calls, interviews and site visits, discussions and brainstorming sessions, geographic information system maps	2001	[ ]
	Texas		Manufacturing and water and waste	Commercial, industrial, and municipal waste		Questionnaire survey, modified total design method	2005	[ ]
	Pittsburgh		Manufacturing and construction	Ash and others		Highway density map, road density. and total highway density; optimization analysis; life cycle analysis; transportation cost analysis	2008	[ ]
Canada	Ontario		Agriculture, manufacturing, and water and waste	Non-metallic, chemicals, and waste heat and steam		Inputs and outputs analysis	2009	[ ]

Brazil			Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic, ash, and others		Economic evaluation, environmental and social analysis, emergy method	2007	[ ]
Brazil	Norte Fluminense region	14	Agriculture, manufacturing, energy, and water and waste	Organic, chemicals, waste oil, ash, and others		Interviews and visit; scenario analysis, mass balance, synergy matrix, and material flow analysis; environmental, social, and economic indicators	2018	[ ]
Colombia	15 towns	34	Agriculture, manufacturing, energy, water and waste, construction, sale and repair, accommodation and food, and administrative and support service	Wood, plastics and rubber, paper, organic, non-metallic, sludge, water and wastewater, and others	Service sharing	Workshops, observations, surveys, and interviews	2018	[ ]

Liberia	Konia		Agriculture, manufacturing, and accommodation and food	Organic and others	Fishponds	Interviews, optimization model	2014	[ ]
Mauritius			Manufacturing and water and waste	Organic, sludge, metallic, and others		Interviews and framework for adopting industrial symbiosis	2017	[ ]
Egypt	Borg El-Arab		Agriculture and manufacturing	Organic, metallic, non-metallic, paper, plastics and rubber, wood, and others		Data from internal unpublished sources	2018	[ ]

Australia	New South Wales		Mining, manufacturing, and energy	Chemicals, ash, metallic, and others		Aspen modelling	2012	[ ]
Australia	Kwinana	12	Manufacturing, energy, water and waste, and construction	Chemicals and others		Triple bottom-line perspective and preliminary sustainability assessment	2013	[ ]

Levels of Implementation	Potential Industrial Symbiosis Cases (Refs.)
Meso	Industrial park/eco-industrial park: [ , , , , , , , ]; business park: [ ]; local industrial network: [ ]; industrial districts (companies with geographical proximity): [ ]; nearby companies: [ , ]; clusters: [ , ]
Macro	Region: [ , , , , , ]; region (residential, industrial, rural dimensions): [ ]; city (industrial park and urban area, industrial and urban symbiosis): [ , , , ]; municipality: [ ]; island: [ , ]; agro-industrial symbiosis: [ ]; automotive sector: [ ]

Potential Industrial Symbiosis (Refs.)	Environmental Benefits	Economic Benefits	Social Benefits
[ ]	Improved air quality (emissions reduced up to 65%), water quality (pollution reduced by 20–30 times), water and energy consumption and CO emissions (reduced up to 60%)
[ ]		Reduction in system cost by 17.6%, increase in electricity production by 0.5%, decrease in steam discharge by 78.0%, decrease in waste heat discharge by 80.4%, and increase in bark sales in 72.8% compared to the reference case
[ ]			On-site and off-site jobs creation, contribution to the alleviation of rural fuel poverty
[ ]	Reduction of resource depletion, air emissions, and landfilled wastes	Costs of secondary polypropylene are reduced up to a factor of 10, compared with virgin plastics; reduction of waste costs; reduction of 93% of supply costs
[ ]	Reduction of CO emissions, reduction of the amount of waste that is currently sent to landfill, long-term storage of the CO , water savings, and reduction of dependence on petroleum-based materials	Increase of the production, cost reduction, and creation of new sources of income
[ ]	Industrial symbiosis complexes with two and six factories would allow to avoid equivalent CO emissions of approximately 78 kteCO /year and 377 kteCO /year, respectively	Implementation of a steam exchange system between the two chemical plants and the thermal plant, with a distance of 1.8 km, could reduce the annual heat costs of the plants by approximately 15%, with a payback period ofeight8 years for recovery of infrastructure investment costs
[ ]	Twenty projects would prevent 7207 tons of waste disposal and 1126 tons of greenhouse gas emissions and would reduce energy consumption by 619,500 kWh and water consumption by 146,000 m per year	It is estimated that the 20 projects can generate economic benefits in the amount of approximately $760,000 USD, considering both cost savings and additional revenue; on average, each project was estimated to generate about $38,000 USD, with a three-month payback period
[ ]	Energy reduction up to 35%, reduction in water consumption up to 50%, and reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 20%	Cost of waste disposal is practically eliminated
[ ]	Save raw material 2.5t and energy 12.25 GJ/t steel; 1t waste plastic could substitute 1.2 t coke; save material of clinker 500 kt/year; reduce slag by 500 kt/y; in total, resource saving and waste reduction reduce the CO emissions by 1028.06 kt-CO /y	In terms of raw material saving, fossil fuel saving, and solid waste reduction, cost reduction is 54.14MUSD/y, 13.84MUSD/y and 4.23MUSD/y
[ ]	In the scenario for the total of industrial and urban symbioses, the CO emission could be reduced to 1,108,682 ton CO /yr (this reduction of CO emission is approximately 2% of the total CO emissions in Ulsan)	The fuel cost could be reduced to $352.5 million USD/yr
[ ]	Rationalization of land use, avoidance of greenhouse gas emissions and toxic gases, and minimization of the needed inputs and equipment	Liquid present value: $10.93 million USD, economical revenue: 16.29%/year, and return time: 4.6 years	Creation of 241 jobs in the initial phase and more than 5400 in the eight months of harvest, construction of civil and social facilities
[ ]	Chemical release due to dust containment avoided, avoidance of release of toxic chemicals to environment and ground water contamination, avoids CaCl release to marine environment, less use of virgin resources and less environmental burdens by avoiding nitrogen oxide emissions	Avoid fines from dust emissions, from waste water and from emissions; savings to company and savings in the costs of using less water from other sources; revenue from CaCl , from the sale of ammonium nitrate, and from SiO sales	Respiratory effects from fine dust avoided; less health risks due to reduced emissions, avoidance of long-term exposure to SiO , and avoidance of release of nitrogen oxides

Country	Location/Region	Activity/Process	Waste/By-Products	Final Product/Use	Method	Publication Year	Refs.
Finland		Bioenergy production and forest products industry waste water treatment	Bio fly ash and bio sludge	Forest fertilizer	Laboratory scale production and test, life cycle assessment	2016	[ ]
Finland	Oulu, Raahe and Kemi	Pulp and paper mill, carbon steel plant, mine, and power plant	Lime waste residues, green liquor dregs, steel ladle slags, desulphurization slag, attle rock, bottom ash, fly ash, and paper mill sludge	Soil amendment pellets, low-grade concrete, and mine filler	Life cycle assessment, CML impact assessment method, global warming potential assessment and exergy analysis method, dimensional analysis approach, primary exergy conversion efficiency of the production process	2016	[ ]
Greece		Biodiesel plants, agro-industries, lignite-based power generation plant, and agricultural biomass-based combined heat and power plant	Crude glycerol and agricultural biomass	Alternative fuels production	Experiments in a laboratory scale	2016	[ ]
United Kingdom	North east of England	Integrated steel mill	Vanadium-bearing steel slags		Semi-structured interviews with industry representatives, industry associations, and consultants	2017	[ ]
Wales	Baglan	Foundry and research centre	Platinum from waste thermocouples	Catalytic electrodes suitable for dye-sensitized solar cell production	Synthesis and analysis of chloroplatinic acid samples, fabrication and characterization of platinized counter-electrodes, electrical impedance spectroscopy analysis, chemical analysis, supply and environmental impact analysis, cost-benefit analysis	2018	[ ]
Italy	S. Angeli di Rosora, Marche	Building and automotive sector	Retired lithium-ion electric vehicle batteries	Battery energy storage systems	Experimental tests, simulation of the energy system, integrated load match analysis and life cycle assessment approach, grid interaction indicators	2019	[ ]
Australia	Western Australia	Nitric acid plants and fertilizer producer	By-products formed from chemical absorption of nitrogen oxide	Potassium nitrate fertilizer	Life cycle assessment and life cycle inventory; process engineering applications: stoichiometric balances, thermodynamic properties of chemical reactions. and solubility conditions; Australian Environmental Impact method; uncertainty analysis	2016	[ ]
Australia	Kwinana	Phosphoric acid manufacture	Phosphogypsum	Paper and fertilizer	Life cycle assessment and life cycle inventory; economic and social analysis; Economic Analyzer software; sensitivity analysis; indicators for social implications assessment: employment opportunity, intergenerational social equity, and avoided land use	2018	[ ]
USA	Southwest region	Original equipment manufacturer dealership, battery diagnostic centre, and photovoltaic industry	End of life electric vehicles lithium-ion batteries	Storage of renewable energy generated through photovoltaic technology	Avoided environmental impacts for reusing degraded electric vehicles batteries and tool for reduction and assessment of chemicals and other environmental impact	2019	[ ]
USA		Automobile industry and building and construction industry	Waste steel scrap	Metal facade systems for buildings’ exteriors	Required capital cost and required energy consumption for making a new metal building facade product by recycling and by directly reusing waste steel scrap; potential capital cost savings and energy consumption savings by reusing waste steel scrap when compared with recycling	2019	[ ]
Brazil	Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais	Iron mining and steel, and brick manufacturing industry	Steel slag and iron ore tailings	Solid brick	Evaluation of chemical composition of the samples by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, expansibility test using the method defined in Brazilian Standard ABNT NBR NM 13, experimental procedures, visual analysis, mechanical tests, comparative evaluation, QE-CO method	2018	[ ]
			Wastes from laptop and photovoltaic system		Design measures and technological, environmental, and economic implications analysis	2012	[ ]
		Cement industry and municipal solid waste management	Energy-from-waste air pollution control residues (fly ash and calcium or sodium salts from scrubbing of acid gases)	Blended cements	Analysis of pH-dependent leachability of pollutants from granular material and diffusion-controlled leaching from monolithic specimens; laboratory investigation of eight EfW APC residues	2014	[ ]
		Winery and environmental industries	Grape marc	Bioadsorbent for the desalination of water containing copper (II) sulfate	Elemental analysis, preliminary adsorption experiments, experimental design for establishing the optima conditions to remove copper(ii), quantification of copper(ii) through a spectrophotometric analysis, quantification of adsorbent capacity and percentage of copper removal, X-ray diffraction analysis, statistical analysis—response surface method, and multiple regressions using the least squares method	2018	[ ]

Potential Industrial Symbiosis (Refs.)	Environmental Benefits	Economic Benefits	Social Benefits
[ ]	Reduction of global warming potential (GWP) by 99%: production of 1000 kg of potential symbiosis granules would produce GWP burdens of 11.75 kg CO -equiv. and the existing NPK-fertilizers produced a GWP burden of 1304.92 kg CO -equiv.
[ ]	Reduce the overall GWP, acidification potential and eutrophication potential per kg KNO produced by 7.8 kg of CO -e, 0.122 kg SO -e and 0.075 kg PO -e respectively in comparison to the production of conventional KNO fertilizer and could reduce GHG emissions by 45%
[ ]		Reusing the sheet metal scrap over conventional recycling of the same material would lead to a cost reduction of approximately 40% ($400 USD/ton) and savings of approximately 67% (10,000 MJ/ton) of energy consumption
[ ]	Provide a rather short-term solution to the existing environmental problem of waste glycerol, contributes to increase sustainability and reduce environmental footprint	Decrease in the cost of biodiesel production
[ ]	Removal of elements of environmental risk, such as vanadium	Income from the sale of recovered metals
[ ]	Per year, divert ∼50 g of platinum from landfill, avoid up to 1400 kg of CO emissions associated with primary production of an equivalent quantity of platinum, and give enough platinum to produce catalytic electrodes for ∼500 m of dye-sensitized solar cells, which could supply clean energy for 12 homes in the locality (South Wales)	Provide 63% materials cost savings for electrode preparation in comparison to purchasing commercially available chloroplatinic acid hydrate	Provide ∼5 days employment
[ ]	Reduce solid waste associated with traditional paper production, where the average amount of solid waste reduction from studied options is 0.01 kg/kg of paper, reduction of contamination of underground water sources or land from leaching of the phosphogypsum (PG) constituents	PG recycling is expected to reduce approximately 12,000 m of land used for stockpiling of PG (based on the average annual operation of the plant of 25,000 tons of PG), which could be reutilized for other economic benefits such as expansion of the industrial plant or be sold for revenue generation	Employment opportunities for people in the surrounding areas; it is expected that 18 job opportunities will be needed
[ ]	Reduction in GHG emissions. The construction of the 126,000 households using the T2 brick would generate a reduction of 465,588.9 tons of CO , when compared to the concrete block	The carbon credits related to CO reduction in the simulated venture could be traded for $4.3 million USD	Access to lower-cost housing

Share and Cite

Neves, A.; Godina, R.; G. Azevedo, S.; Pimentel, C.; C.O. Matias, J. The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation. Sustainability 2019 , 11 , 7095. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247095

Neves A, Godina R, G. Azevedo S, Pimentel C, C.O. Matias J. The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation. Sustainability . 2019; 11(24):7095. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247095

Neves, Angela, Radu Godina, Susana G. Azevedo, Carina Pimentel, and João C.O. Matias. 2019. "The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers and Barriers to Its Implementation" Sustainability 11, no. 24: 7095. https://doi.org/10.3390/su11247095

Article Metrics

Article access statistics, further information, mdpi initiatives, follow mdpi.

Subscribe to receive issue release notifications and newsletters from MDPI journals

IMAGES

(PDF) Linking Industrial Ecology and Ecological Economics: A
Industrial Ecology
Basic Concepts of Industrial Ecology.
Industrial Ecology
Research Methodology lecture notes ppt → Industrial Ecology ppt
Industrial ecology

VIDEO

Industrial relations case study animated video
DJJ 42022 video case study industrial
PROBLEM BASED LEARNING 1
Custom Ecology Case Study
Industrial parks: facts and figures
Case Study Industrial Coupling Handle

COMMENTS

From refining sugar to growing tomatoes: A case study of industrial
The case study demonstrates "industrial symbiosis," a principle of industrial ecology in which value is created from waste, reducing the environmental impact of industry, the demand for raw materials, and the amount of waste entering landfills. ... The British Sugar case illustrates how industrial ecology principles and, especially the ...
The Systems Science of Industrial Ecology: Tools and Strategies Toward
Industrial ecology approaches are also beneficial to rapidly industrializing countries, where improvements in economic performance and the environment must be carefully balanced. Finally, by tracking flows of material and energy, industrial ecology promotes resource efficiency and provides a strong basis for making sustainable production and ...
Industrial Ecology: Closing a Loop in Circularity
A new CQ from the Scholl Chair explains industrial ecology (IE) and the benefits IE could have for businesses, sustainability, ... known as "the science of sustainability," is the study of industrial systems, product design, ... and ongoing engagement with the private sector. In the case of IE, the best business environment can be ...
An economic mechanism of industrial ecology: Theory and evidence
Case study of industrial ecology application in China. In this section, we first explore the empirical implications of the theoretical model, i.e. how the simplified theoretical model can be applied to analyze the complicated real industrial ecology case, what proper proxies of the variables and parameters in the theoretical model should be ...
Understanding Industrial Ecology: An Approach for Sustainable
The researchers intend to present industrial ecology's concept and its role towards sustainable operations in industrial development. It will include the history, evolution and application of industrial ecology with the help of literature review and case discussions from developed countries and India as well. Download chapter PDF.
Industrial Ecology
The intellectual roots of industrial ecology date back to the 19th century, and some seminal methods were published in the 1960s and 1970s. It took until the early 1990s, however, before a scientific field began to take shape. Since its early days, industrial ecology has become more robust through database development, deeper mathematical ...
(PDF) The Systems Science of Industrial Ecology: Tools and Strategies
Industrial ecology is the study of the flows of materials and energy in industrial and . consumer activities, of the e ects of these flows on the environment, and of the ... A review of case ...
Industrial Ecology
Industrial ecology is an approach to sustainable development that combines the sciences of environment, ecology, and engineering technology. The word industrial indicates that the approach focuses on manufacturing processes of a complex of products, which eventually can be interrelated. The significance of the term ecology is twofold: first, that man-designed industrial systems can mimic ...
Sustainability
The models are deployed in a case study for plastic packaging waste in Europe for an advanced mechanical recycling process. We compare the different multi-criteria optimization approaches, how they balance environmental and economic aspects differently, and how this affects the recycling network design.
Journal of Industrial Ecology
Characterize Electrical Grids in Life Cycle Assessment: A Case Study of U.S. Primary Aluminum Production" Gregory A. Keoleian, Joseph S. Colett, Geoffrey M. Lewis, and Jarod C. Kelly FOREIGN LANGUAGE ABSTRACTS 956 Chinese Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 20, Number 4 979 Spanish Abstracts Journal of Industrial Ecology Volume 20 ...
Industrial ecology
Industrial ecology (IE) is the study of material and energy flows through industrial systems. ... Onsan Industrial Park is a case-study program intended to serve as an example of policies and practices relevant to pursuing a green growth model of development. The potential benefits of the EIP model are being shown in the Republic of Korea ...
Challenges for Applying Industrial Ecology and Future ...
Ecological network analysis for carbon metabolism of eco-industrial parks: A case study of a typical eco-industrial park in Beijing. Environmental Science and Technology, 49, 7254-7264. Article Google Scholar Malcolm, R., & Clift, R. (2002). Barriers to Industrial Ecology, The strange case of "The Tombesi Bypass".
PDF Industrial Ecology
Industrial Metabolism. Dematerialization. Cycle Assessment. Eco-Design. Study of a material from start to finish. Compares the economy and industry to a living system − Energy input needed to survive − Consumed materials converted to useable form − Byproducts released. Focuses on recycling, a closing of cycles.
Circular economy in manufacturing companies: A review of case study
Industrial ecology describes industrial ecosystems with optimized consumption of energy and materials and minimized waste ... One strategy for closing the loop and fostering inter-organisational CE development that emerged from case studies is the use of eco-industrial parks or industrial symbiosis (Prosman et al., 2017; Ruggieri et ...
(PDF) Industrial Ecology: A Critical Review
The BCG Economic Model in Practice: A Case Study of Thai Eastern Eco-Industrial Land. Article. Dec 2023; Int J Sustain Dev Plann; ... Over the last few decades, the field of industrial ecology (IE ...
PDF Industrial Ecology: An Introduction
Industrial ecology is the study of the physical, chemical, and biological interactions and interrelationships both within and between industrial and ecological systems. Additionally, some researchers feel that industrial ecol-ogy involves identifying and implementing strategies
A review of international eco-industrial parks for implementation
Efforts renewed for the implementation of industrial symbiosis and eco-industrial parks in 2015 when a case study revealed the true impact of industrial production on global emissions, ... GIPs lack a majority of the industrial ecology and symbiosis aspects as their main focus is on green industrial practices at the firm level, ...
PDF Industrial Ecology and Innovation: At What Point Are We? Editorial for
In the ﬁeld of Industrial Ecology, LCA is widely recognized as one of the most robust methodologies for the assessment of the environmental impacts of a product (or service) along its entire life cycle and for the improvement of its environmental perfor-mance. In this article, the authors carried out a case study on the honey food industry and
Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology
Holistic in approach and rooted in the real world Ecological Economics and Industrial Ecology presents a new way of looking at environmental policy; exploring the relationship between ecological economics and industrial ecology.Concentrating on the conceptual background of ecological economics and industrial ecology, this book:provides a selection
(PDF) Implementing industrial ecology in port cities: international
The selected descriptors (Table 2) consider industrial symbiosis case studies literature as well as insights from the research objective itself. This common analysis grid participates in a replication strategy (Yin, 1984) which will allow a cross-case comparative analysis. ... "the industrial ecology study aims at identifying new ways of ...
PDF Case Study in Industrial Ecology: Regional Utility-Based ...
This article presents a case study in industrial ecology illustrating the benefits of regional utility-based cogeneration. The concept of industrial ecology, and the related methodologies of life-cycle assessment and design for the environment, are reviewed, and their relation to sustainable development described.
Industrial ecology and eco-industrial development: Case studies from
Using a case study of Singapore's Jurong Island industrial park, two fundamental issues behind the idea of landscape ecology and industrial ecology are raised.
The Potential of Industrial Symbiosis: Case Analysis and Main Drivers
Industrial symbiosis, which is characterised mainly by the reuse of waste from one company as raw material by another, has been applied worldwide with recognised environmental, economic, and social benefits. However, the potential for industrial symbiosis is not exhausted in existing cases, and there is still a wide range of opportunities for its application. Through a comprehensive literature ...