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Foundation of All-India Muslim League was Laid - [December 30, 1906] This Day in History

30 December 1906

The All-India Muslim League was founded

The Muslim League was an important topic in the Indian struggle for independence. One of the most prominent faces of the League, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, became the face of the Two-Nation Theory which ultimately paved the way for the country’s partition. Read more about the Muslim League in this article. It is an important part of modern history for the IAS exam.

What happened?

On 30 December 1906, the All-India Muslim League (AIML), popularly known as the Muslim League was founded in Dhaka, British India (now in Bangladesh).

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Muslim League Formation – Background

• The communal idea that the Muslims are a separate nation was sown into the Indian political ethos first by Sir Syed Ahmed Khan , a philosopher and Muslim reformist.
• Although he wanted Muslims to get educated and think in a scientific temper, he suggested aligning with the British rather than rebel against them, as most beneficial for the community. He had founded the Muhammadan Educational Conference in 1886 but this organisation stayed away from politics and desisted from even discussing it as per its own code.
• On 30 December 1906, around 3000 delegates attended a conference of the Muhammadan Educational Conference at Dhaka in which the ban on politics was removed and a motion was moved to form the AIML. The name was proposed by Nawab Khwaja Sir Salimullah Bahadur and seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan.
• The AIML was the first Muslim political party of India.
• The idea was that the Congress Party was only catering to the needs of the Hindus. This was an erroneous idea since Congress always meant to include every community of the country and had many Muslim leaders as members.
• The founders of the Muslim League were: Khwaja Salimullah, Vikar-ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, Syed Nabiullah, Khan Bahadur Ghulam and Mustafa Chowdhury.
• The first Honorary President of the League was Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III).
• The AIML was essentially a party of educated elite Muslims, at least in the beginning.
• The party’s chief aim was to promote and secure civil rights for Muslims. It espoused loyalty to the British government as a means to achieve more political and civil rights.
• To create among Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards the British Government.
• To safeguard the political rights of the Muslims and to convey the same to the government.
• To prevent the rise of prejudice against other communities of India among the Muslims.
• Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the league in 1913.
• When the Congress party was opposed to the government and fighting for the gradual establishment of an independent India, the league propounded loyalty to the government. They, in fact, provided the government with a tool to fight the growing nationalism in the country.
• Even though partition of the country was not on the minds of Indian Muslims in the early years of the league, it came into the picture after 1930. Leaders of the league began the propaganda that Hindus and Muslims are not one nation and have separate cultures and identities although they have been cohabiting for centuries.
• In 1940, Jinnah gave a speech in Lahore in which he talked of the impossibility of living as one nation. In response to this, some members of the league who were opposed to the Two-Nation Theory broke away from the party and formed the All-India Jamhur Muslim League (AIJML). The AIJML later merged with the Congress party.
• In 1937, the Muslim League was not able to form the government in any province in the provincial elections held that year as per the Government of India Act. Even in the 125 non-general constituencies out of which 59 were reserved for Muslims, the Congress managed to win 25 seats with 15 seats coming from the Muslim dominated North-West Frontier Province.
• In 1939, the Congress ministries resigned following the viceroy’s declaration that made India a party to the Second World War. The league urged Muslims to celebrate December 22 as Deliverance Day .
• The party, under Jinnah, spearheaded the campaign for Pakistan throughout the 1940s and was successful in its mission of dividing the country. The country was partitioned along communal lines along with independence in 1947.
• The league was dissolved on 14 August 1947. It continues to exist in various forms as political parties in Pakistan, Bangladesh and India. In India, the Indian Union Muslim League functions as a political party with its base in Kerala and ironically, aligns itself with the Congress Party.

1922 : Creation of the Soviet Union. 1971 : Death of eminent scientist and father of Indian space programme Vikram Sarabhai. 2006 : Hanging of Saddam Hussein, the former President of Iraq.

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Home » Modern Indian History » National Movement (1885 – 1919) » Muslim League, 1906

Introduction

• The All-India Muslim League (popularised as the Muslim League) was a political party established in 1906 in British India
• It was found as an alternative political group to the Indian National Congress
• It was created with the aim of representing the interests of Indian Muslims
• The formation of a Muslim political party on the national level was seen as essential by 1901.
• The first stage of its formation was the meeting held at Lucknow in September 1906, with the participation of representatives from all over India
• Meanwhile, Nawab Salimullah Khan published a detailed scheme through which he suggested the party to be named All-India Muslim Confederacy.

Early Years

• Sultan Muhammad Shah (Aga Khan III) was appointed the first honorary president of the Muslim League, though he did not attend the Dhaka inaugural session
• In 1913, Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim league.
• Initially, the League was designed to prepare students for service to the British Raj; however it exploded into political activity

Participation in Nationalist Movement

• From their inception, the Muslim League continually called for unity in an independent India but began to fear that it would be dominated by Hindus, who made up the majority of the population.
• Following the First World War (1914-18) the Muslim League joined forces with Congress to advocate for Home Rule within the British Empire
• These included proposals to form a federal government and to have a one third representation of Muslims in the central government.
• The Congress refused to support this declaration because their representatives hadn’t been consulted. In contrast, whilst the Muslim League remained critical of British rule, they agreed to support India’s participation in the war in the hope of gaining a better vantage to negotiate independence.
• Further, the idea of a separate state of Pakistan began to gain popularity with Muslims across India.

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After the creation of the Indian national Congress and its time as a ‘representative’ party for the people of the Indian sub-continent, there was felt a need to reassess its claims at unbiased representation. From the very start of its existence the Congress had shown clear its interest to safeguard the rights of Hindus, alone. Some of the Congress leaders adopted a revolutionary policy to establish Hindu Raj in the sub-continent under the guise of a national movement. The prediction of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan Soon proved to be fact that, “Hindus and Muslims are two different nations who have different ideologies.” The Muslims of India were greatly disappointed by the anti-Muslim stance that the Congress seemed to have adopted. The events following the partition of Bengal and Urdu-Hindu controversy strengthened the desire of the Muslims to organize themselves politically as separate community. The birth of All India Muslim League at Dacca on 30th December 1906 came as an expression of that desire.

Following are the reasons for the establishment of Muslim league.

1. Indifferent Attitude of the Congress towards Muslims: All India National Congress was a pre-dominantly Hindu body. Its interests were always at odds ends to those of the Muslims. By 1906, Muslim leaders were convinced that they must have their own party which may speak for the community on all important occasions.

2. Educational and Economic Backwardness: Muslims had lagged far behind from the Hindus in education and economic progress. Educational and economic conditions could only be up graded by establishing a separate Muslims organization that could represent the wishes of the Muslims.

3. Urdu-Hindi Controversy: The Urdu-Hindu controversy began with the demand of Hindus to replace Urdu by Hindi as official language in Deva Nagari Script. Sir Anthony Macdonal, the then Governor of UP ousted Urdu from public offices. Congress clearly sided with Hindi and supported the movement against Urdu and there was no other political party to support Urdu. Thus, the need of formation of a Muslim political party was felt severely.

4. The Evolution of Minto Marley Reforms: The turning point came in the summer of 1906 during John Morley’s budget speech, in which he hinted of constitutional reforms. At that time Muslims did not have a political platform to demand their share. It was reasserted that they wanted a separate political platform.

5. The Success of Simla Deputation: Minto offered fullest sympathy to the Muslim demands. The success of Deputation compelled the Muslims to have a separate political association of their own.

6. To Save Muslim Entity: The belief uttered by sir Syed Ahmed Khan that the Muslims were somehow a separate entity. The Muslims did not believe that Hindus and Muslims formed one nation. They were different by religion, history, languages and civilization. It became essential for Muslims to establish a political party of their own.

A resolution to form the All India Muslim League was passed by Nawab Salimullah Khan and was seconded by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali and Moulana Zafar Ali. The resolution was passed by All India Educational Conference on 30th December 1906. A committee was formed to prepare its draft constitution. Sir Agha Khan was appointed as President and Syed Hassan Balgrami was appointed as secretary, while Nawab Mohsim-ul-Mulk and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk were made joint secretaries with six Vice- Presidents, a Central Committee with forty Members was also constituted. In this way Muslim league was established and become the sole representative of Muslims.

Knowing the circumstances which led to the formation of Muslim league was not difficult to make out what it aimed to. However, the Muslim league laid the following points as its objectives.

1. To create among Muslims the feelings of loyalty towards British Government and to remove misconception and suspicious. 2. To Safeguard the political rights of the Muslims and to bring them into the notice of the Government. 3. To prevent among the Muslims, the rise of prejudicial feelings against the other communities of India.

The first session of all India Muslim league was held at Karachi on 29th December, 1907 and was presided over by Adamji Peer Bhai.

It was being felt from the beginning that the All India Muslim League would not achieve considerable success without winning the British Public opinion to its side. Therefore, Syed Ameer Ali organized the branch of Muslim league at London. The inaugural meeting was held on 6th May 1908, at London Caxton Hall. It was participated by the Muslim and those British people who favoured their view point.

There come into being a political body which was to play a decisive role in the destiny of the Muslim peoples of the Indian sub-continent. The day the Muslim delegation won recognition of the demand of separate electorate, the course of the Muslim freedom struggle was charted. It was the beginning of the growth of Muslim national consciousness. It farmed visible institutional expression in the form of Muslim League which after a forty (40) years struggle was to achieve for the Muslims the culmination of their national aspiration, Muslim League became a mass movement of the Muslims and succeeded in achieving Pakistan in 1974. Actually the new breed of leadership like Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah was instrumental in its metamorphosis.

After the acceptance of the demand of separate representation in the Minto Morely reforms, it was common sense to have political party to fight elections for Muslim representation. Whatever may have been the effects of Muslim league, but it made clear that the interests of Muslims must be regarded completely separate from those of the Hindus. Any fusion of both the communities in future was not possible. It steered the ship of Muslim destiny safely through of Political chaos and turmoil to the safer harbour of Pakistan.

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Formation of All India Muslim League (1906) – UPSC Modern History Notes

The All India Muslim League was indeed a significant political party founded in British India in 1906. Here are some key points about the formation and evolution of the All India Muslim League:

Table of Contents

Background:

• The Muslim League emerged as a response to the concerns of Muslims in British India regarding their political representation and safeguarding their interests.
• The partition of Bengal in 1905 by the British government sparked apprehensions among Muslims, as they feared being politically marginalized in a Hindu-majority region.
• The idea of forming a political party to protect Muslim interests was proposed by Nawab Salimullah Khan of Dhaka during the All India Muslim Education Conference in 1906.
• The proposal received support from other prominent Muslim leaders, leading to the formation of the All India Muslim League on December 30, 1906, in Dhaka.

Objectives and Early Years:

• The initial focus of the Muslim League was to promote the interests and concerns of Muslims in the political arena.
• In the early years, the Muslim League primarily worked towards fostering Hindu-Muslim unity and cooperating with other political organizations, such as the Indian National Congress, for common goals.

Shift towards Separate Nationhood:

• Over time, as communal tensions increased and political circumstances changed, the Muslim League began to advocate for the idea of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state.
• The demand for a separate Muslim homeland gained momentum in the 1930s, culminating in the famous Lahore Resolution of 1940, which called for the creation of an independent Muslim state.

Role in Partition and Formation of Pakistan:

• The Muslim League, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, played a crucial role in advocating for the partition of British India along religious lines.
• The League’s demand for a separate nation for Muslims led to the creation of Pakistan as an independent state in 1947, alongside a separate Hindu-majority India.
• Dominance in Post-Independence Politics:
• Following the partition, the Muslim League became the dominant political party in the newly formed state of Pakistan.
• Jinnah served as Pakistan’s first Governor-General and the Muslim League played a significant role in shaping the country’s political landscape.
• The All India Muslim League played a pivotal role in mobilizing Muslim political consciousness and advocating for the creation of a separate Muslim state, which eventually led to the formation of Pakistan.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

Q1: what were the main reasons behind the formation of the all-india muslim league in 1906.

Answer: The formation of the All-India Muslim League in 1906 can be attributed to several factors. One of the primary reasons was the growing apprehension among the Muslims of India regarding their political future and representation in the Indian National Congress, which was dominated by the Hindu majority. The Muslims felt the need for a separate political platform to safeguard their interests and protect their socio-political rights. The partition of Bengal in 1905, which was perceived by many Muslims as an attempt to undermine their influence, further fueled the demand for a separate political organization.

Q2: How did the partition of Bengal in 1905 contribute to the formation of the All India Muslim League?

Answer: The partition of Bengal in 1905 was a significant catalyst for the formation of the All India Muslim League. The decision to partition Bengal, ostensibly for administrative reasons, was seen by many as an attempt to divide and weaken the Hindu-Muslim unity that had been growing against British rule. The Muslims perceived the partition as a deliberate move to curtail their influence by creating a Hindu-majority province in East Bengal. This led to widespread protests and discontent among the Muslim community, prompting them to seek a separate political platform to protect their interests. The All India Muslim League emerged as a response to these concerns, providing a platform for Muslims to voice their political aspirations.

Q3: Who were the key figures involved in the establishment of the All India Muslim League in 1906?

Answer: The formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906 was spearheaded by prominent Muslim leaders of the time. Aga Khan, Nawab Salimullah Khan, and Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk played crucial roles in bringing together various Muslim leaders and intellectuals to establish the league. The inaugural session of the All India Muslim League was held in Dhaka in December 1906, where these leaders, along with others, laid the foundation for the league. Aga Khan was elected as the first president of the All India Muslim League, symbolizing the league’s commitment to representing the diverse interests of the Muslim community in British India.

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Early years

Entry into politics, political unity, creator of pakistan.

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Mohammed Ali Jinnah

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What is Mohammed Ali Jinnah known for?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan. He is revered as the father of Pakistan. He also sought the political union of Hindus and Muslims, which earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity.”

Where was Mohammed Ali Jinnah born?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was born in Karachi in what is today Pakistan in 1876 or 1875.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah die?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah died on September 11, 1948, in Karachi, Pakistan.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah was sent to England by his father to acquire business experience, but he was interested in becoming a barrister. In London, he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar.

When did Mohammed Ali Jinnah join the Muslim League?

Mohammed Ali Jinnah joined the Muslim League in 1913. He did so only when he was assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India.

Mohammed Ali Jinnah (born December 25, 1876?, Karachi, India [now in Pakistan]—died September 11, 1948, Karachi) was an Indian Muslim politician, who was the founder and first governor-general (1947–48) of Pakistan .

Jinnah was the eldest of seven children of Jinnahbhai Poonja, a prosperous merchant , and his wife, Mithibai. His family was a member of the Khoja caste, Hindus who had converted to Islam centuries earlier and who were followers of the Aga Khan . There is some question about Jinnah’s date of birth: although he maintained that it was December 25, 1876, school records from Karachi (Pakistan) give a date of October 20, 1875.

After being taught at home, Jinnah was sent in 1887 to the Sind Madrasat al-Islam (now Sindh Madressatul Islam University) in Karachi. Later he attended the Christian Missionary Society High School (also in Karachi), where at the age of 16 he passed the matriculation examination of the University of Bombay (now University of Mumbai , in Mumbai , India ). On the advice of an English friend, his father decided to send him to England to acquire business experience. Jinnah, however, had made up his mind to become a barrister . In keeping with the custom of the time, his parents arranged for an early marriage for him before he left for England .

In London he joined Lincoln’s Inn, one of the legal societies that prepared students for the bar. In 1895, at the age of 19, he was called to the bar. While in London Jinnah suffered two severe bereavements—the deaths of his wife and his mother. Nevertheless, he completed his formal studies and also made a study of the British political system , frequently visiting the House of Commons . He was greatly influenced by the liberalism of William E. Gladstone , who had become prime minister for the fourth time in 1892, the year of Jinnah’s arrival in London. Jinnah also took a keen interest in the affairs of India and in Indian students. When the Parsi leader Dadabhai Naoroji , a leading Indian nationalist, ran for the British Parliament , Jinnah and other Indian students worked day and night for him. Their efforts were crowned with success: Naoroji became the first Indian to sit in the House of Commons.

When Jinnah returned to Karachi in 1896, he found that his father’s business had suffered losses and that he now had to depend on himself. He decided to start his legal practice in Bombay (now Mumbai), but it took him years of work to establish himself as a lawyer.

It was nearly 10 years later that he turned actively toward politics. A man without hobbies, he divided his interest between law and politics. Nor was he a religious zealot: he was a Muslim in a broad sense and had little to do with sects. His interest in women was also limited, to Rattenbai (Rutti)—the daughter of Sir Dinshaw Petit, a Bombay Parsi millionaire—whom he married in 1918 over tremendous opposition from her parents and others. The couple had one daughter, Dina, but the marriage proved an unhappy one, and Jinnah and Rutti soon separated. It was his sister Fatima who gave him solace and company.

Jinnah first entered politics by participating in the 1906 session of the Indian National Congress (Congress Party) held at Calcutta (now Kolkata ), in which the party began to split between those calling for dominion status and those advocating independence for India. Four years later he was elected to the Imperial Legislative Council—the beginning of a long and distinguished parliamentary career. In Bombay he came to know, among other important Congress Party personalities, Gopal Krishna Gokhale , the eminent Maratha leader. Greatly influenced by those nationalist politicians, Jinnah aspired during the early part of his political life to become “a Muslim Gokhale.” Admiration for British political institutions and an eagerness to raise the status of India in the international community and to develop a sense of Indian nationhood among the peoples of India were the chief elements of his politics. At that time, he still looked upon Muslim interests in the context of Indian nationalism .

But, by the beginning of the 20th century, the conviction had been growing among the Muslims that their interests demanded the preservation of their separate identity rather than amalgamation in the Indian nation that would for all practical purposes be Hindu. Largely to safeguard Muslim interests, the All-India Muslim League was founded in 1906. But Jinnah remained aloof from it. Only in 1913, when authoritatively assured that the league was as devoted as the Congress Party to the political emancipation of India, did Jinnah join the league. When the Indian Home Rule League was formed, he became its chief organizer in Bombay and was elected president of the Bombay branch.

Jinnah’s endeavours to bring about the political union of Hindus and Muslims earned him the title of “the best ambassador of Hindu-Muslim unity,” an epithet coined by Gokhale. It was largely through his efforts that the Congress Party and the Muslim League began to hold their annual sessions jointly, to facilitate mutual consultation and participation. In 1915 the two organizations held their meetings in Bombay and in 1916 in Lucknow , where the Lucknow Pact was concluded. Under the terms of the pact, the two organizations put their seal to a scheme of constitutional reform that became their joint demand vis-à-vis the British government. There was a good deal of give and take, but the Muslims obtained one important concession in the shape of separate electorates, already conceded to them by the government in 1909 but hitherto resisted by Congress.

Meanwhile, a new force in Indian politics had appeared in the person of Mohandas (Mahatma) Gandhi . Both the Home Rule League and the Congress Party had come under his sway. Opposed to Gandhi’s noncooperation movement and his essentially Hindu approach to politics, Jinnah left both the league and the Congress Party in 1920. For a few years he kept himself aloof from the main political movements. He continued to be a firm believer in Hindu-Muslim unity and constitutional methods for the achievement of political ends. After his withdrawal from Congress, he used the Muslim League platform for the propagation of his views. But during the 1920s the Muslim League, and with it Jinnah, had been overshadowed by Congress and the religiously oriented Muslim Khilafat movement .

When the failure of the noncooperation movement and the emergence of Hindu revivalist movements led to antagonism and riots between Hindus and Muslims, the Muslim League began to lose strength and cohesion, and provincial Muslim leaders formed their own parties to serve their needs. Thus, Jinnah’s problem during the following years was to convert the Muslim League into an enlightened , unified political body prepared to cooperate with other organizations working for the good of India. In addition, he had to convince the Congress Party, as a prerequisite for political progress, of the necessity of settling the Hindu-Muslim conflict.

To bring about such a rapprochement was Jinnah’s chief purpose during the late 1920s and early 1930s. He worked toward this end within the legislative assembly, at the Round Table Conference in London (1930–32), and through his “14 points,” which included proposals for a federal form of government, greater rights for minorities, one-third representation for Muslims in the central legislature, separation of the predominantly Muslim Sindh region from the rest of the Bombay province, and introduction of reforms in the North-West Frontier Province . His failure to bring about even minor amendments in the Nehru Committee proposals (1928) over the question of separate electorates and reservation of seats for Muslims in the legislatures frustrated him. He found himself in a peculiar position at that time: many Muslims thought that he was too nationalistic in his policy and that Muslim interests were not safe in his hands, while the Congress Party would not even meet the moderate Muslim demands halfway. Indeed, the Muslim League was a house divided against itself. The Punjab Muslim League repudiated Jinnah’s leadership and organized itself separately. In disgust, Jinnah decided to settle in England. From 1930 to 1935 he remained in London, devoting himself to practice before the Privy Council . But when constitutional changes were in the offing, he was persuaded to return home to head a reconstituted Muslim League.

Soon preparations started for the elections under the Government of India Act of 1935. Jinnah was still thinking in terms of cooperation between the Muslim League and the Hindu-controlled Congress Party and with coalition governments in the provinces. But the elections of 1937 proved to be a turning point in the relations between the two organizations. Congress obtained an absolute majority in six provinces, and the league did not do particularly well. The Congress Party decided not to include the league in the formation of provincial governments, and exclusive all-Congress governments were the result. Relations between Hindus and Muslims started to deteriorate, and soon Muslim discontent became boundless.

Jinnah had originally been dubious about the practicability of Pakistan, an idea that the poet and philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal had propounded to the Muslim League conference of 1930, but before long he became convinced that a Muslim homeland on the Indian subcontinent was the only way of safeguarding Muslim interests and the Muslim way of life. It was not religious persecution that he feared so much as the future exclusion of Muslims from all prospects of advancement within India, as soon as power became vested in the close-knit structure of Hindu social organization. To guard against that danger, he carried out a nationwide campaign to warn his coreligionists of the perils of their position, and he converted the Muslim League into a powerful instrument for unifying the Muslims into a nation.

At that point, Jinnah emerged as the leader of a renascent Muslim nation. Events began to move fast. On March 22–23, 1940, in Lahore , the league adopted a resolution to form a separate Muslim state, Pakistan . The Pakistan idea was at first ridiculed and then tenaciously opposed by the Congress Party. But it captured the imagination of the Muslims. Pitted against Jinnah were many influential Hindus, including Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru . And the British government seemed to be intent on maintaining the political unity of the Indian subcontinent. But Jinnah led his movement with such skill and tenacity that ultimately both the Congress Party and the British government had no option but to agree to the partitioning of India. Pakistan thus emerged as an independent state in 1947.

Jinnah became the first head of the new state. Faced with the serious problems of a young country , he tackled Pakistan’s problems with authority. He was not regarded as merely the governor-general. He was revered as the father of the nation. He worked hard until overpowered by age and disease in Karachi, the place of his birth, in 1948.

Muslim League, History, Feature, Formation and Objective

Muslim League was a political party established in Dhaka in 1906. Read all about Muslim League, History, Feature, Formation and Objective for UPSC Exam.

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Muslim League

In 1906, the Muslim League was established as a political organisation in British India. The British Empire divided India in 1947 as a result of its ardent support, starting in 1930, for the establishment of a separate nation-state, Pakistan, with a Muslim majority. The party was founded because Muslims in British India needed political participation, especially in the event of strong Hindu opposition to Bengal’s partition in 1905, which was supported by the Indian National Congress.

The formation of a political organisation to advance the interests of Muslims in British India was suggested by the Nawab of Dhaka, Khwaja Salimullah, at the All India Muslim Education Conference’s annual meeting in Ahsan Manzil in 1906. This article will go over the Muslim League of 1906, which is relevant to UPSC exam preparation.

Read More: Ahmedabad Mill Strike

Muslim League History

The majority of the Islamic leadership, with the exception of a few scholars like Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Syed Ameer Ali, who concentrated more on Islamic education and scientific advancements, ignored the earnest efforts of the Congress’s forefathers to draw Muslims to their meetings. It rejected the idea that there are two different communities in India, each of which should have its own representative in Congress meetings.

In 1885, the Indian National Congress was established. It was established with the goal of drawing the British government’s attention to the concerns and requests of all Indians, irrespective of religion. The Indian National Congress was prospering and, thanks to its collaboration with the British government, was able to bring about a number of significant adjustments to the government’s structure and policies.

While Congress achieved victory in many areas, it was unable to win over Indian Muslims. The Congress, in the eyes of Indian Muslims, was mainly a Hindu organization incapable of serving Muslim communities. It gave rise to the notion of creating a distinct political organization for Indian Muslims. Philosopher and Muslim reformer Sir Syed Ahmed Khan was the first to introduce the communal notion that Muslims are a separate country into Indian political thought.

A motion to establish the AIML was made and the prohibition on politics was removed at a meeting of the Muhammadan Educational Conference in Dhaka on December 30, 1906, which was attended by about 3000 delegates. The suggestion for the name was made by Nawab Khwaja Sir Salimullah Bahadur, and it was supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan. India’s first Muslim political group was the All India Muslim League.

Muslim League Features

When British India was divided, the All India Muslim League was a political group that spearheaded the effort to create a distinct Muslim country (1947). Indian Muslims’ liberties were safeguarded by the Muslim League, which was founded in 1906. The league adopted self-government for India as its objective in 1913 after being initially encouraged by the British and usually in favor of their rule.

The league and its leaders, most notably Mohammed Ali Jinnah, promoted Hindu-Muslim harmony within an autonomous and united India for many years. The League of Nations didn’t advocate for the creation of a distinct Muslim state from India’s intended sovereign state until 1940. The league pushed for the creation of a separate country for Muslims in India because it was concerned that Hindus would rule an independent India.

After Pakistan gained its independence in 1947, Jinnah and the Muslim League took the lead in the battle to divide British India into distinct Hindu and Muslim states. The league later emerged as the country’s main political force.

Read More: Surat Split

Muslim League Reason for Formation

Hindus predominated in the All India National Congress. Its goals clashed consistently with those of the Muslims. By 1906, Muslim leaders were persuaded that their group required its own political party in order to speak on all significant occasions. Muslims had lacked the same level of economic and educational advancement as Hindus. Education and economic circumstances can only be improved by founding a distinct Muslim organization that can speak for Muslim interests.

Hindus’ demand that Hindi take Urdu’s position as the official language in Devanagari Script marked the beginning of the Urdu-Hindu controversy. Urdu was expelled from public service by Sir Anthony Macdonald, the Uttar Pradesh governor at the time. There was no other political party that supported Urdu; the Congress was obviously on the side of Hindi and the anti-Urdu campaign. As a consequence, there was a pressing need for the creation of a Muslim political party.

The turning point was when John Morley alluded to constitutional changes in the summer of 1906 during his budget address. Muslims at the time lacked a political platform from which to claim their fair share. They reaffirmed that they wanted a distinct political agenda. Minto declared that he backed the Muslim requests wholeheartedly. Muslims were forced to establish their own political entity as a result of Deputation’s success. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan believed that Islam were a unique group.

Muslims did not consider Hindus to be part of their own country. In terms of faith, history, languages, and civilization, they were different. Muslims had no choice but to start their own political group. The All India Muslim League was suggested by Nawab Salimullah Khan, and it was supported by Hakim Ajmal Khan, Maulana Muhammad Ali, and Moulana Zafar Ali. The All India Educational Conference adopted the motion on December 30, 1906.

Read More: Indian National Movement

Muslim League Objectives

The goal was to safeguard Muslims’ political rights, draw the government’s attention to them, and stop Muslims from harbouring prejudice towards other Indian groups. The goal was to increase Indian Muslims’ allegiance to the British government and dispel any misunderstandings about the government’s motivations for taking any particular measures.

Profiting from and advancing the political rights and interests of Muslims in India, as well as politely speaking for their needs and goals before the government. Without affecting the League’s aforementioned goals, the goal is to stop any feelings of animosity towards other groups among Indian Muslims.

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Muslim League and Factors Promoting

Indian politics have a separatist stance and divide the country along ethnic lines. As an illustration, social politics were played between non-Brahmins and Brahmins. Muslims had no access to technical or western schooling. British perception of Muslims as a threat to their colonial strategy is influenced by the 1857 uprising. After the Mughal rule was overthrown, they established their dominance.

Expression of Religious Color- The majority of historians and extreme nationalists exalted one aspect of India’s unique culture. They were partial in their accolades because Shivaji, Rana Pratap, and other praiseworthy figures were also ignored, including Akbar, Sher Shah Suri, Allauddin Khalji, Tipu Sultan, and others. India’s economic backwardness, which is caused by a lack of industrialization and severe unemployment, and the British government’s pitiful treatment of cottage industry.

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Muslim League UPSC

In order to provide the British Government with effective coordination, the All India Muslim League set out to work towards the essential goals that had been previously mentioned as well as a few additional goals. The All India Muslim League established a new branch in London in 1908 and held a meeting on May 6th, inviting some notable and influential British who supported and praised the visions of Muslim League. This was done because the All India Muslim League understood how important it was to gain the trust of the British government because it could lead to the fulfillment of all its demands as soon as possible. To prepare for the UPSC Examination, read this piece for all the information about the Muslim League.

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Who founded Muslim League in 1906?

Khwaja Salimullah, Vikar-ul-Mulk, Syed Amir Ali, Syed Nabiullah, Khan Bahadur Ghulam, and Mustafa Chowdhury were the Muslim League's leaders. Sir Sultan Muhammad Shah served as the League's first Senior President (Aga Khan III).

Where is Muslim League now?

The All-India Muslim League was officially dissolved in India following the division of India and the creation of Pakistan.

What was the purpose of the Muslim League?

Indian Muslims' liberties were protected by the Muslim League, which was established in 1906. Initially supported by the British and initially in favor of their rule, the league later accepted self-government for India as its objective in 1913.

Who are the famous Indian Muslims?

They include Allamah Zia-al-Mustafa, Maulana Wahiduddin Khan, Maulana Rabey Hasan Nadvi, Syedna Mufaddal Saifuddin (the spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohras), Dr Bahauddeen Muhammed Jamaluddeen Nadwi, Sheikh Aboobackar Ahmad, Maulana Sayyid Ibrahimul Khaleel al-Bukharim and Maulana Shakir Ali Noorie,

Why did Jinnah want Pakistan?

By 1940, Jinnah had come to the conclusion that the Muslims of the subcontinent needed their own state in order to prevent any potential marginalisation they might experience in a separate Hindu-Muslim state. The Lahore Resolution, proposed by the Muslim League under Jinnah that year, called for the creation of a distinct country for Indian Muslims.

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Article on All India Muslim League 1906 – 500, 300 Words for Kids, Children and Students in English

July 25, 2020 by Prasanna

Article on All India Muslim League 1906: A democratic country exists on the pillars of political parties.  During elections, electors cannot evaluate the credentials of each individual separately. Furthermore, political parties help in establishing the government. In 1906, a section of Indian population advocated the need to establish a political party for Muslim-majority states. Under British rule, the All India Muslim League was set up to meet the needs of the Muslim population separately.

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Long and Short articles on All India Muslim League 1906 in English for Students and Children

Here, you will find two types of articles on the topic of the All India Muslim League 1906. The first is a long article, which consists of 400 – 500 words. On the other hand, the second article is a short one comprising 200 words. The long article is a framework for students preparing for competitive examinations, assignments, etc. Furthermore, teachers can also use this as a base to help children develop in extra-curricular activities, such as debates, speeches, article writing, etc. The short article for 200 words is an excellent piece for children and kids.  It will assist them with their projects, assignments, class activities, etc.

Long Article on All India Muslim League 1906 in English 500 Words

The long article given below on the All India Muslim League 1906 is useful for aspirants of competitive exams. It is suitable for students of classes 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10. With the help of this article, children can make progress in their classwork, home assignments, reading and writing comprehension, article writing tasks, and preparation for competitive examinations.

The most recognised institution of a democratic country is its political parties. The year of 1906 marked the formation of the All India Muslim League (AIML). The foundation of All India Muslim League, famously called Muslim League, was laid in Dhaka, British India, which is now in Bangladesh.

Formation of the Muslim League

A group of people with a political agenda called for establishing a movement for a separate Muslim party to look into the interest of the then, Indian-Muslim community.  On 30th December 1906, under the leadership of Nawab of Dhaka, Aga Khan, Nawab  Salimullah of Dhaka, and the Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk took the initiative to lay the foundation stone of the All India Muslim League.

The Viceroy of British-India, Lord Minto instigated Muslims to form their own political party. Initially, the movement received the support of the British with a hidden agenda.  However, the league wanted to self-govern itself without any interference of British authorities.  Mohammed Ali Jinnah, serving the party, requested the unity of two religion, Hindu and Muslim to fight for independence together.

Purpose of the Formation of the Muslim League

The primary purpose of forming the Muslim League was to improve the conditions of the Muslim community.  The Muslim League wanted to promote education, restore sovereignty, free expression of their religion, improvement of their economic status, etc. The League demanded the partition of Bangladesh.  Furthermore, it pressed the need for Muslim’s employment reservation in organisation run by the government.  It also stressed on political representation for Muslims by separate electorates.  In 1940, the league expressed its urge to build a separate Muslim state in Independent India without the governance.    Gradually, the league demanded a separate country, citing that an independent India-Hindus might command the Muslim community.

Partition During Independence Struggle

Muhammad Ali Jinnah had become the face of the Muslim League between 1934 to 1947.  He had won the provincial elections by gaining votes from the Muslim group.  The All India Muslim League became stronger and fought for independence to establish a distinct nation, Pakistan for the Muslim community.  After the emergence of Pakistan on 14th August 1947, the All India Muslim League was renamed as the All Pakistan Muslim Party.  Jinnah fulfilled his duties as the governor-general of Pakistan.

Since the League was a catalyst in establishing Pakistan, it became the presiding political party there.  However, it could not maintain its status for long and gradually lost its influence in the country.  In the 1954 election, it was overthrown in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh).  Consequently, it lost powers in Pakistan.  The downfall of the Muslim League was visible when the party was broken down in several fractions in 1960.  After a decade, the Muslim League had utterly disappeared.

Short Article on All India Muslim League 1906 in English 300 Words

The article of 200 words is a short one. It is suitable for kids and children up to sixth standard. The article is a guide to the children for their school assignments, comprehension, writing skills, etc. Short Article About the All India Muslim League 1906 in English for Students of Classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6.

Based on the ideology of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that Muslims and Hindu do not have anything in common, created a rift between the two religious groups.  Furthermore, the Hindu Raj attitude of the Congress sown the seeds for a separate Muslim party.  The desire of a political party to cater to the needs of the Muslim community was further strengthened to oppose the principles followed by the Congress political party.  On 30th December 1906 a distinct All India Muslim League at Dhaka was born to voice the Muslim community.  The league was led by Aga Khan, as the President of the party.

The Muslim League promoted educational and economic backwardness of the Muslims. It propagated the extensive use of Urdu language and freedom to practice their religion. The League was set up to safeguard the rights of the Muslims and to prevent discrimination.  It demanded reservation for Muslims in government services to make them economically secure. The party received recognition from the entire Muslim population. In 1913, Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the League and took it forward.  In 1940, Jinnah opposed the one nation theory for Hindu and Muslims to co-exist. For the next seven years, the Muslim League pressed for a separate nation for Muslims. On 14th August 1947, the party was successful in establishing an independent nation – Pakistan, for the Muslim community. The party renamed itself as All Pakistan Muslim League after partition. However, the League died a slow death and lost its popularity by 1957.

10 Lines on All India Muslim League 1906

•  Muslims felt side-lined in a Hindu-majority nation, India.
• The feeling of anti-Hindu ran in the Muslim community.
• The Viceroy of British-India, Lord Minto instigated Muslims to form their own political party to benefit from the divide and rule policy.
• Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) witnessed the formation of a Muslim party called All India Muslim League on 30th December 1906.
• There were four prominent founders of the All India Muslim League – Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III, Khwaja Salimullah, and Hakim Ajmal Khan.
• They sown the seeds of discriminated feeling in the Muslims in the Hindu-majority country.
• The purpose of forming the All India Muslim League was to promote the Muslim religion, provide education and employment to the backward class, etc.
• From 1940, Jinnah began to brainwash the Muslim community to demand a separate nation-state for Muslim-majority region.
• In 1947, the partition of India took place under the British Rule.
• The League renamed itself as All Pakistan Muslim League headed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah.

FAQ’s on Article on All India Muslim League 1906

Question 1. What is the All India Muslim League 1906?

Answer: The All India Muslim League is a political party that was formed on 30th December 1906 in Dhaka to safeguard the interest of the Muslim Community.

Question 2. Who was the most famous member of the All India Muslim League?

Answer: In 1913, Muhammad Ali Jinnah joined the League and became the most famous member of the All India Muslim League, since he spearheaded the partition of Pakistan from British-India.

Question 3. What were the agendas of the All India Muslim League?

Answer: The prime purpose of the All India Muslim League was to win the faithfulness of the Muslims of India by protecting their political, religious, economic, and educational rights.  They also felt the need to establish a separate nation for the Muslim community.

Question 4. What happened to All India Muslim League after winning independence?

Answer: After forming their own nation, Pakistan, the All India Muslim League was renamed as All Pakistan Muslim League.  After a decade of establishing the new nation, the League lost its shine and faded away.

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Gandhi and the Muslim League: The Dawn in 1947

• First Online: 11 December 2020

Cite this chapter

• Gopa Sabharwal 5  

Part of the book series: Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media ((PSHM))

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In 1947, as India and Pakistan came into being as independent countries, few people dominated the headlines more than Gandhi and Jinnah. The representation of Gandhi in Jinnah’s New Delhi-based newspaper Dawn provides crucial insight into how the dominant idea of a united India was confronted and critiqued. This chapter shows how, even as Jinnah emerged the victor in his quest for an Islamic nation, the challenge posed by Gandhi, forever on the move, constrained by neither party nor office and communicator par excellence , had to be continuously countered in the columns of the Dawn .

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Ayesha Jayal, ‘Secularists, Subalterns and the Stigma of “Communalism”: Partition Historiography Revisited’. Modern Asian Studies , Vol. 30, No. 3 (July 1996), p. 681–689.

Chandrika Kaul, (ed) Media and the British Empire (London 2006), p. 1.

For example, see Milton Israel, Communications and Power: Propaganda and the Press in the Indian National Struggle, 1920–1947 (Cambridge 1994); Uma Das Gupta ‘The Indian Press 1870–1880: A Small World of Journalism’, Modern Asian Studies , Vol. 11, No. 2 (1977), p. 213–235.

Roger D. Long, ‘Dawn and the Creation of Pakistan’, 2009. Media History , 15:4, p. 407–421. Long records that the earlier title page used to carry the statement ‘Under the Supervision of Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan, Hony. Secy. All-India Muslim League’, p. 408.

Hector Bolitho, Jinnah Creator of Pakistan (London 1956), pp. 153.

Z.H. Zaidi (ed), M.A.Jinnah—Ispahani Correspondence 1936–1948 (Karachi 1976), pp. 305.

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (London, 1983).

Roger D. Long (ed) ‘ Dear Mr Jinnah’ Selected Correspondence and Speeches of Liaquat Ali Khan, 1937–1947 (Karachi 2004). In calculations for newsprint, Liaqat Ali Khan was preparing for a daily circulation of 6000 copies a day.

Altaf Husain, ‘Quaid-i-Azam: As I Knew Him’, Pakistan Horizon , Vol. 61, No. 1/2 (January–April 2008), p. 181–194.

See Margarita Barns, The Indian Press (London 1940); Milton Israel, Communications and Power 1994 ; Julie F. Codell, ‘The Nineteenth-Century Press in India’, Victorian Periodicals Review , Vol. 37, No. 2 (Summer, 2004), p. 106–123; Nadig Krishna Murthy, Indian Journalism (Mysore 1966); J. Natarajan, History of Indian Journalism (Delhi 1955).

S. Natarajan, A History of the Press in India (Bombay 1962), p. 27.

J. Natarajan, 1955, p. 29.

See Milton Israel, 1994, p. 8.

Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities (1983).

It allowed the Government to search premises of any press and take other action without going to court. S. Natarajan, 1962:94.

J. Natarajan, 1955, p. 103.

Ibid., p. 115–117.

Chandrika Kaul, Éngland and India: The Ilbert Bill, 1883: A case study of the metropolitan press’, The Indian Economic and Social History Review, 30,4 (1993), SAGE New Delhi.

S. Natarajan, 1962, p. 152.

Ibid., p. 171.

Ibid., p. 9.

Ramachandra Guha, Gandhi The years that changed the world (Delhi 2018), p. 5.

Ibid., p. 12.

S. Natarajan, 1962, p. 190.

Ibid., p. 202.

Milton Israel, 1994.

Ibid., p. 21.

A.D. Mani, ‘The Indian Press Today’, Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 21, No. 11 (2 July, 1952), pp. 109–113.

Guha, 2018, p. 601.

Milton Israel, 1994, p. 23.

Long, 2009, p. 420.

Ibid., p. 407.

S. Natarajan, 1962, p. 286.

Ibid., p. 413.

Ibid., p. 414.

Dawn , 1 January, p. 4. Henceforth, all references to the Dawn newspaper are for the year 1947.

Ritu Gairola Khanduri, Caricaturing Culture in India: Cartoons and History in the Modern World (Cambridge 2014), p. 105.

Fayza Haq, ‘Ajmal Husain: A Blend of Journalism and Art’, in The Daily Star, 2 January, 2005.

Marjorie Hasain, ‘The Life and Times of Ajmal Husain’, News Line, 27 April, 2015.

Sucheta Mahajan, ‘Social Pressures Towards Partition: Noakhali Riots of 1946’, Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 48 (1987), pp. 571–578.

Dawn , 3 January, p. 6, col. 1–2.

Dawn , 10 January, p. 4.

Ayesha Jayal, ‘Inheriting the Raj: Jinnah and the Governor-Generalship Issue’, Modern Asian Studies , Vol. 19, No. 1 (1985), p. 31.

Dawn , 7 February; Dawn , 14 February; Dawn , 18 February.

Dawn , 18 February, p. 4, Editorial.

Dawn , 23 February, p. 4.

Dawn , 7 March, p. 5, col. 3.

Dawn , 23 March.

Dawn , 15 March, p. 7, col. 5–6.

Dawn , 3 March, p. 7, col. 4.

Dawn , 11 March, p. 6, col. 3.

Dawn , 25 March, p. 4, col. 4.

Dawn , 11 March, p. 6, col. 4.

Dawn , 2 April, p. 8, col. 2.

Dawn , 5 April, p. 4, col. 1–2.

Dawn , 6 April, p. 4.

Dawn , 11 April, p. 8, col. 2.

Dawn , 12 April.

Dawn , 13 April, p. 1, col. 5.

Dawn , 16 April, p. 1, col. 3.

Dawn , 17 April, p. 4, col. 5–6.

Dawn , 24 April, p. 4, col. 5–6.

Dawn , 17 April, p. 4, col. 1–2.

Dawn , 18 April, p. 1, col. 4.

Dawn , 2 May, p. 8, col. 1.

Dawn , 4 May, p. 4.

Wolpert 1984, p. 38.

Dawn , 7 May, p. 1.

Dawn , 8 May, p. 8, col. 2.

Dawn , 9 August, p. 2, col. 1–2.

Dawn , 14 August, p. 2, col. 1–2.

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Sabharwal, G. (2020). Gandhi and the Muslim League: The Dawn in 1947. In: Kaul, C. (eds) M.K. Gandhi, Media, Politics and Society. Palgrave Studies in the History of the Media. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-59035-2_7

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The Formation of Muslim League

origin of all india muslim league and its objectives has been written in the article

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This paper examines the achievements of the Muslim League as a pressure group while Morley-Minto reform scheme is worked out. The League claimed constitutional safeguards, separate electorate, weighted representation,reserved quota in the Government services, religious liberty and preservation of cultural values.Finally, the Muslim League's request for safeguard was conceded in the Indian Council Act in May 1909.It also sees the Muslim League breaking out of its Aligarh chrysalis to spread its wings in the wider world of Indian politics, at the same time it is noted how it moves the headquarters from Aligarh's academic tranquility to Lucknow's political hothouse. The annulment of the partition of Bengal in November 1911 created turmoil and decline their future expectations. The Italy-Turkey war in 1911 and the Balkan's war in 1012 annoyed the Muslim League and it lost faith in the British Government. Turkey occupied a special place in the hearts of Indian Muslims because it was the seat of their Caliph. All these internal as well as external affairs affected the Muslims loyalty towards the British Government and created a profound change in the angle of their vision.

M. Rafique Afzal’s A History of the All-India Muslim League, 1906-1947 is predestined to become the standard historical account of the League because of its attention to detail, comprehensiveness, clear prose, and rigorous research. At nearly 800 pages, the account is also exhaustive and provides a tremendous amount of information about the League, its inner workings, and Jinnah’s leadership. There are three lessons in particular that emerge from the narrative, none of which are particularly flattering to the League. First, the League was, in organizational terms, an inconsequential entity until the 1940s. Second, during its heady ascent in the 1940s as the crisis of British imperial succession deepened, the League was plagued by factionalism and infighting. Third, barely keeping the League in balance was Jinnah and his followers at the central level.

This Article shows the role of the All India Muslim League in the freedom movement during the First World War. During the War period there was subdued political activity caused by internment and deportation of a large number of extremists. The British ha to fight Turkey. This raised the cry of Jihad in India, and thus the Indian Muslims came under the spell of nationalism. The significance of War links Indian National Movement with world forces. This close relationship between important happenings and Indian political events during this period reveal Indian National Movement to be the part of an international pattern in which is discernible a correlated evolution of political movements. Mr. Jinnah played a significant role to put this organization in an extremely advantageous position.

Mihi & Mano Publications

Surendra Govidu

Muslim League & the Growth of Communalism – Partition of India – Advent of Freedom - Integration of Princely States into Indian Union – Sardar Valla Bhai Patel

Arshad Islam

Publisher ijmra.us UGC Approved

This Article Have A Brief History of the Muslim League and its Different phases before the creation of Pakistan, in which Muslim League presented itself as a sole representative of the Muslims of India.After the creation of Pakistan. In 1948(26February)jinnah become the first governor general of Pakistan, and he resigned from the league presidentship because in the parliamentary system it is legally wrong to hold two positions at once .Chaudhry Khaliq-uz-Zaman became the president of Muslim League after jinnah .He could not prove himself fit for the post, he also failed to unite the various group leaders and ultimately he resigned. After the constitutional amendments Liaquat Ali Khan became its president, soon Muslim League divided into two groups in the center. Liaquat Ali Khan and Chaudhary Khaliq-uz-Zaman could not trust each other the facts shows that the Muslim League parliamentary leaders were not capable and very weak to implement their policies. Basically the leaders of the party were afraid and not sincere with their party, it was proved of weak leadership. The main cause of the decline of League to delay of making a constitution for the nation .

Historical Research Letter

aflatun kausar

My review of Rafique Afzal's book, A History of the All-India Muslim League, 1906-1947. Essential reading if you are looking for a richly researched history of the political party that led the movement for Pakistan.

Khondakar G Mowla

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All-india muslim league essay.

The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was established on December 30, 1906, at the time of British colonial rule to protect the interests of Muslims. Later it became the main vehicle through which the demand for a separate homeland for the Muslims was put forth. The Indian National Congress (INC) was perceived by some Muslims as an essentially Hindu organization where Muslim interests would not be safeguarded. Formed in the year 1885, the INC did not have any agenda of separate religious identity. Some of its annual sessions were presided over by eminent Muslims like Badruddin Tyabji (1844–1906) and Rahimtulla M. Sayani (1847–1902). Certain trends emerged in the late 19th century that convinced a sizable group of Muslims to chart out a separate course. The rise of communalism in the Muslim community began with a revivalist tendency, with Muslims looking to the history of Arabs as well as the Delhi sultanate and the Moghul rule of India with pride and glory. Although the conditions of the Muslims were not the same all over the British Empire, there was a general backwardness in commerce and education. The British policy of “divide and rule” encouraged certain sections of the Muslim population to remain away from mainstream politics.

The INC, although secular in outlook, was not able to contain the spread of communalism among Hindus and Muslims alike. The rise of Hindu militancy, the cow protection movement, the use of religious symbols, and so on alienated the Muslims. Syed Ahmed Khan’s (1817–98) ideology and political activities provided a backdrop for the separatist tendency among the Muslims. He exhorted that the interests of Hindus and Muslims were divergent. Khan advocated loyalty to the British Empire. The viceroy Lord Curzon (1899–1905) partitioned the province of Bengal in October 1905, creating a Muslim majority province in the eastern wing. The INC’s opposition and the consequent swadeshi (indigenous) movement convinced some Muslim elites that the congress was against the interests of the Muslim community. A pro-partition campaign was begun by the nawab of Dhaka, Khwaja Salimullah Khan (1871–1915), who had been promised a huge amount of interest-free loans by Curzon. He would be influential in the new state. The nawab began to form associations, safeguarding the interests of the Bengali Muslims. He was also thinking in terms of an all-India body. In his Shahbag residence he hosted 2,000 Muslims between December 27 and 30, 1906.

Sultan Muhammad Shah, the Aga Khan III (1877–1957), who had led a delegation in October 1906 to Viceroy Lord Minto (1845–1914) for a separate electorate for the Muslims, was also with Salimullah Khan. Nawab Mohsin-ul-Mulk (1837–1907) of the Aligarh movement also was present in Dhaka. On December 30 the AIML was formed. The chairperson of the Dhaka conclave, Nawab Viqar-ul-Mulk (1841–1917), declared that the league would remain loyal to the British and would work for the interests of the Muslims. The constitution of the league, the Green Book, was drafted by Maulana Muhammad Ali Jouhar (1878–1931). The headquarters of the league was set up in Aligarh (Lucknow from 1910), and Aga Khan was elected the first president. Thus, a separate all-India platform was created to voice the grievances of the Muslims and contain the growing influence of the Congress Party. The AIML had a membership of 400, and a branch was set up in London two years afterward by Syed Ameer Ali (1849–1928).

The league was dominated by landed aristocracy and civil servants of the United Provinces. In its initial years it passed pious resolutions. The leadership had remained loyal to the British Empire, and the Government of India Act of 1909 granted separate electorates to the Muslims. A sizable number of Muslim intellectuals advocated a course of agitation in light of the annulment of the partition of Bengal in 1911. Two years afterward the league demanded self-government in its constitution. There was also change in leadership of the league after the resignation of President Aga Khan in 1913. Mohammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), the eminent lawyer from Bombay (now Mumbai), joined the league.

Driving Out The British

Hailed as the ambassador of “Hindu-Muslim unity,” Jinnah was an active member of the INC. He still believed in cooperation between the two communities to drive out the British. He became the president of the AIML in 1916 when it met in Lucknow. He was also president between 1920 and 1930 and again from 1937 to 1947. Jinnah was instrumental in the Lucknow Pact of 1916 between the congress and the league, which assigned 30 percent of provincial council seats to Muslims. But there was a gradual parting of the ways between the INC and the AIML. The appearance of Mohandas K. Gandhi (1869–1948) on the Indian scene further increased the distance, as Jinnah did not like Gandhi’s noncooperation movement.

The short-lived hope of rapprochement between the two parties occurred in the wake of the coming of the Simon Commission. The congress accepted the league’s demand for one-third representation in the central legislature. But the Hindu Mahasabha, established in 1915, rejected the demand at the All Parties Conference of 1928. The conference also asked Motilal Nehru (1861–1931) to prepare a constitution for a free India. The Nehru Report spelled out a dominion status for India. The report was opposed by the radical wing of the INC, which was led by Motilal’s son Jawaharlal Nehru (1889–1964). The league also rejected the Nehru Report as it did not concede to all the league’s demands. Jinnah called it a parting of the ways, and the relations between the league and the congress began to sour. The league demanded separate electorates and reservation of seats for the Muslims. From the 1920s on the league itself was not a mass-based party. In 1928 in the presidency of Bombay it had only 71 members. In Bengal and the Punjab, the two Muslim majority provinces, the unionists and the Praja Krushsk Party, respectively, were powerful. League membership also did not increase substantially. In 1922 it had a membership of 1,093, and after five years it increased only to 1,330. Even in the historic 1930 session, when the demand for a separate Muslim state was made by President Muhammad Iqbal (1877–1938), it lacked a quorum, with only 75 members present.

After coming back from London, Jinnah again took the mantle of leadership of the league. The British had agreed to give major power to elected provincial legislatures per the 1935 Government of India Act. The INC was victorious in general constituencies but did not perform well in Muslim constituencies. Many Muslims had subscribed to the INC’s ideal of secularism. It seemed that the two-nation theory, exhorting that the Hindus and Muslims form two different nations, did not appeal to all the Muslims. The Muslims were considered a nation with a common language, history, and religion according to the two-nation theory.

In 1933 a group of Cambridge students led by Choudhary Rahmat Ali (1897–1951) had coined the term Pakistan (land of the pure), taking letters from Muslim majority areas: Punjab P, Afghania (North-West Frontier Province) A, Kashmir K, Indus-Sind IS, and Baluchistan TAN. The league did not achieve its dream of a separate homeland for the Muslims until 1947. It had been an elite organization without a mass base, and Jinnah took measures to popularize it. The membership fees were reduced, committees were formed at district and provincial levels, socioeconomic content was put in the party manifesto, and a vigorous anti-congress campaign was launched. The scenario changed completely for the league when in the famous Lahore session the Pakistan Resolution was adopted on March 23, 1940. Jinnah reiterated the two-nation theory highlighting the social, political, economic, and cultural differences of the two communities. The resolution envisaged an independent Muslim state consisting of Sindh, the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, and Bengal. The efforts of Jinnah after the debacle in the 1937 election paid dividends as 100,000 joined the league in the same year.

There was no turning back for the league after the Pakistan Resolution. The league followed a policy of cooperation with the British government and did not support the Quit India movement of August 1942. The league was determined to have a separate Muslim state, whereas the congress was opposed to the idea of partition. Reconciliation was not possible, and talks between Gandhi and Jinnah for a united India in September 1944 failed. After the end of World War II, Great Britain did not have the economic or political resources to hold the British Empire in India. It decided to leave India finally and ordered elections to central and provincial legislatures. The league won all 30 seats reserved for Muslims with 86 percent of the votes in the elections of December 1945 for the center. The congress captured all the general seats with 91 percent of the votes. In the provincial elections of February 1946, the league won 440 seats reserved for Muslims out of a total of 495 with 75 percent of the votes.

Flush with success, the Muslim members gathered in April for the Delhi convention and demanded a sovereign state and two constitution-making bodies. Jinnah addressed the gathering, saying that Pakistan should be established without delay. It would consist of the Muslim majority areas of Bengal and Assam in the east and the Punjab, the North-West Frontier Province, Sind, and Baluchistan in the west. The British government had dispatched a cabinet mission in March to transfer power. The league accepted the plan of the cabinet mission, but the league working committee in July withdrew its earlier acceptance and called for a Direct Action Day on August 16.

The league joined the interim government in October but decided not to attend the Constituent Assembly. In January 1947 the Muslim League launched a “direct action” against the non–Muslim League government of Khizr Hayat Tiwana (1900–75) of the Punjab. Partition was inevitable, and the new viceroy, Lord Louis Mountbatten (1900–79), began to talk with leaders from the league as well as the congress to work out a compromise formula. On June 3, 1947, it was announced that India and Pakistan would be granted independence. The Indian Independence Act was passed by the British parliament in July, and the deadline was set for midnight on August 14–15. The demand of the league for a separate state was realized when the Islamic Republic of Pakistan was born on August 14.

On August 15 Jinnah was sworn in as the first governor-general of Pakistan, and Liaqat Ali Khan (1895–1951) became the prime minister. The new nation had 60 million Muslims in East Bengal, West Punjab, Sind, the North-West Frontier Province, and Baluchistan. After independence the league did not remain a major political force for long, and dissent resulted in many splinter groups. The Pakistan Muslim League had no connection with the original league. In India the Indian Union Muslim League was set up in March 1948 with a stronghold in the southern province of Kerala. The two-nation theory received a severe jolt when East Pakistan seceded after a liberation struggle against the oppressive regime of the west. A new state, Bangladesh, emerged in December 1971. In the early 21st century more Muslims resided in India (175 million) than in Pakistan (159 million).

Bibliography:

• Aziz, K. K. The Making of Pakistan: A Study in Nationalism. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1993;
• Hussain, J. A History of the Peoples of Pakistan: Towards Independence. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997;
• Jalal, Ayesha. The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan. New Delhi: Cambridge University Press, 1994;
• Masselos, Jim. Indian Nationalism: A History. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1985;
• Pirzada, Syed Sharifuddin, ed. Foundations of Pakistan-All India Muslim League Documents 1906–1947. 3 vols. Karachi: Royal Book Company, 1969, 1970, 1990;
• Ziring, Lawrence. Pakistan in the Twentieth Century: A Political History. Karachi: Oxford University Press, 1997.

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• Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/how-bangladeshs-student-protests-ignited-a-broader-movement-against-the-countrys-leader

Bangladesh is under a nationwide curfew and internet blackout after a weekend of violent clashes between security forces and protestors. Almost 300 people have died since the start of the protests, which have grown into a national movement against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her increasingly autocratic rule. Ali Rogin reports.

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LAURA BARRON-LOPEZ:

Bangladesh is under a nationwide curfew and internet blackout after a weekend of violent clashes between security forces and protesters, almost 300 people have died, with thousands more injured. The protests have grown into a national movement against Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina and her increasingly autocratic rule. Ali Rogin has more.

In Bangladesh, protests over a government jobs policy ignited a broader movement against the country's longtime leader. Protesters say Sheikh Hasina's violent crackdown is destroying her image and legacy tied to the birth of the nation itself.

JAHIRUL ISLAM, Waiter:

We want the government to resign. We want to go back to the golden times we had in the past.

Student protests began in mid-July against a government workforce quota system, which reserves some jobs for veterans of the country's 1971 war for independence and their families. Hasina responded with violence, imposing an internet blackout and curfew, with security forces given an order to shoot on site.

The government reduced the quota after demonstrations began, but the protests had already expanded to calls for justice for those killed in the crackdown, a toll now exceeding 200.

MEGHMALLAR BOSU, Student Dhaka University:

They are killing people indiscriminately. People are being jailed. People are being tortured. At the same time, you are seeing the courage of the people of Bangladesh, who have decided they will not sit down. They will not go down without a fight.

Hasina and the quota system are part of Bangladesh's founding story. Her father was Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, who led the fight for an independent Bengali state after the partition of British ruled India in 1947. The Muslim majority areas became East and West Pakistan, but the Bengali speaking East Pakistanis faced exploitation and marginalization from the west.

Mujib helped found the Bengali nationalist Awami League, which fought for independence at the polls and eventually in a bloody war against West Pakistan in the wars nine months about 3 million people were killed and millions more displaced.

Mujib became independent Bangladesh's first prime minister, and put the quota system in place as a reward for Bangladesh's freedom fighters. He was assassinated in 1975 and Hasina positioned herself as his political and ideological successor.

SALIL TRIPATHI, Writer and Author: People see her as a harbinger of democracy, the daughter of the father of the revolution, and in 1991 actually gets elected to be the prime minister. And then she loses in 1996 and from 1996 to 2008 she continues to fight for democracy and gets a lot of support, lot of goodwill.

Salil Tripathi is a writer and the author of a book on "The Bangladesh War." He says after Hasina regained power, her commitment to democracy waned as she won three disputed elections in a row.

SALIL TRIPATHI:

All of that has been accompanied by a period of serious human rights violation and economic downturn and this perception of nepotism and corruption.

He says most of the beneficiaries of the quota system were from the founding Awami League, excluding supporters of opposition parties.

The quota became the symptom, and now it has become full scale opposition to the rule.

Since protests began, police have arrested at least 11,000 people.

SHEIKH HASINA, Prime Minister, Bangladesh:

Many were punished after getting out from jail. They're showing the same face. They will not be spared easily.

One student protest leader said police abducted, sedated and detained him for days.

ASIF MAHMUD, Coordinator, Students Against Discrimination in Bangladesh: I think they took us away to refrain us from making decisions about the movement. While they massacred all these people, they made some of us disappear. Some were beaten. We were pressured to stop the movement.

Hasina stoked tensions when she referred to the protesters as Razakars, a wartime slur for supporters of the Pakistani military who fought the Bangladeshi freedom fighters.

The Razakars is the word she used on the 14th of July. And so the students started a protest saying that I'm here Razakars. You are Razakars. Everyone is a Razakar as a kind of you own, and campaign against it. And the protest just snowballed.

Now, international pressure is mounting. The United Nations and European Union are calling on the government to halt its attacks. The UN human rights chief wants the government to disclose details about the crackdown, but Tripathi says the number of crises spiraling elsewhere in the world is fracturing the world's attention.

On one hand, you have the conflict in Ukraine, then you the conflict in the Middle East, in Gaza, the U.S. is in the middle of its own election. The Venezuela election has thrown, you know, rabbit out of the hat now. So I think there are lots of other priorities which are which are also distracting the international community.

Inside Bangladesh, the National reckoning persists.

SYED SADMAN, Student Protester:

People make mistakes. If she would have apologized, everything would go back to normal. If she cannot control it, things will keep getting heated.

As protesters continue to defy police in the streets, it's clear that for some, an apology is no longer enough for. PBS News Weekend, I'm Ali Rogin.

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Ali Rogin is a correspondent for the PBS News Hour and PBS News Weekend, reporting on a number of topics including foreign affairs, health care and arts and culture. She received a Peabody Award in 2021 for her work on News Hour’s series on the COVID-19 pandemic’s effect worldwide. Rogin is also the recipient of two Edward R. Murrow Awards from the Radio Television Digital News Association and has been a part of several teams nominated for an Emmy, including for her work covering the fall of ISIS in 2020, the Las Vegas mass shooting in 2017, the inauguration of President Barack Obama in 2014, and the 2010 midterm elections.

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Does the English Defence League still exist, and could it be banned in the UK?

Angela Rayner said the Home Secretary will "be looking at" whether the English Defence League should be banned in law. But what - if anything - is left of the organisation is in a very different state to when it was founded.

Sunday 4 August 2024 12:56, UK

A wave of violent protests around the country has raised questions about whether the English Defence League (EDL) - technically a defunct organisation - should be banned under UK terrorism laws.

Deputy Prime Minister Angela Rayner said the Home Secretary Yvette Cooper will "be looking at" whether the EDL could be proscribed - banned under UK law.

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UK protests latest: More clashes expected after some 90 arrests

But what is the EDL, does it still exist, and could it even be proscribed?

What does it mean when something is proscribed?

If an organisation has been proscribed, it has been forbidden under UK law.

Under the Terrorism Act 2000, the Home Secretary may proscribe an organisation if they believe it is concerned with terrorism, and it is proportionate to do so.

Under the act, terrorism means the use or threat of action which involves serious violence against a person, serious damage to property, endangers a person's life or creates a risk to life, to influence the government or intimidate the public.

It must also be carried out with the aim to advance a political, religious, racial or ideological cause.

What is the EDL and what does it believe?

The EDL was founded in 2009 and experienced its heyday in 2011.

Established in London, the group formed around several football hooligan firms protesting the presence of an Islamist group in Luton.

Tommy Robinson - real name Stephen Yaxley-Lennon - a former member of the BNP who had a criminal conviction for assault, became the group's de facto leader shortly after it was formed.

Ideologically, it sat on the far right of British politics, rejecting the idea that Muslims can truly be English, while promoting Islam as a threat to European values and blaming a perceived decline in "English culture" on high immigration rates.

It distinguished itself from the traditional far-right by rejecting biological racism, antisemitism, and homophobia - evidenced by the existence of subgroups, including Jewish, Sikh and LGBT divisions.

Read more: 'We took beer bottles to our helmets': Bristol riots Officers attacked and injured in UK clashes

The group adopted the slogan "Not racist, not violent, just no longer silent" and claimed to be standing up for the white working class.

Yet despite this messaging, racist chants continued to ring out at EDL rallies.

Ivan Humble, a former EDL member, told Sky News once he joined the group, he "found a sense of belonging".

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Is the EDL now defunct?

The decline of the EDL mirrors that of the BNP, which saw significant support in the 2010 election but has since faded into electoral obscurity.

The profile of the EDL rose dramatically between 2010 and 2013, but soon began to lose momentum - partly due to in-fighting among the group's different factions.

The group was then revealed to have links to Norwegian far-right activist Anders Behring Breivik, the perpetrator of a series of bombing and shooting attacks in July 2011 that killed 77 people.

In December 2011, two EDL supporters were convicted of plotting to bomb a mosque in Stoke-on-Trent.

By 2013, the number of members attending rallies was in decline, although the group did experience a brief resurgence in the wake of the murder of British Army soldier Lee Rigby.

Robinson left the organisation that same year, amid fears he could not control the group's more violent followers .

By 2017, the EDL was still making headlines, but this time it was because a march was called off after just six people turned up.

These days, anti-racism group Hope Not Hate says it considers the organisation as non-existent, as does Robinson, the former founder, himself.

Robinson said on X: "The riots are by local residents fed up. Nothing to do with the EDL which closed down over a decade ago."

But although the organisation is now officially considered defunct, the sentiments feeding it - anger at immigration at the heart of it - have remained.

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Merseyside police said supporters of the EDL appeared prominent in the Southport disorder after rioters clashed with police outside a mosque on Tuesday night.

Misinformation, peddled by the far right , suggested that the 17-year-old arrested in connection with the knife attack was a Muslim immigrant who had arrived by boat in the UK. That was not true.

Labour MP for Sunderland Central Lewis Atkinson said flags on the street bore the reference to the North East Infidels, "a Nazi, EDL offshoot from the north east chapter of what was the EDL". Images online show flags from the North East Infidels present at Friday's clashes.

Mr Atkinson said individuals previously involved with the EDL are "still out there" and need to be monitored by police.

Could the EDL be proscribed?

This is something the Home Secretary appears to be looking into - but given the organisation is officially defunct, it is unclear what difference this would make.

However, there are rules around aliases, which means if the government believes the EDL to be operating under a different name, that too could be banned.

"You may end up missing the target if you proscribe the organisation," said Lord Walney, a government adviser on political violence.

The priority, he said, should be going after "individual ringleaders who are currently stirring things up and moving from area to area".

"If proscription can be seen to be part of an effective tool in enabling us to get to those individuals, then yes let's try and do it quickly. But because of that complication, I'm not sure whether it is the first thing you go to."

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• Tommy Robinson

Justice League of Greater Lansing awards $50K in scholarships as first reparations disbursement

LANSING — The Justice League of Greater Lansing Michigan made its first distributions from its Reparations Fund in the form of 10 $5,000 scholarships to graduating seniors in the region. The fund was created to address the racial wealth gap in Greater Lansing.

The students submitted essays about the racial wealth gap, how it has affected them and their communities and what can be done to address it.

“A common thread in their essays is that discrimination today has resulted from years of social injustices," Willye Bryan, founder and vice president of the Justice League of Greater Lansing Michigan, said in a news release. "It continues to limit African American families’ access to basic wealth builders — education, higher paying jobs and home ownership. This doesn't allow for generational wealth building, nor does it allow for closing the Racial Wealth Gap."

The winners were honored at a reception on Aug. 3. They are listed here with their hometown, high school and where they will study this fall:

• Zachary Barker, East Lansing, Okemos High School, Michigan State University
• Olivia Burns, East Lansing, East Lansing High School, MSU Honors College
• Ahja Crawford, Lansing, Holt High School, Lansing Community College
• Marvin Deh, Lansing, Eaton Rapids High School, MSU
• Lydia-Anne Ding-Mejok, Lansing, East Lansing High School, Central Michigan University
• J'Kyla Hobbs, Lansing, Haslett High School, University of Michigan
• Braelyn Jackson-Pointer, Lansing, Grand Ledge High School, Howard University
• Nala Noel, East Lansing, East Lansing High School, School of the Art Institute of Chicago
• Hailey Perkins, Okemos, Okemos High School, Howard University
• Joseph Pizzo, Lansing, J.W. Sexton High School, Siena Heights University

Here are essays from two of the winners:

Politics and policies block generational wealth

Generational wealth is something Black families struggle to have. It seems like there are obstacles put in our way to keep us from attaining it, and people ready to knock us back if we look like we are going to achieve it. Generational wealth means having resources, property, assets, valuables, money, businesses you can pass on in your family from generation to generation.

Having generational wealth gives the next generation opportunity and a head start for success. It gives families a sense of financial security. When I think of generational wealth I think of families like the Rockefellers, Gateses, and Buffets. Recently, some famous Black people have achieved billionaire status like Michael Jordan, Jay Z, Lebron James and Oprah. But the rest of us are still struggling to get by. 

My family is working to achieve generational wealth. My maternal great-grandmother was an entrepreneur. She was “The Help.” My grandmother was The Help's help, and my mother was three times The Help. My great-grandmother desperately wanted more for her family. She and her husband had 10 children and started out in the projects. They eventually purchased their own home and my grandmother had to go to work. She began as a maid, but in time started her own business called, “Days Work,” a maid service.

She and her husband saved money and she later became a certified nursing assistant. The money from that job was used send their children to college and to buy a small rental apartment complex. She became a widow at a young age and the money she generated sustained her for her entire life. She left an inheritance for each of their 10 children, which helped jump-start their future.

The lessons learned from her example laid the foundation for the pursuit of generational wealth for our family. We have not achieved billionaire status, but we are working to make sure the next generation does better than the one before.

African Americans have less generational wealth because politics and policies have blocked our potential.  Homeownership is really important for generational wealth. A home is something that can be passed from generation to generation. It can build equity that a family can use to borrow against to start a business.  Many Black families are not able to afford a home, cannot obtain a loan to make the purchase, or their home is marked as lower value.

Creating programs that will help African Americans afford homes is key in addressing the wealth gap. Lack of financial literacy also contributes to the problem. You have to understand what to do with money, how to stay out of debt, invest and save. 

Generational wealth is worth pursuing. African Americans have to stand up against systems that were created to keep us down. When I think of the solution to the generational wealth problem, I think of the Kwanzaa principles, particularly Ujamaa, cooperative economics. We must understand that all of us, not just one or two, needs generational wealth.

— Zachary Barker, an Okemos High graduate, plans to attend Michigan State University  

Adoptive, biological families provide first-hand case study in generational wealth

According to the Federal Reserve's Survey of Consumer Finances, “between 2019 and 2022, median wealth increased by $51,800, but the racial wealth gap increased by $49,950 adding up to a total difference of $240,120 in wealth between the median white household and median Black household.”

Historically speaking, there have always been disparities between white and  Black Americans. For example: access to education, job opportunities, and housing. All of which prohibited access to greater resources. Past discrimination directly affects the lives of Black Americans today. 

I have had the unique opportunity to learn this from both sides. As a Black transracial adoptee,I was exposed to the generational differences that changed the amount of income in my white parents' household and my biological family's household.

Racial disparities passed down, including the environment where a family begins, play a big role in the amount of income a family can make in the future. According to my grandmother, my adoptive parents' families started in Virginia and other southern states and moved to Detroit for factory jobs, more specifically working for Henry Ford car factories.

My biological family mainly lived in Detroit their entire lives; my great-grandfather wasn’t able to get a job in factories at the time because employers didn’t want jobs to be taken from white people. Because of this, he mostly worked as a cook when he could. Since it was difficult for my biological family to get jobs to have enough food on the table, many children in my family had to start working as young as 10 years old instead of going to school, and this cycle continued throughout the years.

My adoptive family had the privilege of going to high school, and few had the opportunity to attend college. Today, both my adoptive parents went to college paid for by their parents and received bachelor's degrees. Neither of my biological parents nor siblings have had the opportunity to attend college, and most were barely able to finish high school because they had other responsibilities like working or providing childcare for my younger siblings.

Today my adoptive family owns their homes and no one in my biological family owns their homes. Even when applying for jobs, a study done by Bowdoin University found that employers just looking at resumes are 30% more likely to hire applicants they believe are white based off their name than Black.

Narrowing the wealth gap could potentially be very simple if the government can change its institutional racist ways. We can eliminate redlining and housing discrimination causing Black Americans to not have access to certain houses and to pay more property taxes despite receiving fewer benefits than white-dominated areas. This originated all the way back to the civil war period to try to force Black Americans to move back to plantations.

We also need to increase access and expand equity for higher education for low-income families and minimum wage should be raised to match the cost of living.

— Olivia Burns, an East Lansing High graduate, plans to attend Michigan State University Honors College

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Who Are the Far-Right Groups Behind the U.K. Riots?

After a deadly stabbing at a children’s event in northwestern England, an array of online influencers, anti-Muslim extremists and fascist groups have stoked unrest, experts say.

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By Esther Bintliff and Eve Sampson

Esther Bintliff reported from London, and Eve Sampson from New York.

Violent unrest has erupted in several towns and cities in Britain in recent days, and further disorder broke out on Saturday as far-right agitators gathered in demonstrations around the country.

The violence has been driven by online disinformation and extremist right-wing groups intent on creating disorder after a deadly knife attack on a children’s event in northwestern England, experts said.

A range of far-right factions and individuals, including neo-Nazis, violent soccer fans and anti-Muslim campaigners, have promoted and taken part in the unrest, which has also been stoked by online influencers .

Prime Minister Keir Starmer has vowed to deploy additional police officers to crack down on the disorder. “This is not a protest that has got out of hand,” he said on Thursday. “It is a group of individuals who are absolutely bent on violence.”

Here is what we know about the unrest and some of those involved.

Where have riots taken place?

The first riot took place on Tuesday evening in Southport, a town in northwestern England, after a deadly stabbing attack the previous day at a children’s dance and yoga class. Three girls died of their injuries, and eight other children and two adults were wounded.

The suspect, Axel Rudakubana , was born in Britain, but in the hours after the attack, disinformation about his identity — including the false claim that he was an undocumented migrant — spread rapidly online . Far-right activists used messaging apps including Telegram and X to urge people to take to the streets.

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