how to write a assignment memo

5 Templates and 7 Examples: How to Write a Memo

By Status.net Editorial Team on December 22, 2023 — 16 minutes to read

• Essential Elements of a Memo Part 1
• Drafting a Professional Memo Part 2
• Standard Memo Template Part 3
• Standard Memo Example Part 4
• Update Memo Template Part 5
• Example of a Project Update Memo Part 6
• Example of a Policy Change Memo Part 7
• Request Memo Template Part 8
• Example of a Request Memo Part 9
• Steps for creating an HR Memo Part 10
• HR Memo Template Part 11
• Example of an HR Memo Part 12
• Writing a Communication-Focused Memo Part 13
• How To Tailor a Memo for Students or Academic Purposes Part 14
• Academic Memo Template Part 15
• Academic Memo Example Part 16
• Tips for Effective Memo Writing Part 17

Memos, short for memorandums, are a way of communicating information within an organization. They often have a specific goal in mind, like providing updates, outlining policies, or assigning tasks. Knowing how to craft a well-written memo is a valuable skill in today’s workplace: it can help streamline workflows and effectively convey your message.

Part 1 Essential Elements of a Memo

The header is the first part of your memo and includes necessary information like the recipient’s name, your name, the date, and the subject.

For example: To: All Employees From: (Your Name), (Your Position) Date: November 15, 2024 Subject: Updated Vacation Policy

The body of your memo should be concise and to the point. Start by providing context to the reader about why the memo is essential. Then, present the main points with clear headings and bullet points for easy reading.

For example: Dear Team,

Our company has recently revised its vacation policy to better align with industry standards. Please review the key changes outlined below:

* Annual leave increased from 10 days to 15 days * Carryover limit of 5 unused days per year * New approval process via Employee Portal

These changes will take effect on January 1, 2025. Ensure you familiarize yourself with the updated policy and follow the new procedures.

End your memo with any essential action items or reminders necessary for the reader. If you expect a reply or want the recipient to take action, kindly state your expectations. Also, provide your contact information for any further questions or discussion.

For example: Please submit your updated vacation requests for 2025 using the new approval process on the Employee Portal by December 1, 2024. If you have any questions or concerns, feel free to reach out to me at [email protected] or extension 123.

Best regards, (Name) (Position)

Part 2 Drafting a Professional Memo

What are some key elements to include in a memo.

When writing a memo, make sure to include these key elements:

• A clear and informative subject line
• The date, sender’s name, and recipient’s name
• A concise introduction stating the memo’s purpose
• Well-organized information, using bullet points or numbered lists if necessary
• Appropriate call-to-action (if needed)
• Polite and professional language.

How can I make a memo clear and concise?

• Use short sentences and paragraphs
• Use clear, straightforward language
• Stick to the main points and eliminate unnecessary information
• Structure your memo logically, with headings and subheadings
• Proofread and edit to remove any errors or ambiguity.

Part 3 Standard Memo Template

A basic memo format typically includes a header with “To”, “From”, “Date”, and “Subject” followed by the body text. Here’s an outline to get you started:

To: [Recipient] From: [Your Name] Date: [Date] Subject: [Subject]

[Opening statement or purpose of the memo]

[Provide relevant details, supporting information, or context]

[Summarize any key takeaways or actionable items]

Part 4 Standard Memo Example

To: All Staff From: (…), HR Manager Date: (…) Subject: Reminder of Company Dress Code

As we approach the warmer months, I’d like to take this opportunity to remind everyone of the company’s dress code policy.

Our dress code aims to balance professional attire with comfort, ensuring that all employees maintain a standard of appearance that is appropriate for our work environment. Please refer to the employee handbook for the full dress code policy, but here are some key points to remember:

– Clothing should be clean, pressed, and not show excessive wear. – Business casual attire is acceptable Monday through Thursday, with casual attire permitted on Fridays. – Items such as flip-flops, tank tops, and shorts are not considered appropriate office wear. – Any clothing displaying offensive or inappropriate language or imagery is strictly prohibited.

Please keep these guidelines in mind when selecting your attire for work. It’s important that we all contribute to a workplace environment that is comfortable and professional.

If you have any questions about the dress code or need clarification on specific attire, please do not hesitate to contact the HR department.

Thank you for your cooperation and attention to this matter.

Best regards, Jane Smith

Part 5 Update Memo Template

An update memo is explicitly used to provide updates or progress on a project, task, or situation. This template outlines what you need to include:

[Summary of the update or progress of the project/task]

[Bullet or numbered list of key updates, achievements, or milestones]

1. [Update 1] 2. [Update 2] 3. [Update 3]

[Describe any challenges, obstacles, or concerns]

[Detail next steps, action items, or plans]

[Close with any additional information or reminders]

Part 6 Example of a Project Update Memo

When you need to inform your team about the progress of a project, use a project update memo. Start by briefly stating the project’s purpose, and then provide the current status of the project. Include important updates, such as milestones reached, achievements, or challenges faced. Share any changes to the project timeline or budget. Be sure to highlight specific team members’ contributions and express gratitude for their efforts.

To: [Project Team Members] From: [Your Name] Date: [Current Date] Subject: Update on [Project Name]

I am writing to provide you with the latest updates on the progress of our [Project Name], which aims to [briefly state the project’s purpose].

As of today, I am pleased to report that we have successfully reached several key milestones, including [list milestones reached]. These achievements reflect the hard work and dedication of every team member involved.

However, we have encountered a few challenges, namely [describe challenges faced]. We are actively working on addressing these issues and remain committed to keeping the project on track.

Please note that there have been some adjustments to our project timeline [and/or budget]. [Detail any changes, such as extensions or additional costs, and the reasons for these changes].

I would like to extend a special thanks to [specific team members] for their exceptional contributions [describe contributions]. Your efforts have not gone unnoticed and are greatly appreciated.

Looking ahead, we are focusing on [next steps or upcoming milestones], and I am confident that we will continue to make significant progress.

Thank you all for your continued hard work and dedication to the success of [Project Name].

Best regards, [Your Name]

Part 7 Example of a Policy Change Memo

For announcing a policy change within your organization, a policy change memo is necessary. Start by stating the purpose of the memo and clearly mention the policy being updated or replaced. Describe the reasoning behind the change and outline the new policy. Provide a timeline for when the new policy will be effective and whether there will be a transition period. If necessary, include any additional resources, such as training materials or contact information for employees with questions about the change. Be sure to thank your employees for their understanding and cooperation.

To: [All Employees] From: [Your Name] Date: [Current Date] Subject: Important Policy Change Announcement

This memo serves to inform you of an upcoming change to our company’s policy regarding [mention the topic of the policy being updated or replaced]. This change is part of our ongoing efforts to [briefly describe the reasoning behind the change].

Effective [effective date], the new policy will [outline the new policy in detail]. This update is designed to [explain the benefits or purpose of the new policy].

To ensure a smooth transition, we have established a grace period until [end of transition period], during which we will provide [additional resources, such as training materials or contact information].

We understand that changes can require adjustments, and we want to thank you in advance for your understanding and cooperation as we implement this new policy.

If you have any questions or require further clarification, please do not hesitate to reach out to [contact person or department].

Thank you for your continued commitment to our company’s values and standards.

Sincerely, [Your Name]

Part 8 Request Memo Template

[Explain the purpose of your request and any necessary background information]

[Describe your request, being clear about what action you’d like the recipient to take]

[Explain the benefits or reasons for the request, including any potential impacts or implications]

[Specify any deadlines or priority levels]

[Thank the recipient for their time and consideration]

Part 9 Example of a Request Memo

When making a request within your company, whether for resources, approvals, or assistance, a request memo can help you communicate professionally. Start your memo by clearly stating the purpose of your request and providing any necessary background information. Outline what you need and explain why it’s important to the success of the project or task. If applicable, include a timeline or deadline for your request. Be courteous and express gratitude for any consideration given to your request.

To: [Recipient’s Name or Department] From: [Your Name] Date: [Current Date] Subject: Request for [Resources/Approvals/Assistance]

Dear [Recipient’s Name or Department],

I am writing to formally request [briefly state your request] in order to [explain the purpose and importance of the request to the project or task].

The background of this request is [provide any necessary background information]. This is crucial for [explain why the request is important for the success of the project or task].

To meet our project goals, we would need [outline what you need] by [state the timeline or deadline for your request].

Your support in this matter is greatly appreciated, and I am confident that with your assistance, we can achieve [describe the positive outcome expected from fulfilling the request].

Thank you for considering this request. Please let me know if you require any further information or if there is any way I can assist in facilitating this process.

Part 10 Steps for creating an HR Memo

For an HR memo, follow these steps:

• Choose a specific purpose or topic related to HR (e.g., new policy, reminders, updates).
• Write a clear and informative subject line.
• Address the memo to the appropriate recipients.
• Begin with an introduction that states the purpose.
• Organize the information in a logical and easy-to-follow manner.
• Offer any necessary instructions or actions required from the recipients.
• Maintain a professional and respectful tone.
• End with your contact information for any follow-up questions.

Part 11 HR Memo Template

To: [Recipient(s)] From: [Your Name/Position] Date: [Date] Subject: [Clear and Informative Subject Line]

[Introduction]

Begin with a greeting and a concise introduction that immediately informs the reader of the memo’s purpose. This section sets the stage for the details to follow and should be clear and direct.

[Purpose or Topic]

Clearly state the specific HR-related purpose or topic of the memo. This could be about a new policy, a reminder about existing policies, updates to HR procedures, or any other HR-related announcement.

[Information Organization]

Organize the main content of your memo in a way that is logical and easy for the recipients to understand. Use headings, bullet points, or numbered lists to break up the text and make it more readable.

[Instructions or Actions Required]

If the memo requires recipients to take specific actions, outline these steps clearly. Provide a clear explanation of what is expected, how to accomplish it, and the deadline for completion.

[Additional Resources or Contact Information]

Include any additional resources that might be helpful, such as links to forms, policy documents, or FAQs. Provide contact information for the HR department or the person responsible for the topic at hand for further questions or follow-up.

End with a brief summary of the main points or a restatement of the most critical action items. Thank the recipients for their attention to the memo and their cooperation.

Include a professional sign-off with your full name, position, and contact information.

Part 12 Example of an HR Memo

To: All Department Managers From: Lisa Chang, Director of Human Resources Date: April 10, 2023 Subject: Implementation of New Time-Off Request Procedure

Dear Managers,

I am writing to inform you of a new procedure for submitting time-off requests that will be effective starting May 1, 2024.

The new procedure is designed to streamline our time-off request process and ensure accurate tracking of employee leave balances.

– All time-off requests must now be submitted through the online HR portal. – Requests should be made at least two weeks in advance for non-emergency leave. – Managers are responsible for reviewing and approving requests within 48 hours of submission.

Please ensure that all team members are informed of this change and understand how to use the online HR portal for their requests. A training session on the new system will be held on April 20 at 3:00 PM in the conference room. Attendance is mandatory for all managers.

For detailed instructions on the new process, please refer to the Time-Off Request Guide attached to this memo. If you have any questions or encounter issues with the system, please contact the HR department at [email protected] or ext. 234.

Thank you for your prompt attention to this matter and for assisting in the smooth transition to the new procedure.

Best regards, Lisa Smith Director of Human Resources Email: [email protected] Phone: (555) 987-6543

When creating your HR memo, adjust the content to fit the specific situation and ensure that the tone remains professional, respectful, and in line with your company’s culture.

Part 13 Writing a Communication-Focused Memo

For a communication-focused memo, keep these tips in mind:

• Start with a clear and specific subject line
• Be concise and stick to the main points
• Highlight any important information or deadlines
• Create an easy-to-follow structure, using headings or bullet points if necessary
• Encourage feedback or questions from your recipients by providing your contact information.

Here’s an example outline for a communication-focused memo:

To: [Recipient(s)] From: [Your Name] Date: [Date] Subject: [Insert Subject]

This section should clearly state the reason for the memo and its importance to the recipients. For example, it could introduce a new communication tool or address a communication issue that has been identified.

In this section, provide any necessary background information that helps explain the communication topic being addressed. If a new tool is being introduced, describe what it is and why it’s being implemented. If the memo is about communication best practices, outline what those are and how they can be applied.

[Summarize key takeaways or actionable items]

Conclude with a summary of the main points and any actions that need to be taken by the recipients. If training sessions are required for a new communication tool, include the schedule and instructions for signing up. If the memo is a reminder about communication policies, reiterate the importance of adhering to these guidelines.

Part 14 How To Tailor a Memo for Students or Academic Purposes

When writing a memo for students or academic purposes, make sure to:

• Use an appropriate tone and language that is easy for students to understand
• Clearly state the message’s purpose and relevance to the academic setting
• Include any necessary details, such as dates, deadlines, or resources
• Structure the memo logically and use headings to guide the reader
• Provide clear instructions if the memo requires any action from the students.

Part 15 Academic Memo Template

To: [Recipient(s)] From: [Your Name/Position] Date: [Date] Subject: [Clear and Concise Subject Line]

[Opening Statement]

Begin with a greeting and a brief introduction that outlines the purpose of the memo. This should be straightforward and inform the reader about the main topic or action required.

[Background or Context]

If necessary, provide any background information that helps the recipients understand the context of the memo. This might include a brief overview of relevant events, policies, or previous communications that relate to the subject at hand.

[Details and Specific Information]

This section should contain the bulk of the information you need to convey. Include specific details such as dates, deadlines, locations, and any other pertinent data. Use bullet points or numbered lists for clarity if you are presenting multiple pieces of information.

[Instructions or Action Required]

Clearly state any actions that the recipients need to take. Be specific about what is required, how to do it, and the deadline for completion. If the memo is informational only and no action is required, you can state that as well.

Provide information about where students can find additional help or resources if needed. This could include websites, contact emails, phone numbers, or physical locations on campus.

[Closing Remarks]

End with a brief summary of the key points or a restatement of the most critical action items. Offer thanks or express your appreciation for the readers’ attention to the memo.

Include a sign-off with your name and position. You may also include your contact information if it’s not already provided in the memo header.

Part 16 Academic Memo Example

To: All Undergraduate Students From: Dr. Emily Johnson, Dean of Student Affairs Date: April 10, 2024 Subject: Upcoming Academic Advising Week and Registration Deadlines

Dear Students,

I hope this message finds you well as we approach the midpoint of the semester. I am writing to remind you of the upcoming Academic Advising Week and to inform you about important deadlines for course registration for the next semester.

Academic Advising Week will take place from April 24 to April 28. This is a valuable opportunity for you to meet with your academic advisors, discuss your progress, and plan your course schedule for the following semester. Advisors are here to help you make informed decisions about your academic journey, so please take full advantage of this time.

Key Dates and Deadlines: – Academic Advising Week: April 24 – April 28 – Priority Registration Begins: May 1 – Final Registration Deadline: May 15

Please make sure to schedule an appointment with your advisor before April 20 to ensure availability. Appointments can be booked through the student portal or by contacting the advising office directly.

Additionally, I encourage you to review the course offerings for the next semester and prepare a list of questions or topics to discuss with your advisor. Resources such as degree checklists and sample schedules can be found on the university website under the ‘Academic Resources’ section.

If you have any holds on your account that may prevent registration, please resolve them promptly by contacting the appropriate department. Financial aid, library fines, and academic holds are common issues that can be addressed ahead of time.

Remember, planning early helps to ensure a smooth registration process and can contribute to your academic success. Should you have any questions or need further assistance, please do not hesitate to reach out to the advising office at [email protected] or (123) 456-7890.

Thank you for your attention to these important dates, and I wish you all the best in your academic endeavors.

Warm regards, (Name) (Position)

Part 17 Tips for Effective Memo Writing

When writing a memo, get straight to the point. Start by stating your main message clearly and concisely. Your colleagues will appreciate your effort to make the memo simple to understand, which will increase the chances of your message getting across effectively.

Stay Focused

Focus on one topic per memo. Avoid digressing or going off on tangents. It’s helpful to outline your memo’s content before you begin writing, ensuring that the information remains organized and easy to follow. A clear structure will allow your colleagues to grasp your message quickly.

Proofread Your Memo

Take the time to proofread your memo. This means checking for spelling, grammar, and punctuation errors. Also, make sure that your information is accurate and complete. A well-written and polished memo will not only make you look more professional but also increase the likelihood that your message will be taken seriously. If possible, ask a colleague to review your memo—it always helps to have a fresh pair of eyes.

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Student Memo

We’re all busy in our own ways. Because of this, we sometimes forget things and miss important reminders. It’s also difficult to inform everyone of matters at once, as most people are too busy doing their own thing. This is why we have formal memos .

• 13+ Financial Memo Examples & Samples
• 10+ Proposal Memo Examples & Samples

An effective memo has the ability to reach a wide range of audience regarding subject matters that may be essential to them. Not only is it an effective means of communication, but it can also contain a comprehensive narrative of information. A well-made memo will allow a reader to easily understand the content of a memo and immediately take action. Nowadays, business memos and student memos are used to properly disseminate information.

Editable Memo Word Template

Printable Formal Memorandum Template

Student Exception Memo Example

Size: 297 kB

Student Payroll Memo

Size: 155 kB

What Is a Student Memo?

A student memo is a written document that states significant information that may be essential for members of an educational institution. This could be addressed to a student, a student’s parents, a faculty member, or to the board of education. Like an employee memo , a student memo is a narrative that discusses proposals or issues regarding a particular entity.

How to Write a Student Memo?

Similar to how a company memo is created, a student memo must properly specify what, who, and why.

At first glance, a reader must be able to identify what the memo is for. This is usually stated in the first line of a memo. Next, readers should be able to specify who the memo is addressed to. This is to easily catch the attention of those involved. Finally, the body of the memo should reflect the subject of the memo. You may also see memo writing examples .

Any supporting information should be stated clearly to convey the overall purpose of the memo.

Tuition Student Memo Sample

Size: 45 kB

Student Insurance Memo

Size: 290 kB

Free Student Memo

Size: 13 kB

Professional Memo

Size: 12 kB

Basic Student Memo

Size: 384 kB

Importance of a Student Memo

The thing is, there’s a disadvantage that comes when a speaker makes an announcement to a class or in a meeting. People have the tendency to get distracted and lose focus, allowing them to miss important points of an announcement. This is why companies typically choose to utilize management memos and hr memos .

Through a professional memo , individuals may properly communicate with one another. Individuals may easily understand the gist of a given memo as details are presented clearly and concisely. A memo may also reach a wider audience faster as they can often be posted or distributed through printed copies or may even be sent electronically.

Guidelines for a Student Memo

If you refer to other memo examples, you can see that they all possess a similar structure. However, a student memo isn’t as brief as most memos. Here are some guidelines to keep in mind about a student memo:

1. Include page numbers when necessary. If your memo exceeds one page, page numbers will be very much helpful for your target readers. You may also see research memo examples .

2. End it with a conclusion or recommendation section. This is typically a call of action. This could be instructions on what may be done to resolve a given issue. You may also like office memo examples .

3. Use headings and subheadings. This is to provide emphasis on the content of each section of a memo.

Text prompt

• Instructive
• Professional

Draft a memo announcing the introduction of a new digital library system for students to access textbooks and resources online

Write a memo outlining the schedule and guidelines for the upcoming midterm exams for all students.

Business growth

Business tips

How to write a memo (and all the templates and examples you could need)

Memos are the unsung heroes of business communication and, ironically, a Hollywood tool used to patch over glaring plot holes that 12 writers in a room couldn't figure out. I'm no seasoned Hollywood critic, but "Didn't you get the memo?" must be one of the most overused catalyst phrases in cinematic history.

In business applications, memos are simple documents that briefly and accurately convey internal communications in a way that lengthy reports can't. The whole idea is to highlight important or urgent information in a digestible format.

Contrary to common belief, memos aren't always written on sticky notes and don't always fix bad screenwriting. But they do facilitate internal communication in a unique way that has kept them present in the business world for decades running.

Table of contents:

What is a memorandum (memo)?

A memo is a concise written message that communicates important information like directives, updates, announcements, or policy changes. While a report includes context, conclusions, and detailed information, a memo briefly highlights a specific point whenever you just need to hit the broad strokes quickly and get a head start on any urgent internal developments.

I like to think of sirens as the memo and the police officer at my window as the full report. The former does a great job of alerting me to my shortcomings as a driver, and the latter lets me know exactly how. 

How to write a memo

Pop culture would have you believe that you need sticky notes or tiny cards to write a memo. Giving credit where it's due, "The Office" managed to do its part to dispel the stereotype, and I'm sure all memo enthusiasts are ever thankful for the effort.

While there's no restriction on the size or color of the paper you use, the font, or background colors you feel are most soothing for urgent news, there's a memo format that helps this message provide all the information it's intended to deliver and remain brief at the same time. 

I'd like to demystify yet another business tool that Hollywood just decided to overwork for three decades and show you how to write a memo in four easy steps.

1. Write a clear and concise heading 

Your heading makes it clear who the memo is from, who it's for, and what it relates to, as well as the date of its distribution. A well-written heading identifies the parties the message is meant for and the main topic of conversation.

TO: Sales staff

FROM: John Daxler

DATE: 02/10/2024

SUBJECT: Shipping policy changes

2. Include a simple introduction

Your introduction should take up the first two or three sentences of the memo's body. This is where you provide context, summarizing the subject and pointing out the purpose of the message.

Considering the response we've received from customers regarding our shipping policies, we're making some changes to accommodate our users and facilitate future transactions. These policy changes will be implemented on 03/01/2024.

3. Write a body that accurately captures your message 

With the introduction providing just enough context for the reader to understand the point of the memo, it's time to focus on providing a bit more detail. 

Start by making a list of any resources, contact points, or action items that relate to the matter at hand. Outline these details in the body, so your team knows what to do next.

The policy changes include reduced shipping fees in most categories and a new order return process. We anticipate that with these changes, there will be more efforts to recruit sales personnel and expand our team.

For reference, see the detailed report of these policy changes as well as the new fee change guidelines attached.

4. Conclude with a professional closing statement

If you have any questions, feel free to reach out to me or Clarissa Jones via email or Zoom Chat. We're happy to support you however we can as the new policy goes into effect.

5 memo templates to get you started

Policy change memo.

This memo template contains a section dedicated to the policy change's most important details, like an outline of the previous policy, a brief description of the new policy, and the date that the change goes into effect. This information should always be shared first to clearly communicate the change.

The second section of the body contains the reason for the policy change and some context regarding the expected impact on employees and the next steps.

Tip: Outline the previous policy details in the memo, so readers can easily identify the changes.

Meeting agenda memo

This memo template focuses on breaking down a meeting into easily digestible bullet points that outline the structure of the meeting and briefly explain each topic of conversation. This helps keep your team aligned, organized, and focused, so the meeting can be as productive as possible.

Tip: Provide your team with a timeline for submissions ahead of the meeting to allow time for creative contributions.

Progress report memo

Progress report memos often come across as any report would. The difference is in the amount of detail and context included in the document. A progress report memo shouldn't delve too deep into the nitty-gritty of your hard-earned retainer—it should concisely highlight key achievements.

Tip: Use the "Challenges encountered" section to keep your team in the loop regarding difficulties that need to be considered for upcoming milestones or future progress report memos. 

Instructional memo

Instructional memos can be very helpful when a new process is implemented or when a new hire needs to be informed about how to accomplish a certain task. This memo is a step-by-step guide at its core.

Tip: Make sure to provide more detailed resources or training materials that further elaborate on the contents of the memo.

Request memo

Request memos are one of the most popular types of memos and are used for both internal and external communication. For example, an employee could use a request memo to seek additional resources for a project or approval to attend a training event. A business can also send a request memo to a supplier requesting a quote for services or goods.

Tip: Since it's a request, make sure your memo provides enough context and background information to be as persuasive as needed. 

Business memo examples in action

I realize that memos aren't the most cinematic item on anyone's mind, but I'm determined to go the extra mile that movies will not and show you what a memo looks like in practice.

Office closure memo

Depending on where you live, this might be a familiar sight. I've worked in tropical weather for the majority of my career, so this particular memo is just a bizarre mythical thing that I deny exists on Reddit threads.

If such a thing existed, it would efficiently highlight the issue, the solution, and most importantly, the dates it pertains to. In this example, the date in question is mentioned three times. 

Company event memo

Memos for team events and company picnics generally read like an invitation, with the event details highlighted at the very beginning of the document. This way, your team will already be putting together a plan to keep Matthew away from the grill 10 seconds into reading the memo.

PTO policy change memo

This example of a policy change memo is long compared to what you might expect, but given the topic, it's imperative to provide as much context as possible before people start banging on your door with pitchforks to talk about PTO.

The way it's presented reflects exactly what the change is about and shows employees it's a positive adjustment that warrants absolutely no pitchforks on company grounds.

Strategy meeting agenda memo

Tips for using memo templates effectively

While a template can help you write a well-structured memo, it's important to make it your own. Be it the writing style, the visual aspect, or the information itself, business communication is most effective when it's personalized.

Incorporate your brand: You can use your company logo and unique brand colors or themes.

Ensure consistency in memo writing: As memos become a part of your communication processes, it's important to be consistent in how they're written and presented.

Implement a review and revision process: Reduce the chances of errors and typos by having a reviewer proofread your memo and approve its contents.

I've always believed that seamless business communication isn't about copying and pasting a complex system that might not work for your company. It's more about making the most of available communication tools and channels until they naturally develop into a system that serves your needs.

Will you be annoyed every time a coworker says, "Did you get the memo?" Yes, you will be. Will it be time-consuming to keep up with this form of business communication? Also yes. But that's a give and take every business reaches in its own time. 

Related reading:

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Hachem Ramki

Hachem is a writer and digital marketer from Montreal. After graduating with a degree in English, Hachem spent seven years traveling around the world before moving to Canada. When he's not writing, he enjoys Basketball, Dungeons and Dragons, and playing music for friends and family.

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Parts of a Memo

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Standard memos are divided into segments to organize the information and to help achieve the writer's purpose.

Heading Segment

The heading segment follows this general format:

Make sure you address the reader by his or her correct name and job title. You might call the company president "Maxi" on the golf course or in an informal note, but "Rita Maxwell, President" would be more appropriate for a formal memo. Be specific and concise in your subject line. For example, "Clothes" as a subject line could mean anything from a dress code update to a production issue. Instead use something like, "Fall Clothes Line Promotion."

Opening Segment

The purpose of a memo is usually found in the opening paragraph and includes: the purpose of the memo, the context and problem, and the specific assignment or task. Before indulging the reader with details and the context, give the reader a brief overview of what the memo will be about. Choosing how specific your introduction will be depends on your memo plan style. The more direct the memo plan, the more explicit the introduction should be. Including the purpose of the memo will help clarify the reason the audience should read this document. The introduction should be brief: approximately the length of a short paragraph.

The context is the event, circumstance, or background of the problem you are solving. You may use a paragraph or a few sentences to establish the background and state the problem. Oftentimes it is sufficient to use the opening of a sentence to completely explain the context, such as,

Include only what your reader needs, but be sure it is clear.

Task Segment

One essential portion of a memo is the task statement where you should describe what you are doing to help solve the problem. If the action was requested, your task may be indicated by a sentence opening like,

If you want to explain your intentions, you might say,

Include only as much information as is needed by the decision-makers in the context, but be convincing that a real problem exists. Do not ramble on with insignificant details. If you are having trouble putting the task into words, consider whether you have clarified the situation. You may need to do more planning before you're ready to write your memo. Make sure your purpose-statement forecast divides your subject into the most important topics that the decision-maker needs.

Summary Segment

If your memo is longer than a page, you may want to include a separate summary segment. However, this section is not necessary for short memos and should not take up a significant amount of space. This segment provides a brief statement of the key recommendations you have reached. These will help your reader understand the key points of the memo immediately. This segment may also include references to methods and sources you have used in your research.

Discussion Segments

The discussion segments are the longest portions of the memo, and are the parts in which you include all the details that support your ideas. Begin with the information that is most important. This may mean that you will start with key findings or recommendations. Start with your most general information and move to your specific or supporting facts. (Be sure to use the same format when including details: strongest to weakest.) The discussion segments include the supporting ideas, facts, and research that back up your argument in the memo. Include strong points and evidence to persuade the reader to follow your recommended actions. If this section is inadequate, the memo will not be as effective as it could be.

Closing Segment

After the reader has absorbed all of your information, you want to close with a courteous ending that states what action you want your reader to take. Make sure you consider how the reader will benefit from the desired actions and how you can make those actions easier. For example, you might say,

Necessary Attachments

Make sure you document your findings or provide detailed information whenever necessary. You can do this by attaching lists, graphs, tables, etc. at the end of your memo. Be sure to refer to your attachments in your memo and add a notation about what is attached below your closing, like this:

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How to write a memo: 8 steps with examples

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What’s a memorandum?

How to write a business memo in 8 steps, when to write a memo, 5 examples of memos, unleashing the power of effective memos.

Whether you’re planning a meeting or working on a project with dozens of moving parts, effective communication is the key to success. 

But it’s hard to keep everyone in the loop all the time. You can’t always host a 1:1 meeting or talk to coworkers face-to-face when new information arises. Sometimes, all you need is a short notification that alerts everyone at the same time — and does so quickly.

Memos provide a streamlined channel for internal communication. In a short space, you can share vital information with clarity and impact. Here’s the step-by-step process of how to write a memo with specific examples, from crafting a compelling header to including action plans and timelines.

A memorandum, also known as a memo, is a concise written message that quickly and efficiently shares vital information. This could come in the form of an email, Slack announcement, or a piece of paper on a bulletin board, depending on the workplace.

A well-structured memo offers lots of information in a short space. It does everything from announcing changes in company policy to providing vital project updates, all without wasting readers’ time. Anyone can write an email, but memo-writing is a learned skill that takes time to truly perfect.

To create a succinct and comprehensive memo, formatting is key. Just like a professional email , every piece of information plays a role in making the memo easily digestible and actionable — from subject line to salutation . 

Here’s a step-by-step approach to ensure your messages are both effective and clear:

1. Start with a header

To set the stage, always start with a comprehensive header. The header should include the date and the general subject, along with who the memo is to and from. These elements offer context and ensure that readers quickly grasp the basic premise, aiding quick decision-making about the action they need to take.

2. Craft a clear objective statement

The first paragraph of your memo should directly express its purpose in an objective statement or problem statement . This not only helps the recipients understand the memo's relevance, but also ensures they grasp its intent swiftly.

Think of a cover letter . The first line is usually something like “I am writing to…” A memo should have the same clarity so readers immediately know what they’re looking at and why.

3. Provide a comprehensive body paragraph

The body of the memo is where you'll develop your main points, so it should be as comprehensive as possible despite the short space. Always start with critical details as early as possible, then move towards less significant but still pertinent information. 

To enhance readability, structure the body using bullet points or numbered lists. And remember to stay away from unnecessary jargon that may confuse your readers. A memo’s goal is brevity, so make sure it’s easy to understand.

4. Provide background information

If your memo references previous events, circumstances, or memos, include a brief background section. This provides context, orients your readers, and ties your current communication to past events or actions, offering a holistic understanding of the situation at hand.

5. Include action items and timelines

Memos often need to include a call to action that tells readers what to do next, whether that’s to acknowledge receipt or find a meeting room ASAP. Clearly define the steps they need to take, identify the parties responsible, and specify the deadlines for these tasks.

By doing so, you encourage accountability and create a shared understanding of expectations, fostering a more organized and efficient work environment .

6. Add a summary

If your memo tackles a complex issue or is particularly lengthy, add a short conclusion to summarize the most important points. In the absence of face-to-face cues, reiterating the main points through a brief summary reinforces the essential elements of your message, aiding comprehension.

7. Include your contact information

As hard as you may try, communication isn’t always clear. People might have questions about what to do next, and failing to provide a clear path toward those answers could add unnecessary hurdles. 

To avoid this, always add your contact information at the end of your memo, whether that’s your desk location or your Slack handle. This lets your colleagues reach out if they have questions or need further clarification on any points.

8. Add attachments if necessary

If you reference other documents, graphs, or materials, either attach them or provide accessible links. This ensures that your readers have all the resources at their disposal to fully understand and act upon the memo. Linking out also keeps you from adding too much information to the memo itself.

According to Gallup’s 2022 State of the Global Workplace Report, 41% of employees wish they could change their company’s engagement or culture . And communication falls into that category. Meetings, emails, and effective memos all support the interactions that uplift strong culture .

Knowing when to write a memo helps you choose the right type of communication for the situation and avoid information silos . Here are some scenarios where memos shine:

Inform about company policies or changes: If your organization is undergoing changes in policies, procedures, or strategies, a memo is an excellent way to update staff. It ensures uniform understanding and gives everyone the chance to ask questions as soon as possible, saving time and stunting the spread of misinformation.

Raise awareness about an issue: If a significant issue is impacting your organization's functioning, a memo brings it to everyone's attention. In this situation, a memo is also vital for overall engagement and the employee experience because it keeps people in the loop on important issues and reinforces the value of their contributions.

Provide updates on a project: Memos are a great tool for informing stakeholders about a project's progress, timeline adjustments, or resource requirements. Informing everyone of all the project's deadlines and ongoing developments prevents roadblocks and helps projects run smoothly.

Make a request: A memo effectively communicates formal requests, including those for resources, approvals, or feedback . By clearly articulating the reasons and potential benefits of your request, a memo acts as a persuasive tool for support or approval. It can also anticipate and address possible questions.

Recognize employee achievement: Memos are also a method for acknowledging outstanding employee performance a nd achievements like a promotion . This has the multipurpose effect of expressing recognition for hard work while emphasizing company values , boosting morale , and fostering a positive work environment.

To help you better visualize how to write a good memo, here are five memo examples for different situations:

1. Change in policy memo 

This example not only outlines changes in company policy, but also explains the reasons behind the change. It encourages questions and tells readers exactly where to go for more information, offering transparency and support.

To: [person or department name]

From: [person or department name]

Date: [insert date]

Subject: [subject] Policy Change

I'm writing to inform you of an important update regarding [policy]. Effective [date], we will be implementing changes to [specific details of the policy changes].

The purpose of this change is to [explain the rationale behind the change and its benefits]. We believe that these adjustments will contribute to [goal].

Please take the time to review the attached document outlining the updated policy in detail. Should you have any questions or concerns, feel free to reach out to [contact person or department].

Thank you for your attention to this matter.

Best regards,

2. Project update memo

An update memo keeps everyone informed about a project's progress, any changes to the original plan, or any challenges along the way. This ongoing communication helps preempt problems and ensures everyone is working towards the same goals.

Subject: [project name] Update

Here’s an update on the progress of [project name]. Here are the key developments since our last update:

• [a summary of tasks and milestones]
• [any challenges or issues and how they were resolved]
• [any adjustments to the project timeline or scope, if applicable]

Overall, we’re making steady progress and remain on track to meet our goals. Please stay vigilant and continue to give your best effort to ensure the successful completion of this project.

If you have any questions or need further clarification, please don't hesitate to reach out to me. Let's keep up the excellent work!

3. Issue alert memo

This type of memo raises awareness about a specific issue affecting the company, a department, or a specific project. Besides highlighting the problem, it may also suggest potential steps to address it, encouraging proactive problem-solving within the organization.

Subject: [subject] Issue

I'm writing to bring your attention to an issue with [subject]. It has come to our attention that [describe the issue and its impact on the company or employees].

We understand the potential challenges that this may pose and are actively working on resolving the situation. In the meantime, we encourage everyone to [provide any necessary instructions or precautions].

Rest assured that we’re taking this matter seriously, and we will keep you updated on any progress or further instructions. If you have any insights or suggestions related to this issue, please share them with [contact person or department].

Thank you for your understanding and cooperation.

4. Request memo 

A request memo formalizes a need for resources, feedback, or approval. By clearly outlining the reasons behind the request, you effectively communicate the need for these items and the impact they could have on the team.

Subject: [specific request]

Hi [person or department name],

I hope this message finds you well. I'm writing to formally request [specific request]. This is because [provide a concise explanation of the request, including its importance and potential benefits for the company].

I’ve attached a detailed proposal outlining the specifics of the request, including [details, supporting data, and relevant information]. 

Should you have any questions or require further information, please don't hesitate to reach out to me. I appreciate your attention.

5. Employee recognition memo

According to data from Gallup, employees who don’t experience enough recognition are twice as likely to say they’ll quit in the next year .

A memo is a quick way to give kudos and celebrate an employee's achievement or contribution to the company. Not only does it express appreciation for hard work , but it also boosts morale and fosters a healthy environment for everyone.

Subject: Quick kudos

Let’s all take a moment to appreciate [employee name] from [department/team]’s exceptional performance and dedication. They have consistently demonstrated [specific achievements, qualities, or contributions].

Their hard work and commitment to excellence have been truly remarkable and deserving of recognition. [employee name]’s efforts reflect positively on the entire team and contribute to our overall success as a company.

Please join me in congratulating [employee name] for their outstanding achievement. We appreciate their continued dedication and professionalism. Let's celebrate this milestone and continue to inspire and support one another in our respective roles.

Warmest congratulations once again!

Mastering how to write a memo is an essential skill in the corporate world because it lets you convey a message with clarity and simplicity.

Whether you're drafting a project update or learning how to write a memo to your boss, you can become a better communicator and break down silos. Never underestimate the power of a well-structured and purposeful memo.

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Elizabeth Perry, ACC

Elizabeth Perry is a Coach Community Manager at BetterUp. She uses strategic engagement strategies to cultivate a learning community across a global network of Coaches through in-person and virtual experiences, technology-enabled platforms, and strategic coaching industry partnerships. With over 3 years of coaching experience and a certification in transformative leadership and life coaching from Sofia University, Elizabeth leverages transpersonal psychology expertise to help coaches and clients gain awareness of their behavioral and thought patterns, discover their purpose and passions, and elevate their potential. She is a lifelong student of psychology, personal growth, and human potential as well as an ICF-certified ACC transpersonal life and leadership Coach.

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How to Write a Memo [Template, Examples & HubSpotter Tips]

Published: May 23, 2024

A memo is the best way to share news when you have a significant update or important win within your company.

Unlike an email, your memo will go out to your entire department or everyone at the company, so knowing how to format a memo is just as important as what you write. No pressure. (Well, maybe some pressure…)

Before writing a memo, I take some time to hype myself up. This bit of internal communication will be read by my peers, my boss, and likely my boss’s boss. Getting the language right is essential, and every word counts.

In this post, I’ll share my experience writing memos and tips from my HubSpot peers. From there, I’ll showcase stellar memo examples and a template to help you create your own. Let’s dive in!

What is a memo?

How to Write a Memo

Types of Memos

When to write a memo, best practices for formatting a memo, business memo template, memo examples.

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• Organizational change
• Financial update
• Solution to a problem
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A memorandum, or memo, is a document shared with a group of people to disperse information on a task, project, event, or other. The purpose of a memo is to bring immediate attention to that information in a quick and brief manner.

Memos are shared to inform readers about new information and have applications for different communities and businesses.

Communities can use memos to tell people within it about public safety guidelines, promote various events, and raise awareness on subjects that affect their lives.

Businesses can use memos to relay information involving newly updated policies, changes in procedure, important milestones, or necessary employee actions, such as attending an upcoming meeting or convention.

I often find myself writing memos when there are significant changes to my program at HubSpot. Perhaps we’re implementing a new workflow, reorganizing the structure of our team, or sharing insights from a project we just completed. Memos denote importance, so I only write them when I have important updates to share that impact multiple stakeholders.

Below, we’ll explore when memos are necessary. But first, let’s discuss how to write a memo.

How to Write a Memo (+ HubSpot Tips)

• Write a heading.
• Write an introduction.
• Provide background on the issue.
• Outline action items and timeline (optional).
• Justify any reasoning.
• Soften any blows (optional).
• Include a closing statement.
• Review and proofread before sending.

You can put together a memo in a few short steps. To give you an idea of how each step is formatted, I’ll write an example memo and break it down for each step. My example memo will be an internal announcement for a writing training session.

1. Write a heading.

No matter what kind of memo you’re writing, you’ll need to include a heading. This section should include who the memo is for (whether an individual or department), the date, who the memo is from, and a subject line.

Your subject line should be short, attention-grabbing, and give readers a general idea of what the memo is about.

“The headings you use should be descriptive enough that your readers can infer what they'll get in each section,” suggests Kaitlin Milliken, senior program manager at HubSpot. “Cut the cute language and keep your headings very tactical.”

Make sure the tone of your title matches the seriousness of the subject matter and your organization’s communication style. A witty opener won’t be right for every memo.

Testing It Out

Here’s how this would look for my example memo about a writing training session:

That’s a reality that I personally struggle with. As a writer, I want to include those eloquent phrases and thoughtful transitions that sound great when read aloud. However, I need to take a different approach to writing memos.

My introduction should just summarize the purpose of the memo in two to three sentences.

Using Hesterberg’s tip, here’s how I’d write the introduction for my memo:

The first example is unwieldy, Sellers notes, referring to a methodology that a broader audience is less likely to care about.

Meanwhile, “the second audience demonstrates the more important thing: why that methodology was important and what you can take from it,” Sellers explains.

To justify the importance of the quarterly writing training session, especially in conjunction with AI tools, I’d add this data point in my memo:

9. Create any audio or video aids,

Once the memo is written, I like to give it one last pass. What would make the message even more clear? Should I work with creative to build an infographic? Should I amplify the document over our email channels?

Now that I’ve invested the time, I want to make sure my message is heard.

Coleman often creates a recording with a deck, highlighting the most important points in the document.

“Including video summaries of my memos with Loom is helpful for accessibility and busy stakeholders who like to listen to updates while working on other tasks,” she notes.

10. Communicate urgency (if necessary).

The last important tip? Up the urgency. If your memo pitches something new or timely, you want to explain why the change is urgent and the importance of moving now.

“The best way to do this is to explain what we’re at risk of losing if we don’t take action here,” says Hesterberg.

For pitch memos, Hesterberg suggests telling readers why this problem is important and why people should care. For explanatory memos, she recommends explaining what the information in the memo will be used for.

Here’s how I’d add urgency to my memo about the training session:

Make it skimmable.

HubSpot’s Kaitlin Milliken recalls a time when she wrote a memo that wasn’t skimmable.

"When I was asked to write my first memo, I created a document with huge walls of text,” she says. “My manager gave me great feedback, encouraging me to use charts and graphs throughout the document. That makes total sense to me now. No one wants to read a huge string of lengthy paragraphs, but they'll definitely skim a table.”

To make your memo easier to read, use headings and separate paragraphs to break up new thoughts or talking points. You can also add tables and graphs to create a visual break when it makes sense.

Milliken adds, "Bullet points are your friend. They create breaking points throughout your document and keep information easy to digest.”

Be mindful of length.

The length of your memo depends on the type you’re writing. Generally speaking, a memo is one or two paragraphs long. But the length can vary if you’re writing an informative memo versus a request memo.

If your audience is interested in learning, an informative memo can provide more detail, while a request memo should be brief and to the point.

“If you're unsure, go for a shorter 1-2 page document, but link it to another page or dashboard with further data, context, or information that they can dig into if they choose,” Bump suggests.

Now that you’ve learned what goes into a memo, here's an easy-to-follow business memo template with examples of how to use them to serve different needs as guidance.

I'm writing to inform you that [reason for writing memo].

As our company continues to grow … [evidence or reason to support your opening paragraph].

Please let me know if you have any questions. In the meantime, I'd appreciate your cooperation as [official business information] takes place.

Business Memo Template Format

The business memo template format is designed to effectively communicate your message. A memo should disseminate the necessary information in a way that is easy for a mass number of employees to digest.

An accurate subject line will alert them that this memo is relevant to them specifically. And beginning with an executive summary allows recipients to understand the general message before they dive deeper into the details.

The background information offers context to the message, and the overview and timeline should answer questions that are likely to come up.

In your header, you‘ll want to clearly label your content “Memorandum” so your readers know exactly what they’re receiving. As previously mentioned, you‘ll want to include “TO”, “FROM”, “DATE”, and “SUBJECT.”

This information is relevant for providing content, like who you’re addressing and why.

Paragraph One

In the first paragraph, you‘ll want to quickly and clearly state the purpose of your memo. You might begin your sentence with the phrase, “I’m writing to inform you … “ or ”I'm writing to request ... ”

A memo is meant to be short, clear, and to the point. You'll want to deliver your most critical information upfront and then use subsequent paragraphs as opportunities to dive into more detail.

Paragraph Two

In the second paragraph, you‘ll want to provide context or supporting evidence. For instance, let’s say your memo informs the company of an internal reorganization.

If this is the case, paragraph two should say something like, “As our company continues to grow, we've decided it makes more sense to separate our video production team from our content team.

This way, those teams can focus more on their individual goals.”

Paragraph Three

In the third paragraph, you‘ll want to include your specific request of each employee — if you’re planning a team outing, this is the space you'd include, “Please RSVP with dietary restrictions,” or “Please email me with questions.”

On the contrary, if you‘re informing staff of upcoming construction to the building, you might say, “I’d appreciate your cooperation during this time.”

Even if you don't expect any specific action from employees, it’s helpful to include how you hope they'll handle the news and whether you expect them to do something in response to the memo.

Downloadable Memo Template

Want to see the above memo format in its final form? Download HubSpot's free business memo templates , shown below.

The document gives you a framework that sorts your memorandum into subtopics to help employees better digest the information and understand what's expected of them after reading it.

Don't forget to share this post!

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Templates for an organizational change, financial update, problem-solving, or general business memorandum.

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Click here to download a .pdf of our Memo Guide !

Last updated : October 7, 2023

Consider keeping a printed copy to have when writing and revising your resume!  If you have any additional questions, make an appointment or email us at [email protected] !

Writing a Memo

Memos have a twofold purpose: they bring attention to problems, and they solve problems. They are used to relay day-to-day communication within organizations. Memos are used to convey decisions, meeting agendas, policies, internal reports, and short proposals. Though there are conventions that memos generally follow, the formatting and layout of a memo may vary per country, organization, audience, and message. The following depicts a sample memo and a quick guide to writing an effective memo.

Quick Guide to Memos

1. format your memo using block format..

• Heading – Include the “Date:”, “To:”, “From:”, and “Subject:” lines. A title of “Memo” or “Memorandum” may be requested at the top of the memo, center aligned, with or without capital letters.
• Date: (month day, year) e.g. July 3, 2023
• To: (readers’ names and job titles) e.g. Boise State University Students
• From: (your name and job title) e.g. Boise State University Writing Center
• Subject: (what the memo is about) e.g. How to format your memo heading!
• Opening segment – In the opening paragraph, state the purpose of communication, overview of message, context & problem, and or specific assignment & task.
• Block formatting – Memos typically follow block formatting rules: the entire message is left justified, single spaced except for an added space between paragraphs, with no extra indentation for paragraphs.

2. Choose an appropriate tone for your audience.

• Memos circulating within an organization reflect that organization’s work culture. Compared to formal communication outside an organization, these memos may be more semi-formal to informal.
• Audiences who are more “traditional” (the word is used loosely here) may necessitate higher formality. Friendly communications between co-workers is likely to be semi-formal. Informal, colloquial language is best reserved for talking to well-known associates or colleagues.
• Audience is very important when it comes to tone. Tone needs to be based around what the audience knows, needs to know, and what action should be taken.
• An effective memo is both detailed and concise. Things needs to be described accurately and well enough to understand, but not filled with unnecessary information

3. When and why to write a memo.

• Ensure that each of the memo’s recipients needs the information it contains. To whom is it relevant?
• Ensure that a memo is the appropriate genre and medium to communicate the message. Would it be more appropriate to communicate the information via a phone call, web call, or in-person?
• Memos are most effectively used when sent to a small to moderate number of people to communicate company or job objectives.

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• How to write a memo for effective commu ...

How to write a memo for effective communication (with template)

A memo is a document or message sent to an entire team, department, or organization to inform teams about what is happening in the company. Memos are great for notifying employees about new policies or best practices, requesting project feedback , summarizing action plans, and more. Learn how to create an effective memo and when to use one.

Effective communication is super important. But you also want to make sure it's easy to digest. Having a templatized way to do that can not only make it easier to create communication—but also for your employees to digest it.

Our guide covers what a memo is, when to send one, how to create the format, and tips for writing a memo effectively. Then, use our free memo template to give you a roadmap to success.

What is a memo?

A memo, also known as a memorandum, communicates information throughout an organization. Unlike a one-on-one message, memos usually have a larger audience.

This letter is usually sent to an entire team , department, or organization to inform employees about things happening in the company. A memo can be about any important topic with wide-scale relevance, from a policy change to new clients to budget cuts.

This type of communication can be created and sent electronically or printed as a physical handout. Even if you know everyone in your chain of communication, keeping these documents polite and professional is important. When in doubt, omit the emojis, texting language, and abbreviations to make your message come across more professional.

Reasons to send a memo

There are many reasons someone would send out a memo instead of a regular email. While an email is a casual form of communication, a memo is more official and becomes part of the company record. 

Employees take memos more seriously. As a result, memos tend to be much more effective with cross-organizational communication. We’ve outlined some of the most common reasons below.

A memo can:

Explain policy changes

Announce upcoming meeting agendas or events

Announce budget cuts

Summarize action plans

Describe the onboarding of new clients

Detail minutes from a meeting

Request recommendations or feedback

Notify employees of a company problem or solution

Sending an electronic memo to groups of employees is beneficial because it gives them a centralized location to view company details. Everyone receives the same information at the same time instead of hearing it through the grapevine.

How to format a memo

There are several ways to structure a memo, but most memos have the same formatting elements. Feel free to customize your memo template to match the tone and content of the message you want to send.

First things first: get off on the right foot by starting your memorandum with a great subject line. The best memo subject lines should be as specific as possible.

For example, instead of labeling your memo letter as “Company Event,” make the subject line “Annual Holiday Party: Date and Details.”

A clear subject line lets people know exactly what your memo describes before opening it. It also makes finding the memo easier because that means employees won’t have multiple memos with the same subject line in their inbox.

There are several key factors you should include in your memo heading. Always have the date, who you’re sending it to, and who the memo is from. This information will provide context about the message’s contents. 

Body message

The body of the memo captures the main purpose of the message. Use the opening paragraph to state precisely what the rest of the document will be about. Keep the beginning section short to get your message across most effectively. 

Paragraph 1 : Use statements such as “I am writing to inform you” and “I am requesting information on” at the beginning of this paragraph. This first paragraph should include the most important information in the memo. 

Paragraph 2 : The second paragraph will give you a chance to provide additional details and dive more into the topic.

Paragraph 3 : Your third paragraph is where you give your request. An example of this would be asking a department for feedback on a project , or to RSVP to a company event by a certain date.  

Some memos don’t have an ask associated with the information you present. If this is the case, then you can use that space as an opportunity to thank your colleagues for their time.

Before sending a memo to your coworkers, check your mass communication policy at your company. Some companies will require additional steps, such as adding your organization’s logo, company name, or having standardized font sizes. You might also need to get approval or permission before sending it out.

Tips for writing a memo

Now that you know what to include in your memo, it’s time to hone in on the correct tone and formatting. Below are some tips to keep in mind when writing an effective business memo.

Keep a professional tone : Always keep your tone professional, but feel free to tailor it to your audience and objective.

Avoid acronyms and abbreviations : Spell out acronyms and abbreviations so all recipients can understand your message.

Keep your memo to one page : Try to fit your copy into three paragraphs to briefly get your point across.

Use attachments when necessary : Feel free to add attachments or flyers to give additional context to your memo if needed.

Think about your target audience : Change the message of your email depending on who you’re writing to.

Keep formatting consistent : Maintain the same font, paragraph structure, punctuation, and grammar throughout the piece.

Stay clear and concise : Make your request or announcement at the beginning of the memo document.

Remain objective : Stick to the facts and refrain from personal bias when writing a business document.

By following these tips and knowing what to include, you can create a professional and concise memo time and time again.

Types of memos

There are three memo styles: suggestive, confirmation, and request. The general format and business writing style remain similar among the three types of memos. The difference lies in looking at your audience, tone, and object. 

Suggestive memo

Sending a suggestive memo is a great way to find solutions to company problems. They often encourage creative thinking , brainstorms , and group discussions. 

When you’re sending a suggestive memo, it’s best to use positive and encouraging language. This language will help to get your coworkers excited to find out-of-the-box ideas.

Example: Send a suggestive memo if you’re an advertising agency looking for a group discussion on new ideas for a brand campaign.

Confirmation memo

Use confirmation memos to confirm verbal agreements by putting them in writing. Make sure to highlight the important aspects of the agreement between the parties, so everyone has a clear understanding of the objectives.

End the memo document by asking the other party if they need additional clarification or need to change any details. This will help avoid any mix-ups or misunderstandings once the project begins.

Example : If you are a team lead of a marketing team, you may send a confirmation memo to your company’s DevOps team while collaborating on a project. It would cover the project deliverables , make sure all stakeholders understand the project scope , and ensure no one has any questions.

Request memo

A request memo is a document or email you can send your company when you have a request. Start this type of memo by justifying why you need a request completed.

Keep your tone professional and persuasive when you give your recommendations for how to solve the problem. While this type of language is always recommended in memos, it’s especially important in request memos.

Example: You would send a request memo if you are a human resources manager and are requesting employees to fill out their insurance information before a deadline.

Memo template

Use our memo template to organize your document and create a successful message each time. When you send out your memorandum, make sure to effectively fill out your subject line, header, and body message.

Project management tools and memos will help you streamline communication

Using a memo template will help you communicate with everybody in your company. Combining it with a project management tool can help you keep all of your memos in one place and allows you to easily send memos to lots of stakeholders and team members. You can even connect memos directly to action items to bring these to-dos and messages to life.

Related resources

How Asana uses work management for employee onboarding

6 ways to develop adaptability in the workplace and embrace change

4 ways to establish roles and responsibilities for team success

9 tips for taking better meeting notes

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How to Write a Memo

Last Updated: June 1, 2024 Fact Checked

This article was co-authored by Mary Erickson, PhD . Mary Erickson is a Visiting Assistant Professor at Western Washington University. Mary received her PhD in Communication and Society from the University of Oregon in 2011. She is a member of the Modern Language Association, the National Communication Association, and the Society for Cinema and Media Studies. This article has been fact-checked, ensuring the accuracy of any cited facts and confirming the authority of its sources. This article has been viewed 6,675,417 times.

Memos are a great way to communicate big decisions or policy changes to your employees or colleagues. It’s important that you take the time to craft a good memo so your message comes across how you want it to.

Things You Should Know

• Write a clear heading. Then, add 2-3 sentences to introduce the problem or issue and state your proposed solution.
• Specify any actions the recipients need to take and conclude with a summary restating the next steps.
• Review and proofread the memo carefully before you send it out.

Sample Memos

Writing the Memo’s Heading

• Double space between this line and the next line of the heading.

• If you are sending a memo to the entire staff, you might write: “TO: All Employees.”

• For example, instead of writing, “Ants,” for the subject, be more specific by writing, “Ant Problem in the Office.”

• A sample heading would look like: TO: Name and job title of the recipient FROM: Your name and job title DATE: Complete date when the memo was written SUBJECT: (or RE:) What the memo is about (highlighted in some way)
• When constructing the heading, be sure to double space between sections and align the text.
• You may choose to add a line below the heading that goes all the way across the page. This will separate the heading from the body of the memo.

Writing the Body of the Memo

• Think about your audience’s priorities and concerns are.
• Try to anticipate any questions your readers might have. Brainstorm some content for the memo, such as examples, evidence, or other information that will persuade them.
• Considering the audience also allows you to be sensitive to including any information or sentiments that are inappropriate for your readers.

• As a general guideline, the opening should take up about one paragraph.

• If it’s relevant, continue your memo by stating why the policy is being implemented. For example, you might write: “The county government voted to require all employees in the county to receive a $15/hour minimum wage.”

• Feel free to include graphics, lists, or charts, especially in longer memos. Just be sure they are truly relevant and persuasive.
• For longer memos, consider writing short headings that clarify the content of each category. For example, instead of stating "Policies," write "New policies regarding part-time employees." Be specific and brief in every heading so that the basic point of your memo is apparent to the reader right away.

• For example, you might write, “All employees must use the new accounting system by June 1, 2015.”
• This can also include some evidence to back up your recommendations.

• You might write, "I will be glad to discuss these recommendations with you later on and follow through on any decisions you make."
• You might end with something like, “We are excited about the expansion of this product line. We’re confident that this will grow our business and make this company a more sustainable business.”
• This should generally be one to two sentences in length.

Finalizing the Memo

• Use block style paragraphs. Double space between paragraphs. Do not indent each paragraph.

• Review for spelling, grammar, and content errors. Pay particular attention to names, dates, or numbers.
• Check that it is not excessively long, and cut out any extraneous material.

• If you are creating a digital document (to use for emailing, for example), you might want to create your own letterhead in a Word document that has your company logo and basic contact information. Use this as your memo template for every memo you send out.

• If you send your memo via email, you might want to format your email in HTML . Alternately, you can save your memo as a PDF and attach it to your email.

Using Memo Templates

• Download the template that best fits your needs.
• Be sure to read the terms of use before using any templates from a web source.

• It’s a good idea to use the latest version of Microsoft Word in order to ensure that you will not run into any unforeseen software problems and that the template will operate as it was designed to function. If you are operating on an older version of Microsoft Word, simply update your software before downloading any templates.

• Maintain the template’s formatting. This will ensure that your paragraph alignment is proper and you have the correct margins and font size.
• If necessary, you can even customize the memo to use a table. This is sometimes a good idea, especially if using a bullet list or something similar makes the memo look too crowded or difficult to read.
• Make sure that you have deleted any words that were already in the template. Also, carefully proofread your memo before sending it.

Community Q&A

• Don't give too many whys. It's important to explain why you want something done, but don't overdo it. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0
• Memos should be always brief. Thanks Helpful 0 Not Helpful 0

You Might Also Like

• ↑ https://www.fsb.muohio.edu/heitgedl/Memo%20writing%20tips%20ACC333%20SP06.pdf
• ↑ https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/subject_specific_writing/professional_technical_writing/memos/parts_of_a_memo.html
• ↑ https://openoregon.pressbooks.pub/lbcctechwriting/chapter/4-2-memos/
• ↑ https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/memo-format
• ↑ https://www.grammarly.com/blog/how-to-write-memo/
• ↑ https://writingcenter.uagc.edu/writing-business-memo

About This Article

The best way to write a memo is to start with a 1-paragraph introduction that explains what’s happening or what you want people to do and why. Then, write a body that includes more background information and evidence that supports the decision you’re notifying people about. If people need to take action, make it clear what they need to do and when. Conclude your memo with a friendly summary that reiterates why you think the decision is for the best. For more advice from our reviewer, like how to write a memo heading and sign a memo, read on! Did this summary help you? Yes No

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We need more examples. Examples can be contributed by using the form below.

Memorandum Templates & Examples

We need more memorandum examples and templates. They can be contributed by sending to [email protected] or by pasting into the form below.

Army Memo Template

The above template will speed up memo writing time. The fill-in sections can be tabbed through and there are styles set throughout that ensure proper formatting. Example: the Header, Memo For line, and name in the signature block will always be ALLCAPS. The date auto-populates and the Office Symbol and Subject replicate in the headers of all of the memo pages. Courtesy of CW3 Tripp

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How to Write a Memo Assignment

A memorandum, or memo, is a short document distributed in hard copy (though electronic memos exist as well) throughout an organization to remind employees of meetings, deadlines and other special events. While writing a memo isn't difficult, there is a specific format that official memos follow. Learning how to format and phrase a memo properly can help ensure the message you want to get across to your employees comes across clearly and effectively.

Left justify, each on its own line:

To: From: Date: Subject:

This information tells who the memo goes to, who it's from, when the memo was written, and what the subject of the memo is. Bold each of these elements.

Write the memo in either first or third person. Either of these can be used, depending upon the purpose of the memo. Using first person can be an effective way for the head of the company to get on a more personal level with employees. For subjects that are more relaxed, such as announcing a company party of picnic, first person might be a better choice. A mandatory meeting might benefit from a third person point of view, written with a more formal tone.

Keep the memo as short as possible. Between three and five paragraphs, each with between three and five sentences, is appropriate for most memos. Memos are meant to be short reminders. Be direct in the body of the memo. Get right to the point. If there are any special instructions, try listing them as bullet points when possible. End the memo with contact information for those who may have further questions.

• English Language Center: How to Write a Memo

Carl Hose is the author of the anthology "Dead Horizon" and the the zombie novella "Dead Rising." His work has appeared in "Cold Storage," "Butcher Knives and Body Counts," "Writer's Journal," and "Lighthouse Digest.". He is editor of the "Dark Light" anthology to benefit Ronald McDonald House Charities.

How to Write a Memo That Assigns Additional Duties

by Anam Ahmed

Published on 29 Apr 2019

The business environment is dynamic and constantly changing. Successful companies know how to adapt to the fluctuations in the marketplace by adjusting their offerings to meet the needs of consumers. In order for that to happen, companies need to be able to remain flexible with their internal organizational structure. Sometimes, it’s necessary to change roles and responsibilities within the company in order to complement the external environment.

Review the Current Job Description

If your organization needs to make some changes to an employee’s job responsibilities, you’ll need to provide them with the details in writing. Having a brief discussion with the employee is also useful as it enables them to ask questions and gain clarification. The memo acts as a written confirmation of what is discussed between you and the employee. The additional responsibilities letter format is short and clearly outlines what changes the employee can expect.

Before you draft your memo, review the employee’s current job description so you have a comprehensive understanding of what they do now. You may also want to review their past performance reviews to see what their strengths and weaknesses are. This will help you determine what kinds of changes the employee will be able to handle successfully.

For example, if your employee is a customer service representative, you may wish to increase their role by having them respond to customer inquiries over social media as well. However, if in their past performance reviews they have not had a great track record of written communication, then this may not be the best change in duties for them. However, if they excel in written communication and social media management, they may thrive with the new responsibility.

Make Sure the Changes Are Feasible

Ensure that the changes you want to make to the employee’s job description are realistic . If they already have too many tasks on their plate, then adding even more duties may overwhelm them and cause a loss in productivity. If you’re adding on additional responsibilities, you may also need to remove some other duties.

When learning about additional responsibilities, employees will want to know whether they will be compensated to reflect the changes in their role. A good sample memo for duties and responsibilities outlines if any changes will be made to the employee’s salary as a result of the changes in their job description. Ensure this increase in salary is within the budget.

Structure a Sample Letter of Duties and Responsibilities Carefully

Open your memo by stating the intention for the letter. Tell the employee that you are changing their job description. Also mention why the change is happening as it relates to the business.

In the next paragraph, focus on the employee’s strengths and the value they bring to the organization. Build on that by outlining the additional responsibilities they will be taking over. If you’re removing some of their duties to account for this change, let them know who will be taking over those areas.

Finally, if there will be a change to the employee’s salary as a result of their increasing job description, tell them about the change and from when it will be effective. Sign off by sharing your excitement for what this means for their career and for the organization. Offer to answer any questions and share next steps .

Sample Letter for Change in Job Responsibilities

Subject: Your new role

I’m writing to inform you about a change in your job description at XYZ Corp. In addition to your duties as Customer Service Representative, you will now also be responding to customer questions over our three social media channels. As we grow our business, we’re expanding the way we service our customers. We’ve conducted research with many clients and this is a service they are eager to have.

Since you’ve been with us here, you have excelled in all areas of customer service, particularly in the areas of written communication and timely response. These skills will be critical to your new responsibilities.

To reflect your changing responsibilities within our organization, and to show our appreciation for your work, you will receive a 3 percent raise effective immediately.

We’re thrilled about this new development and look forward to seeing you grow in your expanding role. Feel free to reach out if you have any questions. We’ll schedule a meeting to discuss the next steps moving forward.

Best wishes,

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Write a Letter to Your Friend About Your Exam Result

• Updated on  
• Jun 25, 2024

Your exam result has been declared and all your hard work has finally paid off. You have scored well in all subjects and are excited to share all the details with your friend via a letter. Writing a letter to your friend about your exam results can be a great way to discuss your academic success and also to talk about your future plans. The sample letters listed below are primarily part of academic writing but you can also refer them for professional writing.

Table of Contents

• 1 Sample 1: Letter to Your Friend About Your Exam Result 
• 2 Sample 2: Letter to Your Friend About Your Exam Result 
• 3 Letter Writing Tips for Students

Sample 1: Letter to Your Friend About Your Exam Result 

B-23, 3rd Floor Defence Colony, Preet Vihar, Delhi-110051 6th May 2023  Dear Rishi,  I hope that this letter finds you and your family in great health. I am good too. Finally, the wait of the hour is over and my result is here.  I feel extremely delighted to tell you that I have passed my 9th standard with flying colours and a percentage of 95%. My mom and dad are very happy. They told me that they were very proud of me and hearing that from them made my day all the more amazing. I am so glad that all those late-night studies, and all those sacrifices that I made finally paid off.  I wish you were here; then we would have celebrated together, but no worries, When you are free, call and let me know, and then we will plan an outing together. Till then take care and all the best for your result.  Your loving friend, Himanshu.

Must Read : Letter to Your Friend Inviting Him to Attend the Marriage Ceremony of Your Brother  

Sample 2: Letter to Your Friend About Your Exam Result 

Must Read : Letter to Your Friend Inviting Him to a Picnic Party  

Letter Writing Tips for Students

Letters are a great way to communicate with your friends, family and other people. However, while writing a letter, there are certain rules you need to follow. Here are some letter-writing tips for students to write letters in the best way possible.

• What is the Purpose: Before you start writing, understand why you are writing the letter. Is it to request information, apply for a job, or thank someone? Knowing the purpose will guide the tone and content of your letter.
• Choose the Right Format: Decide whether your letter needs to be formal or informal. Formal letters are used for professional or academic purposes, while informal letters are more personal.
• Develop the Body: Use clear and concise paragraphs to organise your information. Each paragraph should focus on one main idea.
• Conclusion/ Closing: Briefly summarise the main points of your letter in the closing paragraph.
• Use a Polite Closing: Use “Sincerely,” “Best regards,” or “Yours faithfully” for formal letters and “Best,” “Regards,” or “Take care” for informal letters.

Similar Letter-Writing Topics

Ans: In the letter for results, you simply mention the result of your exam, whether you passed or not, your percentage, etc. 

Ans: Dear [Student’s Name], I hope this letter finds you well. I am writing to inform you of your recent exam results for the [specific course or subject, e.g., “Mathematics”] examination held on [exam date]. Your results are as follows: Course/Subject: [Mathematics] Grade/Score: [B+ / 85%] We are pleased to inform you that you have successfully passed the examination with a [grade/score]. This reflects your hard work and dedication throughout the semester.

Ans: Be Clear and Concise: Clearly state the purpose of the letter in the first paragraph. Be Polite and Positive: Even if the results are not favourable, use a positive tone to encourage the student. Include Essential Details: Mention the specific exam, date, and results. Offer Support: Provide a way for the student to reach out for further information or support. Professional Tone: Use a formal and respectful tone throughout the letter.

For more information on such informative articles, visit our Letter-writing page and follow Leverage edu . 

Deepansh Gautam

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‘Spies Who Lie’ leader, cosigners were on CIA payroll when they falsely claimed Hunter Biden laptop was Russian fake

Steven Nelson

Some of the  51 “Spies Who Lie”  were active CIA contractors when they claimed files from first son  Hunter Biden’s laptop had “the classic earmarks”  of Russian disinformation ahead of the 2020 election — a fact that was uneasily noted inside the agency at the time, new records acquired by The Post show.

Former CIA acting director Michael Morell,  who previously told Congress he organized the Oct. 19, 2020 , letter to give Joe Biden a “talking point” ahead of a debate against then-President Donald Trump, was a contractor at the time, the agency recently confirmed to Congress.

Former CIA inspector general David Buckley also was a contractor at the time of the letter, according to an interim report from two House committees investigating the matter.

The terms of their contracts and compensation were not immediately clear and the House panels believe additional letter-signers may have been contractors — even though the letter described the signers as “former” officeholders.

“This frustrates me. I don’t think it is helpful to the Agency in the long run,” a CIA official whose identity was redacted wrote on Oct. 20, 2020 — the day after the  letter was distributed to Politico  — with a link to the outlet’s story.

“I also love that at least a few of the random signatures belong to individuals currently working here on contracts…,” responded another official, whose name also was redacted.

The federal Hatch Act bars most employees of the CIA and other spy agencies from engaging in partisan political activity, but the status of contractors is murkier.

The CIA indicated Morell and Buckley were contractors in a table which specified that former CIA director John Brennan and fellow letter-signers Nick Rasmussen and Marc Polymeropoulos had no such arrangement.

A separate agency-provided table showing officials who had either badge clearance or contracts at the time suggests that other signers had formal relationships with The Company.

That table also indicates that Morell’s contract lapsed at some point after Oct. 19, 2020, and that he entered into a new contract on May 1, 2021, as an “independent contractor” — though that relationship was qualified as including “no fee senior advisory services,” making the financial component unclear.

Morell’s colleague at Beacon Global Strategies, fellow letter-signer Jeremy Bash, is identified in the second table as an “independent contractor” as well — serving as a “contractor/green badge” holder from April 2, 2019, through April 1, 2022, with a brief gap before receiving a new deal beginning in August 2022.

Another letter-signer, former National Security Agency deputy director, Richard Ledgett, was also listed as having the same status at the time of the letter.

The disclosures are contained within an interim report by the House Intelligence Committee and the House Judiciary Committee’s Subcommittee on the Weaponization of the Federal Government — which also reveals that then-CIA Director Gina Haspel likely knew about the letter when it was submitted for review.

“The new information included in this report, based on new testimony and declassified documents, shows the potential dangers of a politicized intelligence community,” the interim report by the House panels says.

“Some of the signatories of the statement were on the CIA payroll at the time as contractors and others had special access to CIA facilities.

“Even Michael Morell — before the Committees learned of his contract with the CIA — acknowledged, ‘It’s inappropriate for a currently serving staff officer or contractor to be involved in the political process.'”

The report notes that: “Due to purported operational concerns, the CIA declined to declassify the entire universe  of signatories who were on active contract.”

Then-candidate Biden used the intelligence alumni letter to falsely claim at his second and final 2020 presidential debate with Trump that The Post’s reporting on his role in his family’s international business dealings was a “Russian plant” and “garbage.”

“There are 50 former national intelligence folks who said that what he’s accusing me of is a Russian plant,” Biden said of Trump. “Five former heads of the CIA, both parties, say what he’s saying is a bunch of garbage. Nobody believes it except his good friend Rudy Giuliani.”  

Morell testified to Congress last year that he was inspired to organize the letter after receiving a call from future Secretary of State Antony Blinken, a longtime Biden adviser.

The Post’s first laptop bombshell — published five days before the 51-person letter was made public — revealed that Vadym Pozharskyi, an executive at the Ukrainian gas company Burisma,  emailed Hunter  in 2015 to thank him for the “opportunity to meet your father” — directly contradicting Biden’s  2019 claim  that he’d “never spoken” with his son about “his overseas business dealings.”

The Biden campaign  vaguely denied that the meeting occurred . But further reporting corroborated key details, including the fact that Joe Biden  attended a 2015 DC dinner  one day before the Burisma exec’s email. A group of his son’s associates, including Pozharskyi and a trio from Kazakhstan that posed for a photo with the Bidens, attended.

Hunter earned up to $1 million per year to serve on Burisma’s board from 2014 to 2019, beginning when his father led the Obama administration’s Ukraine policy.

A second October 2020 bombshell from The Post — published four days before the spies’ statement —  described communications  about Hunter Biden and his uncle Jim Biden’s business venture with the Chinese state-linked company CEFC China Energy, a since-defunct reputed cog in Beijing’s “Belt and Road” foreign influence campaign.

A May 13, 2017, email from the laptop said  the “big guy”  would get 10% of the CEFC deal and former Biden family associate Rob Walker testified to Congress that Joe Biden met with the company’s chairman Ye Jianming before cash began to flow earlier that year.

The CIA did not immediately respond to a request for comment Tuesday and The Post was not immediately able to reach Morell or Buckley.

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Thomas L. Friedman

Joe Biden Is a Good Man and a Good President. He Must Bow Out of the Race.

By Thomas L. Friedman

Opinion Columnist, reporting from Lisbon

I watched the Biden-Trump debate alone in a Lisbon hotel room, and it made me weep. I cannot remember a more heartbreaking moment in American presidential campaign politics in my lifetime, precisely because of what it revealed: Joe Biden, a good man and a good president, has no business running for re-election. And Donald Trump, a malicious man and a petty president, has learned nothing and forgotten nothing. He is the same fire hose of lies he always was, obsessed with his grievances — nowhere close to what it will take for America to lead in the 21st century.

The Biden family and political team must gather quickly and have the hardest of conversations with the president, a conversation of love and clarity and resolve. To give America the greatest shot possible of deterring the Trump threat in November, the president has to come forward and declare that he will not be running for re-election and is releasing all of his delegates for the Democratic National Convention.

The Republican Party, if its leaders had an ounce of integrity, would demand the same, but it won’t, because they don’t. That makes it all the more important that Democrats put the country’s interests first and announce that a public process will begin for different Democratic candidates to compete for the nomination — town halls, debates, meetings with donors, you name it. Yes, it could be chaotic and messy when the Democratic convention starts on Aug. 19 in Chicago, but I think the Trump threat is sufficiently grave that delegates could quickly rally around a consensus nominee.

If Vice President Kamala Harris wants to compete, she should. But voters deserve an open process in search of a Democratic presidential nominee who can unite not only the party but also the country, by offering something neither man on that Atlanta stage did on Thursday night: a compelling description of where the world is right now and a compelling vision for what America can and must do to keep leading it — morally, economically and diplomatically.

Because this is no ordinary hinge of history we are at. We are at the start of the biggest technological disruptions and the biggest climate disruption in human history. We are at the dawn of an artificial intelligence revolution that is going to change EVERYTHING FOR EVERYONE — how we work, how we learn, how we teach, how we trade, how we invent, how we collaborate, how we fight wars, how we commit crimes and how we fight crimes. Maybe I missed it, but I did not hear the phrase “artificial intelligence” mentioned by either man at the debate.

If there was ever a time that the world needed an America at its best, led by its best, it is now — for great dangers and opportunities are now upon us. A younger Biden could have been that leader, but time has finally caught up with him. And that was painfully and inescapably obvious on Thursday.

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