Book or go to the reference desk on the first floor of the Taylor Family Digital Library..
For more information on selecting preliminary sources see:
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Libraries & Cultural Resources
Formatting your thesis, thesis templates and support.
As you prepare your thesis for deposit, please contact our office with any questions you might have. We can answer questions related to formatting requirements, help you assemble your manuscript, and provide technical assistance with thesis submission. We will also provide a pre-deposit check of your thesis. Contact Erin Kaufman ([email protected]) for more information.
Our preliminary page templates help ensure your preliminary pages are formatted correctly and include accurate information. There is a version for PC users and a version for Mac users . If you want your 1) chapters and subheadings automatically numbered and / or 2) table and figure captions to include the number of the chapter in which they appear, use this template . This template relies on a multi-level list to generate automatic numbering, and it can be difficult to navigate if you are new to using Microsoft Word to format large documents.
For suggestions on how to reduce thesis file size, download our Ways to Reduce File Size handout.
For general formatting support, download the Manuscript Construction Guidelines for PC or the Manuscript Construction Guidelines for MAC . Understanding how to use a number of basic Microsoft Word and Adobe Acrobat tools will greatly simplify the formatting and completion of your thesis. All topics are essential to the proper construction of your thesis or dissertation.
Manuscript Elements | Mandatory | Optional |
---|---|---|
Title Page | ✔ | |
Copyright Page | ✔ | |
Dedication | ✔ | |
Epigraph or Frontispiece | ✔ | |
Acknowledgments | ✔ | |
Abstract (Scientific/Scholarly) | ✔ Appears as a page in the manuscript and is submitted via the ProQuest registration form | Not required in DMA or MFA theses |
Public Abstract | ✔ Appears as a page in the manuscript | |
Table of Contents | ✔ | |
List of Tables | ✔ | Optional for one table |
List of Figures | ✔ | Optional for one figure |
List of Symbols | ✔ | |
List of Abbreviations | ✔ | |
Preface | ✔ | |
Manuscript Chapters | ✔ | |
Appendices | Required only when included | |
References/Bibliography | ✔ | |
Non-Printed Material | ✔ |
Page numbers.
An External Abstract is no longer required.
Create a preliminary document plan, 1. think about your topic, 2. create a preliminary plan.
Considering that the point of an essay is for you to communicate your ideas on a topic to your audience, versus just rehashing other people's ideas, it is important that you first identify what you think you want to focus on before you start searching through the Library databases or the Internet. At this stage, it's normal that your ideas are quite broad, but you have to figure out what you already know from your readings, discussions, and life experience before you can identify what you don't know and therefore need to research.
Image credit: Pexels from Pixabay
Consider the following:
By identifying directions for your research, you can contain your research to what is relevant and appropriate for your paper. Otherwise, it's easy to end up doing sufficient research to write a 20-page paper when all you're trying to write is five pages. It can be as challenging to manage too much information as it is to have too little information or insufficient supporting evidence.
Your plan will change as you learn more about your topic, but having a starting direction for your process gives you a scope and a direction for your research and writing. See Planning the Paper for more information.
Main navigation.
The final dissertation or thesis manuscript must have a ready-for-publication appearance and standard features.
The Office of the University Registrar does not endorse or verify the accuracy of any dissertation or thesis formatting templates that may be available to you.
It is your student responsibility to make sure that the formatting meets these requirements. Introductory material, text, and appendices must all be clearly and consistently prepared and must meet all of the specifications outlined below.
Once you upload and submit your dissertation or thesis in Axess, and it has been approved by the university, the submission is considered final and no further changes are permitted.
The digital file of the dissertation or thesis, which is sent to Stanford Libraries for cataloging, must meet certain technical requirements to ensure that it can be easily accessed by readers now and into the future.
Follow the specifications outlined below.
Word and text divisions, style guides, content and layout, special instructions for d.m.a. students, order and content, page orientation, embedded links, supplementary material and publishing, supplementary material, scholarly reference, published papers and multiple authorship, use of copyrighted material, copyrighting your dissertation, file security and file name, stanford university thesis & dissertation publication license.
Pages should be standard U.S. letter size (8.5 x 11 inches).
In order to ensure the future ability to render the document, standard fonts must be used.
For the main text body, type size should be 10, 11, or 12 point. Smaller font sizes may be used in tables, captions, etc.
The font color must be black.
Acceptable font styles include:
Note: Do not use script or ornamental fonts. Do not use proprietary fonts.
If you use mathematical or other scientific notation in your dissertation or thesis using a font other than Symbol, you must embed the font into the PDF that is submitted to the university.
Inner margins (left edge if single-sided; right edge for even-numbered pages, and left edge for odd-numbered pages if double-sided) must be 1.5 inches. All other margins must be one inch.
Pagination, headers, and/or footers may be placed within the margin, but no closer than one-half inch from the edge of the page.
For double-sided copies, 1.5 inches must be maintained as the inner margin. Margin requirements should apply to the entire document, including the title page.
The main body text of the manuscript should be one-and-a-half or double-spaced lines, except where conventional usage calls for single spacing, such as footnotes, indented quotations, tables, appendices, etc.
Words should be divided correctly at the end of a line and may not be divided from one page to the next. Use a standard dictionary to determine word division.
Avoid short lines that end a paragraph at the top of a page, and any heading or subheading at the bottom of a page that is not followed by text.
The dissertation and thesis must be in English.
Approval for writing the dissertation in another language is normally granted only in cases where the other language or literature in that language is also the subject of the discipline.
Exceptions are granted by the school dean upon submission of a written request from the chair of your major department. Approval is routinely granted for dissertations in the Division of Literature, Cultures, and Languages within department specifications.
Prior to submitting in Axess, you must send a copy of the approval letter (or email message chain) from the department dean to [email protected]
Dissertations written in another language must include an extended summary in English (usually 15 to 20 pages in length). In this case, you should upload your English summary as a supplemental file, during Step 4 of the online submission process.
Select a standard style approved by your department or dissertation advisor and use it consistently.
Some reliable style guides are:
If you are a student in the Doctor of Musical Arts program, you may submit musical scores formatted at 11 x 17 inches in size.
If you are submitting a performance as your dissertation, submit the audio file in WAV format as a supplemental file.
Note: The maximum file size accepted for submission is 100 MB. If a performance recording exceeds the maximum file size, break the file into multiple files and submit the parts individually as supplemental files.
Your dissertation or thesis must contain the following sections. All sections must be included in a single digital file for upload.
Except for the title page, which counts as 'i' but is not physically numbered, each page of the manuscript, including all blank pages, pages between chapters, pages with text, photographs, tables, figures, maps, or computer code must be assigned a number.
Consistent placement of pagination, at least one-half inch from the paper’s edge, should be used throughout the manuscript.
Follow these pagination instructions exactly:
For text, illustrations, charts, graphs, etc., printed in landscape form, the orientation should be facing away from the bound edge of the paper.
Images (color, grayscale, and monochrome) included in the dissertation or thesis should be clearly discernible both on screen and when printed. The dimensions should not exceed the size of the standard letter-size page (8.5” x 11”).
Image resolution should be 150 dots per inch (dpi), though resolutions as low as 72 dpi (and no lower) are acceptable.
The format of images embedded in the PDF should be JPEG or EPS (the format JPEG2000 is also acceptable when it is supported in future versions of the PDF format). GIF and PNG are not preferred image file formats.
Large images, including maps and charts or other graphics that require high resolution, should not be included in the main dissertation or thesis file. Instead, they can be submitted separately as supplemental files and formatted in other formats as appropriate.
Multimedia, such as audio, video, animation, etc., must not be embedded in the body of the dissertation or thesis. These media types add size and complexity to the digital file, introducing obstacles to users of the dissertation or thesis who wish to download and read (and “play back”) the content, and making it more difficult to preserve over time.
If you wish to include multimedia with your submission, upload the media separately as a stand-alone file in an appropriate media format. See Supplementary Material section below.
It is acceptable to include “live” (i.e., clickable) web URLs that link to online resources within the dissertation or thesis file. Spell out each URL in its entirety (e.g., http://www.stanford.edu ) rather than embedding the link in text (e.g., Stanford homepage ). By spelling out the URL, you improve a reader’s ability to understand and access the link reference.
Supplementary material may be submitted electronically with the dissertation or thesis. This material includes any supporting content that is useful for understanding the dissertation or thesis, but is not essential to the argument. It also covers core content in a form that can not be adequately represented or embedded in the PDF format, such as an audio recording of a musical performance.
Supplementary materials are submitted separately than the dissertation or thesis file, and are referred to as supplemental files.
A maximum of twenty supplemental files can be submitted. There are no restrictions on the file formats. The maximum file size is 1 GB.
You are encouraged to be judicious about the volume and quality of the supplemental files, and to employ file formats that are widely used by researchers generally, if not also by scholars of the discipline.
The following table outlines recommended file formats for different content types. By following these recommendations, the author is helping to ensure ongoing access to the material.
Content Type | Recommended Formats (preferred formats appear in italics) |
---|---|
Text |
|
Data Sets | Plain ASCII text with accompanying code books (as PDF or plain ASCII text) Statistical software files: DTA, SAS, SAV, POR |
Image |
|
Audio |
AIFF, MIDI, SND, MP3, QTA Note-based digital music composition files: XMA, SMF, RMID |
Video |
QuickTime, AVI, WMV |
Animation | Flash, SVG |
After uploading each supplemental file, it is important to enter a short description or label (maximum 120 characters for file name and the description). This label will be displayed to readers in a list of the contents for the entire submission.
If copyrighted material is part of the supplementary material, permission to reuse and distribute the content must be obtained from the owner of the copyright. Stanford Libraries requires copies of permission letters (in PDF format) to be uploaded electronically when submitting the files, and assumes no liability for copyright violations. View this sample permission letter .
System restrictions allow for a maximum of 10 individually uploaded permission files. If you have more than 10 permission files we recommend combining all permission letters into a single PDF file for upload.
In choosing an annotation or reference system, you should be guided by the practice of your discipline and the recommendations of your departments. In addition to the general style guides listed in the Style section above, there are specific style guides for some fields. When a reference system has been selected, it should be used consistently throughout the dissertation or thesis. The placement of footnotes is at your discretion with reading committee approval.
An important aspect of modern scholarship is the proper attribution of authorship for joint or group research. If the manuscript includes joint or group research, you must clearly identify your contribution to the enterprise in an introduction.
The inclusion of published papers in a dissertation or thesis is the prerogative of the major department. Where published papers or ready-for-publication papers are included, the following criteria must be met:
If copyrighted material belonging to others is used in your dissertation or thesis or is part of your supplementary materials, you must give full credit to the author and publisher of the work in all cases, and obtain permission from the copyright owner for reuse of the material unless you have determined that your use of the work is clearly fair use under US copyright law (17 USC §107).
The statute sets out four factors that must be considered when assessing Fair Use:
The Association of American University Presses requires permission for any quotations that are reproduced as complete units (poems, letters, short stories, essays, journal articles, complete chapters or sections of books, maps, charts, graphs, tables, drawings, or other illustrative materials). You can find this guideline and other detailed information on Fair Use at http://fairuse.stanford.edu .
If you are in doubt, it is safest to obtain permission. Permission to use copyrighted material must be obtained from the owner of the copyright. Stanford Libraries requires copies of permission letters (in PDF format) to be uploaded electronically when submitting the dissertation or thesis, and assumes no liability for copyright violations. For reference, view this sample permission letter .
Copyright protection is automatically in effect from the time the work is in fixed form. A proper copyright statement consisting of the copyright symbol, the author’s name, year of degree conferral, and the phrase “All Rights Reserved” will be added automatically to the dissertation or thesis in its final form.
Registration of copyright is not required, but it establishes a public record of your copyright claim and enables copyright owners to litigate against infringement. You need not register your copyright with the U.S. Copyright Office at the outset, although registration must be made before the copyright may be enforced by litigation in case of infringement.
Early registration does have certain advantages: it establishes a public record of your copyright claim, and if registration has been made prior to the infringement of your work, or within three months after its publication, qualifies you to be awarded statutory damages and attorney fees in addition to the actual damages and profits available to you as the copyright owner (should you ever have to sue because of infringement).
For more information about copyright, see the Stanford Libraries' resource on Copyright Considerations .
For further information on Registration of Copyright, see https://www.copyright.gov/registration/ .
Do not require a password to make changes to your submitted PDF file, or apply other encryption or security measures. Password-protected files will be rejected.
The file name and description will be printed on a page added to your dissertation or thesis, so choose a file name accordingly.
Important note: File names may only consist of alphanumeric characters, hyphen, underscore, at sign, space, ampersand, and comma – before the ending period and file extension. Specifically,
Here is an example of a filename that is allowed, including all of the possible characters:
In submitting a thesis or dissertation to Stanford, the author grants The Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University (Stanford) the non-exclusive, worldwide, perpetual, irrevocable right to reproduce, distribute, display and transmit author's thesis or dissertation, including any supplemental materials (the Work), in whole or in part in such print and electronic formats as may be in existence now or developed in the future, to sub-license others to do the same, and to preserve and protect the Work, subject to any third-party release or display restrictions specified by Author on submission of the Work to Stanford.
Author further represents and warrants that Author is the copyright holder of the Work, and has obtained all necessary rights to permit Stanford to reproduce and distribute third-party materials contained in any part of the Work, including use of third-party images, text, or music, as well as all necessary licenses relating to any non-public, third-party software necessary to access, display, and run or print the Work. Author is solely responsible and will indemnify Stanford for any third party claims related to the Work as submitted for publication.
Author warrants that the Work does not contain information protected by the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA), confidentiality agreements, or contain Stanford Prohibited, Restricted or Confidential data described on the University IT website , or other data of a private nature.
Stanford is under no obligation to use, display or host the work in any way and may elect not to use the work for any reason including copyright or other legal concerns, financial resources, or programmatic need.
Preliminary research strategies.
The first step towards writing a research paper is pretty obvious: find sources. Not everything that you find will be good, and those that are good are not always easily found. Having an idea of what you’re looking for–what will most help you develop your essay and enforce your thesis–will help guide your process.
A good research process should go through these steps:
Each of these is described in greater detail below.
Books, books, books …Do not start research haphazardly—come up with a plan first.
A research plan should begin after you can clearly identify the focus of your argument. First, inform yourself about the basics of your topic (Wikipedia and general online searches are great starting points). Be sure you’ve read all the assigned texts and carefully read the prompt as you gather preliminary information. This stage is sometimes called pre-research .
A broad online search will yield thousands of sources, which no one could be expected to read through. To make it easier on yourself, the next step is to narrow your focus. Think about what kind of position or stance you can take on the topic. What about it strikes you as most interesting? Refer back to the prewriting stage of the writing process, which will come in handy here.
Use features already available through Google Search like Search Tools and Advanced Search to narrow and refine your results.
As you narrow your focus, create a list of questions that you’ll need to answer in order to write a good essay on the topic. The research process will help you answer these questions.
Another part of your research plan should include the type of sources you want to gather. Keep track of these sources in a bibliography and jot down notes about the book, article, or document and how it will be useful to your essay. This will save you a lot of time later in the essay process–you’ll thank yourself!
Thesis / dissertation formatting manual (2024).
Every page in your manuscript (except the Title and Copyright pages) must be numbered.
All page numbers should be centered at the bottom of each manuscript page.
See specific Pagination guidelines for the Preliminary Pages and the Text and Reference (Body) Pages .
The final version of your thesis/dissertation must be on an 8.5" x 11" (letter size) page.
All manuscript text, excluding manuscript page numbers, must fit within these specified margin requirements:
Minimum 1-inch margins from the top, left, right, and bottom edges of each page
Tables, figures, graphs, photographs, and appendices are also included in these margin requirements. Materials may be reduced or enlarged, if necessary, to fit within the required margins. Pages may be rotated to landscape orientation to accommodate tables or illustrations .
Your manuscript must be double-spaced, with the exception of footnotes/endnotes, bibliographic entries, long quotations, data in lists and tables, lists in appendices and figure/table captions, all of which should be single-spaced.
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Published on August 7, 2022 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on August 15, 2023.
A research paper outline is a useful tool to aid in the writing process , providing a structure to follow with all information to be included in the paper clearly organized.
A quality outline can make writing your research paper more efficient by helping to:
A research paper outline can also give your teacher an early idea of the final product.
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Research paper outline example, how to write a research paper outline, formatting your research paper outline, language in research paper outlines.
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Follow these steps to start your research paper outline:
There are three different kinds of research paper outline: alphanumeric, full-sentence and decimal outlines. The differences relate to formatting and style of writing.
An alphanumeric outline is most commonly used. It uses Roman numerals, capitalized letters, arabic numerals, lowercase letters to organize the flow of information. Text is written with short notes rather than full sentences.
Essentially the same as the alphanumeric outline, but with the text written in full sentences rather than short points.
A decimal outline is similar in format to the alphanumeric outline, but with a different numbering system: 1, 1.1, 1.2, etc. Text is written as short notes rather than full sentences.
To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on.
There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.
Parallel structure or parallelism is the repetition of a particular grammatical form within a sentence, or in this case, between points and sub-points. This simply means that if the first point is a verb , the sub-point should also be a verb.
Your chosen subheadings should hold the same significance as each other, as should all first sub-points, secondary sub-points, and so on.
Subordination refers to the separation of general points from specific. Your main headings should be quite general, and each level of sub-point should become more specific.
Division: break information into sub-points.
Your headings should be divided into two or more subsections. There is no limit to how many subsections you can include under each heading, but keep in mind that the information will be structured into a paragraph during the writing stage, so you should not go overboard with the number of sub-points.
Ready to start writing or looking for guidance on a different step in the process? Read our step-by-step guide on how to write a research paper .
If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the “Cite this Scribbr article” button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator.
Gahan, C. (2023, August 15). How to Create a Structured Research Paper Outline | Example. Scribbr. Retrieved August 26, 2024, from https://www.scribbr.com/research-paper/outline/
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Preliminary research is the process of exploring what research has already been done on a topic or set of topics. Doing preliminary research can help you to narrow or broaden your topic idea . You can also determine useful keywords or related topics by consulting existing research. Use the resources on this page to get started.
How to Start the Research Process This article provides six tips for how to start the research process.
What are Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sources? This guide defines different types of sources and offers tips for evaluating their credibility.
Digital Public Library of America This resource contains thousands of books, images, videos, and sounds.
Directory of Open Access Books This directory features thousands of peer-reviewed books.
Open Textbook Library This resource includes hundreds of free textbooks.
arXiv This resource archives free, full-text journal articles from the sciences and mathematics.
Directory of Open Access Journals This resource allows you to search for journal articles from a wide range of disciplines.
Google Scholar Use Google Scholar to search for full-text journal articles.
PubMed PubMed hosts full-text journal articles from the medical and health sciences.
How to Read a Scholarly Article This article breaks down the components of scholarly articles and features tips for reading them.
Preliminary pages, workday student support.
Graduate students can find "how to" guides and support information on our Workday support page .
Preliminary pages must appear in this order:
The committee page:
See Resources for Thesis Preparation and Checking for examples and templates.
After you have listed your committee, please remove excess lines.
Doctoral students: Please include this page in the copy for the External Examiner, with your supervisory committee entered. If you know which members of the committee will be on the Examining Committee you can include them there; otherwise, they can go under Additional Supervisory Committee Members. Please remember to update the page before final post-defence submission. You must list the full examining committee, including both University Examiners, but listing the External Examiner is optional. We recommend you or your program ask the External Examiner whether or not they wish to be included on the committee page. Please do not include the Chair of the exam committee on this page.
The abstract:
350 words is the maximum allowed by online bibliographic listings; anything beyond 350 words will be arbitrarily cut off. The abstract in your thesis and the one you enter online at final submission must be identical.
Please do not put a list of keywords with your abstract.
The lay or public summary explains the key goals and contributions of the research/scholarly work in terms that can be understood by the general public. It should not exceed 150 words in length.
For detailed information about what to include in the Preface, see “ Structure of Theses and Dissertations ”.
Sample Prefaces
Every thesis must have a table of contents that lists the preliminary and end pages and the content.
If you think your thesis does not require a table of contents, contact the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Thesis Section to confirm this.
The title page and committee page do not appear in the table of contents.
For additional information on formatting a table of contents (including lists of tables and lists of figures) see Formatting Requirements/Table of Contents .
If you think your thesis does not require a List of Illustrations, contact the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Thesis Section to confirm this.
List of material submitted that is not included in the pdf (required if thesis includes these), other lists.
You must include a List of Multimedia Materials or List of Audio/Video files if you are submitting any with your thesis.
In this section you can:
Note: We highly recommend you ensure that you have permission to include names of individuals in the Acknowledgements. Once your thesis is in the Library's electronic repository, cIRcle, you will not be able to make changes.
The dedication is usually quite short, and is a personal rather than an academic recognition. You can use any font or language you wish for the dedication page.
Research papers are a cornerstone of academic growth, serving as a critical tool for students to delve deep into subject matters, enhance their analytical skills, and contribute to academic discourse. See also What Is The Writing Process? Let’s try to demystify the process of writing a research paper by providing a clear, step-by-step approach that…
Research papers are a cornerstone of academic growth, serving as a critical tool for students to delve deep into subject matters, enhance their analytical skills, and contribute to academic discourse.
See also What Is The Writing Process?
Let’s try to demystify the process of writing a research paper by providing a clear, step-by-step approach that can be adapted to any academic level or subject. Planning and organization can make writing a research paper less daunting. Students are encouraged to confidently approach this intellectual journey, using this guide as a roadmap to navigate the complexities of research writing.
The first step in any academic writing project, particularly a research paper, is to understand the assignment thoroughly. Misunderstanding the prompt can lead to significant missteps down the line. It’s important to read the assignment prompt carefully and use it to plan your paper. Students should consider consulting a paper writing service to guide interpreting complex instructions or academic expectations. Essential questions to ask include: What is the purpose of the paper? Who is the audience? What is the required scope and format?
Selecting a topic is more than just picking an area of interest; it involves balancing personal curiosity with academic value and resource availability. A good topic should allow you to explore questions or issues you care about while meeting the assignment’s requirements. Strategies for topic selection include brainstorming, preliminary reading, and discussing ideas with peers or instructors.
Begin with general sources to gain an overview of your topic’s broader context. This can include textbooks, encyclopedias, or reliable online resources. Identify key themes, concepts, and terminology relevant to your subject during this phase.
As you gather more information, start focusing your research on a specific aspect of the topic. This will help you develop a focused research question or a strong thesis statement that will guide the rest of your research and writing process.
See also Writing
Determine what types of sources are most appropriate for your topic. This might include books, peer-reviewed journal articles, interviews, or primary documents. Plan a realistic timeline for your research and writing, setting key milestones to ensure steady progress.
Use digital tools such as citation management software, note-taking apps, and organizational platforms to organize your research. These tools can help manage sources, keep track of important quotes, and structure your paper’s outline.
Distinguish between scholarly and non-scholarly sources. Utilize academic databases and libraries to access credible and relevant material. Internet sources should be cautiously approached and evaluated for credibility and relevance.
Learn to assess the reliability, bias, and usefulness of each source. Critical reading and analytical note-taking are essential at this stage to ensure that you gather strong evidence to support your thesis.
A thesis statement is a concise summary of your paper’s main point or claim. It is typically one sentence long and states your position clearly. The thesis is crucial as it guides the structure and argumentation of your research paper.
As your research progresses, revisit and possibly refine your thesis statement to reflect deeper insights and stronger evidence. This may involve tightening its focus, adjusting its angle, or strengthening its argumentative power. Examples of effective thesis statements will illustrate how specificity and clarity contribute to a compelling argument.
An outline is a blueprint for your paper; it organizes your thoughts and lays out the structure of your argument coherently. This helps prevent structural issues later in the writing process and ensures that each part of your argument flows logically into the next.
Start by outlining the main points of your introduction, body, and conclusion. Under each main point, list subpoints and supporting evidence, which can be detailed from your research that backs up your thesis. Consulting an online paper writing service can provide additional structure and guidance for students feeling overwhelmed by this stage.
Begin writing with the body of your paper, as it contains the bulk of information and analysis. Don’t worry about getting everything perfect on the first try. The goal is to put your research and ideas into a coherent structure.
Keep your writing clear and focused. Employ a mix of summarization, direct analysis, and critical thinking. Ensure that each paragraph opens with a clear topic sentence and closes with a transition to the next idea, ensuring smooth, logical flow.
Once your first draft is complete, take time to revise it thoroughly. Look for ways to strengthen your argument, clarify your points, and improve the overall flow of the paper. Ensure that each section contributes directly to supporting your thesis. Don’t hesitate to rewrite sections for better clarity and impact if necessary.
After revising the content, focus on grammar, punctuation, and style. Look for mistakes like misplaced commas, incorrect verb tenses, or inconsistent formatting. Using tools from the best paper writing service can help ensure your paper meets academic standards.
Please familiarize yourself with the required citation style for your paper, whether it’s APA, MLA, Chicago, or another format. Proper citation is crucial to avoid plagiarism and to give proper credit to the sources of your research.
Ensure your paper is formatted correctly according to your assignment requirements. This includes setting the correct margins, using the appropriate font size, and including all necessary sections like a title page, headings, and a bibliography. Many students find this step meticulous; however, a paper writer skilled in formatting can assist in polishing the final document.
Carefully proofread your paper to catch any lingering errors and ensure it reads smoothly. Techniques such as reading aloud or having a peer review of your work can be invaluable. Check for consistency in your arguments, accuracy in your information, and completeness in your research.
Create a checklist for all elements needed for submission, including additional materials like appendices or abstracts. Ensure everything is in order before you submit your paper, whether online or in person. Double-check that all guidelines are followed to avoid last-minute surprises.
Writing a research paper is a demanding but rewarding process. By following these steps, students can produce well-organized, insightful, and high-quality research papers that meet academic standards and enhance their understanding and expertise in the chosen subject area.
Remember, using resources such as a paper writing service should complement your efforts and provide support as you develop your skills as a researcher and writer. Dedication and attention to detail make the journey from a blank page to a completed research paper a significant academic achievement.
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Preliminary pages.
l. List of Abbreviations/ Acronyms
| |
Paper | |
Page numbering | |
Font | , Courier, Georgia |
Headings | |
Sub-headings | |
Justification | |
Colour | |
Language | |
Declaration Form | |
Correction of errors |
Strategies for overcoming the disagreements that can stymie innovation.
Previous research has found that new ideas are seen as risky and are often rejected. New research suggests that this rejection can be due to people’s lack of shared criteria or reference points when evaluating a potential innovation’s value. In a new paper, the authors find that the more novel the idea, the more people differ on their perception of its value. They also found that disagreement itself can make people view ideas as risky and make them less likely to support them, regardless of how novel the idea is. To help teams get on the same page when it comes to new ideas, they suggest gathering information about evaluator’s reference points and developing criteria that can lead to more focused discussions.
Picture yourself in a meeting where a new idea has just been pitched, representing a major departure from your company’s standard practices. The presenter is confident about moving forward, but their voice is quickly overtaken by a cacophony of opinions from firm opposition to enthusiastic support. How can you make sense of the noise? What weight do you give each of these opinions? And what does this disagreement say about the idea?
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A feasibility study and preliminary framework for an alternative heritage sector statistics methodology.
PDF , 867 KB , 59 pages
The Department for Culture, Media & Sport commissioned Alma Economics to carry out a feasibility study of different approaches that could be used to produce a single reliable estimate of the economic contribution of heritage organisations to the UK economy.
The report considers 4 approaches:
The research assesses these approaches against 6 criteria (coverage, disaggregation, robustness, feasibility, replicability, comparability) and sets out recommendations for improving economic estimates of the heritage sector.
PDF version of report added
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Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact Samantha Putterman, PolitiFact
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This fact check originally appeared on PolitiFact .
Project 2025 has a starring role in this week’s Democratic National Convention.
And it was front and center on Night 1.
WATCH: Hauling large copy of Project 2025, Michigan state Sen. McMorrow speaks at 2024 DNC
“This is Project 2025,” Michigan state Sen. Mallory McMorrow, D-Royal Oak, said as she laid a hardbound copy of the 900-page document on the lectern. “Over the next four nights, you are going to hear a lot about what is in this 900-page document. Why? Because this is the Republican blueprint for a second Trump term.”
Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about “Trump’s Project 2025” agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn’t claim the conservative presidential transition document.
“Donald Trump wants to take our country backward,” Harris said July 23 in Milwaukee. “He and his extreme Project 2025 agenda will weaken the middle class. Like, we know we got to take this seriously, and can you believe they put that thing in writing?”
Minnesota Gov. Tim Walz, Harris’ running mate, has joined in on the talking point.
“Don’t believe (Trump) when he’s playing dumb about this Project 2025. He knows exactly what it’ll do,” Walz said Aug. 9 in Glendale, Arizona.
Trump’s campaign has worked to build distance from the project, which the Heritage Foundation, a conservative think tank, led with contributions from dozens of conservative groups.
Much of the plan calls for extensive executive-branch overhauls and draws on both long-standing conservative principles, such as tax cuts, and more recent culture war issues. It lays out recommendations for disbanding the Commerce and Education departments, eliminating certain climate protections and consolidating more power to the president.
Project 2025 offers a sweeping vision for a Republican-led executive branch, and some of its policies mirror Trump’s 2024 agenda, But Harris and her presidential campaign have at times gone too far in describing what the project calls for and how closely the plans overlap with Trump’s campaign.
PolitiFact researched Harris’ warnings about how the plan would affect reproductive rights, federal entitlement programs and education, just as we did for President Joe Biden’s Project 2025 rhetoric. Here’s what the project does and doesn’t call for, and how it squares with Trump’s positions.
To distance himself from Project 2025 amid the Democratic attacks, Trump wrote on Truth Social that he “knows nothing” about it and has “no idea” who is in charge of it. (CNN identified at least 140 former advisers from the Trump administration who have been involved.)
The Heritage Foundation sought contributions from more than 100 conservative organizations for its policy vision for the next Republican presidency, which was published in 2023.
Project 2025 is now winding down some of its policy operations, and director Paul Dans, a former Trump administration official, is stepping down, The Washington Post reported July 30. Trump campaign managers Susie Wiles and Chris LaCivita denounced the document.
WATCH: A look at the Project 2025 plan to reshape government and Trump’s links to its authors
However, Project 2025 contributors include a number of high-ranking officials from Trump’s first administration, including former White House adviser Peter Navarro and former Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson.
A recently released recording of Russell Vought, a Project 2025 author and the former director of Trump’s Office of Management and Budget, showed Vought saying Trump’s “very supportive of what we do.” He said Trump was only distancing himself because Democrats were making a bogeyman out of the document.
The Harris campaign shared a graphic on X that claimed “Trump’s Project 2025 plan for workers” would “go after birth control and ban abortion nationwide.”
The plan doesn’t call to ban abortion nationwide, though its recommendations could curtail some contraceptives and limit abortion access.
What’s known about Trump’s abortion agenda neither lines up with Harris’ description nor Project 2025’s wish list.
Project 2025 says the Department of Health and Human Services Department should “return to being known as the Department of Life by explicitly rejecting the notion that abortion is health care.”
It recommends that the Food and Drug Administration reverse its 2000 approval of mifepristone, the first pill taken in a two-drug regimen for a medication abortion. Medication is the most common form of abortion in the U.S. — accounting for around 63 percent in 2023.
If mifepristone were to remain approved, Project 2025 recommends new rules, such as cutting its use from 10 weeks into pregnancy to seven. It would have to be provided to patients in person — part of the group’s efforts to limit access to the drug by mail. In June, the U.S. Supreme Court rejected a legal challenge to mifepristone’s FDA approval over procedural grounds.
WATCH: Trump’s plans for health care and reproductive rights if he returns to White House The manual also calls for the Justice Department to enforce the 1873 Comstock Act on mifepristone, which bans the mailing of “obscene” materials. Abortion access supporters fear that a strict interpretation of the law could go further to ban mailing the materials used in procedural abortions, such as surgical instruments and equipment.
The plan proposes withholding federal money from states that don’t report to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention how many abortions take place within their borders. The plan also would prohibit abortion providers, such as Planned Parenthood, from receiving Medicaid funds. It also calls for the Department of Health and Human Services to ensure that the training of medical professionals, including doctors and nurses, omits abortion training.
The document says some forms of emergency contraception — particularly Ella, a pill that can be taken within five days of unprotected sex to prevent pregnancy — should be excluded from no-cost coverage. The Affordable Care Act requires most private health insurers to cover recommended preventive services, which involves a range of birth control methods, including emergency contraception.
Trump has recently said states should decide abortion regulations and that he wouldn’t block access to contraceptives. Trump said during his June 27 debate with Biden that he wouldn’t ban mifepristone after the Supreme Court “approved” it. But the court rejected the lawsuit based on standing, not the case’s merits. He has not weighed in on the Comstock Act or said whether he supports it being used to block abortion medication, or other kinds of abortions.
“When you read (Project 2025),” Harris told a crowd July 23 in Wisconsin, “you will see, Donald Trump intends to cut Social Security and Medicare.”
The Project 2025 document does not call for Social Security cuts. None of its 10 references to Social Security addresses plans for cutting the program.
Harris also misleads about Trump’s Social Security views.
In his earlier campaigns and before he was a politician, Trump said about a half-dozen times that he’s open to major overhauls of Social Security, including cuts and privatization. More recently, in a March 2024 CNBC interview, Trump said of entitlement programs such as Social Security, “There’s a lot you can do in terms of entitlements, in terms of cutting.” However, he quickly walked that statement back, and his CNBC comment stands at odds with essentially everything else Trump has said during the 2024 presidential campaign.
Trump’s campaign website says that not “a single penny” should be cut from Social Security. We rated Harris’ claim that Trump intends to cut Social Security Mostly False.
Project 2025 does propose changes to Medicare, including making Medicare Advantage, the private insurance offering in Medicare, the “default” enrollment option. Unlike Original Medicare, Medicare Advantage plans have provider networks and can also require prior authorization, meaning that the plan can approve or deny certain services. Original Medicare plans don’t have prior authorization requirements.
The manual also calls for repealing health policies enacted under Biden, such as the Inflation Reduction Act. The law enabled Medicare to negotiate with drugmakers for the first time in history, and recently resulted in an agreement with drug companies to lower the prices of 10 expensive prescriptions for Medicare enrollees.
Trump, however, has said repeatedly during the 2024 presidential campaign that he will not cut Medicare.
The Harris campaign said Project 2025 would “eliminate the U.S. Department of Education” — and that’s accurate. Project 2025 says federal education policy “should be limited and, ultimately, the federal Department of Education should be eliminated.” The plan scales back the federal government’s role in education policy and devolves the functions that remain to other agencies.
Aside from eliminating the department, the project also proposes scrapping the Biden administration’s Title IX revision, which prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity. It also would let states opt out of federal education programs and calls for passing a federal parents’ bill of rights similar to ones passed in some Republican-led state legislatures.
Republicans, including Trump, have pledged to close the department, which gained its status in 1979 within Democratic President Jimmy Carter’s presidential Cabinet.
In one of his Agenda 47 policy videos, Trump promised to close the department and “to send all education work and needs back to the states.” Eliminating the department would have to go through Congress.
In the graphic, the Harris campaign says Project 2025 allows “employers to stop paying workers for overtime work.”
The plan doesn’t call for banning overtime wages. It recommends changes to some Occupational Safety and Health Administration, or OSHA, regulations and to overtime rules. Some changes, if enacted, could result in some people losing overtime protections, experts told us.
The document proposes that the Labor Department maintain an overtime threshold “that does not punish businesses in lower-cost regions (e.g., the southeast United States).” This threshold is the amount of money executive, administrative or professional employees need to make for an employer to exempt them from overtime pay under the Fair Labor Standards Act.
In 2019, the Trump’s administration finalized a rule that expanded overtime pay eligibility to most salaried workers earning less than about $35,568, which it said made about 1.3 million more workers eligible for overtime pay. The Trump-era threshold is high enough to cover most line workers in lower-cost regions, Project 2025 said.
The Biden administration raised that threshold to $43,888 beginning July 1, and that will rise to $58,656 on Jan. 1, 2025. That would grant overtime eligibility to about 4 million workers, the Labor Department said.
It’s unclear how many workers Project 2025’s proposal to return to the Trump-era overtime threshold in some parts of the country would affect, but experts said some would presumably lose the right to overtime wages.
Other overtime proposals in Project 2025’s plan include allowing some workers to choose to accumulate paid time off instead of overtime pay, or to work more hours in one week and fewer in the next, rather than receive overtime.
Trump’s past with overtime pay is complicated. In 2016, the Obama administration said it would raise the overtime to salaried workers earning less than $47,476 a year, about double the exemption level set in 2004 of $23,660 a year.
But when a judge blocked the Obama rule, the Trump administration didn’t challenge the court ruling. Instead it set its own overtime threshold, which raised the amount, but by less than Obama.
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IMAGES
COMMENTS
Note: Page numbers in the preliminary pages appear centered on the bottom of the page in lower case Roman numerals. This differs from page numbers in the text, which appear on the top right of the page and use Arabic numerals. ... or technical aspects of the thesis or dissertation. Research funding, grants, and/or permission to reprint ...
The Preliminary Pages require very specific wording, spacing, and layout. Templates and sample pages are provided for your reference. Only the pages listed below may be included as part of the Preliminary Pages section, and they must appear in this order. No other pages are permitted. All pages are required except the Dedication Page.
The remaining preliminary pages are arranged as listed under "Organizing and Formatting the Thesis/Dissertation" and numbered consecutively. Headings for all preliminary pages must be centered in all capital letters 1" from the top of the page. Do not bold the headings of the preliminary pages.
Page Numbering: All page numbers must be centered and placed .75" from the bottom of the page. Preliminary pages, beginning with the acknowledgments, will be numbered with lowercase Roman numerals. Arabic numerals, beginning with "1" are used to number all pages of the body of the dissertation/thesis.
Preliminary research gives you background information on your topic, answering questions such as who, what, when and where. ... TIP - Doing the work of establishing in advance that your topic is viable will help you write a strong research paper and avoid a change of topic at the last minute, saving you time and agony in the long run. Make sure ...
Our preliminary page templates help ensure your preliminary pages are formatted correctly and include accurate information. There is a version for PC users and a version for Mac users. If you want your 1) chapters and subheadings automatically numbered and / or 2) table and figure captions to include the number of the chapter in which they ...
Create a preliminary document plan. Create a preliminary document plan; 1. Think about your topic; 2. Create a preliminary plan; 3. Draft your thesis statement; 4. ... Otherwise, it's easy to end up doing sufficient research to write a 20-page paper when all you're trying to write is five pages. It can be as challenging to manage too much ...
Develop a thesis statement. Create a research paper outline. Write a first draft of the research paper. Write the introduction. Write a compelling body of text. Write the conclusion. The second draft. The revision process. Research paper checklist.
HOW TO WRITE A RESEARCH PAPER. ***First, obtain preliminary information about the paper to be written. Length of paper. Due date. Purpose and content of the paper. Documentation style (e.g., MLA, APA). ***Second, set up a time schedule for the completion of your paper as well as deadlines for the various steps. TURN IN CORRECTED, FINAL COPY!!!
Manuscripts are normally composed of two sections: (1) Preliminary pages, and (1) Text and References pages (aka the "Body" of the manuscript) Preliminary Pages require very specific wording, spacing, and layout, and MUST appear in this order:
the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations (Modern Language Association). ... Preliminary Pages. Title Page — The format must be followed exactly. View these title page examples for Ph.D. Dissertation and this title page sample for an Engineer Thesis. Use uppercase letters. The title of the dissertation or ...
A good research process should go through these steps: Decide on the topic. Narrow the topic in order to narrow search parameters. Create a question that your research will address. Generate sub-questions from your main question. Determine what kind of sources are best for your argument. Create a bibliography as you gather and reference sources.
The final version of your thesis/dissertation must be on an 8.5" x 11" (letter size) page. All manuscript text, excluding manuscript page numbers, must fit within these specified margin requirements: Minimum 1-inch margins from the top, left, right, and bottom edges of each page
Language in research paper outlines. To write an effective research paper outline, it is important to pay attention to language. This is especially important if it is one you will show to your teacher or be assessed on. There are four main considerations: parallelism, coordination, subordination and division.
Preliminary Pages. 1. The preliminary pages are double-spaced with lower case Roman numeral page numbers. Omit the page number on page i, which is the title page. Throughout, the thesis, paragraphs must be indented 0.5 inches from the left margin. The number of spaces used for indentation must be uniform throughout the thesis.
Preliminary research is the process of exploring what research has already been done on a topic or set of topics. Doing preliminary research can help you to narrow or broaden your topic idea. You can also determine useful keywords or related topics by consulting existing research. Use the resources on this page to get started. This article ...
Table of Contents (Required) Every thesis must have a table of contents that lists the preliminary and end pages and the content. If you think your thesis does not require a table of contents, contact the Faculty of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies Thesis Section to confirm this. The title page and committee page do not appear in the table of ...
hesis preliminary pages template supplementary guideThis supplementary guide will assist you in. uccessfully completing your thesis preliminary p. ges. Please follow the template requirements exactly. Any thesis that does not follow the template exactly will be sent back to the student for corrections and. s template from the Graduate School w.
Conducting Preliminary Research; Begin with general sources to gain an overview of your topic's broader context. This can include textbooks, encyclopedias, or reliable online resources. ... Dedication and attention to detail make the journey from a blank page to a completed research paper a significant academic achievement.
Paper : Print on one side only; White; Standard letter-size 8.5 x 11 (216 x 279 mm) OR; A4 size (210 x 297 mm) Page numbering: Preliminary pages: lower case roman numerals; Text of thesis: Arabic; Placement: top right hand corner of each page; Same font as text of thesis; Font: Size: 11 or 12; Type: serif e.g. Times New Roman, Courier, Georgia
As you have seen countless times in your textbooks and other published works, the main text is preceded by what are called preliminary pages. The approved un...
The document provides guidance on writing the preliminary pages of a research project, which are the introductory sections that come before the main body. It discusses the standard components of preliminary pages, including the cover page, declaration, certification, dedication, acknowledgement, table of contents, and abstract. Samples and descriptions are given for how to write each of these ...
Thesis Guideline and SpecificationsThe code of language of the thesis is set to American English. The word length of the thesis excluding appendices, tables,...
DON'T CLICK THIS: https://bit.ly/2PWQQYD 🥰Here's an example of preliminary pages of a research paper constructed and written by our students.Enjoy learning ...
New research suggests that this rejection can be due to people's lack of shared criteria or reference points when evaluating a potential innovation's value. In a new paper, the authors find ...
Research and statistics. Reports, analysis and official statistics. Policy papers and consultations. Consultations and strategy. Transparency. Data, Freedom of Information releases and corporate ...
Vice President Kamala Harris, the Democratic presidential nominee, has warned Americans about "Trump's Project 2025" agenda — even though former President Donald Trump doesn't claim the ...