block style essay

The Block Method on Writing an Essay

Therese rochon.

There are many ways of organizing a comparison and contrast essay. One of the most popular is the block method, also known as the summary approach or the one side at a time approach. The writer provides an introduction stating the comparisons, the contrasts and the thesis statement. Then, the writer provides body paragraphs detailing the similarities and another body paragraphs explaining the differences. Following the body paragraphs is a conclusion that paraphrases the essay and the thesis statement.

Explore this article

• Doing the Block Method
• Brainstorming
• Ensuring Unity
• Other Methods

1 Doing the Block Method

The block method works best on short papers about simple topics. To do the block method, first write an introduction. In the introduction, draw the reader’s attention, give background information, state the two things being compared and contrasted, and provide a thesis statement. Using the introduction as a blueprint, write paragraphs about the comparisons. Then, write paragraphs about the differences. After completing all body paragraphs, write a conclusion that ties in all your points and restates your thesis. In addition to comparison and contrast essays, you can use the block method in essays weighing disadvantages and advantages.

2 Brainstorming

If you are planning to write an essay in the block format, you must first brainstorm for ideas. The most common method for a comparison and contrast is a Venn diagram. To do a Venn diagram, draw two big circles that overlap in the middle. In the circle on the left, write the unique features of side A. In the circle on the right, write the unique features of side B. In the middle, the place of overlap, write the similar features of sides A and B.

Other brainstorming methods are simply listing all the thoughts that come to mind with little attention paid to organization. Another, more organized, brainstorming method is arranging ideas into clusters.

While brainstorming, do not censor yourself. Get something down on paper as quickly as possible.

3 Ensuring Unity

Although essays written in block format can be well written and effective, the biggest hurdle is disunity. You never want to jump from point to point. To avoid disunity, use transitional phrases, such as “in addition,” “furthermore,” “moreover,” “in contrast,” “similarly,” “however,” and “nevertheless” from paragraph to paragraph. Another way to transition is by linking ideas. For example, briefly mention the very last idea from a previous paragraph in the first few sentences of the next paragraph.

4 Other Methods

The block method is not the only way of writing a comparison and contrast essay. In the point-by-point method, each paragraph gives a point (or idea) and its similarities and contrasts. In the combination method, you combine the point-by-point method with the block method.

• 1 Comparison and Contrast Essays
• 2 How do I Write a Comparison and Contrast Essay

About the Author

Therese Rochon is a college student and freelance writer from St. Louis. She is studying English and Spanish literature at Washington University and plans to attend law school in the future. She speaks two languages and, in 2011, will au pair in Europe to learn two more languages. She has been writing online since 2005.

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Compare & Contrast Essays How things are similar or different

Compare and contrast is a common form of academic writing, either as an essay type on its own, or as part of a larger essay which includes one or more paragraphs which compare or contrast. This page gives information on what a compare and contrast essay is , how to structure this type of essay, how to use compare and contrast structure words , and how to make sure you use appropriate criteria for comparison/contrast . There is also an example compare and contrast essay on the topic of communication technology, as well as some exercises to help you practice this area.

What are compare & contrast essays?

For another look at the same content, check out YouTube » or Youku » , or this infographic » .

To compare is to examine how things are similar, while to contrast is to see how they differ. A compare and contrast essay therefore looks at the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences. This essay type is common at university, where lecturers frequently test your understanding by asking you to compare and contrast two theories, two methods, two historical periods, two characters in a novel, etc. Sometimes the whole essay will compare and contrast, though sometimes the comparison or contrast may be only part of the essay. It is also possible, especially for short exam essays, that only the similarities or the differences, not both, will be discussed. See the examples below.

• Compare and contrast Newton's ideas of gravity with those proposed by Einstein ['compare and contrast' essay]
• Examine how the economies of Spain and China are similar ['compare' only essay]
• Explain the differences between Achaemenid Empire and Parthian Empire ['contrast' only essay]

There are two main ways to structure a compare and contrast essay, namely using a block or a point-by-point structure. For the block structure, all of the information about one of the objects being compared/contrasted is given first, and all of the information about the other object is listed afterwards. This type of structure is similar to the block structure used for cause and effect and problem-solution essays. For the point-by-point structure, each similarity (or difference) for one object is followed immediately by the similarity (or difference) for the other. Both types of structure have their merits. The former is easier to write, while the latter is generally clearer as it ensures that the similarities/differences are more explicit.

The two types of structure, block and point-by-point , are shown in the diagram below.

Compare and Contrast Structure Words

Compare and contrast structure words are transition signals which show the similarities or differences. Below are some common examples.

• both... and...
• not only... but also...
• neither... nor...
• just like (+ noun)
• similar to (+ noun)
• to be similar (to)
• to be the same as
• to be alike
• to compare (to/with)
• Computers can be used to communicate easily, for example via email. Similarly/Likewise , the mobile phone is a convenient tool for communication.
• Both computers and mobile phones can be used to communicate easily with other people.
• Just like the computer, the mobile phone can be used to communicate easily with other people.
• The computer is similar to the mobile phone in the way it can be used for easy communication.
• In contrast
• In comparison
• By comparison
• On the other hand
• to differ from
• to be different (from)
• to be dissimilar to
• to be unlike
• Computers, although increasingly small, are not always easy to carry from one place to another. However , the mobile phone can be carried with ease.
• Computers are generally not very portable, whereas the mobile phone is.
• Computers differ from mobile phones in their lack of portability.
• Computers are unlike mobile phones in their lack of portability.

Criteria for comparison/contrast

When making comparisons or contrasts, it is important to be clear what criteria you are using. Study the following example, which contrasts two people. Here the criteria are unclear.

• Aaron is tall and strong. In contrast , Bruce is handsome and very intelligent.

Although this sentence has a contrast transition , the criteria for contrasting are not the same. The criteria used for Aaron are height (tall) and strength (strong). We would expect similar criteria to be used for Bruce (maybe he is short and weak), but instead we have new criteria, namely appearance (handsome) and intelligence (intelligent). This is a common mistake for students when writing this type of paragraph or essay. Compare the following, which has much clearer criteria (contrast structure words shown in bold).

• Aaron and Bruce differ in four ways. The first difference is height. Aaron is tall, while Bruce is short. A second difference is strength. Aaron is strong. In contrast , Bruce is weak. A third difference is appearance. Aaron, who is average looking, differs from Bruce, who is handsome. The final difference is intelligence. Aaron is of average intelligence. Bruce, on the other hand , is very intelligent.

Example essay

Below is a compare and contrast essay. This essay uses the point-by-point structure . Click on the different areas (in the shaded boxes to the right) to highlight the different structural aspects in this essay, i.e. similarities, differences, and structure words. This will highlight not simply the paragraphs, but also the thesis statement and summary , as these repeat the comparisons and contrasts contained in the main body.

Title: There have been many advances in technology over the past fifty years. These have revolutionised the way we communicate with people who are far away. Compare and contrast methods of communication used today with those which were used in the past.

Before the advent of computers and modern technology, people communicating over long distances used traditional means such as letters and the telephone. Nowadays we have a vast array of communication tools which can complete this task, ranging from email to instant messaging and video calls. While the present and previous means of communication are similar in their general form , they differ in regard to their speed and the range of tools available . One similarity between current and previous methods of communication relates to the form of communication. In the past, both written forms such as letters were frequently used, in addition to oral forms such as telephone calls. Similarly , people nowadays use both of these forms. Just as in the past, written forms of communication are prevalent, for example via email and text messaging. In addition, oral forms are still used, including the telephone, mobile phone, and voice messages via instant messaging services. However , there are clearly many differences in the way we communicate over long distances, the most notable of which is speed. This is most evident in relation to written forms of communication. In the past, letters would take days to arrive at their destination. In contrast , an email arrives almost instantaneously and can be read seconds after it was sent. In the past, if it was necessary to send a short message, for example at work, a memo could be passed around the office, which would take some time to circulate. This is different from the current situation, in which a text message can be sent immediately. Another significant difference is the range of communication methods. Fifty years ago, the tools available for communicating over long distances were primarily the telephone and the letter. By comparison , there are a vast array of communication methods available today. These include not only the telephone, letter, email and text messages already mentioned, but also video conferences via software such as Skype or mobile phone apps such as WeChat, and social media such as Facebook and Twitter. In conclusion, methods of communication have greatly advanced over the past fifty years. While there are some similarities, such as the forms of communication , there are significant differences, chiefly in relation to the speed of communication and the range of communication tools available . There is no doubt that technology will continue to progress in future, and the advanced tools which we use today may one day also become outdated.

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Below is a checklist for compare and contrast essays. Use it to check your own writing, or get a peer (another student) to help you.

There is a downloadable graphic organiser for brainstorming ideas for compare and contrast essays in the writing resources section.

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Author: Sheldon Smith    ‖    Last modified: 08 January 2022.

Sheldon Smith is the founder and editor of EAPFoundation.com. He has been teaching English for Academic Purposes since 2004. Find out more about him in the about section and connect with him on Twitter , Facebook and LinkedIn .

Compare & contrast essays examine the similarities of two or more objects, and the differences.

Cause & effect essays consider the reasons (or causes) for something, then discuss the results (or effects).

Discussion essays require you to examine both sides of a situation and to conclude by saying which side you favour.

Problem-solution essays are a sub-type of SPSE essays (Situation, Problem, Solution, Evaluation).

Transition signals are useful in achieving good cohesion and coherence in your writing.

Reporting verbs are used to link your in-text citations to the information cited.

How to Write in Block Format: Effective and Professional Writing

My name is Debbie, and I am passionate about developing a love for the written word and planting a seed that will grow into a powerful voice that can inspire many.

What is ‌Block Format and Why is it Important⁣ in‌ Professional Writing?

Key elements of ⁤block format writing, structuring your document in block format, or , to represent the levels​ of ⁤importance in your heading hierarchy. this allows readers to quickly navigate through⁤ your content, helping‌ them⁣ find the information ​they are looking​ for without having ‌to read the ‌entire document. in addition ⁢to​ headings, using bullet points or⁤ numbered ​lists is another effective way to ⁣structure⁢ your document in block format. this technique helps break down complex information into easily digestible chunks, making it easier for your‌ audience to follow along. remember to use the or html tags to create ​unordered‍ or ordered lists. consider using bulleted lists when presenting⁣ a‌ series⁤ of related points,⁣ while numbered lists work best when presenting ‍a step-by-step process or sequential information. ‍by incorporating these formatting techniques, you can create documents that are not ⁣only well-structured⁣ but also visually appealing. tips for⁣ formatting your text in block format.

• Adding Emphasis‍ and Visual ‍Appeal to your Block Format Writing

Common Mistakes⁣ to Avoid in Block Format​ Writing

Proofreading and polishing your⁢ block format ‌writing, frequently asked questions, the ⁣conclusion.

In professional writing, block format refers to a specific layout⁢ style that enhances⁣ the readability and organization of documents. Instead of using indents for ⁢paragraphs, block format involves leaving ⁣a blank line⁤ between each paragraph and aligning the text⁤ to the left‍ margin. ⁤This formatting technique‌ creates clean and‍ visually appealing ‌documents, making​ them ⁤easier to ‍scan and comprehend.

The use‍ of block format is​ crucial in professional writing ⁤for several reasons. ⁣Firstly, it ‌helps to establish a ‍professional and polished appearance, reflecting the writer’s attention to ​detail and commitment ‌to delivering high-quality work . Moreover, block format enhances readability and‌ comprehension,​ allowing readers to quickly identify and absorb ‌key information. By separating⁢ paragraphs with blank lines, block format helps ⁣to visually distinguish different ⁢thoughts and ideas, enabling a logical flow of content.⁢ This formatting style is particularly ‍useful when conveying complex ⁢concepts, as it allows the reader to easily identify ⁣and navigate through important points. Whether it’s a formal‌ report, a business letter, or a professional email,‍ employing block format ensures clarity, professionalism, and effective communication.

In block format writing, there‍ are several ⁣essential elements that contribute to its ⁢effectiveness and readability. By utilizing​ these key elements, you can⁢ ensure that your‌ writing is ⁣well-structured, organized, and easy to navigate.

• Clear​ Subheadings: One of‌ the main elements‌ in block format writing ⁢is ⁤the use of clear and meaningful⁢ subheadings. Subheadings ⁣help to ‍break ‌up the content and provide readers with​ a⁣ quick ‌overview of what each section ‍will cover. They also make it easier for readers ‍to skim and find the information they ‌are ⁣looking for.
• Consistent ‍Formatting: Another crucial element is maintaining consistent formatting throughout your​ writing. This means using‌ the same font, ⁤font size, ‍and spacing for all‌ sections ⁢and subheadings. ⁤A‍ consistent format enhances readability and professionalism. Additionally, using⁤ bullet points or numbered ⁤lists helps to convey information in a concise and organized manner.
• Logical ‍Flow: ⁢ A well-structured block‍ format piece of writing follows‍ a logical‍ flow from‍ start ‍to finish. Each ‍paragraph should transition smoothly into the next,​ allowing​ the reader to follow⁣ the‍ train of thought easily. This can be achieved ‌by using connecting ⁤words or phrases, such as “furthermore” or “on the ⁢other hand,” to establish⁢ a clear ​progression⁣ of ideas.

By incorporating these key elements into ⁢your block format writing, you can create ⁢content that ⁢is visually appealing, easy​ to read, and⁤ effectively⁣ communicates your ‍intended message.

When⁤ it comes to creating visually appealing and well-organized documents, using⁣ block format ‌is an excellent choice. This formatting style⁤ is ​widely used for ⁤various types of documents, such as resumes,​ business letters, and reports. By ‍following a few simple ‌guidelines,⁣ you can ensure that your document is easy to read and aesthetically pleasing.

To start, ‍one of the key elements ⁣of‍ block format is the proper use ⁣of headings and subheadings. Headings should be bold and clearly indicate the different sections of your document. Use HTML tags, ⁢such as

When it comes to formatting your text in ‌block ​format, there are⁤ a few tips and tricks ‍that can help you make your content stand out⁤ and be ⁣visually‍ appealing. By using HTML tags, you can easily enhance the readability and organization⁢ of⁢ your text. Here‌ are ⁤some​ tips to consider:

1. Use headings:‍ Headings are a great way to break up⁤ your ⁢text and provide a clear​ structure for ‍your readers. By using the

Incorporating emphasis and visual appeal into ⁣your block ⁤format writing can greatly enhance the overall ‍presentation ‌of your work.‌ By utilizing different‍ formatting techniques and creative elements,‌ you‌ can grab the reader’s⁤ attention and‌ make your content more engaging. Here are a few tips to⁢ help you add that extra flair to your writing:

1. **Utilize bold text**: Emphasize key points or ⁢important‍ information⁤ by using bold ​text. This draws the reader’s attention ‌and helps them quickly identify the most significant bits of your content.

2. **Insert images⁣ and diagrams**: A picture is worth a thousand words, they say. Including ‌relevant images or diagrams in your block format writing can ⁣not​ only break up the‌ text but also aid in conveying complex ‌ideas ⁢or concepts. Visuals can be particularly effective when explaining ⁣processes or illustrating data.

3. **Use bullet points ⁢for⁣ easy reading**: Break down information into concise ⁢bullet ⁤points to facilitate easy reading and comprehension. ‍This⁣ format ‍allows the reader to scan through the main ‍points quickly, making your content more accessible and digestible.

4. **Experiment with different font styles and⁤ sizes**: By playing​ around with​ font ‍styles and⁤ sizes,⁢ you can add visual interest ⁣and variety to your block format writing. However, ​it’s crucial to maintain readability, so use these elements sparingly and ensure ​they⁤ enhance your content rather than distracting from it.

Remember, should complement your content and‌ not overshadow it. Strive⁤ for a cohesive and professional aesthetic while ​making sure your​ writing remains clear and accessible ⁣to your audience. So go ahead, get creative, and ‌captivate your readers with visually appealing⁢ and impactful written content!

In block format writing, there are several common mistakes that writers ​often ⁣make, ​hampering the clarity and effectiveness of their message. To ​ensure your writing⁣ stands out ⁢and effectively communicates ‍your ideas, ‍it’s crucial to be aware of these pitfalls and avoid‍ them. Let’s explore some of the most frequent mistakes made in block‌ format⁢ writing:

• Lack ‍of proper indentation: Failing to indent the first line of each paragraph can make your writing⁤ appear disorganized and unprofessional. Indentation ⁤helps readers⁤ quickly ⁣identify the beginning⁢ of a new paragraph, allowing⁤ for​ smoother comprehension⁢ and a better reading experience.
• Lengthy paragraphs: Overloading a single paragraph ‌with ‍too much information ‍can overwhelm readers and make⁤ your writing‌ challenging to follow. ​Instead, aim to keep your paragraphs concise and focused, with each⁢ one addressing a specific idea or argument. This makes your content more reader-friendly⁤ and enhances​ overall comprehension.
• Inconsistent or ⁢inappropriate‍ font usage: Using different fonts ​or font sizes throughout your ⁢block format writing can ‌distract readers‌ and⁣ diminish the professional appearance of ⁢your work. Ensure consistency by selecting⁤ a single font and⁢ size⁣ that is easy to read, and stick to it throughout your piece.

By avoiding these common mistakes, you will significantly improve the ⁢readability and​ impact of your block format writing. Begin incorporating ⁤proper indentation, maintaining paragraph clarity, and ‌staying consistent with ​font usage, and watch your writing⁤ shine!

In the world of written communication, the way your words​ are⁢ presented matters just as much as the content itself. Block ‍format writing is a commonly used style that presents⁣ information in a clear and‌ organized manner. However, even⁤ the most well-structured pieces can benefit from proofreading and polishing⁢ to ensure clarity and professionalism. Here are ⁢some essential tips to help you elevate your block format writing to its true ⁤potential:

Proofreading: 1. Read it aloud: Reading ⁤your writing ​aloud helps you‌ identify any awkward sentences, grammatical errors, or ​repetitive phrases. 2. Take a break: After completing your draft, step away ‍from it for a while. ⁤This break will give you a fresh perspective when you come back to proofread. 3. ⁤Seek a ⁤second opinion: Ask someone you trust‌ to proofread your writing. Fresh eyes can catch mistakes⁣ you may have missed.

Polishing: 1. ⁤Trim ⁤the fat:⁤ Eliminate unnecessary words or phrases that may be diluting your message. ⁢Keep your ⁤writing ​concise to maintain ‌clarity‌ and hold the ‌reader’s attention. 2.‌ Enhance with formatting: ⁢Utilize bold‌ headings to highlight key points and make the structure more visually appealing. Additionally, use bullet points or numbered lists ‍to break up⁤ long‍ paragraphs ​and make ⁤information more digestible. 3. Consistency is key: Pay attention to ⁣the formatting consistency of your ⁢block‍ writing. Ensure ‍that the font, spacing, and alignment remain uniform throughout‌ your document.

By dedicating time ‌to‌ proofread and​ polish your block format ‌writing, you demonstrate your commitment to professionalism ⁢and⁤ effective communication. Don’t underestimate ‌the power of thoughtful editing as ‍it can significantly enhance ‍the impact of your words and leave⁢ a lasting impression.

Q: What is block format and how does it differ from other writing formats? A: Block format ⁣is⁣ a ‌style of writing that aligns the text ⁤along the left margin while leaving a blank space between ‍paragraphs.‌ Unlike other formats, ‌such as indented or⁣ modified block formats, block format⁢ does⁤ not indent the first⁤ line of each ⁢paragraph. It presents a clean and professional appearance, making it ⁤easier to read and navigate.

Q: When should I use block format⁤ in my writing? A: ⁣Block format is commonly used for formal business letters, memos, ⁤reports, and other professional documents. ​It ‌is particularly suitable when writing ⁢to someone‍ you⁣ have‍ not⁣ met before or for situations where formality⁣ is important.⁣ By adopting‍ block format, you can ⁤convey a‌ sense of professionalism and‌ respect to your reader.

Q: What are the key components of block format? A: A document in block ⁤format typically includes​ the following elements: 1. Your contact⁢ information: ‌Place your name,⁤ address, phone number, and email ​address at the top left corner ⁢of the page. 2. Date: ⁣Just beneath your contact information, include the date of writing. 3.‍ Recipient’s contact information: Leave a blank ‌line after the date and then write the recipient’s name, ‍job title, company name, and address. 4. Salutation: Start ⁣the body of‌ your document‌ with a professional salutation, ⁣such ‌as “Dear Mr. Smith” or “Dear Hiring Manager.” 5. Body: Present your ideas and information in separate paragraphs,⁤ with⁤ a⁣ blank line between each paragraph. Ensure that each paragraph possesses clear and concise content related‍ to⁢ the topic. 6. Closing: Close ‌your‌ document with appropriate language, such⁢ as “Sincerely” or⁢ “Thank you,” followed ​by your name and title. 7. ‌Signature: If you are printing the document, ​leave sufficient space between the closing and your printed⁤ name to physically sign it.

Q: How can I ensure my writing is effective in block format? A: ​To achieve effective writing ⁢in ‌block format, keep these tips in mind: 1. Use⁣ clear ‌and concise ‌language: Keep your sentences⁤ brief and to the ‍point. Avoid ⁣unnecessary jargon or complexity that could confuse the reader. 2. Organize your thoughts logically: Plan your writing ahead of time and structure it using headings ​or subheadings to guide your reader through⁢ your content smoothly. 3. Edit ‌and proofread: ⁢Thoroughly revise your ​writing to eliminate⁤ any grammar ⁤or spelling errors. ‌Check for coherence, flow, and ⁢consistency in your language. 4. Maintain⁣ a professional tone: Use a polite, ​respectful, and professional tone throughout your writing. Keep any personal or informal language out‍ of your⁤ document. 5. Format consistency:‍ Ensure that you follow​ the block format ​consistently, aligning all text ⁤along the‌ left margin and separating paragraphs with ⁣a blank line.

Q: Can block format be used in emails⁣ as well? A: Yes, block format⁤ can also ⁢be utilized⁢ for ⁤writing professional emails. ⁢In ⁢this ⁢case, follow⁢ similar guidelines as mentioned above, ⁣but instead of physical signatures, ‌you can use a professional email‍ signature containing your ​contact details. Additionally, ⁤maintain brevity and clarity in your email by keeping it concise and focused​ on the​ main‌ purpose‍ of your⁢ message.

Q: Are there any instances where block format may not be suitable? A: While ​block format is generally appropriate for ⁤most formal ⁣writing situations, certain ⁣documents, such as academic essays or creative pieces of ‌writing,‍ may require a ⁢different format.⁢ In these cases, refer to specific guidelines provided by your institution or adhere to the preferred style for the specific context.

Q: Can I use ⁣block format for resumes and cover letters? A: While block ‌format is not typically used‍ for⁣ resumes and cover letters, it is still crucial‌ to maintain a ⁢clean and organized appearance in ‌these documents. Instead, consider ‍using modified block format , where you align ​the sender’s address, date, and⁢ closing to the center or ⁣right of the document. Tailor your resume and cover ‌letter to industry standards and‍ refer to professional templates that can guide⁢ you in structuring these documents effectively.

To ⁤achieve effective and professional writing, mastering the block format is crucial. By using a clear structure ⁢and concise ⁣language, readers will‍ appreciate the clarity‌ and organization of your ‍content.​

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Beef Up Critical Thinking and Writing Skills: Comparison Essays

Organizing the Compare-Contrast Essay

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• Tips & Strategies
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• School Administration
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• Teaching Adult Learners
• Issues In Education
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• B.A., History, University of Florida

The compare/contrast essay is an excellent opportunity to help students develop their critical thinking and writing skills. A compare and contrast essay examines two or more subjects by comparing their similarities and contrasting their differences. 

Compare and contrast is high on Bloom's Taxonomy of critical reasoning and is associated with a complexity level where students break down ideas into simpler parts in order to see how the parts relate. For example, in order to break down ideas for comparison or to contrast in an essay, students may need to categorize, classify, dissect, differentiate, distinguish, list, and simplify.

Preparing to Write the Essay

First, students need to select pick comparable objects, people, or ideas and list their individual characteristics. A graphic organizer, like a Venn Diagram or top hat chart, is helpful in preparing to write the essay:

• What is the most interesting topic for comparison? Is the evidence available?
• What is the most interesting topic to contrast? Is the evidence available?
• Which characteristics highlight the most significant similarities?
• Which characteristics highlight the most significant differences?
• Which characteristics will lead to a meaningful analysis and an interesting paper?

A link to 101  compare and contrast essay topics  for students provides opportunities for students to practice the similarities and differences such as

• Fiction vs. Nonfiction
• Renting a home vs. Owning a home
• General Robert E. Lee vs General Ulysses S. Grant

Writing the Block Format Essay: A, B, C points vs A, B, C points

The block method for writing a compare and contrast essay can be illustrated using points A, B, and C to signify individual characteristics or critical attributes. 

A. history B. personalities C. commercialization

This block format allows the students to compare and contrast subjects, for example, dogs vs. cats, using these same characteristics one at a time. 

The student should write the introductory paragraph to signal a compare and contrast essay in order to identify the two subjects and explain that they are very similar, very different or have many important (or interesting) similarities and differences. The thesis statement must include the two topics that will be compared and contrasted.

The body paragraph(s) after the introduction describe characteristic(s) of the first subject. Students should provide the evidence and examples that prove the similarities and/or differences exist, and not mention the second subject. Each point could be a body paragraph. For example, 

A. Dog history. B. Dog personalities C. Dog commercialization.

The body paragraphs dedicated to the second subject should be organized in the same method as the first body paragraphs, for example:

A. Cat history. B. Cat personalities. C. Cat commercialization.

The benefit of this format is that it allows the writer to concentrate on one characteristic at a time. The drawback of this format is that there may be some imbalance in treating the subjects to the same rigor of comparing or contrasting.

The conclusion is in the final paragraph, the student should provide a general summary of the most important similarities and differences. The student could end with a personal statement, a prediction, or another snappy clincher.

Point by Point Format: AA, BB, CC

Just as in the block paragraph essay format, students should begin the point by point format by catching the reader's interest. This might be a reason people find the topic interesting or important, or it might be a statement about something the two subjects have in common. The thesis statement for this format must also include the two topics that will be compared and contrasted.

In the point by point format, the students can compare and/or contrast the subjects using the same characteristics within each body paragraph. Here the characteristics labeled A, B, and C are used to compare dogs vs. cats together, paragraph by paragraph.

A. Dog history A Cat history

B. Dog personalities B. Cat personalities

C. Dog commercialization C. Cat commercialization

This format does help students to concentrate on the characteristic(s) which may be may result in a more equitable comparison or contrast of the subjects within each body paragraph(s).

Transitions to Use

Regardless of the format of the essay, block or point-by-point, the student must use transition words or phrases to compare or contrast one subject to another. This will help the essay sound connected and not sound disjointed.

Transitions in the essay for comparison can include:

• in the same way or by the same token
• in like manner or likewise
• in similar fashion

Transitions for contrasts can include:

• nevertheless or nonetheless
• however or though
• otherwise or on the contrary
• in contrast
• notwithstanding
• on the other hand
• at the same time

In the final concluding paragraph, the student should give a general summary of the most important similarities and differences. The student could also end with a personal statement, a prediction, or another snappy clincher.

Part of the ELA Common Core State Standards

The text structure of compare and contrast is so critical to literacy that it is referenced in several of the English Language Arts Common Core State Standards in both reading and writing for K-12 grade levels. For example, the reading standards ask students to participate in comparing and contrasting as a text structure in the anchor standard  R.9 :

"Analyze how two or more texts address similar themes or topics in order to build knowledge or to compare the approaches the authors take."

The reading standards are then referenced in the grade level writing standards, for example, as in W7.9  

"Apply grade 7 Reading standards to literature (e.g., 'Compare and contrast a fictional portrayal of a time, place, or character and a historical account of the same period as a means of understanding how authors of fiction use or alter history')."

Being able to identify and create compare and contrast text structures is one of the more important critical reasoning skills that students should develop, regardless of grade level.

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Argument and Persuasion: Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

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• Structuring and Writing an Argument Essay

Page Overview

This page deals with the process of writing the argument: planning, structuring, strategies, writing, revision.

Pre-Writing Considerations

There are things that should be given some attention before you begin writing your argument.  Thoughtful planning in the pre-writing stage increases the chances of your argument successfully convincing your audience.  A well-executed piece of writing should be unified, coherent, and complete.

unified = the paper presents only a single idea or, if more than one idea, one point is made the principal one and the others are subordinated to it 

coherent = the discussion flows smoothly and logically and is easy for the reader to follow; trying to make sense of the writing does not become an ordeal

complete = everything that should be said, has been said; no questions are left in the mind of the reader

Achieving a coherent, complete, unified piece of Argumentative Writing 

1.  Clearly state the argument/proposition of your essay.

2.  Analyze the proposition.  First, jot down points of conflict between your view and the opposing view.  Second, think over your jottings and try to decide which points are the issues on which your argument should hinge.  Third, arrange your jottings in order to give unity and coherence to your essay.

3.  Write a paragraph (or more if necessary) on each point of conflict.  (This step will have some variation, depending on whether you are using the block or point pattern of organization.)

4.  Analyze and evaluate what you have written to see whether (a) the evidence seems reliable and (b) the reasoning free of fallacies.

5.  Establish effective transitions between the discussions of the various points ( coherence ), keeping in mind that your objective is to connect each point to the main contention of your theme, the main proposition.

6.  Think of your introduction.  What makes the topic worth arguing about now (purpose)?  (NOTE:  Your topic should be broad enough to interest a large number of people, yet narrow enough that you can focus and manage the discussion.)  What kind of people are you writing for (audience)?  Can you depend on an interested and sympathetic hearing, or must you strive to gain attention and win people over?  If you have to gain attention, how will you go about it?  After you have thought about these things and written a first draft of your introduction, do you think it necessary to go back and revise the discussion in the body of your essay to make it better adapted to your audience?

7.  Treat your conclusion as the last impression you will leave on your readers.  Do you return here to your key point (your thesis), showing how your whole argument essay bears on and supports it?  Do you leave your readers with a positive impression of your effort, even if you cannot be sure of having totally convinced them by reason? 

Outlines for an Argument Essay

Pattern Outlines for an Argument Essay

(Based on https://apps.spokane.edu/.../Summary%20Response%20Essay%20Assignment.pdf

     In the context of argument, "pro" means agree/support, and "con" means disagree/oppose.   Whether you structure your argument to follow the block style or point-by-point pattern, the three principal components of presentation, support, and refutation must be included.  A point-by-point structure probably will be easier to follow, as the block style creates some separation between the "pro" and "con" sides of an argument which may require readers to do some up-and-down "scrolling" of the text.

Breaking it Down in Detail

• Argument Deconstructed Source: Mesa Community College. Provides multiple links to cover argument in-depth and from many aspects. Includes argument essay charts, outlines, and worksheets.

Defining Arguments:  defines what argument is and is not while providing some insights on laying the groundwork before the writing begins

How To Create an Argument:  covers the stages of pre-writng, writing, and revising an argument

Argument at a Glance: P.A.P.A.: a blank page with no content

Argument Claims:  discusses types of claims and perspectives from which to launch your argument; includes links to sample readings

Argument Outline:  provides outlines for various argument structures and types and also contains worksheets for preparing an argument

Rogerian Argument:  explains an alternative approach to the "traditional" argumentative style

Ethos, Logos, and Pathos:  offers tips on how to interact with the audience in an argumentative context

Fallacies:   a glossary of things to avoid

Sample Essays:  a selection of seven argumentative essays written by students

Argument on the Web

The Purdue OWL:   The OWL is the Online Writing Laboratory maintained by Purdue University.  It is a comprehensive, encyclopedic online reference source for nearly all aspects of research and writing, from topic selection to citation styles and source evaluation.  Every serious researcher should bookmark the OWL. 

For information regarding writing argumentative papers, either type "Purdue OWL"   argument  into an internet search box.  The first page of results provides links to more specific aspects of writing argument.  Or, you can type the word argument into the "Search the OWL" box (https://owl.purdue.edu/search.html).   Once you have landed on any OWL screen, it is good to scan the left pane for other pages which you may find useful.  

CAVEAT:  Purdue OWL has merged with Chegg, a for-profit company who has created a citation machine service for citation management.  This partnership has resulted in pop-up advertisements appearing on OWL screens as well as permitting Chegg influence on OWL's citation help pages.  Those using the OWL may wish to keep these things in mind.

Useful options besides the Purdue OWL are 

• Excelsior College Online Writing Lab  ( https://owl.excelsior.edu/ )
• Massey University OWLL ( http://owll.massey.ac.nz/index.php )

To locate information on the internet on argument, in the search box type argument along with a modifying term such as writing or structure.

To locate additional LibGuides on argument on the internet, in the search box type argument libguide.

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• Last Updated: Apr 19, 2024 7:27 AM
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How to Block Quote | Length, Format and Examples

Published on April 25, 2018 by Courtney Gahan . Revised on May 31, 2023.

A block quote is a long quotation, set on a new line and indented to create a separate block of text. No quotation marks are used. You have to use a block quote when quoting more than around 40 words from a source.

In APA and MLA styles, you indent block quotes 0.5 inches from the left, and add an  in-text citation  after the period. Some other citation styles have additional rules.

Catherine Earnshaw, may you not rest as long as I am living; you said I killed you – haunt me, then! The murdered DO haunt their murderers, I believe. I know that ghosts HAVE wandered on earth. Be with me always – take any form – drive me mad! only DO not leave me in this abyss, where I cannot find you! Oh, God! it is unutterable! I CANNOT live without my life! I CANNOT live without my soul! (Brontë, 1847, 268)

Table of contents

How long is a block quote, step 1: introduce the quote, step 2: format and cite the quote, step 3: comment on the quote, when to use block quotes, other interesting articles.

The minimum length of a block quote varies between citation styles . Some styles require block quote formatting based on the number of words, while others require it based on the number of lines.

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Every time you quote a source , it’s essential to show the reader exactly what purpose the quote serves. A block quote must be introduced in your own words to show how it fits into your argument or analysis.

If the text preceding the block quote is a complete sentence, use a colon to introduce the quote . If the quote is a continuation of the sentence that precedes it, you don’t need to add any extra punctuation .

lawmakers and regulators need to stop pharmaceutical companies from marketing drugs like OxyContin and establish stronger guidelines about how and when doctors can prescribe them. These drugs are often the last resort for people with cancer and other terminal conditions who experience excruciating pain. But they pose a great risk when used to treat the kinds of pain for which there are numerous non-addictive therapies available. (The Editorial Board, 2018)

Block quotes are not enclosed in quotation marks . Instead, they must be formatted to stand out from the rest of the text, signalling to the reader that the words are taken directly from a source. Each citation style has specific formatting rules.

APA and MLA format both require an indent of 0.5 inches on the left side. Block quotes are double spaced, the same as the rest of the document. Some other citation styles also require indentation on the right side, different spacing, or a smaller font.

To format a block quote in Microsoft Word, follow these steps:

• Hit Enter at the beginning and end of the quote.
• Highlight the quote and select the Layout menu.
• On the Indent tab, change the left indent to 0.5″.

Block quotes of more than one paragraph

If you quote more than one paragraph, indent the first line of the new paragraph as you would in the main text.

Mr. and Mrs. Dursley, of number four, Privet Drive, were proud to say that they were perfectly normal, thank you very much. They were the last people you’d expect to be involved in anything strange or mysterious, because they just didn’t hold with such nonsense.

Mr. Dursley was the director of a firm called Grunnings, which made drills. He was a big, beefy man with hardly any neck, although he did have a very large mustache. Mrs. Dursley was thin and blonde and had nearly twice the usual amount of neck, which came in very useful as she spent so much of her time craning over garden fences, spying on the neighbors. The Dursleys had a small son called Dudley and in their opinion there was no finer boy anywhere. (Rowling 1)

Citing block quotes

All block quotes must end with a citation that directs the reader to the correct source. How the citation looks depends on the citation style. In most styles, including APA and MLA , the parenthetical citation comes after the period at the end of a block quote.

A paragraph should never end with a block quote. Directly after the quote, you need to comment on it in your own words. Depending on the purpose of the block quote, your comment might involve:

• Analyzing the language of the quoted text
• Explaining how the quote relates to your argument
• Giving further context
• Summarizing the overall point you want to make

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Block quotes should be used when the specific wording or style of the quoted text is essential to your point. How often you use them depends partly on your field of study.

• In the arts and humanities, block quotes are frequently used to conduct in-depth textual analysis .
• In social science research involving interviews or focus groups , block quotes are often necessary when analyzing participants’ responses.
• In scientific writing, block quotes are very rarely used.

Avoid relying on block quotes from academic sources to explain ideas or make your points for you. In general, quotes should be used as sparingly as possible, as your own voice should be dominant. When you use another author’s ideas or refer to previous research, it’s often better to integrate the source by paraphrasing .

If you want to know more about ChatGPT, AI tools , citation , and plagiarism , make sure to check out some of our other articles with explanations and examples.

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• Is ChatGPT trustworthy?
• Using ChatGPT for your studies
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• Chicago style
• Paraphrasing

 Plagiarism

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• Self-plagiarism
• Avoiding plagiarism
• Academic integrity
• Consequences of plagiarism
• Common knowledge

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What is block format when writing a paper or letter?

Block format is typically used for business letters. 

In block format, the entire text is left aligned and single spaced. The exception to the single spacing is a double space between paragraphs (instead of indents for paragraphs).

An example block style letter is shown below and can be linked to in our eBook, The AMA Handbook of Business Writing, page 455 .

Another sample block-style letter is provided below from the eBook Everyday Letters for Busy People . (Click on the link to the left or the image below to go directly to this section in the eBook!) Note: Your block letter will likely not include the "Account Number" line, "Attention: Customer Service Manager", or "Receipt enclosed".

If you have been asked to complete a project in both block style and APA style, ask your instructor for clarification. It is likely that they want you to cite your sources using APA style and format the letter using block style .

*APA does use block quotations for quotes of 40 or more words, but this is something entirely different from block letter format. If you need information about block quotations, NOT block letters, visit: http://rasmussen.libanswers.com/faq/32569

• Reading and Writing
• General Education & Other
• Letters & Memos
• Last Updated Feb 10, 2020
• Views 735481
• Answered By Kate Anderson, Librarian

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Comments (5)

• I had a confusion regarding the blocked and semi blocked style of paragraphing but this web site helped me alot. Thanks! by Nelson Stephen on Sep 13, 2017
• Is it triple spaced between headings? Sara, Librarian Reply: Hi Kyla, the short answer to your question is no. Rasmussen College uses APA style for most things, and triple spaced does not follow the APA Style formatting structure. by Kyla M on Oct 12, 2017
• Thank you for helping me write my resume for my job. by Anon on Sep 10, 2019
• Thank you for helping me to understand about full block and semi-block format of letter writing. by RISHAB on Sep 24, 2019
• How can I download this template? Kate, Rasmussen Librarian: It is not a template, so you cannot download it. I recommend checking to see if Microsoft Word has block letter templates you can use. by Karla on Feb 15, 2023

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Block Letter Format: Rules (with Examples)

In the business environment, letters play a pivotal role in disseminating vital information to shareholders, signaling organizational changes, and informing prospective clients about new offerings. The bedrock of this formal communication is the block letter format, a standard yet evolving style in professional correspondence. For anyone who has crafted or received a business letter, the block format is a familiar structure. Given the dynamic nature of business communication, a fresh examination of the block letter format is timely. This article intends to delve into the latest trends in block formatting , highlighting how various adaptations of this style can effectively convey critical business messages and potentially influence career progression.

Block Letter Formats

Block Letter

A Block letter is a format used for formal letters where all text is aligned to the left, with no indentations, making it clear and easy to read. The provided template is designed to be adaptable for various scenarios, offering a structured outline with placeholders for personal and recipient details, dates, and the main content of the letter. This format simplifies the process of crafting professional correspondence, ensuring that all necessary elements are included while allowing for customization to suit individual needs.

Business Block Letter Format

A Business Block letter format is a professional style of writing used in formal business communications. It features a clean, structured layout with all elements aligned to the left margin. The template provided above offers a clear and easy-to-use structure for various business scenarios, including sample data in brackets for guidance. By simply replacing these placeholders with relevant details, users can efficiently craft effective business letters tailored to their specific needs. This approach ensures clarity and formality in business communications, catering to a wide range of corporate situations.

Block Format Cover Letter

A Block Format Cover letter is a professional document where text is aligned to the left margin, creating a clean and uniform look. Each section starts at the left margin, without indents, making it easy to read. The template we discussed earlier offers a structured layout with sample content, making it adaptable for various job applications. It includes all essential elements of a cover letter, such as personal information, date, recipient's details, and a clear structure for introduction, body, and conclusion, simplifying the writing process for users.

Semi Block Format Business Letter

A Semi-block Format Business letter is a formal letter style where the text is aligned to the left margin, with the first line of each paragraph indented. This format provides a clean and professional appearance while offering clear separation between paragraphs. The template provided above serves as a versatile guide for various business scenarios. It includes placeholders for essential details like sender and recipient information, structured paragraphs for introducing the letter's purpose, detailing the main points, and concluding effectively. This structured yet adaptable layout ensures ease of use and can be tailored to suit a wide range of business communication needs.

What is a Block Letter Format?

A block letter format is a style of writing formal letters characterized by its minimalist and straightforward design. In this format, all text is aligned to the left margin, with single spacing between lines and double spacing between paragraphs. This replaces traditional indentation used in other letter formats.

The traditional block format also includes specific guidelines for punctuation, particularly in the salutation. Various iterations of the block format have evolved from the original, each with its nuances. While some organizations are flexible with the use of different block formats, others may have strict preferences. Understanding these variations is crucial for crafting appropriate official correspondence.

Why Use a Block Letter Format?

The block letter format is predominantly used for official correspondence due to its minimalist design and clear structure, which facilitate quick and effective communication. This is particularly important considering that many recipients, such as human resource managers, typically spend only around two minutes per letter. A well-structured block format letter makes the key points immediately visible and easy to understand. Its professional appearance and readability make it suitable for various formal communications, from business proposals to academic letters. Adopting a block format ensures your message is conveyed efficiently and effectively.

How to Write a Block Letter

Writing a block letter involves a structured approach to ensure clarity and professionalism. Below are the essential steps to create a block letter, guiding you through each crucial element from formatting to finalizing.

• Creating the Outline: Start by setting up 1-inch margins on a blank A4 paper or a Microsoft Word document. Proper margins are key to ensuring consistent alignment throughout the letter.
• Formatting Addresses and Date: Place the sender’s address on the left side. If the letter includes a letterhead, center it instead. Use a 12pt New Times Roman font for clarity. After the address, include the sender’s contact and fax numbers. Then, leave two spaces and write the date, preferably in the month, date, and year format. Follow this with another double space before adding the recipient’s address.
• Salutation: Next is the salutation. It’s important to address the recipient correctly, using their professional title (e.g., “Engineer,” “Doctor,” “Attorney”) instead of generic titles like “Mr./Mrs.” Start the salutation with “Dear,” followed by the title and name of the recipient, such as “Dear Eng. Rey:”
• Formatting the Body: After the salutation, skip a line and start the body of the letter. This section should clearly state the purpose of your letter and any necessary details. Separate paragraphs with double spaces and avoid indentations. Keep the content concise and focused for better visual impact and readability.
• Finalizing Your Letter: Conclude with a closing phrase like “Sincerely,” followed by a comma. Other options include “Sincerely yours” or “Best regards.” After the closing phrase, leave three lines for your signature, then type your name and title. Sign the letter in the space above your printed name.
• Including Enclosures (if applicable): If your letter has additional documents attached, indicate this by writing “Enclosures” two lines below your name. You can either state the number of enclosures or list them for clarity.

Types of Block Letter Formats

1. full block format.

The full block letter format, often referred to as the traditional block, is widely used in professional correspondence. This format is favored by many companies and official organizations due to its straightforward and formal layout. In a full block letter, all text, including dates and enclosures, is aligned to the left margin. It typically adheres to closed punctuation rules, with a colon or comma following the salutation. However, in variations that use open punctuation, the salutation does not end with punctuation.

Key Characteristics of Full Block Format:

• All content is aligned to the left margin, creating a uniform and clean appearance.
• The format’s simplicity ensures ease of reading and comprehension.
• It is user-friendly for typists, owing to its straightforward alignment rules.
• Paragraphs are separated by a single line space, enhancing readability.

Sample Full Block Format

456 AnyplaceCity Zip Code

Mr. ABC ABC Corporation Place City Zip Code

Dear Mr. ABC,

I was informed by a former employee of ABC Corporation about the Office Manager job vacancy. With my five years of experience as an Administrative Assistant, I am enthusiastic about the opportunity to work at your esteemed company.

As outlined in my resume, I have undertaken various tasks at XYZ Company, including workflow management.

Thank you for considering my application.

Best regards,

2. Semi-Block Format

The semi-block, also known as the indented style, bears a resemblance to the full block format but carries a more informal tone. In this format, each paragraph begins with an indentation of five character spaces and is separated by a double space, maintaining left-justified text alignment. The date and closing are typically aligned in a manner similar to the full block style.

When opting for the semi-block format, exercise discretion. It’s important to verify if the organization you are addressing accepts this style to avoid compromising the effectiveness of your communication.

Key Features of Semi-Block Format:

• Paragraphs start with an indentation of five character spaces, while the rest of the text aligns to the left margin.
• The date and sign-off align in a similar fashion to the full block style, ensuring consistency in appearance.

Sample Semi-Block Format

I hope you are doing great in the new country. I miss you a lot here. However, I am quite aware of the fact that this opportunity is going to be great for your future. The weather is excellent on your side as well.

I have decided to resign from my current job as I have a great opportunity to apply at XYZ Company. There is a vacancy for the post of administrative assistant, and as you know, I have been interested in this role since the beginning of my career. I am fine, and my married life is going well.

I am looking forward to seeing you during the summer vacation. Please send me a message before coming so that I can make arrangements. I have planned to have a lot of fun this summer.

Till next time,

3. Modified Block Format

The modified block format presents a blend of alignment styles. In this format, the main body of the text is left-aligned, while the sender’s address, date, and sign-off are right-aligned. Notably, the date and sign-off are positioned closer to the center but still offset to the right. Unlike the semi-block format, paragraphs in the modified block format are not indented, and the spacing between paragraphs mirrors that of the full block structure.

It’s important to note that the full block style is generally more favored by organizations, businesses, and institutions compared to the modified and semi-block formats. When addressing an organization about which you have limited information, opting for the full block format can be a safer choice.

Key Aspects of Modified Block Format:

• The sender’s address is right-aligned, typically centered vertically on the page.
• The date and closing align similarly, positioned towards the right but not fully aligned with the margin.

Sample Modified Block Format

456 Anyplace City Zip Code [Date]

Thank you for informing me about the vacancy at XYZ Company. I am eager to apply for the position of Administrative Assistant and would greatly value your endorsement for this role.

Currently, I am enhancing my skills through additional training courses, including software training, which I anticipate completing in 10 weeks. This training will undoubtedly be beneficial in the Administrative Assistant role.

Enclosed is my resume for your consideration. Please do not hesitate to contact me should you need any further information.

Regards, LMN

Block Letter Format (Examples)

Full Block Style Business Letter vs. Full Block Style With Open Punctuation

Both the Full Block Style Business Letter and the Full Block Style with Open Punctuation share a fundamental layout: all text is flush left, and paragraphs are not indented. The key difference lies in the use of punctuation. In the traditional Full Block Style Business Letter, punctuation is used after the salutation (e.g., ‘Dear Mr. Smith:’) and in the complimentary close (e.g., ‘Sincerely,’). In contrast, the Full Block Style with Open Punctuation omits this punctuation; the salutation ends without a colon or comma (e.g., ‘Dear Mr. Smith’) and similarly for the closing phrase.

This subtle distinction can significantly impact the letter’s tone and formality. The presence or absence of punctuation in these key areas aligns with different standards of formality and stylistic preferences.

The simplified block style is characterized by its minimalistic approach. Unlike the traditional block format, it does not include a salutation, and paragraphs are separated by a single space. The sender’s address and date can vary in placement, but are typically left-justified. The recipient’s name is mentioned in the first line of the letter body instead of in a salutation.

Block paragraphing refers to the formatting style where paragraphs are separated by a double space, rather than the traditional indentation at the beginning of each paragraph. This style is commonly used in various block letter formats to clearly delineate separate paragraphs.

The full block style is preferred in business correspondence due to its clean, professional appearance and ease of reading. Its uniform left alignment makes the letter appear neat and orderly, which is conducive to a formal business setting.

The choice between semi-block and full block formats depends on the level of formality required. The full block format is more formal and is typically used in official business correspondence. The semi-block, with its indented paragraphs, is slightly less formal and can be used in less formal business letters or personal correspondence.

Yes, bullet points can be used in a block letter format to highlight key information. They should be aligned with the left margin and followed by a consistent space before the text starts.

The closing in a block letter is important as it conveys the tone of respect and formality. Common closings include “Sincerely,” “Best regards,” and “Yours faithfully,” followed by a comma. The closing should align with the left margin in full and semi-block formats.

In a full block format, both the sender’s and recipient’s addresses should be left-aligned and placed at the top of the letter. In a semi-block and modified block format, the sender’s address may be right-aligned or centered. The recipient’s address is always left-aligned.

While not mandatory, including a subject line can be helpful, especially in business correspondence, as it immediately informs the recipient about the purpose of the letter. If included, it should be placed between the recipient’s address and the salutation and should be left-aligned.

With all text justified to the left and no paragraph indentations. This format is especially useful when you are uncertain of an organization’s specific letter formatting requirements. Its clear and straightforward layout enhances the readability and visibility of your letter’s contents, making it a reliable choice for formal business communication. When using any block letter format, it’s important to maintain a professional tone and avoid overly decorative elements. Adhering to these standards ensures that your message is conveyed effectively and is received with the seriousness it deserves.

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Comparison and Contrast Essay: Block Method

There are two basic patterns writers use for comparison/contrast essays: the block method and the point-by-point method . in the block method, you describe all the similarities in the first body paragraph and then all the differences in the second body paragraph. the guideline below will help you remember what you need to do in each part of a comparison/contrast essay using the block method..

Block Method Student Essay

Fighting the Battle against Drugs

The use of drugs has increased in recent years, according to numerous articles in medical journals. They threaten communities all over the world because of how affect the organs of the body and their functions. Crack and cocaine are two of these dangerous drugs. Thus, it is important for health care professionals to have knowledge about them in order to deal with any problems related to their use that patients may experience. While they may appear similar at first glance, in fact they have three major differences.

Crack and cocaine have three similar effects on the human body. Although crack is heat resistant and cocaine is destroyed by heat, both cause hypertension. Also, crack and cocaine bring about physiological and psychological damage, depending on pre-existing conditions and the extent of drug use. For example, hallucination, psychosis, paranoia and aggressive behavior may occur, and an overdose of either may cause cardiac collapse or convulsion. Finally, use of both drugs can lead to addiction.

Despite crack and cocaine’s similarities, they have three major differences. First, although crack and cocaine are derived from the coca plant, they differ in form. Crack has the form of flakes whereas cocaine is found in the form of powder, which can be dissolved. Furthermore, both crack and cocaine contain cocaine, but in various percentages: crack contains as much as 90 percent pure cocaine whereas cocaine contains from 15 to 25 percent pure cocaine. Another major difference is how they enter the body. For example, crack is smoked in a pipe or cigarette. It enters the body by the lungs into the bloodstream. Cocaine, on the other hand, is inhaled as a powder or is injected if dissolved. It enters the body via the nasal mucosa into the bloodstream or, if injected, directly via the bloodstream.

In conclusion, it can be seen that, while being alike in three ways, these two drugs differ in three ways. They affect the body in similar ways. Both can lead to physiological problems such as convulsions and psychological problems such as hallucinations.   Furthermore, their use may result in addiction. However, cocaine and crack differ in form, content of pure cocaine and method of entry into the body. Therefore, it is important that health care professionals know about these drugs.

Reference Examples

More than 100 reference examples and their corresponding in-text citations are presented in the seventh edition Publication Manual . Examples of the most common works that writers cite are provided on this page; additional examples are available in the Publication Manual .

To find the reference example you need, first select a category (e.g., periodicals) and then choose the appropriate type of work (e.g., journal article ) and follow the relevant example.

When selecting a category, use the webpages and websites category only when a work does not fit better within another category. For example, a report from a government website would use the reports category, whereas a page on a government website that is not a report or other work would use the webpages and websites category.

Also note that print and electronic references are largely the same. For example, to cite both print books and ebooks, use the books and reference works category and then choose the appropriate type of work (i.e., book ) and follow the relevant example (e.g., whole authored book ).

Examples on these pages illustrate the details of reference formats. We make every attempt to show examples that are in keeping with APA Style’s guiding principles of inclusivity and bias-free language. These examples are presented out of context only to demonstrate formatting issues (e.g., which elements to italicize, where punctuation is needed, placement of parentheses). References, including these examples, are not inherently endorsements for the ideas or content of the works themselves. An author may cite a work to support a statement or an idea, to critique that work, or for many other reasons. For more examples, see our sample papers .

Reference examples are covered in the seventh edition APA Style manuals in the Publication Manual Chapter 10 and the Concise Guide Chapter 10

Related handouts

• Common Reference Examples Guide (PDF, 147KB)
• Reference Quick Guide (PDF, 225KB)

Textual Works

Textual works are covered in Sections 10.1–10.8 of the Publication Manual . The most common categories and examples are presented here. For the reviews of other works category, see Section 10.7.

• Journal Article References
• Magazine Article References
• Newspaper Article References
• Blog Post and Blog Comment References
• UpToDate Article References
• Book/Ebook References
• Diagnostic Manual References
• Children’s Book or Other Illustrated Book References
• Classroom Course Pack Material References
• Religious Work References
• Chapter in an Edited Book/Ebook References
• Dictionary Entry References
• Wikipedia Entry References
• Report by a Government Agency References
• Report with Individual Authors References
• Brochure References
• Ethics Code References
• Fact Sheet References
• ISO Standard References
• Press Release References
• White Paper References
• Conference Presentation References
• Conference Proceeding References
• Published Dissertation or Thesis References
• Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
• ERIC Database References
• Preprint Article References

Data and Assessments

Data sets are covered in Section 10.9 of the Publication Manual . For the software and tests categories, see Sections 10.10 and 10.11.

• Data Set References
• Toolbox References

Audiovisual Media

Audiovisual media are covered in Sections 10.12–10.14 of the Publication Manual . The most common examples are presented together here. In the manual, these examples and more are separated into categories for audiovisual, audio, and visual media.

• Artwork References
• Clip Art or Stock Image References
• Film and Television References
• Musical Score References
• Online Course or MOOC References
• Podcast References
• PowerPoint Slide or Lecture Note References
• Radio Broadcast References
• TED Talk References
• Transcript of an Audiovisual Work References
• YouTube Video References

Online Media

Online media are covered in Sections 10.15 and 10.16 of the Publication Manual . Please note that blog posts are part of the periodicals category.

• Facebook References
• Instagram References
• LinkedIn References
• Online Forum (e.g., Reddit) References
• TikTok References
• X References
• Webpage on a Website References
• Clinical Practice References
• Open Educational Resource References
• Whole Website References