essay on indian constitution for class 4

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 100, 250, and 350 words

• Updated on  
• Jan 3, 2024

The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world and describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government. This is just a brief paragraph on the Indian constitution, we have provided samples of essay on Indian Constitution. Let’s explore them!

Table of Contents

• 1 Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words
• 2 Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words
• 3 Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words
• 4 Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens
• 5 The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government
• 6 Conclusion

Learn more about the Making of Indian Constitution

Essay on Indian Constitution in 100 words

The Indian Constitution became effective on the 26th of January 1950 although the Constituent Assembly adopted it on the 26th of November 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee that wrote it. Hence, it was the longest-written constitution of India and provides a detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India. The original constitution of India is the lengthiest in the world and is hand-written and calligraphed. It is the supreme law of India that is drafted by the Constituent Assembly which is even superior to the Parliament. After the constitution came into effect, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. Hence, 26th January is celebrated as The Republic Day of India.

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 250 words

The Indian Constitution was drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution’. It took almost 3 years to draft the same. Various aspects of the society such as economic, socio-political, etc were taken into consideration while drafting the constitution. While drafting the Indian Constitution, the drafting committee took into consideration various constitutions of other countries such as France, Japan and Britain to seek valuable insights. 

The Fundamental Rights and Duties of the Indian Citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India, all were included in the Indian Constitution. Every policy, duty and right has been explained at length in the Indian Constitution hence making it the lengthiest written constitution in the world. 

There were more than 2000 amendments that had to be made to the Indian Constitution to get it approved. The same was adopted on November 26th, 1949 and was enforced on January 26th, 1950. From that day onwards, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. And that is why since then, 26th January is celebrated as the Republic Day. On this occasion, the National Flag of India is hoisted at various places across the nation and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. There is a special day that is dedicated to the Indian Constitution known as the ‘National Constitution Day’ that came into existence in 2015. 

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Essay on Indian Constitution in 350 words

The Indian Constitution is the supreme document that gives a very detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has been set up as a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Indian Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The duties and the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens have been clearly stated and defined in the Constitution of India. The Fundamental Rights include:

• The Right to Equality
• The Right to Freedom
• The Right to Freedom of Religion
• Cultural and Educational Rights
• Right Against Exploitation
• Right to Constitutional Remedies

These are the basic rights and all the citizens across the country are entitled to the same irrespective of their colour, caste, creed, or religion.

Fundamental Duties of the Indian CItizens that are included in the Indian Constitution are:-

• Respecting the Constitution of India
• To always honour the National Anthem and the National Flag
• To protect the unity
• Preserving the heritage of the county
• Protecting the integrity and sovereignty of India
• Promoting the spirit of brotherhood
• To have compassion for living creatures
• To strive for excellence 
• To protect public property and contribute your bit to maintaining peace

These are also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution. 

The Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The working of the Government as well as its structure is also mentioned in detail in the Indian Constitution.  The Indian Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government that is present at the centre as well as in states. The power to take major decisions lies with the Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers. The president of India on the other hand, has nominal powers.

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The Constitution of India was approved after several amendments by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who, along with his team of six members, was a part of the drafting committee that came up with the Indian Constitution.

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Ans: The Indian Constitution became effective on the 26th of January 1950 although the Constituent Assembly adopted it on the 26th of November 1949. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee that wrote it. Hence, it was the longest-written constitution of India and provides a detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of India. The original constitution of India is the lengthiest in the world and is hand-written and calligraphed. It is the supreme law of India that is drafted by the Constituent Assembly which is even superior to the Parliament. After the constitution came into effect, the status of India changed from “Dominion of India” to “Republic of India”. Hence, 26th January is celebrated as The Republic Day of India.

Ans: The constitution of India was written and adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949 but it became effective on 26th January 1950. It is a set of rules and regulations that guide the administration of the country. It is the backbone of every democratic and secular fabric of the nation. The Indian Constitution is the longest in the world. And describes the framework for political principles, procedures and powers of the government.

Ans: The Indian Constitution is the supreme document that gives a very detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has been set up as a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in society and also to help it develop and prosper.

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constitution of India

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Introduction

The constitution of India is the document and related practices that form the fundamental organizing principle of the Republic of India . It came into effect on January 26, 1950. The constitution proclaims the country “a sovereign socialist secular democratic republic.” It establishes India as a parliamentary democracy with powers divided between the union (central) government and the state governments. The constitution provides for a legislature with two houses: the Lok Sabha and the Rajya Sabha. The president is head of state, and the prime minister is head of government.

Framing the Constitution

The constitution of India was drafted by a body named the Constituent Assembly. Its members were indirectly elected according to a plan put forth by the British Cabinet Mission of 1946 ( see India: “Birth of the New Nations” ). The assembly included members selected by the provincial legislatures of British India as well as representatives chosen by the rulers of the princely states. The Indian National Congress (the Congress Party) won the great majority of the seats in the assembly. Various segments of Indian society were represented; members of the assembly included Hindus, Muslims, Sikhs, people from both high-status and low-status castes , tribal peoples, women, and others.

The Constituent Assembly first met on December 9, 1946. On December 13, Jawaharlal Nehru put forth the Objectives Resolution, which was adopted on January 22, 1947. It stated that the assembly was resolved to proclaim India an independent sovereign republic, with the authority of the government deriving from the country’s people. The resolution’s ideals regarding equality and justice for all Indian citizens were later enshrined in the preamble to the constitution. After India became independent on August 15, 1947, the Constituent Assembly also served as the new country’s first legislature. The assembly then had 299 members.

In addition to Nehru, some of the key members of the Constituent Assembly were Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar , Vallabhbhai Patel , Abul Kalam Azad , Benegal Narsing Rau , and Rajendra Prasad . Prasad was elected to lead the assembly, which formed a number of committees. Prasad headed the steering committee and committees on finance and rules of procedure. The committee charged with drafting the constitution was led by Ambedkar. Rau served as the chief constitutional adviser. Nehru led committees on the powers of the union (central) government, the union constitution, and the princely states. Patel chaired the committee on the constitutions of the provinces (later the states) as well as the advisory committee, which dealt with fundamental rights, minorities, and tribal and excluded areas. The various committees researched and wrote reports, which were presented to the assembly for the deliberation of the entire body.

The Constituent Assembly met for 165 days, in 11 sessions spread over nearly three years. The constitution of India was adopted on November 26, 1949. It was signed on January 24, 1950, by 284 members of the Constituent Assembly, and it took effect two days later.

Features of the Constitution

The framers of India’s constitution were most heavily influenced by the British model of parliamentary democracy. They did, however, draw on many external sources as well. A number of principles were adopted from the Constitution of the United States of America . Among these were the separation of powers among the major branches of government and the establishment of a supreme court . As in the U.S. Constitution, the Indian constitution provides for a federal structure, in which power is divided between the union (central) government and the state governments. The mechanical details for running the central government of India, however, were largely carried over from the Government of India Act of 1935, passed by the British Parliament. This act had served as India’s constitution in the last years of British colonial rule.

The constitution of India is one of the longest and most detailed constitutions in the world. It has 395 articles, 12 schedules (each clarifying and expanding upon a number of articles), and 100 amendments.

Declared in the constitution’s preamble are the objectives of securing for all India’s citizens “JUSTICE, social, economic and political; LIBERTY of thought, expression, belief, faith and worship; and EQUALITY of status and of opportunity” and of promoting “FRATERNITY assuring the dignity of the individual and the unity and integrity of the Nation.” Part III of the constitution includes a detailed list of the “fundamental rights” of the country’s citizens. Among these rights are equality before the law, equal protection of the law, and freedom of speech, peaceable assembly, association, movement, and religion. Part III bans discrimination based on “religion, race, caste, sex, [or] place of birth” and abolishes “untouchability” ( see India: “Caste” ).

Part IV of the constitution consists of a lengthy list of “directive principles of state policy.” These principles are goals that India’s central, state, and local governments must promote. However, there are no specified timetables for their accomplishment. The idea for the directive principles was taken from the constitution of Ireland . Among the many goals in the Indian directive principles are that citizens have a right to enjoy a “decent” standard of living, that women receive equal pay for equal work, and that public resources are to serve the common good. Village councils called panchayat s are to be formed to allow for local self-government. Free and compulsory education is to be provided for children. Other principles order the improvement of public health and the protection of the environment. Part IVA of the Indian constitution provides a much shorter list of “fundamental duties” of the citizen.

Most of the rest of the constitution outlines in great detail the structure, powers, and manner of operation of the union (central) government and the state governments. The constitution also includes provisions for protecting the rights and promoting the interests of certain classes of citizens. Among these citizens are members of disadvantaged social groups officially designated as “Scheduled Castes” and “Scheduled Tribes.” The Scheduled Castes include groups that have traditionally occupied a low position in the caste system. The Scheduled Tribes are indigenous tribal peoples who fall outside India’s mainstream social structure.

The Indian constitution also details the process for constitutional amendment. India’s constitution is extraordinarily specific. For this reason, amendments have frequently been required to deal with issues that in other countries would be handled by routine legislation. In India constitutional amendments average nearly two per year. With a few exceptions, the passage of an amendment requires only a simple majority of both houses of parliament, but this majority must form two-thirds of those present and voting on the amendment bill. The president must then assent to the bill. Amendments to certain parts of the constitution also require ratification by at least half of the state legislatures.

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Essay on Constitution of India in English for Children and Students

Table of Contents

Essay on Constitution of India: The constitution of India became effective on 26 th January 1950; though it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949. It was written by a drafting committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. Therefore it is the longest written constitution that defines the power, procedures and responsibilities of the government institutions of India and gives detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of our country.

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The original Indian Constitution is hand written, calligraphed and also the lengthiest Constitution in the world. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India drafted by the Constituent Assembly, superior even to the Parliament, as it cannot over rides it. With the Constitution coming into effect, India’s status from “Dominion of India” was changed to the “Republic of India”.

Long and Short Essay on Constitution of India in English

Here are long and short essay on Constitution of India to help you with the topic in your exam.

After going through the Constitution of India essay you will know about the features of Constitution, who was in the drafting committee of the constitution, which other constitutions is the Indian constitution inspired from, how long does it took to draft the Constitution, and other facts of the Constitution of India.

However you can use these essays in your school’s essay writing competition, debate competition or other similar events.

Short Essay on Constitution of India in 200 words

The Constitution of India drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. It took almost three years to draft the Constitution. Various socio-political and economic aspects of the society were taken into consideration while drafting the Constitution. The drafting committee also referred to the Constitutions of various other counties including Britain, France and Japan to seek valuable inputs.

The Constitution of India includes the Fundamental Rights and Duties of the citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India. Every policy, right and duty has explained at length in the Indian Constitution thereby making it the longest written Constitution in the world.

More than 2000 amendments had to made in the Constitution of India in order to get it approved. It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and enforced completely on 26 th January 1950. This was the day when our country began to be known as the Republic of India. 26 th January is since then celebrated as the Republic Day. The Indian National Flag is hoisted at various places across the country and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. National Constitution Day, a special day dedicated particularly to the Indian Constitution, came into being in 2015.

Essay on Importance of Constitution of India in 300 words

The Constitution of India is known to the supreme document that gives a detailed account of what the citizens of India can and also cannot do. It has set a standard that needs to followed to ensure law and order in the society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens have clearly defined in the Constitution of the country. However the Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right against Exploitation, Right to Constitutional Remedies. Therefore these are the basic rights that all the citizens of the country entitled to irrespective of their caste, colour, creed or religion.

Some of the fundamental duties of an Indian citizen are to respect the constitution, honour the national flag and national anthem, protect the unity, preserve the heritage of the country, protect the integrity and sovereignty of India, promote the spirit of brotherhood, have compassion for living creatures, strive for excellence, protect public property and contribute his/ her bit in maintaining peace. These also mentioned at length in the Indian Constitution.

Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The structure and working of the government also stated at length in the Constitution of India. The Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government. This system is present at the centre as well as in the states. The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers have the power to take all the major decisions. The President of India, on the other hand, has nominal powers.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar along with his team of six members who were a part of the drafting committee came up with the Constitution of India. The Constitution approved after several amendments. Many amendments have also done after the enforcement of the Constitution.

Essay on Formation of Constitution of India in 400 words

The Constitution of India came into form on 26 th November 1949. A special committee formed to draft the Constitution that gives a detailed account of the practices that are deemed lawful and those deemed unlawful and are punishable. Therefore the Constitution was enforced on 26 th January 1950. With the enforcement of the Constitution, our country came to be known as the Republic of India.

Special Drafting Committee for the Constitution of India

The task of drafting the Constitution of India was that of great responsibility. The Constituent Assembly set up a special drafting committee to further this work. There were seven members in the drafting committee. These included prominent Indian leaders namely, B.R. Ambedkar, B.L. Mitter, K.M. Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, DP and Mohammad Saadullah. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee. Ambedkar referred to as the Father of the Indian Constitution. This is because it was under his guidance and supervision that this big draft came into form.

Indian Constitution – Inspired by Constitutions of Other Countries

The constitution of India drew inspiration from the constitutions of various other countries. Many of the concepts and acts included in our constitution borrowed from the constitutions of countries such as France, Germany, Japan, Australia, USA, Britain, Ireland, Russia and South Africa.

The drafting committee of the Indian Constitution also referred to the Government of India Act 1858, the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 to get an idea about the acts and features to be included in the Constitution. These previous acts helped the committee understand the condition and requirement of the citizens of the country. Our Constitution thus often referred to as the bag of borrowings. It consisted of as many as 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of its enactment. It handwritten and calligraphed.

After putting in immense efforts when the drafting committee presented the final draft of the Constitution of India, it suggested to make several amendments. The committee sat together to make more than 2000 amendments to get the Constitution approved. The members conducted several discussions to make appropriate amendments for getting the approval. 284 members of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the Constitution to give their approval on the same. This done two days before the enforcement of the constitution.

The Constitution of India is a massive piece of writing that includes a detailed account of the dos and don’ts for the Indian system. It has undergone around 100 amendments since it came into form.

Essay on Constitution of India in 500 words

Constitution of india – the supreme power of country.

The Constitution of India rightly said to the supreme power of the country. The laws, codes, rights and duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution need to followed strictly by the citizens of the country. Therefore the decisions made in the parliament and Supreme Court of India are all based on the laws and codes defined in the Constitution of India. Parliament of India does not have the power to override the constitution.

Dr. B. R Ambedkar – The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee formed to write the Constitution of India. He was the chairman of this committee. He contributed immensely in the formation of the Constitution by giving several valuable inputs and thus came to be known as the chief architect of the Constitution of India. There were six other members in the drafting committee which formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. These members worked under the guidance of Dr. Ambedkar.

Constitution of India Replaced Government of India Act

The Government of India Act, 1935 acted as the fundamental governing document of India until the formation of the Constitution of India. The Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India in November 1949. Many of the articles of the Constitution came into force at that time. The Constitution effectively enforced on 26 th January 1950 which came to known as the Indian Republic Day. The remaining articles became effective on this date. Our country which until then called the Dominion of the British Crown thereafter came to known as the Sovereign Democratic Republic of India.

Special Days to Celebrate the Constitution of India

The formation and enforcement of Indian Constitution celebrated at a grand scale on the Republic Day each year. Republic Day is a national holiday in the country. A massive event organized at India Gate, New Delhi on Republic Day to honour the Constitution of the country. The constitutional head of India, i.e., its president hoists national flag at Rajpath. The Prime Minister and President of India and several Chief Ministers of different states of the country are present at the event. Parades by school kids and armed forces held on Rajpath. School children also perform dances and other cultural acts. Parade of beautiful tableau displaying the culture of various Indian states also held during the event.

Several small events organized at different offices and schools throughout the country to commemorate the Indian Constitution. Painting, essay and music competitions held in schools in addition to colleges. Patriotic songs sung and aslo speeches about the Constitution of India delivered.

National Constitution Day

In the year 2015, Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, gave the suggestion to dedicate an exclusive day to our constitution. Since the Indian Constitution adopted on 26 th November 1949, this date chosen to honour the constitution. 26 th November celebrated as the National Constitution Day since 2015.

Many small and big events organized in schools, colleges and government institutions across India on this day. The importance of the Indian Constitution emphasized during these events. Patriotic songs sung and cultural activities organized to celebrate the day.

The Constitution of India has prepared with precision considering the interest of the common man as well as the overall interest of the country. It is a gift for the citizens of our country.

Long Essay on Constitution of India (600 words)

Introduction

Enforced on 26 th January 1950, the Constitution of India prepared by a committee consisting of seven members headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It guides the citizens of India, the country’s government bodies and other authorities to act in the right manner. However it has played a significant role in maintaining peace and prosperity in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution of India

Here are the top salient features of the constitution of India:

Longest Written Constitution

The Constitution of India the longest written constitution in the world. It took almost three years to write this detailed constitution. However it has a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules and 5 appendices. It is much lengthier than the US Constitution that includes only 7 Articles.

Amalgamation of Rigidity and Flexibility

The Constitution of India is a mix of rigidity and flexibility. While it is the supreme power that needs to followed diligently to maintain law and order in the country, the citizens can appeal to amend the provisions they deem outdated or stern. While certain provisions can amended with some difficulty others are easy to amend. As many as 103 amendments have done in the Constitution of our country since its enforcement.

The Preamble

The well drafted Preamble of the Indian Constitution gives a detailed account of the philosophy of the constitution. It states that India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. It is a welfare state which puts its people first. However it believes in equality, freedom and justice for its people. While democratic socialism followed right from the beginning, the term Socialism added only in 1976.

India – A Secular State

The Constitution has declared India a secular state. Therefore India does not give special status to any religion. It provides its citizens complete freedom to choose their religion. It condemns religious groups instigating people in the name of religion.

India – A Republic

The Constitution declares India to be a Republic. Therefore the country not ruled by a nominated head or monarch. It has an elected head called the President. The President, elected indirectly by the people of the country, comes to power for a period of 5 years.

India – A Mix of Federalism and Unitarianism

The Constitution describes India as a federal structure with many unitary features. It referred to as a Quasi-Federation or a Unitarian Federation. Just like a federation, India has divided power among the centre and states. It has a dual administration system. It has a written, supreme constitution that needs to followed religiously. Therefore it includes an independent judiciary embedded with the power to decide centre-state disputes. At the same time it has unitary features such as a strong common constitution, common election commission and emergency provisions to name a few.

Fundamental Duties of Citizens

The Constitution of India clearly states the fundamental duties of its citizens. Some of these are to upload and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, respect the national flag and the national anthem, preserve the rich heritage of the country, protect the natural environment, safeguard public property and treat everyone equally.

Directive Principles of the State Policy

The Directive Principles of the State Policy also mentioned in the Constitution of India. These principles are basically the guidelines provided to the state to further socio-economic development aims via its policies.

The Constitution of India serves as a guiding light for its citizens. Therefore everything well-defined in the Indian Constitution. It has helped India attain the status of a Republic. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and the members of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution have indeed done a commendable job for which they will always remembered.

Essay on Constitution of India FAQs

What is indian constitution short note.

The Indian Constitution is a written document that outlines the framework and rules for governing India. It defines the powers, duties, and responsibilities of the government and its citizens.

What is constitution in 100 words?

A constitution is a set of fundamental principles or established precedents that a state or organization is governed by. It outlines the structure of government, establishes rights and freedoms, and provides the framework for laws and institutions.

What is constitution 10 lines?

A constitution is a written document that sets the basic rules for governing a country. It defines the structure of the government, allocates powers among different entities, protects the rights of citizens, and establishes the legal framework for the nation.

What is the Constitution of India?

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the country. It lays down the framework that defines the political principles, establishes the structure, procedures, powers, and duties of the government institutions, and sets out fundamental rights and duties of citizens.

Who started Constitution of India?

The drafting committee for the Constitution of India was chaired by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar. He played a pivotal role in shaping and finalizing the Constitution.

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Essay on Constitution 500+ Words

The Constitution of India serves as the guiding star of our nation, shedding light on the path to justice, equality, and democracy. Furthermore, it is a remarkable document that molds our country’s destiny, guaranteeing that India maintains its status as a diverse and vibrant democracy. In the following essay, we will delve into the Constitution of India, examining its significance, history, and the fundamental principles that distinguish it as truly exceptional.

The Birth of the Constitution:

The Constitution of India, adopted on January 26, 1950, marked the moment when India became a republic. Furthermore, it was the culmination of years of dedicated effort by a distinguished assembly of minds known as the Constituent Assembly. Notably, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect, played an indispensable role in shaping this significant document.

Guarantor of Rights:

One of the most important aspects of the Indian Constitution is that it guarantees fundamental rights to its citizens. These rights ensure that every Indian is treated fairly and has the freedom to express themselves, practice their religion, and more.

Equality for All:

The Constitution promotes equality in all aspects of life. It does not discriminate based on caste, religion, gender, or place of birth. This principle of equality helps India embrace its diversity and promotes unity among its people.

Democracy in Action:

India is the world’s largest democracy, and the Constitution is the backbone of this system. It outlines how our government works, from elections to the roles of the President, Prime Minister, and Parliament. Every citizen’s vote matters, making India a true democracy.

Directive Principles of State Policy:

The Constitution includes directive principles that guide the government on how to create a just and equal society. These principles focus on eradicating poverty, providing education, and improving the living conditions of the people.

Amendments and Evolution:

The Constitution is not set in stone; it can be amended or changed to suit the evolving needs of the country. This flexibility allows us to adapt to new challenges and make improvements as necessary.

Fundamental Duties:

While the Constitution grants rights, it also emphasizes the importance of responsibilities. It outlines fundamental duties that every citizen should follow to help maintain peace and harmony in the country.

Safeguarding Justice:

The Constitution also established the judiciary as a separate and independent branch of government. The Supreme Court, with its judges, ensures that the laws are followed and justice is served.

Diversity Respected:

India is known for its diversity in languages, religions, and cultures. The Constitution acknowledges and respects this diversity, allowing people to freely practice their religions and preserve their traditions.

Conclusion of Essay on Constitution

In conclusion, the Constitution of India is not just a legal document; it’s the soul of our nation. It embodies the dreams and aspirations of millions, ensuring that India remains a diverse, democratic, and inclusive country. The principles of justice, equality, and freedom that it upholds are the very values that make India a shining example to the world. As citizens of this great nation, it’s our duty to uphold and protect the Constitution, for it is our guiding light towards a brighter and more equitable future. The Constitution of India is not just a piece of paper; it’s the heart that beats within our nation, uniting us all in the spirit of democracy and progress.

Also Check: Simple Guide on How To Write An Essay

Constitution of India Essay

The constitution of India became effective on 26 th  January 1950; though it was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26 th November 1949. It was written by a drafting committee headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It is the longest written constitution that defines the power, procedures and responsibilities of the government institutions of India and gives detailed account of the fundamental rights and duties of the citizens of our country.

The original Indian Constitution is hand written, calligraphed and also the lengthiest Constitution in the world. The Constitution of India is the supreme law of India drafted by the Constituent Assembly, superior even to the Parliament, as it cannot over rides it. With the Constitution coming into effect, India’s status from “Dominion of India” was changed to the “Republic of India”.

Long and Short Essay on Constitution of India in English

Here are long and short essay on Constitution of India to help you with the topic in your exam.

After going through the Constitution of India essay you will know about the features of Constitution, who was in the drafting committee of the constitution, which other constitutions is the Indian constitution inspired from, how long does it took to draft the Constitution, and other facts of the Constitution of India.

You can use these essays in your school’s essay writing competition, debate competition or other similar events.

Short Essay on Constitution of India (200 words)

The Constitution of India was drafted under the chairmanship of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar who is known as the Father of the Indian Constitution. It took almost three years to draft the Constitution. Various socio-political and economic aspects of the society were taken into consideration while drafting the Constitution. The drafting committee also referred to the Constitutions of various other counties including Britain, France and Japan to seek valuable inputs.

The Constitution of India includes the Fundamental Rights and Duties of the citizens, the Directive Principles of State Policy and the Federal Structure of the Government of India. Every policy, right and duty has been explained at length in the Indian Constitution thereby making it the longest written Constitution in the world.

More than 2000 amendments had to be made in the Constitution of India in order to get it approved. It was adopted on 26th November 1949 and was enforced completely on 26 th January 1950. This was the day when our country began to be known as the Republic of India. 26 th January is since then celebrated as the Republic Day. The Indian National Flag is hoisted at various places across the country and the National Anthem is sung to rejoice the day. National Constitution Day, a special day dedicated particularly to the Indian Constitution, came into being in 2015.

Essay on Importance of Constitution of India (300 words)

Introduction

The Constitution of India is known to be the supreme document that gives a detailed account of what the citizens of India can and cannot do. It has set a standard that needs to be followed to ensure law and order in the society and also to help it develop and prosper.

Constitution Defines the Fundamental Rights and Duties of Indian Citizens

The fundamental rights and duties of the Indian citizens have clearly been defined in the Constitution of the country. The Fundamental Rights of the Indian citizens include the Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights, Right against Exploitation, Right to Constitutional Remedies. These are the basic rights that all the citizens of the country are entitled to irrespective of their caste, colour, creed or religion.

Some of the fundamental duties of an Indian citizen are to respect the constitution, honour the national flag and national anthem, protect the unity, preserve the heritage of the country, protect the integrity and sovereignty of India, promote the spirit of brotherhood, have compassion for living creatures, strive for excellence, protect public property and contribute his/ her bit in maintaining peace. These are also mentioned at length in the Indian Constitution.

Constitution Defines the Structure and Working of the Government

The structure and working of the government is also stated at length in the Constitution of India. The Constitution mentions that India has a parliamentary system of government. This system is present at the centre as well as in the states. The Prime Minister and the Union Council of Ministers have the power to take all the major decisions. The President of India, on the other hand, has nominal powers.

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar along with his team of six members who were a part of the drafting committee came up with the Constitution of India. The Constitution was approved after several amendments. Many amendments have also been done after the enforcement of the Constitution.

Essay on Formation of Constitution of India (400 words)

The Constitution of India came into form on 26 th November 1949. A special committee was formed to draft the Constitution that gives a detailed account of the practices that are deemed lawful and those deemed unlawful and are punishable. The Constitution was enforced on 26 th January 1950. With the enforcement of the Constitution, our country came to be known as the Republic of India.

Special Drafting Committee for the Constitution of India

The task of drafting the Constitution of India was that of great responsibility. The Constituent Assembly set up a special drafting committee to further this work. There were seven members in the drafting committee. These included prominent Indian leaders namely, B.R. Ambedkar, B.L. Mitter, K.M. Munshi, N. Gopalaswami Ayengar, Alladi Krishnaswami Ayyar, DP and Mohammad Saadullah. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee. Ambedkar is referred to as the Father of the Indian Constitution. This is because it was under his guidance and supervision that this big draft came into form.

Indian Constitution – Inspired by Constitutions of Other Countries

The constitution of India drew inspiration from the constitutions of various other countries. Many of the concepts and acts included in our constitution are borrowed from the constitutions of countries such as France, Germany, Japan, Australia, USA, Britain, Ireland, Russia and South Africa.

The drafting committee of the Indian Constitution also referred to the Government of India Act 1858, the Government of India Act 1919 and 1935 and the Indian Independence Act 1947 to get an idea about the acts and features to be included in the Constitution. These previous acts helped the committee understand the condition and requirement of the citizens of the country. Our Constitution is thus often referred to as the bag of borrowings. It consisted of as many as 395 articles, 22 parts and 8 schedules at the time of its enactment. It was handwritten and calligraphed.

After putting in immense efforts when the drafting committee presented the final draft of the Constitution of India, it was suggested to make several amendments. The committee sat together to make more than 2000 amendments to get the Constitution approved. The members conducted several discussions to make appropriate amendments for getting the approval. 284 members of the Constituent Assembly of India signed the Constitution to give their approval on the same. This was done two days before the enforcement of the constitution.

The Constitution of India is a massive piece of writing that includes a detailed account of the dos and don’ts for the Indian system. It has undergone around 100 amendments since it came into form.

Essay on Constitution of India (500 words)

Constitution of India – The Supreme Power of Country

The Constitution of India is rightly said to be the supreme power of the country. The laws, codes, rights and duties mentioned in the Indian Constitution need to be followed strictly by the citizens of the country. The decisions made in the parliament and Supreme Court of India are all based on the laws and codes defined in the Constitution of India. Parliament of India does not have the power to override the constitution.

Dr. B. R Ambedkar – The Chief Architect of Indian Constitution

Dr. B. R. Ambedkar headed the drafting committee formed to write the Constitution of India. He was the chairman of this committee. He contributed immensely in the formation of the Constitution by giving several valuable inputs and thus came to be known as the chief architect of the Constitution of India. There were six other members in the drafting committee which was formed by the Constituent Assembly of India. These members worked under the guidance of Dr. Ambedkar.

Constitution of India Replaced Government of India Act

The Government of India Act, 1935 acted as the fundamental governing document of India until the formation of the Constitution of India. The Constituent Assembly of India adopted the Constitution of India in November 1949. Many of the articles of the Constitution came into force at that time. The Constitution was effectively enforced on 26 th January 1950 which came to be known as the Indian Republic Day. The remaining articles became effective on this date. Our country which was until then called the Dominion of the British Crown thereafter came to be known as the Sovereign Democratic Republic of India.

Special Days to Celebrate the Constitution of India

Republic Day

The formation and enforcement of Indian Constitution is celebrated at a grand scale on the Republic Day each year. Republic Day is a national holiday in the country. A massive event is organized at India Gate, New Delhi on Republic Day to honour the Constitution of the country. The constitutional head of India, i.e., its president hoists national flag at Rajpath. The Prime Minister and President of India and several Chief Ministers of different states of the country are present at the event. Parades by school kids and armed forces are held on Rajpath. School children also perform dances and other cultural acts. Parade of beautiful tableau displaying the culture of various Indian states is also held during the event.

Several small events are organized at different offices and schools throughout the country to commemorate the Indian Constitution. Painting, essay and music competitions are held in schools and colleges. Patriotic songs are sung and speeches about the Constitution of India are delivered.

National Constitution Day

In the year 2015, Indian Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, gave the suggestion to dedicate an exclusive day to our constitution. Since the Indian Constitution was adopted on 26 th November 1949, this date was chosen to honour the constitution. 26 th November is being celebrated as the National Constitution Day since 2015.

Many small and big events are organized in schools, colleges and government institutions across India on this day. The importance of the Indian Constitution is emphasized during these events. Patriotic songs are sung and cultural activities are organized to celebrate the day.

The Constitution of India has been prepared with precision considering the interest of the common man as well as the overall interest of the country. It is a gift for the citizens of our country.

Long Essay on Constitution of India (600 words)

Enforced on 26 th January 1950, the Constitution of India was prepared by a committee consisting of seven members headed by Dr. B. R. Ambedkar. It guides the citizens of India, the country’s government bodies and other authorities to act in the right manner. It has played a significant role in maintaining peace and prosperity in the country.

Salient Features of the Constitution of India

Here are the top salient features of the constitution of India:

Longest Written Constitution

The Constitution of India is the longest written constitution in the world. It took almost three years to write this detailed constitution. It has a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules and 5 appendices. It is much lengthier than the US Constitution that includes only 7 Articles.

Amalgamation of Rigidity and Flexibility

The Constitution of India is a mix of rigidity and flexibility. While it is the supreme power that needs to be followed diligently to maintain law and order in the country, the citizens can appeal to amend the provisions they deem outdated or stern. While certain provisions can be amended with some difficulty others are easy to amend. As many as 103 amendments have been done in the Constitution of our country since its enforcement.

The Preamble

The well drafted Preamble of the Indian Constitution gives a detailed account of the philosophy of the constitution. It states that India is a Sovereign Socialist Secular Democratic Republic. It is a welfare state which puts its people first. It believes in equality, freedom and justice for its people. While democratic socialism was followed right from the beginning, the term Socialism was added only in 1976.

India – A Secular State

The Constitution has declared India a secular state. India does not give special status to any religion. It provides its citizens complete freedom to choose their religion. It condemns religious groups instigating people in the name of religion.

India – A Republic

The Constitution declares India to be a Republic. The country is not ruled by a nominated head or monarch. It has an elected head called the President. The President, elected indirectly by the people of the country, comes to power for a period of 5 years.

India – A Mix of Federalism and Unitarianism

The Constitution describes India as a federal structure with many unitary features. It is referred to as a Quasi-Federation or a Unitarian Federation. Just like a federation, India has divided power among the centre and states. It has a dual administration system. It has a written, supreme constitution that needs to be followed religiously. It includes an independent judiciary embedded with the power to decide centre-state disputes. At the same time it has unitary features such as a strong common constitution, common election commission and emergency provisions to name a few.

Fundamental Duties of Citizens

The Constitution of India clearly states the fundamental duties of its citizens. Some of these are to upload and protect the sovereignty, unity and integrity of India, respect the national flag and the national anthem, preserve the rich heritage of the country, protect the natural environment, safeguard public property and treat everyone equally.

Directive Principles of the State Policy

The Directive Principles of the State Policy are also mentioned in the Constitution of India. These principles are basically the guidelines provided to the state to further socio-economic development aims via its policies.

The Constitution of India serves as a guiding light for its citizens. Everything is well-defined in the Indian Constitution. It has helped India attain the status of a Republic. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar and the members of the drafting committee of the Indian constitution have indeed done a commendable job for which they will always be remembered.

Related Information:

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Essay on Constitution of India for Students and Children in 1000 Words

In this article, you will read about Constitution of India, its background, Constituent Assembly, Membership, Drafting, Structure.

Table of Contents

Essay on Constitution of India (1000 Words)

The supreme law of India is known as the Constitution of India. The framework of demarcating fundamental political code laid down in the documents, structure, procedures, powers, and duties of state institutions. It sets out fundamental rights , directive principles, and, therefore, the responsibilities of citizens.

The Constitution B. R. Ambedkar cannot override by the Parliament and Constitution of India on the 2015 India postage. It was embraced by the Constituent Assembly of India on 26 November 1949 and has become effective on 26 January 1950.

Background of Indian Constitution

India stopped to be a dominion of the British Crown and have become a sovereign democratic republic with the Constitution. Articles 5, 6, 7, 9, 8, 60, 324, 367, 366, 379, 388, 394, 391, 393, 392, and 380 of the Constitution came into force on 26 November 1949, and therefore on 26 January 1950, the remaining articles became effective.

Constituent Assembly

The home is perhaps aware that of the seven members nominated by you, one had resigned from the House and was replaced. One died and wasn’t replaced. Another one was away in America, and his place filled up, and another person was involved in State matters, and there was a void to its extent.

Membership in Constitution of India

Judges, like Alladi Krishnaswamy Iyer, K. M. Munshi, Benegal Narsing Rau, and Ganesh Mavalankar, were members of the assembly. Female members included Sarojini Naidu, Durgabai Deshmukh Hansa Mehta, Amrit Kaur, and Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. Sachchidananda Sinha, who was the first two-day president of the assembly; Rajendra Prasad was later elected president. The group met for the first time on 9 December 1946.

Drafting of Constitution of India

The Constitution embraced on 26 November 1949, which was signed by 284 members. The day is widely known as National Law Day or Constitution Day; the day chosen to widespread the significance of the Constitution and to spread thoughts and concepts of Ambedkar.

Structure of Constitution of India

The Constitution of India is the world’s lengthiest for an autonomous nation. At its legislation, it had 395 articles in 22 parts and eight schedules. At about 145,000 words, it’s the second-longest active Constitution – after the Constitution of Alabama – within the world.

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Essay on Indian Constitution

Every country needs some rules and regulations that could help the country to develop. Also, it will help people to live peacefully in the country. Like many countries, India does have these rules written in the form of the Indian Constitution. India possesses an incredible constitution in the entire world. The Constitution of India spells out the basic rights and responsibilities of each citizen. But now the questions arise how these rules are made? What kind of rules does it include? Who follows these rules? To know all these details, let us discuss Indian Constitution in detail.

Short and Long Indian Constitution Essay in English

Here, we are presenting short and long essays on Indian Constitution in English for students under word limits of 100 – 150 Words, 200 – 250 words, and 500 – 600 words. This topic is useful for students of classes 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, and 12 in English. These provided essays on Indian Constitution will help you to write effective essays, paragraphs, and speeches on this topic.

Indian Constitution Essay 10 Lines (100 – 150 Words)

1) The Indian constitution is a set of rules and laws that help the country run well.

2) The Constitution tells how the government works, its powers, and its limits.

3) India’s Constitution is the longest one in existence.

4) There is a preamble on the first page of the Constitution.

5) The Indian constitution spells out the basic rights and responsibilities of each citizen.

6) It tells the people, the government, and other authorities how to act properly.

7) No one in India can do something that goes against the constitution.

8) It was the result of the hard work of 299 people.

9) The formation of the constitution of India was headed by Dr. Ambedkar.

10)  On January 26, 1949, the constitution of India was done and signed.

Short Essay on Indian Constitution (250 – 300 Words)

Introduction

India is a Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, and Democratic Republic that is run by parliament. This made it unique from the rest countries. India went from being called the “Dominion of India” to being called the “Republic of India” when the Constitution went into effect.

A Look at Indian Constitution

India’s political rules, procedures, and government powers are all set out in the constitution. People like Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, Dr. Rajendra Prasad, Maulana Abdul Kalam Azad, Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and many more were the prominent members of the Constituent Assembly. It spells out the Directive Principles of State Policy and the way the Government of India is set up. The Indian constitution also says how long the government will last and how it will be set up.

The Making of Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution holds the record for the longest-written constitution in the world. It explains every law, power, and duty. The Constitution of India was made by Dr. BR Ambedkar and his team of six people who were on the committee. The writing committee also looked at the constitutions of Britain, France, and Japan, among other countries, to find useful ideas. During the writing of the constitution, many social, political, and economic factors were taken into account.

Our country is a democratic republic. A country’s Constitution is a set of rules and laws that guide how the country is run. In the eyes of the Constitution, everyone is the same. In his eyes, no one is small, no one is big, and no one is rich or poor. We should follow our constitution.

Long Essay on Indian Constitution (500 Words)

India got its independence on August 15, 1947. India had to deal with a lot of problems after it got its freedom. There was a need of making a constitution so that the country could be ruled. It was January 26, 1950, when India became a republic. The Constitution of India is also known as India’s highest law. The Indian Constitution is known for the biggest constitution in the world. In everyday language, it is also called the “Book of Law”.

History of Indian Constitution

After independence, the constitution of India was made. To write the constitution, Rajendra Prasad led a group of people who were in charge of the constitution. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar was in charge of making the Constitution of India. On December 9, 1946, the first meeting of the new Constituent Assembly took place. The next meeting was held on December 11, 1946, and Dr. Rajendra Prasad was in charge.

To get it passed, the Constitution of India was changed more than 2,000 times. In 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days, the country’s constitution was ready. The Constitution of India was signed by 284 people in the Constituent Assembly of India to show that they agreed with it. It was passed on November 26, 1949, and was fully put into place on January 26, 1950. India became a free and democratic country on January 26, 1950, when it went into effect.

Features of Indian Constitution

India is a Republic, which is written in the Constitution. The Constitution of India is known as the most important document because it explains in detail what each citizen of India has to do and what rights they have. It is the world’s longest-written constitution. It is made up of a preamble, 448 articles, 25 groups, 12 schedules, and 5 appendices. The well-written Preamble of the Indian Constitution explains in depth what the constitution is all about. It thinks that everyone should have the same rights, freedom, and justice.

Our Constitution is written in a way that leaves no room for confusion. The original Indian Constitution was written by hand and in a style called calligraphy. The Constitution of India was made by the country people. There is no outside influence at all. The Constitution says that India is a federal system with many features of a unitary system. India has split power between the central government and the states. The Constitution of India is very clear about what its citizens have to do.

Our constitution is unique. The constitution of India is a present for the people who live in this country. It has been a big part of keeping peace and prosperity in the country. The Constitution of India is a guide for the people who live here. So, the Indian Constitution is clear about everything. We should follow the duties and enjoy the rights provided to us as Indian citizens.

I hope the above provided essay on Indian Constitution will be helpful in understanding the history and features of the Indian Constitution.

FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions on Indian Constitution

Ans. On 26 November, India celebrates Constitution Day every year.

Ans. Dr. B.R Ambedkar is considered the “Father of the Indian Constitution”.

Ans. It took almost three years (2 years, 11 months, and 18 days) to draft the Indian constitution.

Ans. At first, there were 395 Articles, 22 Parts, and 8 Schedules in the Constitution of India. The Constitution now has 448 Articles, 25 Parts, and 12 Schedules.

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Constitution of India: Meaning, Structure, Enactment, Features & Significance

The Constitution of India , as the fundamental law of the land , embodies the values, principles, and governance framework of our country. It serves as the supreme law, guiding the state’s functioning and ensuring citizen’s rights and responsibilities. With its roots grounded in historical struggles, philosophical ideals, and societal aspirations, it reflects the nation’s collective journey toward democracy, justice, and equality. This article of NEXT IAS aims to explain the meaning, structure, salient features, significance, and other aspects of the Constitution of India.

What is the Meaning of Constitution?

A Constitution of a state is a fundamental set of principles or established precedents according to which the state is governed. It outlines the organization, powers, and limits of government institutions, as well as the rights and duties of citizens. It serves as the supreme law of the land , providing a framework for the functioning of the government, the protection of individual liberties, and the maintenance of social order.

What is Constitution of India?

The Constitution of India is the supreme law of the Republic of India. It lays down the framework for the country’s political system, defining the powers and responsibilities of government institutions, safeguarding fundamental rights, and outlining the principles of governance. It is a set of rules and regulations guiding the administration of a country.

Structure of the Indian Constitution

The Indian Constitution is one of the longest and most detailed written constitutions in the world. Various components of the structure of the Indian Constitution can be seen as follows:

• A “Part” of the Constitution refers to a division within the Constitution that groups together Articles on similar subjects or themes.
• The Indian Constitution is structured into various Parts, each dealing with a specific aspect of the country’s legal, administrative, or governmental framework.
• Originally, there were 22 parts in the Constitution of India. As of now, there are 25 parts of the Indian Constitution.
• An “Article” refers to a specific provision or clause within the Constitution that details various aspects of the country’s legal and governmental framework.
• Each part of the constitution contains several articles numbered sequentially.
• Originally, there were 395 articles in the Constitution of India. As of now, the Indian Constitution contains 448 articles .
• A “Schedule” refers to a list or a table attached to the Constitution that details certain additional information or guidelines relevant to the constitutional provisions.
• They provide clarity and supplementary details, making the Constitution more comprehensive and functional.
• Originally, there were 8 schedules in the Constitution of India. As of now, there are 12 schedules in the Indian Constitution.

Enactment and Adoption of the Indian Constitution

• The Constitution of India was framed by a Constituent Assembly which was established in 1946. The President of the Constituent Assembly was Dr. Rajendra Prasad .
• On 29th August 1947, a resolution was moved in the Constituent Assembly for the appointment of a Drafting Committee to draft a permanent constitution of India. Accordingly, the Drafting Committee was appointed under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar .
• The Drafting Committee took a total of 166 days , which was spread over 2 years, 11 months, and 18 days to prepare a draft constitution. The final draft of the Constitution was introduced in the Constituent Assembly on 4th November 1948 .
• After many deliberations and some modifications, the Draft Constitution was declared as passed by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November 1949. This is known as the “ Date of Adoption ” of the Constitution of India.
• A few provisions of the Constitution came into force on 26th November 1949. However, the major part of the Constitution came into force on 26th January 1950, making India a sovereign republic. This date is known as the “ Date of Enactment ” of the Constitution of India.

Salient Features of the Indian Constitution

• Several factors that have contributed to its elephantine size include – the need to accommodate the vast diversity of the country, a single constitution for both the Center and States, the presence of legal experts and luminaries in the Constituent Assembly, etc.
• Drawn from Various Sources – The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from the Government of India Act of 1935 as well as from the constitutions of various other countries.
• The Constitution of India is neither rigid nor flexible, but a synthesis of both.
• Federal System with Unitary Bias – The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of government and contains all the usual features of a federation. However, it also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features.
• Parliamentary Form of Government – The Constitution of India has adopted the British Parliamentary System of Government. The parliamentary system is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs.
• While Parliament retains the ultimate authority to make laws , the judiciary serves as the guardian of the Constitution , ensuring that parliamentary actions adhere to constitutional norms and protect fundamental rights.
• An integrated judicial system means that a single system of courts, comprising of Supreme Court , High Courts, and Subordinate Courts, enforces both the central laws as well as the state laws.
• An independent judicial system means that the Indian judiciary operates autonomously, free from the influence of the executive and legislative branches of government.
• Fundamental Rights – The Indian Constitution guarantees 6 fundamental rights to all citizens, which promotes the idea of political democracy in the country. They operate as limitations on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary laws of the legislature.
• The Directive Principles seek to establish a ‘Welfare State’ in India by promoting the ideal of social and economic democracy.
• These duties serve as a guide for citizens to contribute towards building a strong and harmonious nation.
• A Secular State – The Constitution of India does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State. Instead, it mandates that the state treat all religions equally, refraining from favoring or discriminating against any particular religion.
• Every citizen who is not less than 18 years of age has a right to vote without any discrimination based on caste, race, religion, sex, literacy, wealth, and so on.
• Single Citizenship – Single citizenship is a constitutional principle in India whereby all citizens irrespective of the state in which they are born or reside enjoy the same political and civil rights of citizenship all over the country, and no discrimination is made between them.
• Independent Bodies – The Indian Constitution has established certain independent bodies which are envisaged as the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India.
• The rationale behind the incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity, and security of the country, the democratic political system, and the Constitution .
• This decentralized system allows for effective governance by delegating authority to address regional and local issues, promoting participatory democracy and grassroots development.
• Co-operative Societies – The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave constitutional status and protection to co-operative societies.

Significance of the Constitution of India

• Rule of Law – The Constitution establishes the framework for governance based on the rule of law, ensuring that no individual, including government officials, is above the law.
• Protection of Rights – It guarantees fundamental rights to citizens, safeguarding their freedoms of speech, expression, religion, and more, while also providing mechanisms for legal redress if these rights are infringed upon.
• Structure of Government – The Constitution delineates the structure of government, defining the roles, powers, and limitations of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. This separation of powers prevents the concentration of authority and promotes checks and balances.
• Democratic Principles – Through provisions like a universal adult franchise, the constitution upholds democratic principles by ensuring citizens’ participation in governance through free and fair elections.
• Stability and Continuity – The constitution provides stability and continuity in governance, serving as a framework for guiding successive governments and preventing abrupt changes in the political system.
• National Unity – It fosters national unity by recognizing and respecting the diversity of the populace while also promoting a sense of common citizenship and allegiance to the nation.
• Legal Framework – The constitution serves as the legal foundation upon which all laws and regulations are based, providing consistency and coherence in the legal system.
• Adaptability – While providing a stable framework, the constitution also allows for necessary amendments to accommodate changing societal needs and values, ensuring its relevance over time.

Sources of the Constitution of India

• Government of India Act of 1935 – Federal Scheme, Office of Governor, Judiciary, Public Service Commissions, Emergency Provisions, and Administrative Details.
• British Constitution – Parliamentary System of Government, Rule of Law, Legislative Procedure, Single Citizenship, Cabinet System, Prerogative Writs, Parliamentary Privileges, and Bicameralism.
• US Constitution – Fundamental Rights, Independence of the Judiciary, Judicial Review, Impeachment of the President, Removal of Supreme Court and High Court Judges, and the Post of the Vice-President.
• Irish Constitution – Directive Principles of State Policy, the Nomination of Members to Rajya Sabha, and Method of Election of the President.
• Canadian Constitution – Federation with a strong Centre, vesting of residuary powers in the Centre, appointment of state governors by the Centre, and advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court.
• Australian Constitution – Concurrent List, Freedom of Trade, Commerce & Intercourse, and a Joint Sitting of the two Houses of Parliament.
• Weimar Constitution of Germany – Suspension of Fundamental Rights during Emergency.
• Soviet Constitution (USSR, now Russia) – Fundamental duties and the ideal of Justice (Social, Economic, and Political) in the Preamble.
• French Constitution – Republic and the ideals of Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity in the Preamble.
• South African Constitution – Procedure for amendment of the Constitution and election of members of Rajya Sabha.
• Japanese Constitution – Procedure established by law.

Various Schedules of the Indian Constitution

Parts of the Constitution

Note – Part-VII (The States in Part B of the First Schedule), has been deleted by the 7th Constitutional Amendment of 1956.

In conclusion, the Indian Constitution stands as a testament to the nation’s democratic ideals and aspirations. Its meticulous crafting, rooted in historical struggles and visionary principles, continues to guide India’s journey towards a more just, inclusive, and prosperous society. The Indian Constitution stands as a testament to upholding its values, fostering unity amidst diversity, and safeguarding the rights and liberties of every citizen, thus ensuring a brighter future for generations to come.

Related Concepts

• Constitutionalism – Constitutionalism is a system where the Constitution is supreme and the institution’s structure and processes are governed by constitutional principles. It provides the template or framework within which the state has to carry out its operations. It also puts limitations on the government.
• Classification of the Constitution – Constitutions across the world have been classified into the following categories and sub-categories:

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs)

When was the constitution of india adopted.

The Constitution of India was adopted on 26th November 1949 .

Why the Constitution of India is called a bag of Borrowing?

The Constitution of India is called a “bag of borrowing” due to its extensive adaptation of principles and provisions from various global sources. It amalgamates elements from multiple constitutions, including the British, American, Irish, Canadian, and others, reflecting India’s diverse legal heritage and democratic ideals.

Who is known as the ‘Father of Indian Constitution’?

Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is regarded as the “Father of the Indian Constitution” for his pivotal role as the chairman of the Drafting Committee and his significant contributions in shaping the provisions of the Indian Constitution.

When do we Celebrate the Constitution Day?

Constitution Day also famously known as ‘Samvidhan Divas’ , is celebrated in our country on 26th November every year to commemorate the adoption of the Constitution of India.

What is the Philosophy of the Constitution of India?

The philosophy of the Constitution of India revolves around several key principles such as Sovereignty, Equality, Justice, Liberty, Fraternity, Dignity, Secularism, Federalism, Democratic Principles, etc.

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Important Sources of the Indian Constitution

• 05 Jul 2018
• 17 min read
• Indian Constitution
• GS Paper - 2
• The Constitution of India is the backbone of democracy in our country. It is an umbrella of rights that gives the citizens an assurance of a free and fair society.
• The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution on 26th November 1949 and it came into effect on 26th of January 1950.

Government of India Act 1935

The Constitution of 1950 was a by-product of the legacy started by the Government of India Act 1935. This was the longest act passed by the British government with 321 sections and 10 schedules. This act had drawn its content from four sources – Report of the Simon Commission, discussions and deliberations at the Third Round Table Conference, the White Paper of 1933 and the reports of the Joint select committees.

This act abolished the system of provincial dyarchy and suggested the establishment of dyarchy at the centre and a ‘Federation of India’ consisting of the provinces of British India and most of the princely states.

Most importantly, the act established the office of the Governor; all the executive powers and authority of the centre was vested in the Governor.

Some features of the Government of India Act 1935 were:

• Federal Legislature: The act suggested that the legislature will have two houses, i.e., the Council of States and a Federal Assembly. The Council of States was the upper house which was a permanent body with a tenure of three years and composed of 260 members of which 156 were representatives of British India and 101 of the Princely Indian states. The Federal Assembly was the lower house with a tenure expanding up to five years and its composition included 250 representatives of British India and 125 members from Princely states.
• Provincial Autonomy: This act enabled the Provincial Governments to be responsible only to Provincial Legislatures and helped them break free from external control and intrusion. It was with the establishment of this act that the powers between the centre and provinces were divided in terms of three lists – Federal list (59 items for the Centre), Provincial list (54 items for Provinces) and Concurrent list (36 items for both). The Residuary powers were handed over to the Viceroy.

The United Kingdom

A lot of concepts and features of the Indian Constitution have its roots in Great Britain. Some of those are:

• Parliamentary form of government: In such form of government, the country is governed by a cabinet of ministers led by the Prime Minister. The Prime Minister is the head of the government whereas the President i.e. the nominal head, is the head of the state. The main feature of the parliamentary form of government is the availability of one or more opposition parties that exists to keep a check on the ruling party and its functioning.
• Rule of Law: This basically states that a State is not governed either by the representatives or by the people but only by the law of that country. The concept of rule of law states that everyone is equal before the law; even the ones making it. Article 14 of the Indian Constitution codifies the rule of law.

Article 14: Right to Equality; The State shall not deny to any person equality before the law or the equal protection of the laws within the territory of India.

• The idea of a single citizenship: This implies that a person born or migrated to Indian Territory can enjoy the political and civil rights of India alone and no other country at the same time. Therefore, India does not allow dual citizenship. Indian state also does not recognize state citizenship implying that there should not be any demarcation made between the citizens of two or more states within the territory of India.
• Writs: The Supreme Court and High Courts in India has the power to issue writs in order to make the Right to Constitutional Remedies [Article 32 to 35] available to the citizens. There are five writs – Habeas Corpus (produce the detained person before the court and release him if detention is found illegal), Mandamus (an order from the Supreme Court or the High Court to a lower court to perform public duty), Certiorari (SC or HC issues the writ for quashing the order already passed by an inferior court), Prohibition (issued by the SC or the HC to a lower court to stop the latter from continuing with the procedures) and Quo-Warranto (restrains a person from holding a public office he is not entitled to hold). The Indian Constitution provides for these writs in Articles 32 and 226.

Article 32 (1): The right to move the Supreme Court by appropriate proceedings for the enforcement of the rights conferred by this Part is guaranteed.

Article 32 (2): The Supreme Court shall have power to issue directions or orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, whichever may be appropriate, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by this Part.

Article 226 (1): Notwithstanding anything in Article 32 every High Court shall have power, throughout the territories in relation to which it exercises jurisdiction, to issue to any person or authority, including in appropriate cases, any Government, within those territories directions, orders or writs, including writs in the nature of habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, quo warranto and certiorari, or any of them, for the enforcement of any of the rights conferred by Part III and for any other purpose.

The United States of America

Some of the features borrowed from the USA are:

• Fundamental Rights: Articles 12 to 32 of the Indian Constitution contains all the fundamental rights. Fundamental rights are the basic human rights given to the citizens of the country to assure them an equal stance in society. The six fundamental rights are – Right to Equality, Right to Freedom, Right against Exploitation, Right to Freedom of Religion, Cultural and Educational Rights and Right to Constitutional Remedies.
• Judicial Review: The provision of Judicial Review gives the judiciary an upper hand in interpreting the Constitution. The judiciary can thus nullify any order by the legislature or executive if that order is in conflict with the Constitution of the country.
• The Basic Structure Doctrine, is an Indian judicial principle asserting that the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution is limited by the Constitution.
• It means that the Constitution has several basic features that cannot be amended .
• This applies only to Constitutional amendments and not to ordinary acts of the Parliament.
• The initial stand of the Supreme court, that any part of the Constitution is amendable, whilst in compliance with the article 368, including the Fundamental Rights and the Article 368 was first challenged by Justice JR Madholkar in the year 1964, in his dissent of the Sajjan Singh vs State of Rajasthan judgement .
• The Kesavananda Bharati vs State of Kerala proceedings (1973), a landmark ruling, answered one main question: Was the power of the Parliament to amend any part of the Constitution unlimited? This judgement ruled that the Constitution cannot be amended so as to affect the basic structure, in contrast to the earlier judgement in the 1967 Golaknath case, which had concluded that the Parliament cannot amend so as to take away the Fundamental Right of a citizen.
• Indira Gandhi violated the Doctrine with Emergency in 1975 and tried to prevent her prosecution by the 39th amendment . Chief Justice Ray attempted to review the Kesavananda Bharati judgement by calling a bench of 13 Judges, including himself, but within two days, he was narrowed down by a majority of 12:1; and the 39th and 41st amendment were struck down .
• Impeachment of the President and Removal of Judges: Article 61 of the Indian Constitution provides for the impeachment of the President through legislative procedures carried out by the two houses of the Parliament. Article 124 (4) of the Indian Constitution and the provisions of the Judges Inquiry Act of 1968 deal with the removal of judges.

Article 124 (4): A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of the President passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of the total membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two-thirds of the members of that House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for such removal on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacity.

The main feature borrowed from the Irish Constitution is the provision of the Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP) . The DPSP are listed in the Part IV of the Indian Constitution and it clearly states that it is the duty of the State to apply these principles in the process of law making . There are mainly three categories of these principles – Socialist Directives, Gandhian Directives and Liberal Intellectual Directives. The procedure for the nomination of members to the Rajya Sabha is also borrowed from Ireland.

The provisions of a Federation with a strong centre , Residuary powers of the Centre, appointment of State governors by the Centre and the advisory jurisdiction of the Supreme Court, have all been borrowed from the Canadian constitution. Article 248 of the Indian Constitution states that the Parliament has the sole power to make laws regarding any item not mentioned in the Union and State lists respectively. Article 143 provides for an advisory jurisdiction for the Supreme Court. Under this provision, the President may seek opinion of the Supreme Court on public matters and the Supreme Court may then further give its opinion after studying the case properly.

The Indian Preamble borrowed its ideals of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity from the French Constitution. The Indian state came to be recognized as the ‘Republic of India’ in the lineage of the Constitution of France.

The Constitution of Australia lent us the provisions of Freedom of Trade and Commerce within the country and between the states. The provisions of the same are laid down in the Articles 301-307 of the Indian Constitution. We also received the provisions of the Concurrent list and the joint sitting of both the houses of Parliament from Australia.

South Africa and Germany

While the Constitution of South Africa gave us the provisions of the procedure of the amendment and the Election of the Rajya Sabha members, the German Constitution, gave us the provision of suspension of fundamental rights during emergency .

These were the major sources of the Indian Constitution. As the father of our Constitution and the Chairman of the Drafting Committee, Dr. B.R. Ambedkar said, “As to the accusation that the Draft Constitution has [re]produced a good part of the provisions of the Government of India Act, 1935, I make no apologies. There is nothing to be ashamed of in borrowing. It involves no plagiarism. Nobody holds any patent rights in the fundamental ideas of a Constitution….”

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• Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Essay

Essay on Dr. B. R. Ambedkar

Dr B. R. Ambedkar is looked up to as a symbol of equality. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar played an important role in framing the constitution of our country. He outlawed the discrimination against lower castes or untouchables and wanted to establish equality among our countrymen. He said that he believed in a society where friendship, equality, and brotherhood exist. However, a man who did so much for our country had suffered many atrocities about his caste in the initial days.

Below is the detailed journey of our legend Bhim Rao Ambedkar that has been set by Vedantu experts after deep research and several quality checks.

Bhim Rao Ambedkar was a person with multiple talents as he was an educationist, jurist, and worked as a socio-political reformer. In free India, his contribution is precious in varied arenas and the list of his achievements is long. Therefore, while writing an essay about Dr Bhimrao Ambedkar, it is a wise step to include the content from all the avenues based on his experiences and life so that total justice can be made by those who attempt to write an informational essay about this legendary figure. Here you go:

History Facts about Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar

Born on 14 April 1891 in a village named Mhow in the Indore district of Madhya Pradesh, Dr Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was also known as Babasaheb Ambedkar. His father Ramji Sakpal, was in the Indian Army, serving the country. With his good work, he was ranked as Subedar in the army. His mother's name was Bhima bai. From the beginning, Ramji encouraged his children to study and to work hard, due to which Bhimrao Ambedkar was fond of studies since childhood. However, he belonged to the Mahar caste, and people belonging to this caste were also called untouchables at that time. The meaning of untouchable was that if any belonging of the upper castes was touched by the people of the lower caste, it was considered impure and the people of the upper caste would not use those things.

Even the children belonging to the lower caste could not go to school for studies due to the poor thinking of the society. Fortunately, the government ran a special school for the children of all the employees working in the army, so B. R. Ambedkar's early education could be possible. Despite being good at studies, he along with all the lower caste children accompanying him were seated outside the class or in the corner of the class. The teachers there also paid little attention to them. These children were not allowed to even touch the tap to drink water. The peon of the school used to pour water on his hands from afar and then they used to get water to drink. When the peon was not there, they had to study and go without water, despite being thirsty.

After Ramji Sakpal retired in 1894, his entire family moved to a place called Satara in Maharashtra, but only after 2 years, Ambedkar's mother died. After this, his aunt took care of him in difficult circumstances. Ramji Sakpal and his wife had 14 children, out of which only three sons and three daughters survived the difficult conditions. And among his brothers and sisters, Bhimrao Ambedkar was the only one who succeeded in ignoring the social discrimination to continue further education, in 1897.

Education of Dr Ambedkar

Ambedkar took admission to Mumbai's high school, and he was the first lower-caste student to get admission in that school. In 1907, Ambedkar passed his high school examination. This success triggered a wave of happiness among the people of his caste because it was a big thing to pass high school at that time and it was amazing to have someone from their community to achieve it.

After that Bhimrao Ambedkar obtained degrees in Economics and Political Science in 1912, breaking all records in the field of studies. In 1913, he went to America for post-graduation and there in 1915 from Columbia University, he did M.A. He was awarded a PhD for one of his researches in the following year. In 1916, he published the book Evolution of Provincial Finance in British India. B.R. Ambedkar went to London in 1916 with his doctoral degree, where he studied law at the London School of Economics and enrolled in the degree for Doctorate in Economics.

However, in the next year, after the scholarship money ran out, he had to leave his studies in the middle and return to India. After that, he came to India and did a lot of other jobs like clerical jobs and the job of an accountant. He completed his research by going back to London in 1923 with the help of his remaining money. He was awarded the degree of Doctor of Science by the University. Since then, he spent the rest of his life in the service of society. He participated in many campaigns for the independence of India, wrote many books for the social freedom of Dalits, and made India an independent nation. In 1926 he became a member of the Mumbai Legislative Council. On 13 October 1935, Ambedkar was made the Principal of the Government Law College and worked on this post for 2 years.

Emerging as a Politician

In 1936, Ambedkar founded the Independent Labour Party which later contested the Central Assembly elections and won 15 seats. Between 1941 and 1945 he published several books, like ‘Thoughts in Pakistan’. In this book, the demand for creating a separate country for Muslims was strongly opposed. Ambedkar's vision of India was different. He wanted to see the whole country without falling apart, which is why he strongly criticized the policies of the leaders who wanted to divide ​​India. After India's independence on 15 August 1947, Ambedkar became the first law minister and despite his deteriorating health, he gave a strong law to India. Then his written constitution came into force on 26 January 1950, and in addition to this, the Reserve Bank of India was established with the views of Bhimrao Ambedkar. After all, while struggling with political issues, Bhimrao Ambedkar's health deteriorated day by day, and then on 6 December 1956, he passed away. He had changed the thinking of the society to a great extent, he ensured that Dalits and women get their rights.

Some Interesting Facts About Dr B.R. Ambedkar

In an essay about Dr B. R. Ambedkar, it will be interesting to include the fact that Ambedkar Jayanti is the biggest Jayanti observed as an annual festival in the world.

He is known as the number 1 scholar in the world and he is also the first person from the South Asia region to pursue PhD in Economics subject.

His slogan “life should be great rather than long” showed the right path to many people globally.

Dr B. R. Ambedkar is famous as the symbol of knowledge in the world as he completed different higher degrees, like MSc, M.A., PhD, and many more.

Dr B. R. Ambedkar is also knowns as Babasaheb Ambedkar, he was a great politician and jurist. He struggled a lot throughout his life, he implied laws for the lower caste people and he was the only chief architect of the Indian constitution. To date, he is remembered for his good deeds and welfare.

FAQs on Dr. B. R. Ambedkar Essay

What are the Achievements of B.R. Ambedkar?

After India's independence on 15 August 1947, Ambedkar became the first law minister and despite deteriorating health, he gave a strong law to India. Then his written constitution came into force on 26 January 1950 and in addition to this, the Reserve Bank of India was established with the help of the views of Bhimrao Ambedkar. The achievements of this legend cannot be conveyed in just a few lines, so it is required to write an essay compiling the historical background with other events.

What made Bhim Rao Ambedkar so famous in India?

It was Ambedkar's legacy that made him a superhero among the general public of India. Being a socio-political reformer, he made a deep mark on the public of modern India. Having gained a repute as a scholar in India, he was chosen to be appointed as the first law minister in free India. He also became the chairman of the constitution drafting committee. He was a believer in freedom and firmly criticized a caste-based society. So, these are a few facts that make him famous. 

What slogan did B.R. Ambedkar give that gained so much popularity?

B. R. Ambedkar gave many slogans like “life should be great rather than short”, “if I find the constitution misused, I will be the first to burn it”, and more. But, his slogan life is great rather than shortly gained popularity not only in India but also on a global scale. The reason is quite simple that people from everywhere can relate to this slogan. And, this slogan inspires everyone to enhance the quality of their life instead of counting the number of years to live.

What made Dr Bimrao Ramji Ambedkar number 1 scholar?

Dr B. R. Ambedkar is known as the number 1 scholar as he had done so much in education. The legend completed his masters in 64 subjects. Plus, he was the first Indian to have completed his doctorate. And, his knowledge was not confined to one or two languages as he was versed with 9 different languages. He received the Indian first civilian award the Bharat Ratna after his death. There are innumerable contributions that make him great in different areas. 

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• Major Features Of The Constitution

Constitution of India - Major Features

The Constitution of India begins with a Preamble. The Preamble contains the ideals, objectives and basic principles of the Constitution. The salient features of the Constitution have evolved directly and indirectly from these objectives which flow from the Preamble.

Major Features of Indian Constitution – UPSC Notes Download PDF Here

Our Constitution has adopted the best features of most of the major constitutions of the world as per the needs of the country. Though borrowed from many constitutions around the world, the Constitution of India has several salient features that distinguish it from the constitutions of other countries.

This article lists the 18 major features of the Constitution and comprehensively covers each of the features in the article.

Aspirants would find this topic very helpful while preparing for the IAS Exam .

This topic is important for the Polity section (GS II) of the UPSC Syllabus.

Table of Contents

Constitution of India – Major Features

The salient features of the Indian Constitution are listed and briefed below:

1. Lengthiest Written Constitution

• Constitutions are classified into written, like the American Constitution, or unwritten, like the British Constitution.
• The Constitution of India has the distinction of being the lengthiest and most detailed constitutional document the world has so far produced. In other words, the Constitution of India is the lengthiest of all the written constitutions of the world.
• It is a very comprehensive, elaborate and detailed document.
• Geographical factors , that is, the vastness of the country and its diversity.
• Historical factors , for instance, the influence of the Government of India Act of 1935 , which was bulky.
• Single constitution for both the Centre and the states.
• The dominance of legal luminaries in the Constituent Assembly.
• The Constitution of India contains not only the fundamental principles of governance but also detailed administrative provisions.
• Both justiciable and non-justiciable rights are included in the Constitution.

2. Drawn from Various Sources

• The Constitution of India has borrowed most of its provisions from the constitutions of various other countries as well as from the Government of India Act of 1935 [About 250 provisions of the 1935 Act have been included in the Constitution].
• Dr B R Ambedkar proudly acclaimed that the Constitution of India has been framed after ‘ransacking all the known Constitutions of the world’.
• The structural part of the Constitution is, to a large extent, derived from the Government of India Act of 1935.
• The philosophical part of the Constitution (Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles of State Policy) derive its inspiration from the American and Irish Constitutions respectively.
• The political part of the Constitution (the principle of Cabinet government and the relations between the executive and the legislature) has been largely drawn from the British Constitution.

To read more about the Sources of the Constitution , check the linked article.

3. Blend of Rigidity and Flexibility

•  Constitutions are classified into rigid and flexible .
• A rigid constitution is one that requires a special procedure for its amendment, for example, the American Constitution.
• A flexible constitution is one that can be amended in the same manner as ordinary laws are made, for example, the British Constitution.
• The Indian Constitution is a unique example of a combination of rigidity and flexibility.
• A constitution may be called rigid or flexible on the basis of its amending procedure.
• The Indian Constitution provides for three types of amendments ranging from simple to most difficult procedures depending on the nature of the amendment.
• Constitutional Amendment Process in India
• Important Amendments in the Indian Constitution

4. Federal System with Unitary Bias

• The Constitution of India establishes a federal system of government.
• It contains all the usual features of a federation, such as two governments, division of powers, written constitution, the supremacy of the constitution, the rigidity of the Constitution, independent judiciary and bicameralism.
• However, the Indian Constitution also contains a large number of unitary or non-federal features, such as a strong Centre, a single Constitution, the appointment of a state governor by the Centre, all-India services, an integrated judiciary, and so on.
• Moreover, the term ‘Federation’ has nowhere been used in the Constitution.
• Indian Federation is not the result of an agreement by the states.
• No state has the right to secede from the federation.
• Hence, the Indian Constitution has been variously described as ‘federal in form but unitary in spirit’, and ‘quasi-federal’ by K C Wheare.

To read more about Federalism in India , check the linked article.

5. Parliamentary Form of Government

• The Constitution of India has opted for the British Parliamentary System of Government rather than the American Presidential system of government.
• The parliamentary system is based on the principle of cooperation and coordination between the legislative and executive organs while the presidential system is based on the doctrine of separation of powers between the two organs.

To read more about the difference between Presidential and Parliamentary Forms of Government, check the linked article.

• The parliamentary system is also known as the ‘Westminster’ model of government, responsible government and cabinet government.
• The Constitution establishes the parliamentary system not only at the Centre but also in the States.
• In a parliamentary system, the role of the Prime Minister has become so significant, and therefore it is called a ‘Prime Ministerial Government’.

What are the features of parliamentary government in India?

The features of parliamentary government in India are as follows:

• Presence of real and nominal executives
• Majority party rule
• Collective responsibility of the executive to the legislature
• Membership of the ministers in the legislature
• The leadership of the prime minister or the chief minister
• Dissolution of the lower house (Lok Sabha or Assembly)
• Indian Parliament is not a sovereign body like the British Parliament
• Parliamentary Government combined with an elected President at the head (Republic)

6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Judicial Supremacy

• The doctrine of the sovereignty of Parliament is associated with the British Parliament while the principle of judicial supremacy with that of the American Supreme Court.
• Just as the Indian parliamentary system differs from the British system, the scope of judicial review power of the Supreme Court in India is narrower than that of what exists in the US.
• This is because the American Constitution provides for ‘due process of law’ against that of ‘procedure established by law’ contained in the Indian Constitution ( Article 21 ).
• Therefore, the framers of the Indian Constitution have preferred a proper synthesis between the British principle of parliamentary sovereignty and the American principle of Judicial supremacy.
• The Supreme Court can declare parliamentary laws unconstitutional through its power of judicial review.
• The Parliament can amend the major portion of the Constitution through its constituent power.
• Difference Between Procedure Established by Law and Due Process of Law
•   Judicial Review

7. Rule of Law

• According to this axiom, people are ruled by law but not by men, that is, the basic truism that no man is infallible. The axiom is vital to a democracy.
• More important is the meaning that law is sovereign in democracy.
• The chief ingredient of law is custom which is nothing but the habitual practices and beliefs of common people over a long number of years.
• In the final analysis, the rule of law means the sovereignty of the common man’s collective wisdom.
• There is no room for arbitrariness
• Each individual enjoys some fundamental rights, and
• The highest judiciary is the final authority in maintaining the sanctity of the law of the land.
• The Constitution of India has incorporated this principle in Part III and in order to provide meaning to Article 14 (all are equal before the law and all enjoy equal protection of laws), the promotion of Lok Adalats and the venture of the Supreme Court known as “public interest litigation” have been implemented.
• Also, as per today’s law of the land, any litigant can appeal to the presiding judicial authority to argue the case by himself or seek legal assistance with the help of the judiciary.
• Rule of Law
• Difference between Rule of law and Rule by law
• Lok Adalats 
• Public Interest Litigation

8. Integrated and Independent Judiciary

• India has a single integrated judicial system.
• Also, the Indian Constitution establishes Independent Judiciary by enabling the Indian judiciary to be free from the influence of the executive and the legislature.
• The Supreme Court stands as the apex court of the judicial system. Below the Supreme Court are the High Courts at the state level.
• Under a high court, there is a hierarchy of subordinate courts, that is district courts and the other lower courts.
• The Supreme Court is a federal court, the highest court of appeal, the guarantor of the fundamental rights of the citizens and the guardian of the Constitution. Hence, the Constitution has made various provisions to ensure its independence.
• Separation of Powers in the Indian Constitution
• Judicial Activism

9. Fundamental Rights

• Part III of the Indian Constitution guarantees six fundamental rights to all Citizens.
• Fundamental Rights are one of the important features of the Indian Constitution.
• The Constitution contains the basic principle that every individual is entitled to enjoy certain rights as a human being and the enjoyment of such rights does not depend upon the will of any majority or minority.
• No majority has the right to abrogate such rights.
• The fundamental rights are meant for promoting the idea of political democracy.
• They operate as limitations on the tyranny of the executive and arbitrary laws of the legislature.
• They are justiciable in nature, that is, enforceable by the courts for their violation.

10. Directive Principles of State Policy

• According to Dr B R Ambedkar, the Directive Principles of State Policy is a ‘novel feature’ of the Indian Constitution.
• They are enumerated in Part IV of the Constitution.
• The Directive Principles were included in our Constitution in order to provide social and economic justice to our people.
• Directive Principles aim at establishing a welfare state in India where there will be no concentration of wealth in the hands of a few.
• They are non-justiciable in nature.
• In the Minerva Mills case (1980), the Supreme Court held that ‘the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of the balance between the Fundamental Rights and the Directive Principles’.

Read further from:

• Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)
• Difference between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (DPSP)

11. Fundamental Duties

• The original constitution did not provide for the fundamental duties of the citizens.
• Fundamental Duties were added to our Constitution by the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 on the recommendation of the Swaran Singh Committee.
• It lays down a list of ten Fundamental Duties for all citizens of India.
• Later, the 86th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2002 added one more fundamental duty.
• While the rights are given as guarantees to the people, the duties are obligations that every citizen is expected to perform.
• However, like the Directive Principles of State Policy, the duties are also non-justiciable in nature.
• There is a total of 11 Fundamental duties altogether.

12. Indian Secularism

• The Constitution of India stands for a secular state.
• Hence, it does not uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
• The State will not identify itself with or be controlled by any religion;
• While the State guarantees everyone the right to profess whatever religion one chooses to follow (which includes also the right to be an antagonist or an atheist), it will not accord preferential treatment to any of them;
• No discrimination will be shown by the State against any person on account of his religion or faith; and
• The right of every citizen, subject to any general condition, to enter any office under the state will be equal to that of fellow citizens. Political equality which entitles any Indian citizen to seek the highest office under the State is the heart and soul of secularism as envisaged by Constitution.
• The conception aims to establish a secular state. This does not mean that the State in India is anti-religious.
• The Western concept of secularism connotes a complete separation between religion and the state (negative concept of secularism).
• But, the Indian constitution embodies the positive concept of secularism , i.e., giving equal respect to all religions or protecting all religions equally.
• Moreover, the Constitution has also abolished the old system of communal representation. However, it provides for the temporary reservation of seats for the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes to ensure adequate representation to them.
• Secularism in India and the United States – A Comparison

13. Universal Adult Franchise

• Indian democracy functions on the basis of ‘one person one vote’.
• Every citizen of India who is 18 years of age or above is entitled to vote in the elections irrespective of caste, sex, race, religion or status.
• The Indian Constitution establishes political equality in India through the method of universal adult franchise.

14. Single Citizenship

• In a federal state usually, the citizens enjoy double citizenship as is the case in the USA.
• In India, there is only single citizenship.
• It means that every Indian is a citizen of India, irrespective of the place of his/her residence or place of birth.
• He/she is not a citizen of the Constituent State like Jharkhand, Uttaranchal or Chattisgarh to which he/she may belong but remains a citizen of India.
• All the citizens of India can secure employment anywhere in the country and enjoy all the rights equally in all parts of India.
• The Constitution makers deliberately opted for single citizenship to eliminate regionalism and other disintegrating tendencies.
• Single citizenship has undoubtedly forged a sense of unity among the people of India.
• Citizenship in India
• Citizenship Amendment Act 2019 (CAA)

15. Independent Bodies

• The Indian Constitution not only provides for the legislative, executive and judicial organs of the government (Central and state) but also establishes certain independent bodies.
• They are envisaged by the Constitution as the bulwarks of the democratic system of Government in India.

The candidates can read about some of the Independent Bodies in detail from the links below:

16. Emergency Provisions

• The Constitution makers also foresaw that there could be situations when the government could not be run as in ordinary times.
• To cope with such situations, the Constitution elaborates on emergency provisions.
• Emergency caused by war, external aggression or armed rebellion [Aricle 352]
• Emergency arising out of the failure of constitutional machinery in states [Article 356 & 365]
• Financial emergency [Article 360].
• The rationality behind the incorporation of these provisions is to safeguard the sovereignty, unity, integrity and security of the country, the democratic political system and the Constitution.
• During an emergency, the central government becomes all-powerful and the states go into total control of the centre.
• This kind of transformation of the political system from federal (during normal times) to unitary (during an Emergency) is a unique feature of the Indian Constitution.

Read about emergency provisions in detail from the links provided below:

• Emergency – RSTV: In Depth
• Article 356 – President’s Rule
• Financial Emergency [Article 360]

17. Three-tier Government

• Originally, the Indian Constitution provided for a dual polity and contained provisions with regard to the organisation and powers of the Centre and the States.
• Later, the 73rd and 74th Constitutional Amendment Acts (1992) have added a third-tier of government (that is, Local Government), which is not found in any other Constitution of the world.
• The 73rd Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional recognition to the panchayats (rural local governments) by adding a new Part IX and a new Schedule 11 to the Constitution.
• Similarly, the 74th Amendment Act of 1992 gave constitutional recognition to the municipalities (urban local government) by adding a new Part IX-A and a new Schedule 12 to the Constitution.
• Panchayati Raj in India
• Municipalities [243P – 243ZG]

18. Co-operative Societies

• The 97th Constitutional Amendment Act of 2011 gave constitutional status and protection of cooperative societies.
• It made the right to form cooperative societies a fundamental right (Article 19).
• It included a new Directive Principles of State Policy on the promotion of cooperative societies (Article 43-B).
• It added a new Part IX-B in the Constitution which is entitled “The Co-operative Societies” [Articles 243-ZH to 243-ZT].
• The new Part IX-B contains various provisions to ensure that the cooperative societies in the country function in a democratic, professional, autonomous and economically sound manner.
• It empowers the Parliament in respect of multi-state cooperative societies and the state legislatures in respect of other cooperative societies to make the appropriate law.

Philosophy of Constitution

• On January 22, 1947, the Constituent Assembly adopted the Objectives Resolution drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru. The Objectives Resolution contained the fundamental propositions of the Constitution and set forth the political ideas that should guide its deliberations.

The main principles of the resolution were:

• that India is to be an independent, sovereign republic ;
• that it is to be a democratic union with an equal level of self-government in all the constituent parts;
• that all power and the authority of the Union Government and governments of the constituent parts are derived from the people;
• that the constitution must strive to obtain and guarantee to the people justice-based upon social, economic and political equality, of opportunity and equality before the law;
• that there should be freedom of thought, expression, belief, faith, worship, vocation, association and action;
• that the constitution must provide just rights for minorities, and people from backward and tribal areas, etc. so that they can be equal participants of social, economic and political justice; and
• to frame a constitution that should secure for India, a due place in the community of nations.

To read more about the Evolution and Framing of the Constitution , check the linked article.

The philosophy of a Constitution consists of the ideals for which the Constitution stands and the policies that the Constitution enjoins upon the rulers of the Community to follow. The Constitution of India reflects the impact of our ideology in the following spheres:

(i) Secularism : Secularism is the hallmark of the Indian Constitution. People professing different religions have the freedom of religious worship of their own choice. All religions have been treated alike. The fact appreciated in India was that all religions love humanity and uphold the truth. All the social reformers and political leaders of modern India have advocated religious tolerance, religious freedom and equal respect for all religions. This very principle has been adopted in the Constitution of India where all religions enjoy equal respect. However, the word ‘secularism’ was nowhere mentioned in the Constitution as adopted in 1949. The word ‘secularism’ has now been added to the Preamble to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment passed in 1976.

(ii) Democracy : We have borrowed the modern form of democracy from the West. Under this system, democracy means the periodic responsibilities of the Government to go to the people. For this purpose; elections have been held every five-year to elect a Government by the people. However, democracy covers even the economic and social aspects of life. This aspect of democracy is well-reflected in the Directive Principles of State Policy. They are aimed at human welfare, cooperation, international brotherhood and so on.

(iii) Sarvodaya : Sarvodaya refers to the welfare of all. It is different from the welfare of the majority. It seeks to achieve the welfare of all without exception. It is referred to as Ram Rajya. The concept of Sarvodaya was developed by Mahatma Gandhi Acharya Vinoba Bhave and J. Narayan under which the material, spiritual, moral and mental development of everyone is sought to be achieved. The Preamble to the Indian Constitution and the Directive Principles of State Policy represent this ideal.

(iv) Socialism : Socialism is not new to India. Vedanta’s philosophy has socialism in it. The national struggle for freedom had this aim also in view. Jawaharlal Nehru referred to himself as a socialist and republican. Almost all the parties in India profess to promote democratic socialism. These principles are included in the Directive Principles of State Policy. However, to lay emphasis on this aspect, the word ‘socialism’ was specifically added to the Preamble to the Constitution through the 42nd Amendment.

(v) Humanism:  Humanism is a salient feature of Indian ideology. Indian ideology regards the whole of humanity as one big family. It believes in resolving international disputes through mutual negotiations. This is what we find in the Directive Principles of State Policy.

(vi) Decentralization : Decentralization is another aspect of Sarvodaya. India has always practised decentralization through the Panchayat system. Mahatma Gandhi also advocated decentralization. It is on this account that he is regarded as a philosophical anarchist. We have introduced the Panchayati Raj system in India to achieve the objective of decentralisation. The concept of cottage industries as laid down in the Directive Principles of State Policy also refers to decentralization.

(vii) Liberalism : Liberalism does not refer to the Western concept of liberalism. It refers, in the Indian context, to self-government, secularism, nationalism, economic reforms, constitutional approach, representative institutions etc. All these concepts were advocated by modern Indian leaders.

(viii) Mixed Economy : Co-existence is a salient feature of our ideology. Co-existence has manifested itself through a mixed system of economy. In this system, we have allowed both the private and public sectors of the economy to work simultaneously. Large-scale and essential industries have been put in the public sector.

(ix) Gandhism : Gandhism represents an ethical and moral India. Mahatma Gandhi set a new example of fighting foreign rule through non-violence. He taught the importance of non-violence and truth. He advocated untouchability, cottage industry, prohibition, adult education and the uplift of villages. He wanted a society free of exploitation and decentralized in character. All these Gandhian principles have found an honourable place in the Constitution of India.

The above details would help candidates prepare for UPSC 2024 .

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Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay | Article 370 Essay for Students and Children in English

February 14, 2024 by Prasanna

Article 370 Essay:  One of the highly controversial topics in the country from last year was the abrogation of article 370. Given the depth of the impact it will have on the Indian subcontinent as well as on the people of Kashmir, lots of debates have happened over this particular article in the Indian constitution. It has created a political and legal storm in the county.

In this particular article 370 of the Indian constitution essay, we shall be talking about what the article is, a brief history of the law, and what will be the future of Kashmir and India with respect the abrogation of the law. A comprehensive article 370 of the Indian constitution essay can be used by students aspiring for IAS or IPS (UPSC Civil services) examination in the country.

You can read more  Essay Writing  about articles, events, people, sports, technology many more.

Long and Short Essays on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution for Students and Kids in English

If you are searching for a detailed, informative and comprehensive essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution, then we have provided two different essays, each with good content in it. A 600-word article 370 of the Indian constitution essay is helpful for students of classes 7,8,9 and 10, and a 200-word essay on article 370 of the Indian constitution is provided below for students of class 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10. This model essay can also be used by UPSC civil services aspirants as well.

Long Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 600 Words in English

When India obtained its independence from the British rule in the year 1947, many states such as the Deccan, Mysore region and Madras presidency joined the Indian union. Some were forced to join and others were given a choice of sorts. Kashmir, given the population of Muslims in the region, was reluctant to join either of the forces on their sides i.e, India or Pakistan. In the year 1949, October article 370 was added to the Indian constitution on a temporary basis under Maharaja Hari Singh and congress leader Sheikh Abdulla.  And ever since that day, article 370 has been a part of Jammu and Kashmir rule until 2019 when it was abrogated.

What is Article 370 of the Indian Constitution?

Article 370 of the Indian constitution is a special provision in the Indian constitution which allows the state of Jammu and Kashmir to draft its own constitution and put curbs on the power of the Indian Union over the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Basically, it granted a high amount of autonomous powers to the Jammu and Kashmir legislature.

Except for defence, communication, foreign affairs and financier, the Jammu and Kashmir leaders had enormous power over the states without the impending influence of the Indian central government. Leaders have used the powers of article 370 to form their own laws and put in place restrictions for the people of Jammu and Kashmir. This special status will empower the state with a separate constitution, flag and national anthem. Also, the people of Jammu and Kashmir will be eligible for dual citizenship. The assembly of the state can make its laws for land and properties, and they have banned people outside Jammu and Kashmir to buy land in the state.

All this came to a sudden halt when article 370 was abrogated in 2019. As this article 370 of the Indian constitution essay in being written, a curfew is imposed all over the state of Jammu and Kashmir, for over a year now, to prevent unrest and violence in the state as a result of the abrogation of article 370.

Now that the special powers are taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir, two new union territories in India is formed, which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil. The whole region is under the control of the Indian central government and AFSPA (Armed Forces Special Powers Act), which gives powers to the Indian army to detain anyone suspicious without any kind of accountability and trial, is put in place in certain sensitive regions of the state.

Some say the abrogation was unconstitutional and authoritarian in nature. But the fact of the matter is that abrogation has caused enormous amounts of unrest in the state with curfews being imposed for over a year now and an unspeakable amount of humanitarian crisis looming over the state of Jammu and Kashmir.

Why was article 370 abrogated?

There are plenty of reasons that the central government has given to the people asking the reason for the abrogation of the article. Some of the reasons are:

• To prevent terrorist operation across the border
• To prevent human rights violations happening in the state
• To maintain law and order properly
• To develop a sense of inclusion for the people of Jammu and Kashmir into the Union of India
• To develop the state economically and make it socially stable

These were a few of the reasons that the central government gave in defence of the abrogation of article 370.

Irrespective of what the future holds of Kashmiris, they’ve been under humanitarian crisis and turmoil for more than 6 decades now. With or without article 370, an entire generation of Kashmiris has been bearing the brunt of military power, both from the Indian army as well as the Pakistani army.  Kashmir should not be a guinea pig for a bigger diplomatic war between India and Pakistan.

Thousands of people (both civilians and soldiers) have been killed and thousands of crores of money has been spent on military resources in the state. Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the country. A proper and long-lasting solution has to be found out for the people of Jammu and Kashmir so that they prosper and grow in the future.

Short Essay on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay 200 Words in English

Find below a 200-word essay on  article 370 of the Indian constitution essay for students of classes 1,2,3,4,5 and 6, and also for UPSC civil services aspirants

Article 370, which was introduced to the Indian constitution first in the year 1949, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. The instrument of accession was signed by the then Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. This helped the state of Jammu and Kashmir to accede to the Indian union. And ever since 1949, article 370, which was supposed to be a temporary provision in the Indian constitution, has been in place for more than 6 decades now. Article 370 empowers the state of Jammu and Kashmir to have its own constitution and laws which fall under both concurrent and union list, except for the matter of finance, communication, defence and foreign affairs. This article has given the leaders of Jammu and Kashmir region enormous powers and autonomy from the Indian union. While some say this article was misused by leaders to collaborate with Pakistan and increase terror operation in India, some argue that autonomy has helped the people of Kashmir.

In 2019, article 370 was abrogated by the Central government and turned the state of Jammu and Kashmir into two union territories namely, a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.

10 Lines on Article 370 of the Indian Constitution Essay

• Article 370 gives special powers and status to the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir.
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution was formed in the year 1949, 17th of October.
• It empowers the state to form its own constitution other than the Indian constitution.
• It empowers the Jammu and Kashmir legislature to take decisions independently on all fronts except in the matters of communication, defence, foreign affairs and finance.
• Article 370 of the Indian constitution was abrogated in 2019 by the Indian government.
• Kashmir problem, where both India and Pakistan exercises its right over the territory, is the reason why article 370 was formed.
• The autonomous power that is given to Jammu and Kashmir resulted in increased terrorist operations across the borders.
• State of Jammu and Kashmir was removed and two new union territories were formed which are a union territory of Jammu and Kashmir and Union territory of Ladakh, Leh and Kargil.
• Kashmir is one of the most militarized zones in the whole world.
• Kashmir has been in curfew for a year now, since the abrogation of article 370.

FAQ’s on Article 370 Essay

Question 1. What happens if article 370 is removed?

Answer: Special powers will be taken away from the government of Jammu and Kashmir and the state will be obligated to abide by all the clauses in the Indian constitution

Question 2. What are the advantages of removing article 370?

Answer: Ownership of land, decrease in terror operations and increased control by the Indian government over cross border infiltration are some the advantages of removing article 370

Question 3. Why does Pakistan want Kashmir?

Answer: Kashmir is a diplomatically and strategically apt location for both counties to establish their power. Also, Kashmir is rich in natural resources, which is why Pakistan wants Kashmir to be part of their country

Question 4. Why is Kashmir the most militarized zone in the world?

Answer: To prevent civil unrest and cross border terrorism, the Indian Army has deployed soldiers in high numbers in sensitive regions of Kashmir

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Essay on India For Students and Children

500+ words essay on india.

India is a great country where people speak different languages but the national language is Hindi. India is full of different castes, creeds, religion, and cultures but they live together. That’s the reasons India is famous for the common saying of “ unity in diversity “. India is the seventh-largest country in the whole world.

Geography and Culture

India has the second-largest population in the world. India is also knowns as Bharat, Hindustan and sometimes Aryavart. It is surrounded by oceans from three sides which are Bay Of Bengal in the east, the Arabian Sea in the west and Indian oceans in the south. Tiger is the national animal of India. Peacock is the national bird of India. Mango is the national fruit of India. “ Jana Gana Mana ” is the national anthem of India . “Vande Mataram” is the national song of India. Hockey is the national sport of India. People of different religions such as Hinduism, Buddhism , Jainism, Sikhism, Islam, Christianity and Judaism lives together from ancient times. India is also rich in monuments, tombs, churches, historical buildings, temples, museums, scenic beauty, wildlife sanctuaries , places of architecture and many more. The great leaders and freedom fighters are from India.

F lag of India

The indian flag has tricolors.

The first color that is uppermost color in the flag which is the saffron color, stands for purity. The second color i.e. the middle color in the flag is the white color and it stands for peace. The third color that is the lowest color in the flag is the green color and it stands for fertility. The white color has an Ashoka Chakra of blue color on it. Ashoka Chakra contains twenty-four spokes which are equally divided. India has 29 states and 7 union territories.

Follow this link to get a Physical and state-wise Map of India

My Favorite States from India are as follows –

Rajasthan itself has a glorious history. It is famous for many brave kings, their deeds, and their art and architecture. It has a sandy track that’s why the nuclear test was held here. Rajasthan is full of desert, mountain range, lakes, dense forest, attractive oases, and temples, etc. Rajasthan is also known as “Land Of Sacrifice”. In Rajasthan, you can see heritage things of all the kings who ruled over there and for that, you can visit Udaipur, Jodhpur, Jaisalmer, Chittaurgarh, etc.

Madhya Pradesh

Madhya Pradesh is bigger than a foreign (Italy) country and smaller than Oman. It also has tourists attractions for its places. In Madhya Pradesh, you can see temples, lakes, fort, art and architecture, rivers, jungles, and many things. You can visit in Indore, Jabalpur, Ujjain, Bhopal, Gwalior and many cities. Khajuraho, Sanchi Stupa, Pachmarhi, Kanha national park, Mandu, etc. are the places must visit.

Jammu and Kashmir

Jammu and Kashmir are known as heaven on earth . We can also call Jammu and Kashmir as Tourists Paradise. There are many places to visit Jammu and Kashmir because they have an undisturbed landscape, motorable road, beauty, lying on the banks of river Jhelum, harmony, romance, sceneries, temples and many more.

In Jammu and Kashmir, u can enjoy boating, skiing, skating, mountaineering, horse riding, fishing, snowfall, etc. In Jammu and Kashmir, you can see a variety of places such as Srinagar, Vaishnav Devi, Gulmarg, Amarnath, Patnitop, Pahalgam, Sonamarg, Lamayuru, Nubra Valley, Hemis, Sanasar,  Anantnag,  Kargil, Dachigam National Park, Pulwama, Khilanmarg, Dras, Baltal, Bhaderwah, Pangong Lake, Magnetic Hill, Tso Moriri, Khardung La, Aru Valley, Suru Basin,Chadar Trek, Zanskar Valley, Alchi Monastery, Darcha Padum Trek, Kishtwar National Park, Changthang Wildlife Sanctuary, Nyoma, Dha Hanu, Uleytokpo, Yusmarg, Tarsar Marsar Trek and many more.

It is known as the ‘God’s Own Country’, Kerala is a state in India, situated in the southwest region, it is bordered by a number of beaches; covered by hills of Western Ghats and filled with backwaters, it is a tourist destination attracting people by its natural beauty. The most important destinations which you can see in Kerela are the museum, sanctuary, temples, backwaters, and beaches. Munnar, Kovalam, Kumarakom, and Alappad.

India is a great country having different cultures, castes, creed, religions but still, they live together. India is known for its heritage, spices, and of course, for people who live here. That’s the reasons India is famous for the common saying of “unity in diversity”. India is also well known as the land of spirituality , philosophy, science, and technology.

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